THE EMPIRE OF THE STEPPES

A History of Central Asia

REN GROUSSET
Translated from the French by Naomi Walford
1970 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PRESS
New Bru!wi"#$ New %er!e&
SE'ON( PRINTING
'o)&ri*+, - 1970
B& Ru,*er! Ui.er!i,&$ T+e S,a,e Ui.er!i,& of New %er!e&
/i0rar& of 'o*re!! 'a,alo*ue 'ard Num0er 7711021739
ISBN4 21531067711
8aufa",ured i ,+e Ui,ed S,a,e! of 9meri"a
Foreword
9,,ila ad ,+e :u!$ %e*+i; <+a ad ,+e 8o*ol!$ Tamerlae ad ,+e Golde :orde=,+e!e
almo!, le*edar& ame! are familiar ,o ,+e edu"a,ed la&ma> U?ue!,ioa0l&$ +e +a! al!o read of
,+e :u*aria!$ ad ,+e Bul*ar!$ ad ,+e O,,oma Tur#!> If +e +a! a i,ere!, i a"ie, +i!,or&$
+e ma& +a.e a a"?uai,a"e wi,+ ,+e 'immeria!$ ,+e S"&,+ia!$ e.e ,+e Sarma,ia!> :e ma&
+a.e +eard al!o of ,+e 9.ar! ad ,+e <+a;ar!> Bu, i, i! im)ro0a0le ,+a, +e will #ow of ,+e
Oo*ur!$ <u,ri*ur!$ ad U,ri*ur!=Bul*ar ,ri0e! ,o 0e e"ou,ered i ,+e !,e))e! of !ou,+er
Ru!!ia=or ,+e Pe"+ee*!$ 'uma!$ ad U;e!$ ,+e la!,1amed rela,ed ,o ,+e Sel@u# ad O,,oma
Tur#!>
T+e!e were all omad!$ )eo)le! of ,+e .a!, !,e))e! of 9!ia ad Ru!!ia$ ad a ma@or for"e i
+i!,or&> T+eir +i!,ori"al !i*ifi"a"e lie! o, !o mu"+ i ,+e em)ire! ,+e& e!,a0li!+ed$ em)ire!
w+i"+ i mo!, i!,a"e! ad "er,ail& i ,+e !,e))e! )ro.ed e)+emeral> Ra,+er$ i, wa! ,+e
)re!!ure! of ,+eir mo.eme,! ea!,ward ad we!,ward$ 0rou*+, ,o 0ear o '+ia$ Per!ia$ Idia$
ad Euro)e$ w+i"+ !u0!,a,iall& affe",ed ,+e +i!,ori"al de.elo)me, of ,+e!e lad!> T+e earl&
+i!,or& of ,+e !,e))e omad! i! !+rouded i o0!"uri,&$ a o0!"uri,& w+i"+ lif,! !omew+a, ol&
af,er ,+eir "o,a", wi,+ "ul,ure! )o!!e!!i* wri,,e +i!,orie!> Bu, e.e w+e iforma,io a0ou,
,+em 0e"ome! rela,i.el& more )le,iful$ li*ui!,i" "om)leAi,ie! ma#e i,! i,er)re,a,io eA,remel&
diffi"ul,> T+u!$ w+ile ,+e um0er of !)e"iali;ed moo*ra)+! ad ,e"+i"al !,udie! de.o,ed ,o
,+em i! im)re!!i.e$ *eeral wor#! em0ra"i* ,+e ma& di!"i)lie! i.ol.ed$ or !&,+e!e! o a
*rad !"ale e"om)a!!i* ,+e !)rawli* +i!,or& of ,+e!e )eo)le!$ are eA"eedi*l& !"ar"e>
9,mo* ,+e!e .er& few$ ReB Grou!!e,C! moume,al L'Empire des Steppes i! ui?uel& *rea,>
Grou!!e,C! "la!!i" wor# wa! fir!, )u0li!+ed i 1959$ ad +a! !i"e a))eared i a um0er of
reim)re!!io!$ wi,+ o !i*ifi"a, re.i!io!> 9 a))ediA di!"u!!i* )u0li"a,io! 0e,wee 1959
ad 1931 o ,+e ar, of ,+e !,e))e! wa! added ,o ,+e 1937 edi,io$ @u!, 0efore ,+e au,+orC! dea,+>
Ne.er,+ele!!$ ,+e mai 0od& of ,+e ,eA, +a! re,aied i,! .alidi,&$ ad remai! ,o ,+i! da& ,+e mo!,
e*ro!!i* ad .i,al *eeral a""ou, of ,+i! imme!e !u0@e",>
T+e )re!e, .olume$ ,+e fir!, edi,io i E*li!+$ wa! ,ra!la,ed 0& Naomi Walford from ,+e
Dre"+ edi,io of 1937> Traia S,oiao.i"+$ Profe!!or of :i!,or& a, Ru,*er! Ui.er!i,&$ "+e"#ed
,+e ,ra!la,io ad +el)ed ,o e!,a0li!+ uiformi,& i ome"la,ure ad ,ra!li,era,io> T+e la,e
%ame! D> 8"Ree$ %r>$ "om)le,ed ,+e fial ,&)o*ra)+i" edi,i* of ,+e ,eA,> T+e ou,da,ed a))ediA
o ,+e ar, of ,+e !,e))e! wa! dro))ed$ ad ,+e "o)iou! ao,a,io wa! 0rou*+, i,o "oformi,&
wi,+ )re!e,1da& a"ademi" u!a*e> 9 lar*e ad "om)re+e!i.e ideA wa! "om)iled ad added$
ad ie,ee ma)! were )re)ared eA)re!!l& for ,+i! edi,io> Our aim ,+rou*+ou, +a! 0ee ,o
ma#e a.aila0le a E*li!+1la*ua*e edi,io u!eful ,o ,+e *eeral reader a! well a! ,o ,+e
!)e"iali!,$ 0u, a0o.e all a edi,io w+i"+ re,ai! ,+e ma@e!,i" !wee) ad *radeur$ a! well a! ,+e
o.erridi* i,elle",ual *ra!)$ of Grou!!e,C! ori*ial ma!,erwor#>
PETER ':9R9NIS Voor+ee! Profe!!or of :i!,or& Ru,*er! Ui.er!i,&
Preface
9,,ila$ %e*+i; <+a$ Tamerlae4 ,+eir ame! are i e.er&oeC! memor&> 9""ou,! of ,+em
wri,,e 0& we!,er "+roi"ler! ad 0& '+ie!e or Per!ia aali!,! +a.e !er.ed ,o !)read ,+eir
re)u,e> T+e *rea, 0ar0aria! irru), i,o area! of de.elo)ed +i!,ori"al "i.ili;a,io! ad !uddel&$
wi,+i a few &ear!$ redu"e ,+e Roma$ Iraia$ or '+ie!e world ,o a +ea) of rui!> T+eir arri.al$
mo,i.e!$ ad di!a))eara"e !eem ieA)li"a0le$ !o mu"+ !o ,+a, +i!,oria! ,oda& "ome ear ,o
ado),i* ,+e .erdi", of ,+e wri,er! of old$ w+o !aw i ,+em ,+e !"our*e of ,+e /ord$ !e, for ,+e
"+a!,i!eme, of a"ie, "i.ili;a,io!>
Ye, e.er were me more !o! of ,+e ear,+ ,+a ,+e!e$ more ,+e a,ural )rodu", of ,+eir
e.irome,E 0u, ,+eir mo,i.a,io! ad )a,,er! of 0e+a.ior a"?uire "lari,& a! we "ome ,o
uder!,ad ,+eir wa& of life> T+e!e !,u,ed$ !,o"#& 0odie!=i.i"i0le$ !i"e ,+e& "ould !ur.i.e
!u"+ ri*orou! "odi,io!=were formed 0& ,+e !,e))e!> T+e 0i,,er wid! of ,+e +i*+ )la,eau!$ ,+e
i,e!e "old ad ,orrid +ea,$ "ar.ed ,+o!e fa"e! wi,+ ,+eir wri#led e&e!$ +i*+ "+ee#0oe!$ ad
!)ar!e +air$ ad +ardeed ,+o!e !iew& frame!> T+e demad! of a )a!,oral life$ *o.ered 0&
!ea!oal mi*ra,io! i !ear"+ of )a!,ure$ defied ,+eir !)e"ifi" omadi!m$ ad ,+e eAi*e"ie! of
,+eir omadi" e"oom& de,ermied ,+eir rela,io! wi,+ !ede,ar& )eo)le!4 rela,io! "o!i!,i* 0&
,ur! of ,imid 0orrowi*! ad 0lood,+ir!,& raid!>
T+e ,+ree or four *rea, 9!ia,i" omad! w+o 0ur!, u)o u! ,o ri) u) ,+e we0 of +i!,or& !eem ,o u!
