CIGR Regional South-East European Conference - RSEEC 2014 (2

nd
edition)
cto!er "
th
- 10
th
2014# $i%isoara &otel 4'# $i%isoara Cit(# Ro%ania
A118
Considerations on the protection of high-voltage lines performed
with numerical relays
)* +CRIS(')
(1)
# E* ,,RIC
(2)
# R* +E-$I.C
(2)
# /* IRI)I0
(2)
# 0* )IR-
(1)

(1)
E-ON Moldova,
(2)
University of Suceava,
(3)
N !ranselectrica SA
S.))0R2
Generally, short-circuit protection is provided by distance protection. This
mode of operation is based on the measurement of the voltage and current,
which are used to calculate the impedance of the circuit. In the classic case, this
impedance is proportional to the distance to fault. A distance relay efectively
measures the impedance between the relay location and the fault. For a fault at
the remote end of the line, the voltage at the local relay euals the current
multiplied by the impedance of the line, i.e. IZ. Therefore, the ratio of the voltage
to the current measured at the relay euals the impedance of the line, Z !"#.
$ince the ratio V/I is proportional to the line length between the relay and the
fault, the ratio V/I is, therefore, the impedance to the fault. A distance relay is
designed to operate only for faults occurring between the relay location and the
selected point and to remain stable for all faults outside this region or %one !&#.
!"is #a#er #resents t"e #erfor$ance of #rotection syste$s $ade %it" nu$erical relays, t"e
c"aracteristics of t"ese ty#es of relays, %it" its o#eratin& and settin&s in different re&i$es'
Also are analy(ed t"e )ac*-u# (ones of distance relays are #redis#osed to $al-o#eration due to t"e
increase of t"e load level to t"e li$it t"at t"e relay inter#rets t"e syste$ volta&e and current into an
i$#edance t"at its value a##ears to t"e relay as if it is a fault %"ile it is not, e'&' load encroac"$ent'

