PUBLIC SPEAKING

Chapter 1:
Maybe the facts of being all the time chatting and being with electronic devices make
students fear more public speaking.
The advantage of todays job market is having a high knowledge of technology.
Most of the fear in students towards a public speaking is ignorance.
Public speaking requires skill, practice, and experience. You must be able to put
thoughts together coherently and in a particular order that is suitable to meet their
objectives.
A good listener will pay attention to the non verbal communication as the speaker to
the words being used.
Conversation is very important and least studied form of speech.
If you know the people to whom you are going to do your public speaking, you will
experience far less anxiety.
Rhetoric is the art, practice, and study of human communication.
Students demonstrate their lack of understanding by choosing inappropriate, or at the
very least immature, speech topics.
The only way you can motivate people is to communicate with them.
Without good oral communication skills it is impossible to build the relationships that
are required to survive and maintain profitability within the insurance industry.
Chapter 2:
Communication doesnt seem to have the same adverse effect as speech (a speech
cause fear).
Differences between communication and communications.
A public speech is also an interpersonal communication. We can say that interpersonal
communication is an interaction between two people.
Anyone can make an announcement, but not everyone can communicate or share
information effectively.
Communication can be intimate (people who we know) or interpersonal (for those we
dont know).
You can build a relationship speaking through a camera or microphone by
understanding that he/she is invited regularly into the listener/viewers home and uses
inclusive language.
Sender or source is a person who initiates the communication process.
Receiver or respond is the person or persons whom the sender/source has initiated the
communication.
Julia Wood: even when we dont intent to communicate we do so.
If you are a good listener probably you are also a good speaker.
The time of the day has a lot to do with barriers.
In communication you mustsurvey the environment to discover dangers and
opportunities in ones surroundings. Second, correlate responses to those challenges
and dangers, meaning the speaker has to formulate a message for the audience. Third,
social inheritance or culture. Fourth, entertainment.
Bitzer: Rhetorical situation has: exigency, audience, constrains, speaker and the
speech.
Ethics involve moral principles or rules of conduct.
In speeches for example if you are talking about legalization that when you are 18 you
can drink alcohol instead of when you are 21, you may say why do you think they have
to change it, but you mustnt encourage the people listening to you that are under 21 to
drink alcohol.
Chapter 3:
The listeners just want to hear the message, they dont care about you. Focus on your
words and not on your fear. Dont be self-centered; be message-centered.

Differences between success and failure. Confidence, or lack of thereof, is a result of
nervousness and anxiety. Motivation can help us overcome anxiety.

Smith: I keep going because I doubt myself. It drives me to be better. Ive learned that
the mastery of self-doubt is the key to success.

Be prepared, practice and rehearse your behavior.

Positive thinking helps to control our mind. If you control your thoughts then you will be
able to control your emotions, including fear and worry.

IPS (Ideal Performance State), state of being confident, relaxed, calm, energized
positive emotions, challenged, focused, alert, automatic, instinctive, fun and enjoyment

The fear of failing is the principal thing that makes people fear public speaking. Few are
afraid of success. Once a speaker accepts that the presentation will not be perfect, the
anxiety will ordinarily begin to decrease.

James E. Sayer: Effective public speakers are made, not born.

When planning a speech, visualize every aspect of it, from beginning to end. Employ
positive visualization.

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Chapter 4

Effective public speakers or communications try to create a bond with their listeners by
focusing common values, goals, experiences. The process is that of identification. The
kind of audience to whom you will be speaking can be determined through the use of
demographics and psychographics.

There are three major purposes in public speaking: to inform, to persuade and to
entertain.

Informative speeches are essentially designed to share knowledge with the audience
by demonstrating, explaining, defining, describing, reporting or analyzing.

Persuade speeches are formulated to accomplish one of several objectives: to
convince, to reinforce, to elicit action or to inspire.

Find a speech topic interesting to both of them (speaker and audience). You need to
limit (not long nor short).

Central idea (main points). There are 3 types: fact (true or real), value (subjective or
judgment evaluation about an object or action) and policy (involves the need for a plan
or specific course of action) with the intent of influencing the decisions or actions of
others.

Title, good title can get attention of the audience before they even arrive to hear the
speech.
After knowing the general purpose, you can develop the specific purpose.
The objective of the specific purpose is to state what the speaker expects the listener
to take from the speech.


Chapter 5:
All effective speeches are organized into three parts: begin or introduction (opening),
middle or body (make the connection ex: making questions) and end or conclusion (to
closure the speech).
Between the three parts are needed transitions or links and be natural on gesturing.
Chapter 6:

The body is where the main points are addressed, developed and supported.
Successful speakers research their topics. The information you are presenting, must be
well organized and in a way to be easily followed.

Chapter 7:

To be an effective communicator in the real world, one needs to develop skills for
acquiring and using information and do not trusting all kind of information.

Supporting materials: Illustration and narration, explanation, statistics, expert power,
description, personal experience, reinforcement and visual aids etc

Its important to understand that supporting material is used to back up or prove what
speaker is understanding.

Chapter 8:

A speech is sound and performance. There 4 methods of delivery: impromptu, read
from prepared manuscript, memorized and extemporaneous.

Physical and nonverbal communication improves ones personal vocal style. Ones
posture, movements, dress and involuntary gestures can offer insights into your
personality.

Effective speakers will change their voice to emphasize the message.

Chapter 9:
Description Speeches (show how to do something) can be considered the base form of
informative speaking as demonstration, definition and exposition speeches all describe
something.
Exposition Speeches makes things clear or understandable. Tey are used for analysis
or to dissect a problem, a set of circumstances a notion, an idea, or an occurrence
Chapter 10:
Persuasion is based on meeting our own objectives.
Persuasion and argumentation are both positive concepts but many people tend to
view them as negative. Arguments are found where there is some controversy to
resolve that disagreement, when they put forward arguments, they offer reasons to try
to persuade others of their beliefs.
Persuasive and expository speaking to influence attitudes, beliefs, actions, that are
consistent with the speakers specific purpose.
Speech to reinforce, inspire, motive...
Speech to convince the speaker hopes to change the audiences opinion about
something and/or to get them to commit to a certain point of view or perspective.
Speech to actuate tries to get the listener to do something, such as vote...
Classical rhetoric and persuasive speaking construction of persuasive speeches in five
steps: Invention, Arrangement (organization), Expression or style (use of proper and
impressing), Memory (utilization of devices such as note cards to help us) and Action.
Propositions of policy can take either an affirmative or negative position.
Propositions of fact when the speaker states the proposition, it should be understood
that some facts are easily verified on proved and others are not.
Propositions of value are concerned with principles, standards qualities or concepts
that are deemed by the speaker to be worthwhile or desirable.
Chapter 11:
The atmosphere takes place in situations in which the audience really isnt in the mood
to listen or take speaker seriously.
The content of the speech should be appropriate, fair and accurate.
Presentation style: speaker should always be aware of the occasion and location of the
speech.
For sociality and courtesy: introducing someone, making an announcement or
announcements, presenting a gift or award or accepting a gift or award, welcoming or
responding to a welcome, making or responding to a welcome
For commemoration: to eulogize, to bid farewell, to dedicate something...
For counselling: inaugural addresses, nominations, commencement addresses,
sermons