eA"e),ioal !olel& 0e"au!e of our ow i*ora"e> Dor ,+ree w+o a"+ie.ed ,+e a!,oudi* fea, of
0e"omi* "o?ueror! of ,+e world$ +ow ma& 9,,ila! ad %e*+i; <+a! +a.e failedF Dailed$
,+a, i!$ ,o do more ,+a foud limi,ed em)ire! "om)ri!i* a ?uar,er of 9!ia$ from Si0eria ,o ,+e
Yellow Ri.er$ from ,+e 9l,ai ,o Per!ia=a a"+ie.eme, w+i"+ oe mu!, e.er,+ele!!
a"#owled*e ,o +a.e 0ee of !ome ma*i,ude> I would li#e ,o 0ri* 0efore &our mid! ,+i! *rea,
0ar0aria )eo)le$ domia,ed 0& ,+ree mi*+,& fi*ure!=9,,ila$ %e*0i; <+a$ Tamerlae=a! ,+e&
mar"+ ,+rou*+ ,e "e,urie! of +i!,or&$ from ,+e 0order! of '+ia ,o ,+e fro,ier! of ,+e We!,>
T+e )ro0lem of ,+e 0ar0aria! mu!, 0e !,a,ed )re"i!el&> T+e "la!!i"al world e"ou,ered ma&
#id! of 0ar0aria!$ ,+a, i!$ )eo)le !o de!i*a,ed 0& ,+eir ei*+0or!> T+e 'el,! were 0ar0aria! ,o
,+e Roma! for a lo* ,ime$ a! were ,+e Germa! ,o Gaul$ ad ,+e Sla. world ,o Germaia>
Similarl&$ ,+e lad af,erward #ow a! !ou,+er '+ia lo* remaied a 0ar0aria "ou,r& ,o ,+e
ori*ial '+ie!e of ,+e Yellow Ri.er> Bu, 0e"au!e *eo*ra)+i"al "odi,io! i all ,+e!e re*io!
im)o!ed a a*ri"ul,ural wa& of life u)o ,+eir i+a0i,a,!$ ,+e& emer*ed from ,+eir
0a"#warde!! ,o 0e"ome i"rea!i*l& ide,ified wi,+ ,+a, life$ !o ,+a, 0& ,+e !e"od +alf of ,+e
8iddle 9*e! almo!, ,+e w+ole of Euro)e$ We!,er 9!ia$ Ira$ ,+e Idie!$ ad '+ia +ad a,,aied
,+e !ame !,a*e of ma,erial "i.ili;a,io>
Ye, oe im)or,a, area e!"a)ed ,+i! )ro"e!!=,+e wide 0el, !,re,"+i* a"ro!! ,+e or,+er )ar, of
'e,ral Eura!ia from ,+e 0order! of 8a"+uria ,o Buda)e!,> T+i! i! ,+e !,e))e ;oe$ )ee,ra,ed
alo* i,! or,+er ed*e! 0& ,+e Si0eria fore!,> Geo*ra)+i"al "odi,io! +ere allowed ol& a few
)a,"+e! of "ul,i.a,io$ !o ,+a, ,+e i+a0i,a,! were for"ed ,o follow a )a!,oral$ omadi" wa& of
life$ !u"+ a! ,+e re!, of +umai,& +ad #ow ,+ou!ad! of &ear! earlier a, ,+e ed of ,+e Neoli,+i"
a*e> Ideed$ !ome of ,+e!e ,ri0e!=,+o!e of ,+e fore!, ;oe=remaied a, ,+e "ul,ural !,a*e of ,+e
8a*daleia +u,er!> T+u! ,+e !,e))e ad fore!, re*io remaied a )re!er.e of 0ar0ari!m=o,$
0e i, uder!,ood$ i ,+e !e!e ,+a, ,+e )eo)le li.i* ,+ere were iferior a! +uma 0ei*! ,o ,+e
re!, of ma#id$ 0u, 0e"au!e lo"al "odi,io! )er)e,ua,ed a wa& of life w+i"+ el!ew+ere +ad lo*
!i"e )a!!ed awa&>
T+e !ur.i.al of ,+e!e )a!,oral )eo)le! i,o a era w+e ,+e re!, of 9!ia +ad arri.ed a, a
ad.a"ed a*ri"ul,ural !,a*e wa! a .er& im)or,a, fa",or i ,+e drama of +i!,or&> I, i.ol.ed a !or,
of ,ime !+if, 0e,wee ei*+0ori* )eo)le!> 8e of ,+e !e"od milleium B>'> "oeAi!,ed wi,+
,+o!e of ,+e ,welf,+ "e,ur& 9>(> To )a!! from oe *rou) ,o ,+e o,+er$ oe +ad ol& ,o "ome
dow from U))er 8o*olia ,o Pe#i*$ or ,o "lim0 from ,+e <ir*+i; !,e))e ,o I!)a+a> T+e 0rea#
wa! a0ru), ad frau*+, wi,+ )eril!> To ,+e !ede,ar& )eo)le! of '+ia$ Ira$ ad Euro)e$ ,+e :u$
,+e Tur#oma$ ad ,+e 8o*ol were !a.a*e! ideed$ ,o 0e i,imida,ed 0& a di!)la& of arm!$
amu!ed 0& *la!! 0ead! ad 0& ,i,le!$ ad #e), a, a re!)e",ful di!,a"e from "ul,i.a,ed lad> T+e
a,,i,ude of ,+e omad! ma& 0e ea!il& ima*ied> T+e )oor Tur#o1 8o*ol +erd!me w+o i &ear!
of drou*+, .e,ured a"ro!! ,+e mea*er *ra;i* of ,+e !,e))e from oe dried1u) wa,er+ole ,o
ao,+er$ ,o ,+e .er& fri*e of "ul,i.a,io$ a, ,+e *a,e! of Pe"+ili G:o)eiH or Tra!oAiaa$ *a;ed
,+uder!,ru"# a, ,+e mira"le of !ede,ar& "i.ili;a,io4 luAuria, "ro)!$ .illa*e! "rammed wi,+
*rai$ ad ,+e luAur& of ,+e ,ow!> T+i! mira"le$ or ra,+er i,! !e"re,=,+e )a,ie, ,oil re?uired ,o
mai,ai ,+e!e +uma +i.e!= wa! 0e&od ,+e "om)re+e!io of ,+e :u> If +e wa! fa!"ia,ed$
i, wa! li#e ,+e wolf=+i! ,o,em=w+e i !ow& wea,+er i, draw! ear ,o ,+e farm! ad !)ie! i,!