3E24R/S5
+istance #rotection, nu$erical relay, )ac*-u# #rotection, ,uadrilateral relay, M"o relay'
1* I-$R/.CERRE
+istance relays "ave )een successfully used for $any years as t"e $ost co$$on ty#e of
#rotection of trans$ission lines' !"e develo#$ent of electro$ec"anical and solid state relays %it" $"o
c"aracteristics can )e considered as an i$#ortant factor in t"e %ide s#read acce#tance of t"is ty#e of
#rotection at different volta&e levels all over t"e %orld' !"e i$#le$entation of distance relays re,uires
understandin& of t"e o#eratin& #rinci#les, as %ell as t"e factors t"at affect t"e #erfor$ance of t"e
device under different a)nor$al conditions'
-n addition, t"e relatively fre,uent c"an&es of o#erational sc"e$es of trans$ission and
distri)ution net%or*s, %"ic" involves c"an&es in t"e s"ort-circuit currents, $a*e necessary
intervention, ,uite fre,uent, to t"e %"ole level of #rotection syste$'
!"e #erfor$ance of nu$erical relays, )ot" as re&ards t"e s#eed of decision-$a*in&, as %ell as
t"e accuracy of t"e calculation of t"e a##arent i$#edance vector, are su#erior to analo& relays'
Nu$erical #rotection relays are a)le to $onitor al$ost instantly analo& #rocess ,uantities,
%"ic" re,uires a s#ecial treat$ent of t"e #rinci#les of #rocessin& under t"e analo& . nu$erical
(/)$arcel#ocris0ya"oo'ro
1a&e 2 2 3
conversion as#ect )asis, of t"e evolution of electrical ,uantities re#resented )y values sa$#led and
a##ro#riate #rocessin& of t"eir nu$eric value'
-n t"is %ay it is #ossi)le to o)tain a "i&" s#eed of relays, and )y o#ti$i(in& t"e various
se,uences of si&nal #rocessin& can )e o)tained a "i&" #recision of t"ese relays'
-n addition, it is #ossi)le to i$#le$ent ade,uate al&orit"$s of #rotections re&ardin& t"e
re,uire$ents of a ty#e of #rotected e,ui#$ent, %"ic" &ives a &reater fle4i)ility and ada#ta)ility to t"e
valid conditions for installation and o#eration'
2* 6.-/0)E-$07 6 /IS$0-CE +R$EC$I- S2S$E)S
+istance #rotection syste$s are ty#ically used for t"e #rotection of trans$ission lines' +istance
relayin& a##lies t"e #rinci#le of ratio co$#arison )et%een t"e volta&e and current %"ic" e,uates to t"e
i$#edance' !"e relay, located at t"e )e&innin& of a line calculates t"e a##arent i$#edance of t"e line
usin& t"e $easure$ents of t"e current and volta&e transfor$ers at t"e sa$e location as t"e relay' Eac"
ty#e of faults #roduces a different i$#edance value' +ue to t"is reason t"e settin&s of a distance relay
$ust )e selected to distin&uis" t"e faults )et%een t"e #"ase and t"e &round' !"e distance relay is
ca#a)le of ra#idly detectin& faults on t"e trans$ission line' -t o#erates %"en t"e i$#edance of t"e line
is %it"in t"e i$#edance c"aracteristic of t"e distance relay (i$#edance #lane circle)' Most of t"e relay
c"aracteristics t"at %e use are ,uadrilateral and $"o' 5uadrilateral relay is suita)le for #rotectin&
&round fault' M"o relay is very effective %it" detectin& #"ase fault' !"e different o#eratin&
c"aracteristic s"a#es are s"o%n in 6i&' 1 738'
Most of t"e trans$ission line #rotections are arran&ed into t"ree or four (ones of #rotection
(fi&'2)' Eac" (one of #rotection is )ased on a #ercenta&e of t"e line i$#edance, %"ic" varies
de#endin& on t"e #"iloso#"y and criteria of eac" utility' !"ese #rotection (ones are used to define t"e
relay reac" and t"eir o#eration ti$es'
Eac" #rotection (one is set to cover t"e #re-defined len&t" of t"e trans$ission line' !y#ical
selection of t"e (ones in t"e trans$ission line #rotection is set to cover a##ro4i$ately 89 to :9; of
t"e line in <one 1, 129.1=9; in <one 2, and 299.2=9; in <one 3' So$e relay $anufacturers use (one
3 in t"e reverse direction, )ut for t"is a##lication, (one 3 %ill )e in t"e for%ard direction' !"e relays>
5uadrilateral M"o
6i&' 1' +istance relays c"aracteristic 738
A
'
(
1
2
3
4 5
F
6i&' 2' !"e t"ree #rotection (ones for t"e trans$ission line
1a&e 3 2 3
o#eration ti$es associated %it" eac" (ones are different? in <one 1 t"e relay o#erates instantaneously,
<one 2 is delayed to allo% (one 1 relays to o#erate first (t"e delay is of t"e order of 1=-39 cycles), and
<one 3 ti$es (=9-3= cycles), allo%s t"e corres#ondin& relays closer to t"e fault to o#erate first in eit"er
t"e (one 1 or (one 2 738'
1* $&E +ER6R)0-CE 6 -.)ERIC07 RE702S
Nu$erical #rotection relays are c"aracteristic of #oly&on dia&ra$s t"at "ave a nu$)er of
advanta&es over electro$ec"anical relays, na$ely?
