Lecture 8

CCN2270 Introduction to Electrical Systems Dr Kenneth Lo 1
Lecture 8
DC Machines
Reference: Ch. 8.1, 8.5, 8.6; 9.1-6, 9.10 [6]
DC Machinery Fundamental
Voltage / Torque Induced in a Rotating Loop
Construction of DC Machines
Equivalent Circuit of DC Motors
Different Types of DC Motors
Separately-excited and Shunt
Permanent Magnet
Series
DC Motor Efficiency
Content
Voltage Induced in a Rotating Loop
A simple loop between curved pole faces
As the reluctance () of air is much much higher than the
reluctance of the iron in the machine, the magnetic flux will take
for the shortest path (perpendicular to rotor surface) through air
As the air gap is of uniform width, is hence constant
everywhere under the pole faces
Diagrams from [6]
When the loop rotates through 180, segment ab is under the
north pole now, and the direction of the voltage on the segment
reverses (magnitude remains the same)
In general, the voltage induced will depend on
Flux in the machine, speed of rotation & a constant representing
the construction of the machine
Diagram from [6]

Getting DC voltage out of the loop
2 semicircular conducting (commutator) segments are added to the
end of the loop with 2 fixed contacts are set up (brushes)
In this fashion, every time the voltage switches direction, the
contacts also switch connections, so a DC voltage is delivered
Diagrams from [6]
Torque Induced in a Rotating Loop
Suppose a battery is now connected to the machine, a torque
will be induced
In general, the torque induced will depend on
Flux, current in the machine & a constant representing the
construction of the machine
Diagrams from [6]

Construction of DC Machines
The are 2 principal windings on a DC machines:
Armature windings: the windings in which a voltage is induced, and
are located on the rotor
Field windings: the windings that produce the main magnetic flux
in the machine, and are located on the stator
http://www.physclips.unsw.edu.au/jw/electricmotors.html
Diagrams from google photo
Equivalent Circuit of a DC Motor
The armature circuit is represented by an ideal voltage source E
A
and a resistor R
A
The field coils (producing the magnetic flux), are represented by
inductor L
F
and resistor R
F
Diagram from [6]
I
F
Separately-Excited & Shunt DC Motors
A separately-excited DC motor
Its field circuit is supplied from a separate constant-voltage power
supply
A shunt DC motor
Its field circuit gets its power directly across the armature terminals
If the supply voltage is constant, there is no practical difference
in behavior between these two machines
Diagrams from [6]
The torque-speed characteristic of a shunt DC motor is,
(A straight line with negative slope)
Diagram from [6]

For the speed of the motor to vary linear with torque, the other
terms in the previous expression must be constant as load
changes
The terminal voltage supplied by the DC power source is
assumed to be constant, otherwise it will affect the shape of the
torque-speed characteristic
The load on the shaft of a shunt DC motor is increased
Then load torque (
load
) > induced torque (
ind
), the motor will
slow down
Hence, E
A
(
) decreases and I
A
(
)
increases
The induced torque increases (
), and finally the

induced torque will equal the load torque at a lower mechanical
speed of rotation
Example 1
A 37.3 kW, 250 V, 1200 rpm DC shunt motor has an armature
resistance of 0.06 and field resistance of 50 . The no-load
speed of the motor is 1200 rpm.
(a) Find the speed of this motor when its input current is 100 A.
(b) Find the speed of this motor when its input current is 200 A.
(c) Find the speed of this motor when its input current is 300 A.
(d) Plot the torque-speed characteristic of this motor.
Example 1
(a) If I
L
= 100 A, then the armature current in the motor is
Hence, E
A
at this load will be
The resulting speed is,
At no load, the armature current is 0 A, so E
A
= V
T
= 250 V
Also, the field current in the machine is constant, the flux in this
motor is constant as well
100
250
50
95
250 95 0.06 244.3

244.3
250
1200 1173
Example 1
(b) If I
L
Hence, E
A
(c) If I
L
Hence, E
A
200
250
50
195
250 195 0.06 238.3

238.3
250
1200 1144
300
250
50
295
250 295 0.06 232.3

232.3
250
1200 1115
Example 1
(d) Power converted in a DC motor is
Hence, the induced torque for different input current is
Diagram from [6]