)re& wi,+i ,+e wa,,led fe"e> :e ,oo +ad ,+e a*e1old im)ul!e ,o 0rea# i$ )luder$ ad e!"a)e
wi,+ +i! 0oo,&>
T+e !ur.i.al of a +erdi* ad +u,i* "ommui,& 0e!ide a farmi* oe=or$ )u, differe,l&$ ,+e
de.elo)me, of i"rea!i*l& )ro!)erou! a*ri"ul,ural "ommui,ie! wi,+i !i*+, ad "o,a", of
)eo)le! !,ill a, ,+e )a!,oral !,a*e$ ad !ufferi* ,+e a))alli* famie! i+ere, i !,e))e life i
,ime of drou*+,=)re!e,ed o, ol& a *lari* e"oomi" "o,ra!, 0u, a !o"ial "o,ra!, ,+a, wa!
e.e "rueler> To re)ea,$ ,+e )ro0lem of +uma *eo*ra)+& 0e"ame a !o"ial oe> T+e a,,i,ude! of
,+e !ede,ar& ma ad ,+e omad ,oward ea"+ o,+er re"all ,+e feeli*! of a "a)i,ali!, !o"ie,& ad
a )role,aria, e"lo!ed wi,+i a moder "i,&> T+e farmi* "ommui,ie! ,+a, "ul,i.a,ed ,+e *ood
&ellow !oil of or,+er '+ia$ ,+e *arde! of Ira$ or ,+e ri"+ 0la"# ear,+ of <ie. were e"ir"led
0& a 0el, of )oor *ra;i* lad w+ere ,erri0le "lima,i" "odi,io! of,e )re.ailed$ ad w+ere oe
&ear i e.er& ,e ,+e wa,eri* )la"e! dried u)$ *ra!! wi,+ered$ ad li.e!,o"# )eri!+ed$ ad wi,+
,+em ,+e omad +im!elf>
I ,+e!e "ir"um!,a"e!$ ,+e )eriodi" ,+ru!,! of ,+e omad! i,o ,+e "ul,i.a,ed area! were a law of
a,ure> I, !+ould 0e added ,+a, w+e,+er Tur#! or 8o*ol!$ ,+e& 0elo*ed ,o a i,elli*e,$
le.el+eaded$ )ra",i"al )eo)le w+i"+$ drilled 0& ,+e +ar!+ reali,ie! of i,! e.irome,$ wa! e.er
read& for ,+e word of "ommad> W+e ,+e !ede,ar& ad of,e de"ade, "ommui,ie! &ielded
uder +i! o !lau*+,$ ,+e omad e,ered ,+e "i,& ad$ w+e ,+e fir!, few +our! of ma!!a"re were
o.er$ wi,+ou, a& *rea, diffi"ul,& ,oo# ,+e )la"e of ,+e ruler! w+om +e +ad defea,ed> Ua0a!+ed$
+e !ea,ed +im!elf u)o ,+e mo!, ,ime1+oored ad eAal,ed ,+roe!$ a! *rad #+a of '+ia$ #i*
of Per!ia$ em)eror of Idia$ or !ul,a of Rum$ ad ada),ed +im!elf a""ordi*l&> I Pe#i* +e
0e"ame +alf '+ie!e$ i I!)a+a or Rai +alf Per!ia>
Wa! ,+a, ,+e fial ou,"ome=a )ermae, re"o"ilia,io 0e,wee ,+e !,e))e ad ,+e ,owF B& o
mea!> T+e ieAora0le law! of +uma *eo*ra)+& "o,iued ,o o)era,e> If ,+e Sii"i;ed or
Irai;ed #+a wa! o, remo.ed 0& !ome a,i.e rea",io$ w+e,+er !low or !udde$ from ,+e
de),+! of ,+e !,e))e! ew +orde!$ ad +u*r& oe!$ would a))ear a, +i! fro,ier!$ ad !eei* i
,+eir u)!,ar, "ou!i merel& ao,+er Tad;+i# or Ta0*a,"+=Per!ia or '+ie!e=re)ea, ,+e
ad.e,ure$ ,o +i! di!ad.a,a*e>
:ow i! i, ,+a, ,+e ad.e,ure wa! earl& alwa&! !u""e!!ful$ ad ,+a, ,+e !ame r+&,+m re"urred
,+rou*+ou, ,+ir,ee "e,urie!= ,+a, )eriod 0e,wee ,+e :u!C e,r& i,o /o&a* ad ,+e
8a"+u!C i,o Pe#i*F T+e a!wer i! ,+a, ,+e omad$ re,arded ,+ou*+ +e wa! i ma,erial "ul,ure$
alwa&! )o!!e!!ed a ,remedou! mili,ar& a!"eda"&> :e wa! ,+e mou,ed ar"+er> T+e ,e"+i"al
arm$ w+i"+ *a.e +im almo!, a! *rea, a ad.a,a*e o.er !ede,ar& ma a! ar,iller& *a.e moder
Euro)e o.er ,+e re!, of ,+e world$ wa! a i"redi0l& mo0ile "a.alr& of eA)er, 0owme> I, i! ,rue
,+a, ei,+er '+ie!e or Iraia! e*le",ed ,+i! arm> Drom ,+e ,+ird "e,ur& B>'> o$ ,+e '+ie!e
ada),ed ,+eir dre!! for ridi*> 9d Per!ia$ from ,+e ,ime! of ,+e Par,+ia!$ #ew ,+e .alue of a
!+ower of arrow! deli.ered 0& a w+irl of re,rea,i* +or!eme> Bu, '+ie!e$ Iraia$ Ru!!ia$
Pole$ or :u*aria "ould e.er e?ual ,+e 8o*ol i ,+i! field> Traied from "+ild+ood ,o dri.e
deer a, a *allo) o.er ,+e .a!, eA)a!e! of ,+e !,e))e$ a""u!,omed ,o )a,ie, !,al#i* ad ,o all ,+e
ru!e! of ,+e +u,er o w+i"+ +i! food=,+a, i!$ +i! life=de)eded$ +e wa! u0ea,a0le> No, ,+a,
0e of,e "ofro,ed +i! eem&E o ,+e "o,rar&$ +a.i* lau"+ed a !ur)ri!e a,,a"# u)o +im$ +e
would .ai!+$ rea))ear$ )ur!ue +im arde,l& wi,+ou, le,,i* +im!elf 0e "au*+,$ +arr& +im$ wear&
+im$ ad a, la!, 0ri* +im dow eA+au!,ed$ li#e dri.e *ame> T+e de"e),i.e mo0ili,& ad
u0i?ui,& of ,+i! "a.alr&$ w+e +adled 0& a %e0e or a SI0J,Ki1%e*+i; <+aC! ,wo *rea, *eeral!
=edowed ,+i! a wi,+ a !or, of "or)ora,e i,elli*e"e> Piao 'ar)ii ad Ru0ru"#$ w+o wa,"+ed
i, i a",io$ were mu"+ !,ru"# 0& ,+i! de"i!i.e ,e"+i"al !u)eriori,&> T+e )+alaA ad ,+e le*io
)a!!ed awa& 0e"au!e ,+e& +ad 0ee 0or of ,+e )oli,i"al "o!,i,u,io! of 8a"edoia ad RomeE
,+e& were ,+e )laed "rea,io of or*ai;ed !,a,e! w+i"+$ li#e all !,a,e!$ aro!e$ li.ed$ ad
di!a))eared> T+e mou,ed ar"+er of ,+e !,e))e rei*ed o.er Eura!ia for ,+ir,ee "e,urie!