- c"aracteristics of nu$eric co$#onents are less sensitive to te$#erature variations,
variations in t"e su##ly volta&e and o#eratin& ti$e (a&in&)@
- #erfor$ance of nu$eric co$#onents are not c"an&ed-data stored in $e$ory, in any area of
it re$ain unc"an&ed
- t"e accuracy of t"e results of nu$erical calculation structures can increase si&nificantly if
you use a "i&"er nu$)er of )its #er %ord in arit"$etic calculations?
- data recorded )y a di&ital device can not )e for&ed only under t"e conditions of re$oval
fro$ service of t"e e,ui#$ent@ co$$unication net%or*s dedicated to t"e local level and at
t"e level of t"e )ay su)station interface $an-$ac"ine co$$unication %ould )e a$on& t"e
$ost i$#ortant' Self-$onitorin& function is one of t"e $ost i$#ortant $aintenance to
o#ti$i(e #rotection@
- nu$erical relays avoids false o#arations to t"e %ide loadin& of t"e line %it" an active
#o%er even in t"e first (one of o#eration@
- c"aracteristics of nu$erical relays are sy$$etrical in t"e for%ard and )ac*%ard re&i$es,
t"us e4#andin& t"e do$ain of t"eir use@
- nu$erical relays usin& different values of t"e &round factor for t"e t%o ty#es of
c"aracteristic, )ut for rectan&ular c"aracteristic uses different values for t"e active and
reactive co$#onents of t"e i$#edance vector @
- nu$erical relays usin& different values of t"e settin& for active co$#onent, to sin&le #"ase
and #oly#"ase faults@
- t"e last ste# of settin& for rectan&ular c"aracteristic $ay )e asy$$etrical, re&ard to t"e
a)scissa a4is coordinate syste$ in t"e i$#edances'
An e4a$#le of a #oly&on dia&ra$ is &iven in 6i&' 3'
a) ))
for%ard
for%ard
for%ard
)ac*%ard
)ac*%ard
Aline
)ac*%ard
R
<1#r
Bload
89
89
R
)*
o
Adist
Aload
<2
<C
<=
<3
22
o
<1
indefinite
6i&' 3' Bectan&ular features of a nu$erical relay ? a)-all c"aracteristics dia&ra$@
))dia&ra$ for o#eratin& directions 7=8
a)
))
1a&e C 2 3
Belay dia&ra$ is $ade u# of si4 #oly&onal c"aracteristics, one for eac" settin& (one, one of
t"e$ corres#ondin& to t"e e4#anded first (one (e4tended)' As $entioned earlier, t"e last (one can )e
assi$ilated %it" t"e start-u# c"aracteristics of relay analo& and, in t"is %ay, can )e $ade of t"e
coordination analysis of t"e relays of i$#edance #rotection syste$ under conditions in %"ic" t"ey are
used si$ultaneously to )ot" cate&ories of relays' !o avoid unsta)le o#eration at t"e li$its of #oly&ons,
t"e c"aracteristics "ave an "ysteresis of a##ro4i$ately =;' !"us, i$$ediately after it %as deter$ined
faulty i$#edance it is fra$ed in a #oly&on and its li$its are increased )y =; in all directions'
!"ese c"aracteristics are associated %it" directional c"aracteristics (6i&' 3 )), t"us allo%in& t"e
relay settin& in t"e re&i$es ?
- for%ard (fi&' C'a)@
- )ac*%ard (fi&' C'))@
- nondirectional'
Belay allo%s any co$)ination of classified areas direct, reverse, or non-directional, for e4a$#le,
to transfor$ers, &enerators or )us-)ar cou#le' -n t"e fift" (one, can )e set, for t"e t%o-%ay direct
(for%ard) and reverse ()ac*%ard), different values of reactance (DE a4is)' Necessary settin&s for
carryin& out of t"e settin& ste#s c"aracteristics are t"e active (B) and reactive (E) co$#onent of t"e
i$#edance (<) and t"e slo#e of t"e c"aracteristic (A
dist
), %"ic" $ay )e different fro$ t"e an&le of t"e
s"ort circuit of line (A
line
)' Active co$#onent can )e set to different values for sin&le #"ase faults (BE)
and #oly-#"ase faults (B)' !"e feature of t"e first (one is different fro$ t"e ot"ers, )ein& $ade for
cro##in& in t"e first ,uadrant' !"us, it can )e set a su##le$entary slo#e denoted F in 6i&' C, )et%een
9
9
and C=
9
' !"is reduction of t"e area c"aracteristic is s#ecific only for t"e for%ard re&i$e and its use
is reco$$ended %"en t"ere is t"e #ossi)ility of s"ort circuits c"aracteri(ed )y "i&" resistance of t"e
fault (t"e #o%er lines at )ot" ends and %it" t"e transfer of #o%er in t"e direction of t"e line) 7=8'
4* C-$R7 $&E +ER0$I- 6 /IS$0-CE +R$EC$I- :-E 1
As #ointed out, (one 3 in a ste#-distance relay sc"e$e is used to #rovide re$ote )ac*-u#
#rotection in case of t"e failure of t"e #ri$ary #rotection at t"e re$ote su)station' !"is (one 3 is
ty#ically &iven a delay ti$e t%ice t"at associated %it" (one 2 to ac"ieve ti$e coordination, and t"e
ti$e delay is ty#ically in t"e ran&e of =9 . 3= cycles (1 . 1,= sec) 7198'
!"e traditional a##lication #rinci#le of a distance #rotection sc"e$e is illustrated in fi&' ='
))
R
jX

