5.1 physical and chemical changes.

Two types of changes involved in matter:

*Physical changes *Chemical changes
Physical Changes - Physical change are defined as the changes that only affect the physical properties of substances.
the characteristics of physical change are:
Involves only physical changes such as shape or size of a substance.
Involves changes in the state of matter; solid, liquid and gas.
Chemicals composition and chemical properties of substances remain unchanged so that no new
substance is formed.
Less energy is needed.
The changes are reversible.

3. Physical changes in our daily life are:
(A) *Melting of ice: Ice (solid) Heat water (liquid) = *Melting of chocolate.
(B)Freezing: Water (liquid) Heat ice (solid) = *Water to Ice
(C) *Evaporation of water: Water vapour (gas) Heat water (liquid) *Evaporation of alcohol or evaporation
of petrol.
(D)Natural water cycle.
(E)Condensation: Water vapour(gas) Cool water (liquid)
(F)Dissolving salt and sugar in water.
(G)Formation of dew on the grass.

4.Physical changes being studied in a laboratory are:
(A)Sublimation: Iodine crystals (solid) Heat Sublimed iodine (gas)






~CHEMICAL CHANGES~
Defined as the changes that affect the chemical composition and chemical properties of the substances.
the characteristics of chemical change are:
New substances known as products.
Chemical composition and chemical properties of the new substances are different from the original substance which is
known as reactant.
Is usually fixed and irreversible.
Needs large amount of energy.

3. Chemical changes in our daily life are Respiration:
Burning of paper or fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide and ash.
Digestion of food.
Washing dishes with detergent or washing hair using shampoo.
Change in colour of peeled apple when exposed to air.
Decomposition of animal carcasses.
Making bread from wheat flour.
Photosynthesis.

4. Examples of chemical changes being studied in a laboratory are:
Respiration
Oxygen + glucose carbon dioxide + water vapour + energy

Neutralization:
Acid + alkali + salt = water
electrolysis of water.





~COMPARING AND CONTRASTING PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES~


~5.2 HEAT CHANGE IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS~
CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVES HEAT CHANGE
- chemical reactions involves changes in energy in the form of heat energy.
- chemical reactions,

energy is aborded to break bonds in the reactants.
energy is released when new bonds sre formed in the products.

-chemical reaction that absorbs energy is dissolving ammonium chloride in water.when ammonium chloride(Salt) is put
into a beaker of water which is held with our hands,we can feel that the temperature of water falls. This is because the
reaction in the beaker absorbs energy from the water and our hands.
-Chemical reactions that releases energy is dissolving sodium hydroxide in water. When sodium hydroxide(SOAP) is put
into a pail of water and stirred using our hands, we can feel that the soap solution becomes hot. This is because the
reaction releases heat into the surroundings.








REACTION INVOLVING HEAT LOSS AND HEAT GAIN.
Chemical reactions can be classified into two groups:
Exothermic reactions. Endothermic reactions

~Exothermic reactions~
Exothermic reactions is defined as a reaction which releases energy in the form of heat into the surrounding (heat
loss),and causes the surrounding temperature to increase.
The characteristics of exothermic reactions are:

Heat is released into the surroundings.
Energy is released when bonds are formed because the energy needed to break the bond in the reactants is less than the
energy released when new bonds are formed in the products.
Surrounding temperature increases due to the release of energy but the temperature of mixture decreases.
Energy content of the reactant(s)
Higher energy content of the product(s)

~Endothermic reactions~
1.~absorb energy or gain heat.
~surrounding temperature to decrease.

2.The characteristics of exothermic reaction are:
Heat is absorbed.
Energy is aborded.
Surrounding temperature decreases and temperature of the mixture increases.
Energy content of the reactant(s) is lower than energy content of the product(s)




3. Endothermic reactions are:
Boiling water Heating copper sulphate crystals
Melting wax Dissolving ammonium chloride in water
Photosynthesis Decomposition of mercury oxide by heat and decomposition of copper carbonate by heat.

HEAT CHANGES IN INDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Haber process
contact process

Haber process
Ammonia is produced by the Haber process on a large scale.
Catalyst (iron)at temperature of 450-500C and a pressure of 200 atmospheres.
The process is reversible.
Heat is released in the forward reaction (exothermic).