0e"au!e +e wa! ,+e !)o,aeou! "rea,io of ,+e !oil i,!elf4 ,+e off!)ri* of +u*er ad wa,$ ,+e
omad!C ol& mea! of !ur.i.al duri* &ear! of famie> W+e %e*+i; <+a !u""eeded i
"o?ueri* ,+e world$ +e wa! a0le ,o do !o 0e"au!e$ a! a or)+a a0adoed o ,+e )lai of
<erule$ +e +ad alread& !u""eeded$ wi,+ +i! &ou* 0ro,+er %J"+i ,+e Ti*er$ i 0ri*i* dow
eou*+ *ame dail& ,o e!"a)e dea,+ 0& !,ar.a,io>
T+e arrow of ,+e mou,ed ar"+er w+o da!+ed i$ le, fl&$ ad fled wa! for a,i?ui,& ad ,+e
8iddle 9*e! a form of idire", fire$ almo!, a! effe",i.e ad demorali;i* i i,! ,ime a! ,+a, of ,+e
*uer! of ,oda&>
W+a, )u, a ed ,o ,+i! !u)eriori,&F :ow i! i, ,+a, !,ar,i* i ,+e !iA,ee,+ "e,ur& ,+e omad o
lo*er +ad ,+e !ede,ar& )eo)le! a, +i! mer"&F T+e rea!o wa! ,+a, ,+e la,,er ow me, +im wi,+
ar,iller&$ ad ,+u! o.eri*+, a"?uired a ar,ifi"ial a!"eda"& o.er +im> 9 a*elo* )o!i,io wa!
re.er!ed> T+e "aoade! wi,+ w+i"+ I.a ,+e Terri0le !"a,,ered ,+e la!, +eir! of ,+e Golde
:orde$ ad wi,+ w+i"+ ,+e <Ca*1+!i em)eror of '+ia fri*+,eed ,+e <almu"#!$ mar#ed ,+e ed
of a )eriod of world +i!,or&> Dor ,+e fir!, ,ime$ ad for e.er$ mili,ar& ,e"+i?ue +ad "+a*ed
"am)! ad "i.ili;a,io 0e"ame !,ro*er ,+a 0ar0ari!m> Wi,+i a few +our! ,+e ,radi,ioal
!u)eriori,& of ,+e omad faded i,o a !eemi*l& ureal )a!,$ ad ,+e <almu"# ar"+er! w+om ,+e
roma,i" ';ar 9leAader I mar!+aled a*ai!, Na)oleo o ,+e 0a,,lefield! of 1207 were ,o
a))ear a! ou, of da,e a! 8a*daleia +u,er!>
Ye, ol& ,+ree "e,urie! 0ad )a!!ed !i"e ,+o!e ar"+er! "ea!ed ,o 0e "o?ueror! of ,+e world>
Contents
I> T:E :IG: P/9TE9US OD 9SI9 UNTI/ T:E T:IRTEENT:
'ENTURY
1> Earl& :i!,or& of ,+e S,e))e!4 S"&,+ia! ad :u!
The Antiquity of Steppe Ciili!ations 5
The Scythians 6
Scythian Art 11
The Sar"atians and #estern Si$eria 13
Pre%Tur&ic Cultures of the Altai 17
Ori'ins of the Hsiun'%nu 19
Hunnic Art 7L
The First Thrust of the Hsiun'%nu and the Mi'ration of the
()eh%chih 76
Repercussions of the First *ictories of the Huns+ Collapse of
,ree& -o"ination in Af'hanistan 79
Conflicts .etween the Hsiun'%nu and the Early Han+ Split
with the #estern Hsiun'%nu 57
'ofli",! Be,wee '+ia ad ,+e :!iu*1u (uri* ,+e Period of
the /ater Han -ynasty+ Split with the Southern Hsiun'%nu 52
The Sil& Road 59
Pan Ch0ao0s Conquest of the Tari" .asin L1
Ciili!ation of the Tari" Oases at the End of Antiquity and the
.e'innin' of the Middle A'es L2
Supplantin' of the 1orthern Hsiun'%nu $y the Hsien%pi in the
E"pire of Mon'olia 35
The ,reat Inasions of the Fourth Century+ 1orth China
Conquered $y the Hsiun'%nu and the Hsien%pi 33
The 2in'do" of the Ta$'atch Tur&s3 or To$a3 and the Mon'ol
2hanate of the 4uan%5uan 60
The /ast Minusins& Culture 66
The Ephthalite Huns 67
The Huns in Europe6 Attila 77
7> T+e Earl& 8iddle 9*e!4 TCu1"+Ie+$ Ui*ur$ ad <+i,a
The E"pire of the T0u%ch)eh 20
Partition of the T0u%ch)eh E"pire 27
-estruction of the 2hanate of the Eastern T0u%ch)eh $y E"peror
T0ai%tsun'
90
-issolution of the 2hanate of the #estern T0u%ch)eh 95
The Indo%European Oases of the Tari" at the Accession of the
T0an' -ynasty
93
The Esta$lish"ent of the T0an' Protectorate in the Tari" .asin 92
T0an' China3 /ord of Central Asia 101
The /ast .la!e of T0u%ch)eh Power6 Mo%ch0o 2ha'an 105
2ul%te'in and Mo%&i%lien 110
-estruction of the E"pire of the Eastern T0u%ch)eh+ Rise of the
7i'ur E"pire
115
The Pea& of T0an' Power+ the Su$5ection of #estern Tur&estan 11L
Chinese and Ara$ Rialry #est of the Pa"irs 116
The Chinese in the Pa"irs3 898%8:; 112
The Collapse of T0an' -o"ination in Central Asia 119
The 7i'ur Tur&ic E"pire 170
The Sha%t0o Tur&s 176
The 2hitan 177
The 4urchid 15L
5> T+e Tur#! ad I!lam ,o ,+e T+ir,ee,+ 'e,ur&
The Iranian .arrier A'ainst the Tur&ic #orld in the Tenth
Century6 The Sa"anids
1L1
The Tur&ici!in' of 2ash'aria and Transo<iana6 The 2ara&hanids 1LL
Role of the Sel5u&s in Tur&ish History 1L2
Sultan San5ar and the #atch on the O<us 139
The 2ara%2hitai E"pire 16L
The 2hwari!"ian E"pire 166
L> T+e Ru!!ia S,e))e from ,+e SiA,+ ,o ,+e T+ir,ee,+ 'e,ur&
The Aars 171
.ul'ars and Ma'yars 176
The 2ha!ars 179
Petchene's and 2ipcha&s 127
II= THE 4E1,HI>%2HA1ITE MO1,O/S
:= 4en'hi! 2han
Mon'olia in the Twelfth Century 129
First Atte"pts at 7nity A"on' the Mon'ols 197
The (outh of 4en'hi! 2han 199
4en'hi! 2han3 *assal of the 2erayit 700
.reach with the #an'%&han6 Conquest of the 2erayit Country 709
Conquest of the 1ai"an Country+ 7nification of Mon'olia 715
4en'hi! 2han6 E"peror 716
The 1ew Mon'ol E"pire6 State and Ar"y 719
Conquest of 1orthern China 776
Mon'ol Conquest of the Old 2ara%2hitai E"pire 755
-estruction of the 2hwari!"ian E"pire 756
Raid $y 4e$e and S)$?t@i into Persia and Russia 7L3
The /ast (ears of 4en'hi! 2han 7L7