l
i
n
e

dist
loa
d
a)

d
i
s
t

l
o
a
d

R
jX
+
linie
+
,
6i&' C' +ia&ra$ of t"e relay in 5UA+ re&i$es forward and backeard 7=8
1a&e = 2 3
onsider t"e #ro)le$ of )ac*in& u# t"e #rotection syste$ of line G fro$ t"e distance relay
located at A' -f t"ese %ere t"e only (t%o) lines #resent, t"e t"ird (one settin& for t"e relay at A %ould
e,ual t"e i$#edance <
A
#lus a)out 129; of t"e i$#edance <

' Ho%ever, )ecause of t"e contri)utions

fro$ t"e lines as s"o%n in fi&' =, t"e t"ird (one settin& <
3
%ould )e
( )
A D C A
I I Z Z Z + + = 1 2 , 1
3
(1)
-f, for e4a$#le, t"e contri)utions to t"e fault currents fro$ all t"e lines %ere e,ual, t"e t"ird
(one settin& %ould )e <
A
I 2,C <

' -f, as is co$$on in $any relays, t"e t"ird (one c"aracteristic is a

$"o circle, t"e t"ird (one settin& %ould )e as illustrated in fi&' J'
-t is o)vious fro$ fi&' J t"at t"e loada)ility li$it of t"e t"ird (one settin& for t"e syste$ s"o%n
in fi&' = is reduced fro$ %"at %ould "ave )een t"e case for a si$#le t%o line confi&uration consistin&
of lines AG and G' -t s"ould also )e clear t"at relay at + %ould "ave si$ilar settin& for t"eir
res#ective t"ird (one 738'
As discussed a)ove, it is also %ell to re$e$)er t"at t"e second (one (alon& %it" t"e first (one)
is desi&ned to cover 199; of t"e trans$ission line )y distance #rotection sc"e$es' +isre&ardin& #ilot
#rotection, it is not a )ac*-u# (one, alt"ou&" to a certain e4tent it does #rovide a li$ited a$ount of
)ac*-u# to t"e nei&")orin& trans$ission lines' A variation of t"e t"ird (one is t"e reverse third zone
used )y so$e #rotection en&ineers' -n order to )ac* u# t"e #rotection at )us G of line G in fi&' =, t"e
distance relay at )us G for line AG can #rovide a reverse-loo*in& (one %"ic" covers 129; of t"e
i$#edance of line G ta*in& into consideration t"e in feed fro$ t"e ot"er circuits' !"is is illustrated )y
t"e dotted $"o c"aracteristic in fi&' J'
E
B
<A
<AI 1,2 <
<AI2,C <
Koada)ility li$its
Beverse
t"ird (one
6i&' J- Koada)ility li$its for t"e t"ird (one of a t%o line
)us, a t"ree line )us, and a reverse t"ird (one 738'
A
B
C
D
-
A
-
L
-
+
L
6i&' = - E4a$#le to illustrate t"ird (one settin& of a distance relay at A
in order to )ac*-u# t"e #rotection at G for t"e line G 738'
<
A
<

