ZURAIDAH BINTI AHMAD

PEJABAT B, JKA, PUO

http://mindasarjana.blogspot.com

CC601- STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 2

CHAPTER 1: ANALYSIS OF
STATICALLY DETERMINATE 2D PIN
JOINTED TRUSSES
LECTURE: 6 HOURS
TUTORIAL: 3 HOURS

 1.0 ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY DETERMINATE 2D PIN-JOINTED

TRUSSES.
1.1 Understand the application of method of joints and method of
sections in determining the forces in trusses
1.1.1 Explain types of trusses.
1.1.2 Differentiate between determinate and indeterminate
trusses.
1.1.3 Explain tension members and compression members.
1.1.4 State the symbol for tension and compression members.
1.1.5 Explain the method of joints.
1.1.6 Explain zero-force members.
1.1.7 Evaluate the truss members forces using the method of
joints.
1.1.8 Explain the method of sections.
1.1.9 Estimate the truss members forces using the method of
Sections.

Definition:
A truss is a structure that consists of
1. All straight members
2. Connected together with pin joints
3. Connected only at ends of the members
4. And all external forces (loads & reactions) must
be applied only at the joints
Note:
Every member of a truss is a 2 force member.
Trusses are assumed to be of negligible weight
(compared to the loads they carry)

1.1.1 Types of trusses

a truss is a structure comprising one or more
triangular units constructed with straight
members whose ends are connected at joints
referred to as nodes.
External forces and reactions to those forces are
considered to act only at the nodes and result in
forces in the members which are either tensile or
compressive forces.
Moments (torques) are explicitly excluded because,
and only because, all the joints in a truss are
treated as revolutes.

 A planar truss lies in a single plane. Planar

trusses are typically used in parallel to form
roofs and bridges.

 A planar truss lies in a single plane. Planar

trusses are typically used in parallel to form
roofs and bridges.
A space frame truss is a three-dimensional
framework of members pinned at their ends.
A tetrahedron shape is the simplest space
truss, consisting of six members which meet at
four joints.

Differentiate between determinate

and indeterminate trusses.

This is a necessary conditions for statically determinacy.

This is not sufficient condition.
So even if a truss satisfies the above relation it may not
be determinate. But if it is determinate than it satisfies
the above relation.
M=2n-r : statically determinate
M<2n-r: unstable
M> 2n-r: statically indeterminate

example

2n = m+r
m=5
r=3
n=4
2n =2x4 = 8
m+r =5 +3 =8

example

2n = m+r
m =15
r=3
n=9
2n =2x 9 = 18
m+r =15 +3 = 18

m = member
r = reactions
n = joints

External forces:
"Loads" acting on your structure.
Note: this includes "reaction" forces from the supports as well.
Internal forces: Forces that develop within every structure that keep the
different parts of the structure together.

Explain tension members and

compression members.

State the symbol for tension and

compression members.

Type of internal forces

1. Tension

Symbols
+ve
(T)

2. Compression

-ve

(C)

Truss Analysis Method of Joints :

Method of joint is a structural analysis method to determine the internal forces of members in a truss. This
method is derived based on the equilibrium conditions at joints. It is basically, a special case of equilibrium of
concurrent (intersecting) forces. In this case rotational or moment equilibrium is readily satisfied at the joint.
Therefore in the method of joint for plane truss there are only two equilibrium equations required:
Procedure for method of joints:
Select a joint having at least one known force and at most two unknown forces (because we have only two
equilibrium equations). If the joint is located at the support, we may need to first determine external reactions at
the truss supports.
Draw the free-body diagram (FBD) for the selected joint. Make sure that all known and unknown forces are
accounted for. For the unknown forces, the direction of the forces need to be assumed. My recommendation is to
always assume that the unknown forces are in tension. Negative value from the analysis means that the actual
force direction is reverse and the member is in compression.
Orient the x and y axes so that the forces can be easily resolved into their x and y components.
Apply the equilibrium equations and solve for the unknown member forces and check their directions.
Continue the same process to another joint until all internal member forces in a truss structure are solved.
As you can see, the method of joint is straight forward and not difficult. You just need to be smart in selecting the
sequence of joints ,need to be solved because the maximum unknown forces that can be solved using this method
is two. Thus sometimes method of joints cannot be applied for a particular joint because it has more than two
unknown forces. In this case ,normally we solve it by first solving its neighborhood joints.
Thus the methods of joint is basically a method to determine the internal forces in the members of truss structure
by satisfying the equilibrium conditions of forces at each joint of the truss.