4en'hi! 2han6 His Character and Achiee"ents 7L2
A= The Three I""ediate Successors to 4en'hi! 2han
-istri$ution of Appana'es A"on' 4en'hi! 2han0s Sons 735
The Rei'n of O'?d@i BCDDE%9CF 736
-estruction of the 2in Real" $y the Mon'ols 737
Conquest of #estern Persia $y the Mon'ols 739
.atu0s and S)$?t@i0s Ca"pai'ns in Europe 76L
T?r@'@n@0s Re'ency BCD9D%9AF 762
,)y)&0s Rei'n BCD9A%9GF 769
Re'ency of O'hul Hai"ish 777
Mon'&a0s Rei'n BCD:C%:EF 773
Ru$ruc&0s 4ourney 776
Mon'&a0s #ar A'ainst the Sun' E"pire 727
7> 2u$lai and the Mon'ol -ynasty of China
Rialry .etween 2u$lai and Ariq%$?'@ 723
Conquest of the Sun' E"pire 726
#ars in 4apan3 Indochina3 and 4aa 722
Stru''le with Haidu 791
2u$lai0s ,oern"ent6 Mon'ol and Chinese Policy 793
Reli'ious Policy of 2u$lai and His Successors6 .uddhis" 797
Reli'ious Policy of 2u$lai and His Successors6 1estorianis" 500
Marco Polo0s 4ourney 50L
Econo"ic Prosperity in China 7nder Mon'ol Rule 509
Catholicis" in China 7nder the Mon'ol -ynasty 515
The /ast of the 2u$lai /ine and the E<pulsion of the Mon'ols
fro" China
570
G= Tur&estan 7nder the House of 4a'atai
The 4a'atai 2hanate6 Ori'ins and ,eneral Characteristics 576
Al'hu0s Rei'n6 4a'ataite Atte"pt at Independence 551
The 2hanate of 4a'atai 7nder Haidu0s Su!erainty 555
The 2hanate of 4a'atai at Its >enith6 -uwa3 Esen%$uqa3 and
2e$e& 556
Schis" in the 2hanate of 4a'atai6 Transo<iana and Mo'holistan 5L1
Transo<iana 7nder the Rule of E"ir Ha!'han 5L7
Tu'hluq Ti"ur6 Reinte'ration of 4a'atai 5L5
E= Mon'ol Persia and the House of Hul@'u
The Mon'ol Re'i"e in Persia 7ntil the Co"in' of Hul@'u6
Chor"a'han3 .ai5u3 and El5i'idd@i 5L7
The Mon'ol Re'i"e in Persia to the Arrial of Hul@'u6 2?r')!
and Ar'hun A'ha 531
Hul@'u0s Rei'n6 -estruction of the Assassins3 Conquest of
.a'hdad3 and Annihilation of the Caliphate 535
Hul@'u0s Sy"pathy with Christianity 536
E<pedition of Hul@'u to Syria 539
Hul@'u0s /ast (ears 563
A$aqa0s Rei'n 567
Ar'hun0s Rei'n 571
Ra$$an Sau"a0s E"$assy to the #est 575
The Rei'ns of ,ai&hatu and .aidu 576
,ha!an0s Rei'n 572
Ol5aitu0s Rei'n 525
A$u Sa0id0s Rei'n 527
-issolution of the Mon'ol 2hanate of Persia 529
C;= The 2hanate of 2ipcha&
4?chi and His Sons6 The ,olden Horde3 the #hite Horde3 and the
7lus of Shay$an
597
.atu and .er&e 59L
1o'ai and Toqtai L01
I!$e' and 4ani$e' L0L
Ma"ai and Toqta"ish L03
CC=Ta"erlane
The 2in'do" of Transo<iana -eliered fro" the Mon'ols $y
Ta"erlane
L09
-uel of Ta"erlane and Mir Husain L17
Ruler of Transo<iana and the Ti"urid E"pire L1L
Conquest of 2hwari!" L19
E<peditions to Mo'holistan and 7i'uria L77
Conquest of Eastern Iran L76
Conquest of #estern Iran L79
Ta"erlane and 2ipcha& L53
E<pedition to India LL5
Ta"erlane and the Ma"elu&es LL6
Ta"erlane and the Otto"an E"pire LL2
The Conquest of China L35
The Ta"erlane Succession6 Shah Ru&h0s Rei'n L36
A$u Sa0id L60
The /ast Ti"urids L65
III= THE /AST MO1,O/S
CD= The Mon'ols of Russia
The End of the ,olden Horde L69
The 2hanates of the Cri"ea3 Astra&han3 and 2a!an L71
CJ= The Shay$anids
Fro" Shay$an to A$u0l 2hair L72
Muha""ad Shay$ani and the Shay$anid 2hanate of
Transo<iana
L21
The 2hanate of .u&hara 7nder the Astra&hanids and
Man'its
L26
The 2hanate of 2hia L27
The 2hanate of 2o&and L22
The Shay$anids of Si$eria L29
C9= The /ast 4a'ataites
Resur'ence of Mo'holistan After Ta"erlane6 *ais%&han and
Esen%$u'ha
L91
(unus and the 4a'ataite Reen'e upon the Howe of Ta"erlane L95
The 4a'ataites Thrown .ac& East of the T0ien Shan Ran'e+
Influence of the Ti"urid Renaissance in 2ash'aria+ the
Historian Haidar%Mir!a L96
The /ast 4a'ataites L92
The 2ho5as of 2ash'aria 300
C:= The /ast E"pires of Mon'olia fro" the Fifteenth to the
Ei'hteenth Century
Anarchy in Mon'olia After CJ8; 307
The First Oirat E"pire6 To'hon and Esen%tai5i 303
The /ast 4en'hi!%2hanite Restoration6 -ayan%&han and
Altan%&han 302
Partition of the -ayanid E"pire6 The Ordos and 2hal&a
2hanates 311
Conersion of the Eastern Mon'ols to /a"ais" 315
Conquest of China $y the Manchus 313
The #estern Mon'ols in the Seenteenth Century 319
Moe"ents of Peoples A"on' the #estern Mon'ols6 The
2al"uc& Mi'ration 371
The 2hoshot 2hanate of Tsaida" and the 2o&o 1or3 Protector of
the Ti$etan Church 377
The -!un'ar 2in'do" 7nder the Choros -ynasty6 .a0atur%
&hon'tai5i0s Rei'n 373
,aldan0s Rei'n BCA8A%E8F6 Foundation of the -!un'ar E"pire 376
The -!un'ar E"pire 7nder Tsewan' Ra$dan BCAE8% C8D8F 351
,aldan Tseren'0s Rei'n BC8D8%9:F 356
-awa5i and A"ursana6 Anne<ation of -!un'aria $y the Manchu
E"pire 357
The 7nfulfilled -estiny of the #estern Mon'ols 359
Anne<ation of 2ash'aria $y the Manchu E"pire 3L1
1otes 3L5
Inde< 655
/ist of Maps
(raw 0& (oro,+& de Do,aie
The Steppe >one of Eurasia Ed)a)er!
