Reciprocating engine dynamic properties

Scuola di Dottorato di Ricerca 2010 - Road vehicle and engine engineering science
6
Considerations on gas forces
In multiple cylinder engines, the torque curve of the individual cylinders are
superimposed with a phase shift dependent on the numbers of cylinders,
their configuration, crankshaft design and firing sequence. The resulting
composite curve is characteristics of the engine design and covers a full working
cycle.
Harmonic analysis can lead to a torsional harmonics by a series of sinusoidal
oscillations featuring whole-number multiples of the basic frequencies.
Il Motore come sorgente di vibrazioni e rumore
Fig. 1.4
Effetto del frazionamento sullirregolarit di coppia
Effetto del frazionamento sullirregolarit di coppia
Fig. 1.4a Fig. 1.4b
Analisi delle zone di emissione di un motore
Analisi delle zone di emissione di un motore
The cyclic torque fluctuation leads to a variations of the
crankshafts rotation speed, called cyclic variation and
defined as:
Energy storage devices, as the flywheel and the clutch
spring, must be design to adequately compensate for the
variations of rotation speed in normal applications.
min
min max

Concetti generali
Progettazione meccanica motori Alessandro Piccone 2004/2005
7
Engine Orders
Engine orders are simply the amplitudes of the frequency components which are the multiples
of the rotating frequency. Engine orders, which are determined by an order analysis are
extensively used in the vibration and noise work to identify the source of excitation (order) and,
hence, its frequency of an engine induced problem. For example, a four cylinder in-line engine
will always has its second order component as the dominant excitation.
2E
In four-cylinder four-stroke engines this notation is often used to denote an engine order
where the frequency is two times the engine rotational speed.
3E
Basic firing frequency of a six-cylinder four-stroke engine.
4E
Two times engine firing frequency of a four-cylinder four-stroke engine. It is the basic firing
frequency of an eight-cylinder four-stroke engine.
Engine order meaning
Reciprocating engine dynamic properties
Scuola di Dottorato di Ricerca 2010 - Road vehicle and engine engineering science
8
Engine Excitation Mechanisms (Single Cylinder Engine) 1/5
Inertia Force - The displacement of the piston with respect to crank angle can be derived from simple
trigonometry. This can then be differentiated to yield velocity and acceleration of the piston. The expressions
obtained tend to be very complicated and can be simplified into the expression containing only first order
(once per revolution), second order (twice per revolution), and a negligible fourth order.
where
F
i
= Inertia force [N]
M
REC
= Reciprocating mass (piston mass plus approximately 2/3 conrod mass)
= Crank angle (zero at top dead centre)
R = Crankshaft radius [m]
L = Conrod length [m]
N = Rotational speed [rpm]
Note: if R/L<0.3 it is accurate enough to use just the
first two terms.
Inertia force is obtained by multiplying the piston acceleration by the reciprocating mass and acts only in
the line of the cylinders.
Reciprocating engine dynamic properties
Scuola di Dottorato di Ricerca 2010 - Road vehicle and engine engineering science
Gas Forcing
The rate of rise and peak cylinder pressure of the diesel (13MPa at approximately 20 after TDC) are
approximately twice that of the gasoline with the angle the peak occurs at typically 5earlier.
Diesel and gasoline combustion is random even at full load, worse at part load and particularly poor at
idle. Therefore, it is normal to talk about the average peak cylinder pressure (P
max mean
) and standard
deviation of P
max
. This variability both cycle to cycle and cylinder to cylinder is one source of half order
excitation.
Equilibriumof Forces
The gas force that acts on the piston also acts on
the cylinder head. The force on the piston splits into
two components, one acting down the rod and one
acting sideways on the cylinder wall. The forces are
reacted at the main bearing but a couple exists
between the horizontal reaction at the bearing and
the piston side force. This couple is equal to the
crankshaft output torque, so the crankshaft torque
is reacted by forces on the engine structure.
The gas force components of the vertical force at the
bearing is equal and opposite to the force acting on
the cylinder head, but of course the inertia component
is unbalanced.
Engine Excitation Mechanisms (Single Cylinder Engine) 2/5
Reciprocating engine dynamic properties
Scuola di Dottorato di Ricerca 2010 - Road vehicle and engine engineering science
10
Torque resulting from piston motion alone for a single cylinder engine.
Torsional Excitation of Crankshaft and Engine Structure - The total torque acting on the crankshaft of
the single cylinder engine results from the effect of the gas and inertia forces on the crank slider
mechanism.The torque resulting from piston motion is often called the INERTIA torque and is
represented by the equation:
where
t
i
= Inertia torque [Nm]
Engine Excitation Mechanisms (Single Cylinder Engine) 3/5