5.3 The reactivity of metals .
Activity a chemical reaction.
The reactions metals with water.

The reactivity of metals with water.
Highly reactive metals.
less reactive metals

The reactivity of metals with oxygen.
Metal + oxygen=metal oxide




The metal oxide produced a different colour compared to the original metal as shown in table 5.6.
COMPARING AND CONTRASTING THE REACTIVITY OF METALS WITH WATER, ACIDS AND OXYGEN.

The reaction of metals with water, dilute acids and oxygen will individually produce different chemical substances.
Table 5.8 shows the comparison of the reactivity of metals with water, dilute acids and oxygen:

Reactivity series of metals.
The reactivity series order of reactivity with oxygen




Table 5.9 shows the reactivity series of metals .

THE POSITION OF CARBON IN THE REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS.
The reactivity series of metals shows the inclination of a metal to react with oxygen.
The operational definition of this experiment is carbon reduces a metal oxide to its metal if carbon is more reactive than
the metal. On the other hand, carbon does not react with a metal oxide if it is less reactive than the metal.

5.4 APPLICATION OF THE REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS
RELATING THE POSITION OF METALS IN THE REACTIVITY SERIES TO THE METHOD OF EXTRACTION OF METALS FROM
THEIR ORES. Table 5.12 shows some common ores

Two methods of extraction of metals from their ores:
Electrolysis of the moltenmore and reduction of metal ore using carbon.
A Suitable method to extract a metal from its ore is based on the position of the metal in the reactivity series of metals as
shown in table 5.13.

The importance of the reactivity series are:
Determine the method of extracting the metal.
Predict the reactivity of a particular metal.
Predict whether a particular metal can remove oxygen from another metal oxide.

The extraction of metals from their ores through reduction using carbon.
Metal which are located below carbon in the reactivity series are extracted through the reduction method by carbon.
Pure metals which can be extracted using carbon include tin, zinc, copper, iron and lead.
Tin extraction
Flotation
Tin extraction Process is carried out in two main stages as follows:
Impurities, Removed
Mixed with coke (carbon) and limestone (Calcium carbonate)

Electrolysis
Decomposition of an electrolyte using electricity.
Electrical energy is changed into chemical energy.

Electrolyte
Electrolyte is a compound in molten form or aqueous solution which contains ions.
Positive ions (cations ) and Negative ions (anions ).

Electrodes
Electrode Conductor.
Carbon rods.
Anode and Cathode. &

Electrical Source
Electrical source is the source which generates electrical energy.

Ammeter
Ammeter measure the flow of current.

Electrolysis of an electrolyte using carbon electrodes.
Electrolysis process is based on the type of electrolyte decomposed and the movement of the ions.


Uses of electrolysis in industry
Extraction of metals Purification of metals
Electroplating of metals

Extraction of metals
Electrolysis
Extraction of aluminium: bauxite melted
Mixed with cryolite Cathode and Anode
Purification of metals
Pure metal electrolysis. Pure metal as the cathode
Impure metal as the anode A salt solution as the electrolyte.

Electroplating of metals
Electroplating coating of a thin layer of less reactive metal on the surface of another more reactive metal electrolysis.
Electroplating a coin with copper. Electroplating an iron nail with copper.
Electroplating costume jewellery with gold. Tin plating to produce food cans
Silver plating. Electroplating iron nails with zinc.
Prevent a metal object from rusting. Make metal look nicer, shiny and attractive.

5.6 The production of electrical energy from chemicals reactions
Chemical energy can change into electrical energy.
A simple cell is used hoe electrical energy id produced by chemical reaction.

Simple cell
Two different metal plates or carbon plate and a metal plate as electrodes.
A dilute acid, an alkali or a salt solution as an electrolyte.
The less reactive metal or carbon forms the positive electrode known as the anode

Various types of cells and their uses
Production of electrical energy from a simple cell to produce electrical energy.

5.7 Chemical reactions that occur in the presence of light.
Chemical reaction which require light.
Some reactions need light energy to start a chemical reaction.
Photosynthesis. Photographic film.
Silver chloride.

Photosynthesis
Green plants synthesise food using chlorophyll pigment (), light energy, water and carbon dioxide.
Hydrogen and oxygen as photolysis of water.
Dark reaction Food or glucose.

Effect of light on photosensitive chemicals
Is sensitive to Light is known as a photosensitive chemical.
Photosensitive chemical are:
Silver chloride Silver bromide
Silver iodide Chlorine water
Hypochlorite solution Silver nitrate

5.8 Innovative efforts in the design of equipments using chemical reactions as sources of energy
Electrical energy
Using electrical energy efficiently.