C= First Thrust of the Hsiun'%nu and Mi'ration of the ()eh%chih 77
D= Central Asia in the Han -ynasty 55
J= The First KMon'olK E"pires6 4uan%5uan and Epthalite a$out :;;
A=-= 77
9= The E"pire of Attila 91
:= The Tur&ic T0u%ch)eh E"pire at the End of the Si<th Century and
the .e'innin' of the Seenth 10L 1 103
A= E"pire of the 7i'ur Tur&s $etween 89: and G9; 175
8= The 2in 2in'do" a$out CC:; 153
G= The Sel5u& Sultanate a$out C;E9 136
E= The 2hwari!"ian and 2ara%2hitai E"pires at the .e'innin' of
the Thirteenth Century 167 1 165
C;= The Russian Steppe a$out the Tenth Century 125
CC= The Mon'ol E"pire $etween CDJ; and CD:: 772 1 779
CD= The Mon'ol E"pire of China under the House of 2u$lai 2han 577
CJ= The 2hanate of the 4a'atai $etween CDJ; and CJA: 557
C9= The Mon'ol 2in'do" of Persia under the House of Hul@'u 522
C:= The E"pire of Ta"erlane L3L 1 L33
CA= The Ti"urids BFifteenth CenturyF L7L
C8= -istri$ution of the ,olden Horde L76
CG= 7pper Asia in the Seenteenth and Ei'hteenth Centuries 35L 1 353
Introduction6
The Steppe and History
I ,+eir )+&!i"al maife!,a,io$ ,+e +i*+ )la,eau! of 9!ia 0ear wi,e!! ,o ,+e mo!, ,remedou!
*eolo*i"al drama i ,+e +i!,or& of ,+i! )lae,> T+e u)+ea.al ad i!ola,io of ,+i! +u*e "o,ie,al
ma!! were due ,o ,+e "o.er*i* a!!aul,! of ,wo *rea, "+ai! of folded mou,ai! formed i ,wo
differe, )eriod!4 ,+e :er"&ia fold! of ,+e TCie S+a ad 9l,ai ra*e!=,+e fir!, of ,+e!e 0ei*
0ordered 0& ,+e Seridia ma!! ad ,+e !e"od 0& ,+e a"ie, Si0eria )la,eau of 9*aralad=
ad ,+e :imala&a al)ie fold!$ w+i"+ i ,+e 8io"ee )eriod re)la"ed ,+e a"ie,
M8edi,erraeaM Sea of Eura!ia> T+e ar" of ,+e TCie S+a ad 9l,ai ,o ,+e or,+we!,$ ad ,+e
o))o!i* "ur.e of ,+e :imala&a! i ,+e !ou,+$ ,o*e,+er e"ir"le ad i!ola,e Tur#e!,a ad
8o*olia$ lea.i* ,+em$ a! i, were$ !u!)eded a0o.e ,+e !urroudi* )lai!> Be"au!e of ,+eir
al,i,ude ad ,+eir *rea, di!,a"e from ,+e !ea$ ,+e!e re*io! eA)erie"e a "o,ie,al "lima,e of
*rea, eA,reme!$ wi,+ eA"e!!i.e +ea, i !ummer ad 0i,,er "old i wi,er> 9, Ur*a GUla Ba,orH$ i
8o*olia$ ,+e ,em)era,ure .arie! from N52O ,o 1L7O 'e,i*rade> Wi,+ ,+e eA"e),io of ,+e
Ti0e,a ma!!if$ ,+e *rea, al,i,ude of w+i"+ )rodu"e! almo!, )olar .e*e,a,io$ ad al!o of ,+e
!emi"ir"ular ra*e! of ,+e 9l,ai ad TCie S+a$ w+i"+$ for !imilar rea!o!$ +a.e a al)ie
"lima,e "+ara",eri!,i"all& *raded from ,+e fore!,! of ,+e foo,+ill! ,o ,+e !)ar!e .e*e,a,io o ,+e
)ea#!$ almo!, ,+e w+ole of "o,ie,al 9!ia i! "o.ered 0& a lo*i,udial 0el, of *ra!!& !,e))e!$
dorma, i wi,er ad dried u) i !ummer> T+e )rairie !,e))e!=fer,ile i ,+eir irri*a,ed area!$
0u, !+ri.eli* ad ,uri* i,o de!er, i ,+e "e,ral wa!,e!=ru from 8a"+uria ,o ,+e 'rimea$
from Ur*a i Ou,er 8o*olia ,o ,+e re*io! of 8er. ad Bal#+$ w+ere ,+e Nor,+ Eura!ia
)rairie !,e))e *i.e! )la"e ,o ,+e dr&$ !u0,ro)i"al !,e))e$ more 8edi,erraea i "+ara",er$ of Ira
ad 9f*+ai!,a>
To ,+e or,+$ ,+e lo*i,udial 0el, of ,+e Eura!ia !,e))e! mer*e! wi,+ ,+e 0oreal fore!, re*io of
"e,ral Ru!!ia ad Si0eria$ ad wi,+ ,+e or,+er fri*e of 8o*olia ad 8a"+uria> I ,+ree
area! i ,+e middle of ,+e 0el,$ ,+e !,e))e im)er"e),i0l& &ield! ,o ,+e de!er,4 ,+e de!er,! of <&;&l1
<um i Tra!oAiaa ad <ara1 <um !ou,+ of ,+e 9mu (ar&aE ,+e de!er, of Ta#lama#a i ,+e
e"lo!ed Tarim 0a!iE ad la!,l& ,+e Go0i (e!er,$ a .a!, area !,re,"+i* from !ou,+we!, ,o
or,+ea!,$ from ,+e /o0 Nor$ w+ere ,+e Go0i @oi! ,+e Ta#lama#a$ ,o ,+e <+i*a 8ou,ai! o
,+e 0order! of 8a"+uria> T+e& are li#e "a"erou! )a,"+e! de.ouri* ,+e *ra!!& 0el,$ o w+i"+
,+e& +a.e 0ee "o,iuall& e"roa"+i* !i"e )ro,o+i!,ori" ,ime!> T+e !i,ua,io of ,+e Go0i
(e!er,$ l&i* a! i, doe! 0e,wee or,+er 8o*olia$ ,+e fore!,! of Bai#al$ ad ,+e !,e))e! of ,+e
Or#+o ad <erule ,o ,+e or,+ ad !ou,+er 8o*olia ad ,+e !,e))e! of 9la!+a$ Ordo!$
'+a+ar$ ad %e+ol ,o ,+e !ou,+$ i! oe of ,+e eduri* fa",or! )re.e,i* ,+e !ur.i.al of Tur#o1
8o*ol em)ire!$ w+e,+er of ,+e :!iu*1u of a,i?ui,& or of ,+e TCu1"+Ie+ of ,+e 8iddle 9*e!>
T+i! rou, of ,+e !,e))e 0& ,+e de!er, *a.e a )ar,i"ularl& de"i!i.e ,ur ,o ,+e +i!,or& of ,+e Tarim
0a!i$ i w+a, i! ow '+ie!e Tur#e!,a> :a.i* e!"a)ed ,+e omadi" life of ,+e )lai! G,+ou*+
alwa&! ,+rea,eed or domia,ed 0& ,+e or,+er +orde!H$ ,+i! area a"?uired ,+e ur0a$
"ommer"ial "+ara",er of ,+e oa!e! of ,+e "ara.a rou,e! ad$ 0& ,+e "+ai of ,+e!e oa!e!$ formed
a lie of "ommui"a,io 0e,wee ,+e *rea, !ede,ar& "i.ili;a,io! of ,+e We!,=,+o!e of ,+e
8edi,erraea world$ of Ira$ ad of Idia= ad ,+a, of ,+e Dar Ea!,$ amel&$ '+ia> 9 dou0le
,rail wa! laid i a dou0le "ur.e or,+ ad !ou,+ of ,+e d&i* Tarim Ri.er4 ,+e or,+er rou,e ra
