Chemistry Exam 1 Review

Chapter 1:
Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes that matter undergoes
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
Substance us a form of matter that has a definite (constant) composition and distinct
properties
Mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its
distinct identity
Homogenous mixtures are uniform throughout
Heterogeneous mixtures do not have a uniform composition


Scientific Notation Rules
1. Any digit that is not zero is significant
2. Zeros located between nonzero digits are significant
3. Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant
4. Zeros to the right of the last nonzero digit are significant if the number contains
a decimal point
5. Zeros to the right of the last nonzero digit in a number that does not contain a
decimal point may or may not be significant. (To avoid ambiguity use scientific
notation)
6. In addition and subtraction, the answer cannot have more digits to the right of
the decimal point than any of the other numbers.
7. In multiplication and division, the number of significant figures in the final
product or quotient is determined by the original number that has the smallest
number of significant figures
8. Exact numbers can be considered to have an infinite number of Sig. Figs.
9. Apply sig figs at end of problem
Know Dimensional Analysis (See Pgs. 30-31)
Practice Problems:
1, 6, 17, 23, 31, 33, 45, 50
Chapter 2:
Atom is the smallest quantity of matter that still retains properties of matter
Element is a substance that cannot be broken down into two or more simpler
substances by any means.
Antoine Lavioser
Father of Modern Chemistry
First to do precise measurements
Law of Conservation of mass:
No detectable change in mass in a chemical reaction

Law of Definite Proportions:
The elemental composition of a compound is always the same.
John Dalton
1. All matter is composed ultimately of small indivisible particles called atoms.
2. Atoms of a given element have identical properties, and Atoms of different
elements have different properties.
3. Atoms of different elements combine in fixed ratios to give compounds.
4. Chemical reactions involve the combination separation, or rearrangement of
others, they are neither created not destroyed.
Law of Multiple Proportions
When two elements form more than one compound, the relative mass are in
rations of small whole numbers.
1850 Faraday
Matter can be decomposed using electricity
Discovered electrical component to matter
1897- Thompson
Cathode ray Tube experiments
Measured charge to mass ratio
Generated beam of negatively charged particles (electrons) from metal surface
(cathode)
1909 Millikan
Oil Drop Experiment
Determined charge and mass of electrons
Early 1900s Thompsons Plum Pudding Model of the Atom
Atom is sphere of diffuse positive charge w/ embedded electrons randomly
distributed
WRONG
Rutherford
Gold Foil Experiment
Shot alpha particles into gold foil, some were reflected by nucleus
James Chadwick
Bombarded thin sheet of beryllium with alpha particles and discovered neutrons
Atomic Number (Z) Number of Protons in an Atom
Mass Number (A) Mass of Atom ( Neutrons + Protons)
Isotopes Elements with same Z but different numbers of neutrons
Average Atomic Mass=(Percentage/100)(Isotope Mass)+(Percentage/100)(Isotope Mass)
Period Rows on Periodic Table
Group/Family Columns on Periodic table
Similar Properties
Alkali Metals Group 1A
Alkaline Earth Metals Group 2A
Chalcogens Group 6A
Halogens Group 7A
Noble/Inert Gases Group 8A
Metals conduct heat well
Nonmetals on Right of Table
Metalloids approach Stair
Radioactivity
Alpha Particles Helium Atoms
Beta Particles - Electrons
Gamma Particles High energy Radiation
Chapter 3:

Kinetic Energy Results from motion
Thermal Energy is the energy associated with random motion of atoms and molecules
Potential Energy is the energy possessed by an object due to position
Chemical Energy is energy stores within the structural units of chemical substances
Electrostatic Energy is potential energy that results from interaction of charged particles.

Law of Conservation of Energy Energy is neither created not destroyed




Max Plank stated that energy was quantized

Albert Einstein proposed photoelectric effect
Electrons are ejected from the surface of a metal exposed to light
Threshold Frequency is minimum freq. of incoming photons to cause metal to
eject electron.

Rydberg equation explains wavelength of a line in a Line Spectrum

Equation for finding Energy Difference between energy levels

Energy levels of electrons within H atom

Bohr Model of the Atom
1. Stable orbits for e
2. Angular momentum of e must be quantized
3. Electrons can change e levels by emission/absorption of light
4. Doesnt work for atoms other than H
5. Doesnt Fit Heisenberg uncertainty Principle
Heisenberg Uncertainty principle states one cannot know both the momentum and
position of an electron.

De Broglie hypothesized that all matter has wave like properties

1926 Schrodinger
Created Wave Mechanics
Model based on wave prop. Of e
Total E = K.E. (electron motion) + P.E. (Nuclear electron attraction)
(Theta)^2 = prob. of finding electron near a point in space
Quantum Numbers
N = principal Quantum Number
Size and Energy of e cloud
Quantum mech. Equiv. of Bohrs n
Integer values starting at 1
L = angular momentum quantum number
Shape of e cloud or orbital
0 to n-1
L = 0 = s
L = 1 = p
L = 2 = d
L = 3 = f
M(l) = magnetic quantum number
Orientation of orbitals
-L to +L
M(s) = Electron Spin Quantum Number
+1/2 , -1/2
Shapes of Orbitals


Penetrating ability: ability of e in a given orbit to penetrate e cloud of other orbitals
s>p>d>f in regards to penetrating ability
Paramagnetism Magnetic behavior caused by unpaired electrons
Diamagnetism Repulsion by magnetic fields b/c of paired electrons
Pauli Exclusion Principle no two electrons in an atom can have the same four quantum
numbers.
Know how to write electron configurations (Aufbau Principle)
Hunds Rule the most stable arrangement of electrons in orbitals of equal energy is the
one in which the number of electrons with the same spin is maximized.




Chapter 4
Elements placed in Groups (Vertical Columns) based on similar chemical properties
Periods horizontal rows, reflecting a new n level

Metals Non-Metals Metalloids
Lustruous Variable Prop. Some metallic char.
Good Conductors Poor Conductors Semi Conductors
Malleable Gain e
Ductile
Tendency to lose e

Isoelectronic species atoms or ions have same # of e
1) Main Group Elements
a. Groups A
b. s and p block elements
2) Transition Metals
a. Groups B
b. d block
3) Lanthanides
a. Ce Lu
b. f block
4) Actinides
a. Th Lr
b. f block
Periodic Trends
Atomic Radius
Decrease left to Right
Increase top to bottom


Ionization Energy
E req. to convert neut. Atom to cation
Increase Left to Right
Decrease Top to bottom
Electron Affinity
Energy to add e to atom
Left to Right Inc.
Top. to Bot. Dec.
The outermost electrons of an atom are called valence electrons
Shielding Electrons are simultaneously attracted to the nucleus and repelled by one
another