<one 1
<one 2
<one 3
1a&e J 2 3
-t s"ould )e clear t"at t"e loada)ility li$it of t"is reverse third zone is &reater t"an t"at of t"e
traditional t"ird (one settin& used at ter$inal A of t"e distance relay' As indicated in fi&' J, t"e settin&
for t"is ele$ent does not include t"e i$#edance of line AG' -f t"is is a lon& line t"is reduction in reac"
$ay )e si&nificant and $ay )e sufficient to )rin& t"e settin& into co$#liance %it" loada)ility rules' -t
"as anot"er advanta&e in stations t"at "ave directional co$#arison #ilot sc"e$es' Often, in suc"
sc"e$es t"e carrier start uses a reversed $"o ele$ent' !"is ele$ent can t"en serve )ot" #ur#oses' !"e
#ri$ary disadvanta&e is t"e reliance u#on local $easurin& and tri##in&' -f t"ese co$#onents fail t"en
t"is ele$ent is of no use' Also, for convenience in settin&, once a reverse (one 3 is used, it s"ould )e
used t"rou&"out t"e syste$ 7C8'
Gac*-u# (ones of distance relays are #redis#osed to $al-o#eration due to t"e increase of t"e
load level to t"e li$it t"at t"e relay inter#rets t"e syste$ volta&e and current into an i$#edance t"at its
value a##ears to t"e relay as if it is a fault %"ile it is not, e'&' load encroac"$ent' !"is undesira)le
(one 3 tri##in& "as often contri)uted to cascadin& outa&es 7C, J, 38'
No%, it #uts t"e follo%in& ,uestion? M<one 3 +istance 1rotection .Nes or NoOP' A)andonin& of
(one 3 of distance #rotection, s"ould not )e a##lied, since t"e #olicy of t"e re$ote )ac*-u# "as )een
desi&ned to cover certain contin&encies for %"ic" no ot"er #rotection is availa)le' Under t"ese
circu$stances, it )eco$es necessary to consider %ays in %"ic" t"e loada)ility li$its i$#osed )y t"e
re$ote )ac*u# (ones can )e circu$vented 788'
!o overco$e t"ese #ro)le$s, various $et"ods "ave )een #ro#osed' So$e di&ital distance
relays utili(e t"e (ero- and ne&ative-#"ase se,uence currents, and sense t"e incre$ental #ositive-#"ase
se,uence current'
Occasionally, t"e (one 3 al&orit"$s "ave )een co$)ined %it" al&orit"$s )ased on t"e
derivatives of t"e volta&e, and current, t"e derivative of t"e #"ase an&le of t"e current or t"e derivative
of t"e i$#edance'
Ade,uate $easures $ust )e ta*en to #revent <one 3 o#eration for suc" situations usin& s"a#ed
c"aracteristics, load encroac"$ent detection and #o%er s%in& )loc*in& feature'
!"e s"a#e of t"e distance ele$ent o#eratin& c"aracteristic is i$#ortant and often a for%ard
offset $"o c"aracteristic can #rovide &ood )ac*u# #rotection %it"out t"e load encroac"$ent #ro)le$s
of a $"o ele$ent %it" no for%ard offset, fi&' 3 719, 118'
Qide-area $easure$ents )ased on 1MUs offer an ot"er #ossi)ility for restrainin& t"e re$ote )ac*-u#
relays in t"e event t"at t"e load s%in& is )ein& inter#reted )y t"e relay as a fault'
6i&' 3 M"o circle offsets 719, 118
Belay>s $easurin& location
M"o ircle %it" offset
a##lies in t"e reverse
direction
M"o ircle %it" no