,+rou*+ Tu+wa*$ :ami$ Turfa$ <ara S+a+r$ <u"+a$ <a!+*ar$ ,+e Der*aa 0a!i$ ad
Tra!oAiaaE ,+e !ou,+er$ 0& wa& of Tu+wa*$ <+o,a$ Yar#ad$ ,+e Pamir .alle&!$ ad
Ba",ria> T+i! !leder dual ,+read ,+a, "ro!!e! de!er,! ad )ea#! 0& ,ur!$ frail a! a widi*$ lo*1
draw1ou, lie of a,! mo.i* "ro!!1"ou,r&$ wa! !,ro* eou*+ e.er,+ele!! ,o e!ure ,+a, our
)lae, !+ould "o!i!, of a !i*le world ad o, of ,wo !e)ara,e oe!$ ad ,o mai,ai a miimum
de*ree of "o,a", 0e,wee ,+e a,+ill of '+ia ad ,+e Ido1Euro)ea a,+ill!> I, wa! ,+e Sil#
Road ad ,+e road of )il*rima*e$ alo* w+i"+ ,ra.eled ,rade ad reli*io$ ,+e Gree# ar, of
9leAaderC! !u""e!!or! ad Budd+i!, mi!!ioarie! from 9f*+ai!,a> B& ,+i! rou,e ,+e Gre"o1
Roma mer"+a,! me,ioed 0& P,olem& !,ru**led ,o o0,ai a""e!! ,o ,+e 0ale! of !il# from
MSeri"a$M ad '+ie!e *eeral! of ,+e !e"od :a d&a!,& !ou*+, ,o e!,a0li!+ "ommui"a,io
wi,+ ,+e Iraia world ad ,+e Roma Orie,> T+e mai,ea"e of ,+i! *rea, rou,e of world
"ommer"e wa!$ from ,+e :a ,o <u0lai <+a$ a a*e1lo* )ri"i)le of '+ie!e )oli"&>
Nor,+ of ,+i! arrow ,rail of "i.ili;a,io$ +owe.er$ ,+e !,e))e! )ro.ided ,+e omad! wi,+ a rou,e
of a .er& differe, order4 a 0oudle!! rou,e of um0erle!! ,ra"#!$ ,+e rou,e of 0ar0ari!m> No,+i*
+al,ed ,+e ,+uderi* 0ar0aria !?uadro! 0e,wee ,+e 0a#! of ,+e Or#0o or ,+e <erule ad
/a#e Bal#+a!+E for$ al,+ou*+ ,oward ,+e la,,er )oi, ,+e 9l,ai 8ou,ai! ad ,+e or,+er !)ur!
of ,+e TCie S+a ra*e! !eem ,o mee,$ ,+e *a) i! !,ill wide a, ,+e Imil Ri.er i Tar0a*a,ai$ i ,+e
dire",io of '+u*u"+a#$ a! al!o 0e,wee ,+e Yuldu;$ ,+e Ili$ ad ,+e I!!&# <ul 0a!i ,o ,+e
or,+we!,$ w+ere ,+e +or!eme from 8o*olia 0e+eld ,+e fur,+er 0oudle!! eA)a!e! of ,+e
<ir*+i; ad Ru!!ia !,e))e!> T+e )a!!e! of Tar0a*a,ai$ 9la1Tau$ ad 8u;ar, were "o,iuall&
"ro!!ed 0& +orde! from ,+e ea!,er !,e))e o ,+eir wa& ,o ,+e !,e))e! of ,+e we!,> I ,+e
)ro,o+i!,ori" )eriod$ ,+e mo.eme, mu!, +a.e 0ee more of,e i ,+e o))o!i,e dire",ioE oe
*ai! ,+e im)re!!io ,+a, omad! of Iraia=,+a, i!$ Ido1Euro)ea=!,o"#$ "alled S"&,+ia!
ad Sarma,ia! 0& Gree# +i!,oria! ad ide,ified a! Sa#a 0& Iraia i!"ri),io!$ mu!, +a.e
)ee,ra,ed a lo* wa& ,o ,+e or,+ea!,$ ,o ,+e re*io of Pa;&r&# ad 8iu!i!#$ w+ile o,+er
Ido1Euro)ea! )o)ula,ed ,+e Tarim oa!e!$ from <a!+*ar ,o <u"+a$ <ara S+a+r$ ad Turfa$
)er+a)! e.e a! far a! <a!u> I, i! "er,ai$ +owe.er$ ,+a, from ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e '+ri!,ia era
,+e flow wa! from ea!, ,o we!,> I, wa! o lo*er ,+e Ido1Euro)ea diale",! ,+a, )re.ailed
=MEa!, Iraia$M <u"+ea$ or To#+aria=i ,+e oa!e! of ,+e fu,ure '+ie!e Tur#e!,aE i, wa!
ra,+er ,+e :!iu*1u w+o$ uder ,+e ame of :u!$ "ame ,o e!,a0li!+ a )ro,o1Tur#i" em)ire i
!ou,+er Ru!!ia ad i :u*ar&> GT+e :u*aria !,e))e i! a "o,iua,io of ,+e Ru!!ia !,e))e$
a! ,+e Ru!!ia !,e))e i! of ,+e 9!ia>H 9f,er ,+e :u! "ame ,+e 9.ar!$ a 8o*ol +orde w+i"+ +ad
fled from 'e,ral 9!ia uder )re!!ure from ,+e TCu1"+Ie+ i ,+e !iA,+ "e,ur&$ ad w+i"+ wa! ,o
domia,e ,+e !ame re*io!$ fir!, Ru!!ia ad la,er :u*ar&> I ,+e !e.e,+ "e,ur& "ame ,+e
<+a;ar Tur#!$ i ,+e ele.e,+ ,+e Pe,"+ee* Tur#!$ ad i ,+e ,welf,+ ,+e 'uma Tur#!$ all
followi* ,+e !ame ,rail> /a!,l&$ i ,+e ,+ir,ee,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e 8o*ol! of %e*+i; <+a
i,e*ra,ed ,+e !,e))e$ !o ,o !)ea#$ ad 0e"ame ,+e !,e))e i"ara,e$ from Pe#i* ,o <ie.>
1

P

T+e i,erior +i!,or& of ,+e !,e))e i! ,+a, of Tur#o18o*ol +orde! @o!,li* oe ao,+er for ,+e 0e!,
*ra;i* *roud!$ ad of ,+eir edle!! mi*ra,io! from )a!,ure ,o )a!,ure$ dri.e mail& 0& ,+e
eed! of ,+eir +erd!> I !ome i!,a"e! ,+e!e al,era,i* mo.eme,! ,oo# "e,urie! ,o "om)le,e
owi* ,o ,+e .a!, di!,a"e! i.ol.ed$ ,o w+i"+ e.er&,+i* a0ou, ,+e!e )eo)le=,+eir )+&!i"al
0uild ad ,+eir wa& of life=+ad 0e"ome ada),ed> Of ,+e!e u"ea!i* waderi*! 0e,wee ,+e
Yellow Ri.er ad Buda)e!,$ +i!,or&$ wri,,e 0& me of !ede,ar& a,io!$ +a! re,aied 0u, li,,le$
ad ,+e ol& !u"+ e.e,! a! affe",ed ,+em!el.e!> T+e& o,ed ,+e o!lau*+, of ,+e wa.e! ,+a,
0ro#e a, ,+e foo, of ,+e Grea, Wall or of ,+eir (au0ia for,re!!e!$ Ta,u* or Sili!,ra> Bu, w+a, do
,+e& ,ell of ,+e ier ,ur0ule"e of ,+e Tur#o1 8o*ol )eo)le!F I w+a, ma& 0e ,ermed ,+e
im)erial di!,ri", of <ara0al*a!u ad <ara#orum i or,+er 8o*olia$ a, ,+e !our"e of ,+e
Or#+o$ we fid all ,+e omad "la! w+i"+ aimed a, ,+e domia,io of o,+er +orde!4 ,+ere are
,+e :!iu*1u$ of Tur#i" !,o"#$ 0efore our ow eraE ,+e 8o*ol :!ie1)i i ,+e ,+ird "e,ur&
9>(>E ,+e %ua1@ua$ al!o 8o*ol$ i ,+e fif,+ "e,ur&E TCu1"+Ie+ Tur#! i ,+e !iA,+E Ui*ur Tur#!