244.3 95
1173 2
60 190 ,
100

238.3 195
1144 2
60 388 ,
200

232.3 295
1115 2
60 587 ,
300
Example 2
Figure below shows a 74.6 kW, 250 V, 1200 rpm separately excited
DC motor with an armature resistance of 0.03 and a field
resistance of 41.67 . The motor is initially running with V
A
= 250
V, I
A
= 120 A, and n = 1103 rpm, while supplying a constant-
torque load. What will the speed of this motor be if V
A
is reduced
to 200 V? Assume the motor is lossless.
Diagram from [6]
Example 2
The motor has an initial line current of 120 A, so the internal generated
voltage is
Since the flux is constant, the motors speed can be expressed as
Since the torque is constant, I
A
and are constant,
The final speed of the motor is thus
250 120 0.03 246.4
200 120 0.03 196.4

196.4
246.4
1103 879

Permanent-Magnet DC Motors
Poles are made of permanent magnets
Since the motor does not require an external field circuit, it does
not have field circuit copper loss
No field windings are required smaller
Permanent magnets cannot produce as high a flux density, so
the motor will have a lower induced torque per ampere of
armature current than a shunt motor of the same size and
construction
Series DC Motors
The field windings consist of a relatively few turns connected in
series with the armature circuit
The flux is directly proportional to the armature current
As the load on the motor increase, its flux increases too
An increase in flux in the motor causes a decrease in its speed
The result is that a series motor has a sharply drooping torque-
speed characteristic
Diagram from [6]
Series DC Motors
The induced torque is
The flux is directly proportional to its armature current, c is

proportionality constant:
The induced torque is then
It is easy to observe that a series motor gives more torque per

ampere than any other DC motor
So, it may use in applications requiring very high torques
Start motors in cars
Elevator motors
Tractor motors in locomotives
Series DC Motors
Derivation of a series motors torque-speed characteristic
Diagram from [6]

Series DC Motors
From the torque-speed equation,
When the torque on this motor goes to zero, its speed
goes to infinity
If no load is connected to the motor, it can turn fast
enough to seriously damage itself
NEVER completely unload a series motor, and NEVER
connect to a load by a belt or other mechanism that could
break


Example 3
A 240 V series DC motor is mechanically coupled to a fan and
draws 5 A and runs at 100 rpm when connected to a 240 V supply.
The total series resistance of the motor is 2 . Assume the motor
is lossless. Determine the power delivered to the fan and the
torque developed by the motor.
The internal generated voltage is
240 5 2 230
The power delivered to the fan is,
The developed torque is,
230 5 1150

1150
100
2
60
109.82
Efficiency of DC Motors
Losses of a DC motor
Copper loss, brush drop loss, mechanical loss, core loss
Brush drop loss
Often approximately lumped together with copper losses
Core and mechanical losses are usually determined together
Rotational losses
Rotational losses at full-load are essentially equivalent to the rotational
losses at no-load, since the no-load and full-load speeds of the motor do
not differ greatly
Example 4
A 37.3 kW, 250 V, 1200 rpm, shunt DC motor has a rated armature
current of 170 A and a rated field current of 5 A. When its rotor is
blocked, an armature voltage of 10.2V produces 170 A of current
flow, and a field voltage of 250 V produces a field current of 5 A.
At no load with the terminal voltage of 240 V, the armature current
is equal to 13.2 A, the field current is 4.8 A, and the motors speed
is 1150 rev/min.
What is the motors efficiency?
Example 4
Use the blocked rotor data to determine the armature resistance and the
field resistance are
Therefore, at full load the armature copper loss is
The field copper loss is
The no-load rotation loss is

10.2
170
0.06 ,

250
5
50
170
0.06 1734
50 1250
240 13.2 3168

Example 4
The input power of the motor at the rated load,
So, the output power is
The motor efficiency is
250 170 5 43750
43750 1734 1250 3168 37598

37598
43750
100% 85.94%
CCN2270 Introduction to Electrical Systems
Summary of Equations
Dr Kenneth Lo 28
Relationship of Induced Voltage
Relationship of Induced Torque
Converted Power
Shunt
Series
Separately-Excited

Lecture 8

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), and finally the

250 95 0.06 244.3

250 195 0.06 238.3

250 295 0.06 232.3

250 120 0.03 246.4

200 120 0.03 196.4

CCN2270 Introduction to Electrical Systems Dr Kenneth Lo 18

The flux is directly proportional to its armature current, c is

The induced torque is then

It is easy to observe that a series motor gives more torque per

CCN2270 Introduction to Electrical Systems Dr Kenneth Lo 22

CCN2270 Introduction to Electrical Systems Dr Kenneth Lo 23

240 13.2 3168

250 170 5 43750

43750 1734 1250 3168 37598

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