Explain the method of joints.

If a truss is in equilibrium, then each of its
joints must be in equilibrium.
The method of joints consists of satisfying the
equilibrium equations for forces acting on each
joint.
Fx =0; Fy=0

 Consider the truss shown. Truss

analysis involves:
(i) Determining the EXTERNAL
reactions.
(ii) Determining the INTERNAL forces
in each of the members (tension or
compression).
Recall:
External forces:
"Loads" acting on your structure.
Note: this includes "reaction" forces
from the supports as well.
Internal forces: Forces that develop
within every structure that keep the
different parts of the structure
together.

Method of joints

(i) External reaction

(ii) Internal Forces

Joint B

fy=0; CD + 20 = 0
CD = -20kN [Compression]

Joint C

Fx = 0;
0
-BC AC Cos 45 + 10 = 0
0
AC = 10/Cos 45 = 14.14N

9 December 2013: Method of Joint

Recall

Where:
m = no. of member
r = no. of reactions
j = no. of joint
m=2j-r : statically determinate
m<2j-r: unstable
m> 2j-r: statically indeterminate
No. of redundancy = m + r -2j
= Degree of indeterminate
= Degree of Freedom

Example 2. Determine the degree of freedom of the

structure. By using the method of joints, determine the
force in each member of the truss.
25kN

50kN

C
4m

4m

4m

(1) Degree of Freedom= m- 2j + r

m=5
r=3
j=4

DoF=m-2j +r
DoF = 5-(2x4)+3
DoF= 0
- No redundancy
- Statically determinate

Example 3. By using the method of joints, determine

the force in each member of the truss.
25kN

50kN

C
4m

B
Bx
4m

4m
Ay

By

(2) External Reactions

Fx=0
Bx = 0
Mb=0
Ay(4)+50(4)=0
Ay = -50kN
Fy=0
Ay +By-25-50 =0
-50 +By -75 =0
By =125kN

(2) Internal forces

Joint A

Joint B

Free body Diagram

AD

Free body Diagram

BD
BC

AB

AB

50kN

Fy=0
AD Cos450 50 =0
AD = 70.71kN (tension)
Fx=0
AB + AD Cos450 = 0
AB = -50kN (compression)

125 kN

Fx=0
BC Cos450 - AB = 0
BC Cos450 (-50) = 0
BC = -70.71kN (compression)
Fy=0
BD +BC Cos450 + 125 =0
BD + (-70.71) Cos450 +125= 0
BD = -75kN (compression)

Joint C
Free body Diagram

(2) Internal forces

50kN
CD
CB

Fx=0
CD + CB Cos450 = 0
CD + (-70.71) Cos450 = 0
CD = 50kN (tension)

Internal forces

Example 3. Determine the degree of freedom of the

structure. By using the method of joints, determine the
force in each member of the truss.

(1) Degree of Freedom= m- 2j + r

m=13
r=3
j=8

DoF=m-2j +r
DoF = 13-(2x8)+3
DoF= 0
- No redundancy
- Statically determinate

Example 3. Reaction forces at supports

Gx

Gy

Hy

Fx=0
Gx +5(3) +15(3) = 0
Gx + 60 =0
Gx= -60kN
Mg=0
Hy(4)-15(3+6+9)5(3+6+9)=0
Hy= 90kN
Fy=0
Gy+ Hy =0
Gy + 90 =0
Gy =-90kN

Example 3. Internal forces

Gx

Gy

Hy

Example 4. Determine the degree of freedom of the

structure. By using the method of joints, determine
the force in member AB, AE, CD, DG.

