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1:
V= 0.5*10=5V
P=2*4*10=80W
I=80/5=16A
6.5: 5 . 1 3 * 2 * 200 2
max
= = = ! " ! P E
S
kWh
6.6:
Since the location is near the equator, the maximum solar power density occurs at noon when the
zenith angle is zero.
946 . 0 92 . 0 * ) 06 . 0 82 . 0 ( * ) 0 cos( * 353 . 1 ) ( cos
max
= ! = ! =
p wa dt o
" # " $ % % kW/m
2
2
2
2
) 12 11 (
max
941 . 0
946
890
!
"
"
# #
= = = e
2
2
1
log
) 941 . 0 ( log
!
"
=
e
e
e
867 . 2 = !
At 4:00 PM, the solar power density is
44 . 357 946
2
2
2
2
) 867 . 2 ( 2
) 12 16 (
2
) 12 (
max
= = =
! ! ! !
e e
t
"
# # W/m
2
6.11:
6.12:
6.14:
!
!
"
#
$
$
%
&
' = 1
T
V
V
o d
e I I
Where
To increase the voltage
To increase the current
3
19
23
10 * 54 . 26
10 * 602 . 1
) 15 . 273 35 ( * 10 * 38 . 1
!
!
!
=
+
= =
q
T k
V
T
V
The output current of the cell I is
!
!
"
#
$
$
%
&
' ' = ' = 1
T
V
V
o s d s
e I I I I I
Also the output current is the output voltage divided by the load resistance.
R
V
I =
Combining the above two equations yields
( ) 1
/
! ! = =
T
V V
o s
e I I
R
V
I
or
( ) 1
/
! ! =
T
V V
o s
e R I R I V
( ) 1 10 * 5 5 . 5
02654 . 0 / 9
! ! =
! V
e V
The above equation has the voltage as the only unknown, but it is a nonlinear equation. So it can
be solved iteratively.
55 . 0 ! V V
Hence, the output power of the cell is
mW 60
5
55 . 0
2 2
= = =
R
V
P
6.17:
For each cell, the thermal voltages V
T
is
7 . 25
10 * 602 . 1
) 15 . 273 25 ( * 10 * 38 . 1
19
23
=
+
= =
!
!
q
T k
V
T
mV
The voltage of each cell is 45/100=0.45V.
The current of any one cell is
( ) 8 . 0 1 * 10 2 . 1 1
7 . 25 / 450 8
= ! ! =
"
"
#
$
%
%
&
'
! ! =
!
e e I I I
T
V
V
o s
A
The power of the module is
36 8 . 0 * 45 = = =VI P W
6.18:
The diode current can be computed if we know the thermal voltage, the voltage across the diode
and the saturation current. The thermal voltage at 30
o
C is
V 10 * 1 . 26
10 * 602 . 1
) 15 . 273 30 ( * 10 * 38 . 1
3
19
23
!
!
!
=
+
= =
q
T k
V
T
The voltage across the diode is
V 51 . 0 01 . 0 * 1 5 . 0 = + = + =
s d
IR V V
The diode current can be computed as
mA 306 1 * 10 1
0261 . 0
51 . 0
9
=
!
!
"
#
$
$
%
&
' =
!
!
"
#
$
$
%
&
' =
'
e e I I
T
V
V
o d
The current in the shunt resistance is
mA 02 . 1
500
51 . 0
= = =
p
d
p
R
V
I
The solar current is
A 30702 . 1 00102 . 0 306 . 0 1 = + + = + + =
p d s
I I I I
The irradiance efficiency can be calculated by
3268 . 0
008 . 0 * 300
30702 . 1 * 6 . 0 *
= =
!
= "
A
I V
s d
irradiance
6.19:
The diode voltage is
522 . 0 02 . 0 * 1 . 1 5 . 0 = + = + =
s d
IR V V V
The current in the shunt resistance is
261 . 0
2000
522 . 0
= = =
p
d
p
R
V
I mA
The electrical losses P
e-loss
of the PV cell is
( ) 336 . 24 2000 * 10 * 261 . 0 02 . 0 * 1 . 1
2
3 2 2 2
= + = + =
!
! p p s loss e
R I R I P mW
The electrical Efficiency !
e
is
958 . 0
024336 . 0 1 . 1 * 5 . 0
1 . 1 * 5 . 0
=
+
=
+
=
+
= =
! ! loss e loss e out
out
e
P VI
VI
P P
P
power input
power out
"
The total efficiency ! is
211 . 0 958 . 0 * 22 = = ! =
e irradiance
" " "