offset a##lied
M"o ircle %it" Offset
a##lied in for%ard direction
-
./
1a&e 3 2 3
;* C-C7.SI-S
+istance #rotection is ty#ically used for t"e #rotection of trans$ission lines'
- +istance relay o#erate on t"e #rinci#le of volta&e and current $easure$ent, used in
calculatin& t"e i$#edance of t"e circuit'
- +ue to t"e unaccuracy in $easurin& distance u# to t"e #oint of failure, t"e $aDority
#rotections of t"e trans$ission lines are arran&ed in t"ree to five areas of #rotection'
- <one 3 of t"e distance #rotection is an overreac"in& (one of #rotection used to #rovide
re$ote )ac*u# #rotection in case of failure of t"e #ri$ary #rotection of re$ote station'
- Gac*-u# (ones of distance relays are #redis#osed to $al-o#eration due to increased of t"e
load level as a result of t"e adDacent lines tri##in& and in %"ic" t"e relay inter#rets t"is
overload as suc" a fault, alt"ou&" it is not, and t"ere)y contri)ute to cascadin& failures of t"e
#o%er syste$'
- !o overco$in& of t"ese #ro)le$s $ust ta*en a##ro#riate $easures suc" as t"e use of s"a#ed
c"aracteristics , load encroac"$ent detection, t"e use of Qide-Area Measure$ents )ased on
1MUs, etc'
,I,7IGR0+&2
718 R' oo*, MAnalysis of distance #rotectionP - Besearc" Studies 1ress Ktd', En&land, 1:8=, 29C#'
728 Saen&su%an, !, MModellin& of +istance Belays in EM!1P, ##' 213-213 -n -1S! -nternational
onference, 1:::, Guda#est Hun&ary
738 S' Sitti%on&, MAn En"anced #erfor$ance of distance relay al&orit"$ to #revent undesira)le (one 3
o#eration durin& load encroac"$entP !"esis, University of Gan&*o*, 2993'
7C8 S' H' Horo%it( and A' S' 1"ad*e, M!"ird (one revisited,P -EEE !rans'1o%er +el', vol' 21, no' 1,
##' 23.2:, Tan' 299J
7=8 M' -strate, +' Asandei, ' !e$neanu, MAnali(a asistata de calculator a coordonarii #rotectiei de
i$#edantaP, Editura 1olite"niu$, -asi, 2998,
7J8 Seon&--l Ki$,"en-"in& Kiu, Seun&-Tae Kee, Myeon-Son& "oi,and Seon&-Teon& Bi$,
0'loc1ing of ,one ) -elays to 2revent (ascaded 3vents4 I333 Trans.2ower
$ystems, vol. &), no. &, pp.565 -576, 8ay &**9.
738 A$r El-Hadidy, "ristian Be"tan(, MGloc*in& of +istance Belays <one3 under Koad
Encroac"$ent onditions- A Ne% A##roac" Usin& 1"asor Measure$ents !ec"ni,ueP
2roceedings of the "6th International 8iddle 3ast 2ower $ystems
(onference :832(;<="*>, (airo ?niversity, 3gypt, @ecember "A-&", &*"*.
788 A' S' 1"ad*e and T' S' !"or#, MSync"roni(ed 1"asor Measure$ents and !"eir A##licationsP' Ne%
Nor*? S#rin&er, 2998
7:8 Ser"ard <ie&ler, Nu$erical +istance 1rotection, 1rinci#les and A##lication, Sie$ens-Erlan&en
1u)licis, 299J, ##' 28J
7198 444 - A##lication of Overreac"in& +istance Belays- +raft K, Au&ust 8, 2993, "tt#?22%%%'#es-
#src'or&2Be#orts2+CUA##licationUofUOverreac"in&U+istance;29UBelays'#df
7118 !ony See&ers, Ed Lri(aus*as, V!rans$ission Kine 1rotective Syste$s Koada)ilityV, 1o%er
Syste$ Belay o$$ittee of 1ES, Mar, 2991, ##' 1J-28'