Degree of Freedom= m- 2j + r
m=11
r=3
j=7

DoF=m-2j +r = 11-2x7+3
DoF= 0
- No redundancy
- Statically determinate

(1) External reaction

Ax

Ay
Ex

Fy=0
Ay- 4 (12.5) =0
Ay =50kN
Ma=0
Ex(2.5)-12.5(2+4+6)=0
Ex = 60kN
Fx=0
Ax +Ex = 0
Ax + 60 =0
Ax= -60kN

(2) Internal forces

Joint A

Joint D
Free body
Diagram

12.5kN

Free body Diagram

12.5kN
60kN

DC
AB

50kN
AE

Fy=0
50 -12.5 AE =0
AE = 37.5kN (tension)
Fx=0
AB -60 = 0
AB =60kN (tension)

DG

DE=(62+2.52)1/2
DE = 6.5m

Fy=0
-DGSin -12.5 =0
-DG(2.5/6.5)-12.5 = 0
DG= -32.5kN (Compression)

Fx=0
DC + DGCos = 0
DC + (-32.5)(6/6.5) =0
DC= 30kN (Tension)

Example 5: Determine the degree of freedom of the

structure. By using the method of joints, determine the
force in each member of the truss.
10kN

4m

20kN
2m

30kN
2m

2m

Example 6: Determine the degree of freedom of the

structure. By using the method of joints, determine the
force in each member of the truss.

Example 7: Determine the degree of freedom of the

structure. By using the method of joints, determine the
force in each member of the truss.

Example 8: Determine the degree of freedom of the

structure. By using the method of joints, determine the
force in each member of the truss.

Example 9: Determine the degree of freedom of the

structure. By using the method of joints, determine the
force in each member of the truss.

2m

5kN
4m

4m

10kN

Example 9.

2m
5kN
4m

4m

(1) Degree of Freedom= m- 2j + r

m=5
r=3
j=4

10kN DoF=m-2j +r

DoF = 5-(2x4)+3
DoF= 0
- No redundancy
- Statically determinate

Example 9.

Ax
2m

Ay

(2) External Reactions

Bx
Fy=0
5kN
10kN
Ay -5-10 =0
4m
4m
Joint D
Ay = 15kN
DA
AD=(22+82)1/2= 68
Ma=0
DC
Fy=0
Bx(2)= 5(4) + 10(8)
DA Sin 10 =0
10kN
DA(2/68)-10 =0
Bx = 50kN
DA = 41.23kN (tension)
Fx=0
Fx=0

Ax
+
Bx
=
0
DC + DA Cos = 0
Ax + 50 =0
DC+DA(8/68)=0
DC = -40kN (compression)
Ax = -50kN

(2) Internal forces

Joint B

Joint C

Free body Diagram

AB

50kN

Free body Diagram

CA

AC=(22+42)1/2= 20
BC

Fy=0
AB =0
Fx=0
BC + 50 = 0
BC = -50kN (compression)

CB

CD

5 kN

Fy=0
CA Sin = 5
CA( 2/20) =5
CA = 11.18 kN (tension)
Fx=0
CB+CA Cos =CD
CB+11.18 (4/20) = -40
BC = -50kN (compression) - proven

Explain zero-force members

AB

50kN

BC

Fy=0
AB =0 zero force member
Fx=0
BC + 50 = 0
BC = -50kN (compression)

Fx=0
BC = 0
BC is a zero force member

In the field of engineering mechanics, a zero force member refers to a member (a

single truss segment) in a truss which, given a specific load, is at rest: neither in
tension, nor in compression. In a truss a zero force member is often found at pins
(any connections within the truss) where no external load is applied and three or
fewer truss members meet. Recognizing basic zero force members can be
accomplished by analyzing the forces acting on an individual pin in a physical
system.
NOTE: If the pin has an external force or moment applied to it, then all of the
members attached to that pin are not zero force members UNLESS the external
force acts in a manner that fulfills one of the rules below:
If only two members meet in an unloaded joint, both are zero-force members.
If three members meet in an unloaded joint of which two are in a direct line with
one another, then the third member is a zero-force member.
If two members meet in a loaded joint and the line of action of the load coincides
with one of the members, the other member is a zero-force member.
Reasons for Zero-force members in a truss system
These members contribute to the stability of the structure, by providing buckling
prevention for long slender members under compressive forces
These members can carry loads in the event that variations are introduced in the
normal external loading configuration

Identify the zero force member from the truss below.

Member AC
Member GH
The zero force
member carry no
internal force.
Gx

Gy

Hy

Identify the zero force member from the truss below.

Member AD
Member BC

Identify the zero force member from the truss below.

Member AB

2m

5kN
4m

4m

10kN

Identify the zero force member from the truss below.

Member AB
Member BG
Member DI
Member DE