i ,+e ei*+,+E <ir*+i; i ,+e i,+E ,+e <+i,a of 8o*ol !,o"# i ,+e ,e,+E ,+e <era&i, or
Naima$ )re!uma0l& Tur#i"$ i ,+e ,welf,+E ad la!,l&$ i ,+e ,+ir,ee,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e 8o*ol! of
%e*+i; <+a> Ye, al,+ou*+ we ma& 0e a0le ,o ide,if& ,+e!e al,era,el& Tur#i" ad 8o*ol "la!
w+i"+ im)o!ed ,+eir +e*emo& o o,+er!$ we do o, #ow +ow ,+e *rea, )are, *rou)!$ Tur#i"$
8o*ol$ ad Tu*u!$ were ori*iall& di!,ri0u,ed> No dou0, a, ,+e )re!e, ,ime ,+e Tu*u!
o""u)& o, ol& or,+er 8a"+uria 0u, a *rea, )ar, of ea!,er Si0eria$ a! well a! ,+e ea!, 0a#
of ,+e middle Yei!ei i "e,ral Si0eriaE w+ile ,+e 8o*ol! are *rou)ed i +i!,ori" 8o*olia ad
,+e Tur#! i we!,er Si0eria ad ,+e ,wo Tur#e!,a!> I, !+ould 0e remem0ered$ +owe.er$ ,+a, i
,+i! la,,er re*io ,+e Tur#! are la,e"omer! ad ,+a, ,+eir iflue"e i ,+e 9l,ai ma& o, +a.e made
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
P
No,e! will 0e foud i a *rou)$ 0e*ii* o )> 3L5>
i,!elf fel, u,il ,+e fir!, "e,ur& of our era$ i <a!+*aria "er,ail& o, 0efore ,+e i,+ "e,ur&$ ad
i Tra!oAiaa o, 0efore ,+e ele.e,+> T+e ur0a )o)ula,io 0o,+ i Samar#ad ad <a!+*ar
remai! fudame,all& of Tur#i"i;ed Iraia !,o"#> Ne.er,+ele!!$ +i!,or& ,ell! ,+a, i 8o*olia
i,!elf ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e! 8o*oli;ed ma& a))are,l& Tur#i" ,ri0e!4 ,+e Naima of ,+e 9l,ai$
,+e <era&i, of ,+e Go0i$ ad ,+e R*I, of '+a+ar> Before ,+e uifi"a,io uder %e*+i; <+a
w+i"+ 0rou*+, all ,+e!e ,ri0e! uder ,+e 0aer of ,+e Blue 8o*ol!$ )ar, of )re!e,1da&
8o*olia wa! Tur#i"E ideed$ e.e ow a Tur#i" )eo)le$ ,+e Ya#u,$ o""u)& or,+ea!,er Si0eria$
or,+ of ,+e Tu*u!$ i ,+e /ea$ Idi*ir#a$ ad <ol&ma 0a!i!> T+e )re!e"e of ,+i! Tur#i"
*rou) !o ear Beri* S,rai,$ or,+ of ,+e 8o*ol! ad e.e of ,+e Tu*u! o ,+e 9r",i" O"ea$
e"e!!i,a,e! "au,io i a,,em),! ,o de,ermie ,+e rela,i.e )o!i,io! of ,+e Mfir!,M Tur#!$ 8o*ol!$
ad Tu*u!>
7
W+a, i, doe! idi"a,e i! ,+a, ,+e Tur#o18o*ol ad Tu*u! ma!! mu!, ori*iall&
+a.e 0ee e!,a0li!+ed fairl& far ,o ,+e or,+ea!,E for o, ol& )re!e,1da& <a!+*aria 0u, al!o ,+e
or,+er !lo)e! of ,+e Sa&a 8ou,ai! G8iu!i!#H ad ,+e Grea, 9l,ai GPa;&r&#H were a, ,+a,
,ime )eo)led 0& Ido1Euro)ea! from ,+e M"ommo Ido1Euro)eaM "radle of !ou,+er Ru!!ia>
Su"+ a +&)o,+e!i! i! "o!i!,e, wi,+ ,+e .iew! of !u"+ li*ui!,! a! Pellio, ad Guillaume de
:B.B!&$ w+o$ u,il fur,+er e.ide"e i! for,+"omi*$ refu!e ,o e,er,ai a& ori*ial "oe",io
0e,wee ,+e 9l,ai" la*ua*e! GTur#i"$ 8o*ol$ ad Tu*u!H ad ,+o!e of ,+e Dio1U*ria
*rou)$ "e,ered i ,+e Ural!>
5
8oreo.er$ ,+e fairl& wide di.er*e"e eAi!,i* ,oda&$ de!)i,e ,+eir
ori*ial #i!+i)$ 0e,wee Tur#i"$ 8o*ol$ ad Tu*u! lead! u! ,o ,+i# ,+a, ,+e ,+ree *rou)!
w+i"+ duri* ,+e +i!,ori" )eriod were ui,ed uder "ommo rule G+e"e fre?ue, re"i)ro"al
0orrowi*! of ,erm! of "i.ili;a,ioH ma& for a ,ime +a.e eAi!,ed a, !ome di!,a"e from ea"+
o,+er$ a"ro!! ,+e .a!,e!! of ,+e 9!ia or,+ea!,>
L

Were ,+e +i!,or& of ,+e Tur#o18o*ol +orde! "ofied ,o ,+eir eA)edi,io! ad o0!"ure
!#irmi!+e! i ,+e !ear"+ for ew )a!,ure!$ i, would amou, ,o .er& li,,le$ a, lea!, a! far a! )re!e,
i,ere!, i! "o"ered> T+e )aramou, fa", i +uma +i!,or& i! ,+e )re!!ure eAer,ed 0& ,+e!e
omad! o ,+e "i.ili;ed em)ire! of ,+e !ou,+$ a )re!!ure "o!,a,l& re)ea,ed u,il "o?ue!, wa!
a"+ie.ed> T+e de!"e, of ,+e omad! amou,ed almo!, ,o a )+&!i"al law$ di",a,ed 0& ,+e
"odi,io! )re.aili* i ,+eir a,i.e !,e))e!>
'er,ail&$ ,+o!e Tur#o18o*ol! w+o remaied i ,+e fore!, re*io of /a#e Bai#al ad ,+e 9mur
"o,iued ,o 0e !a.a*e!$ ad li.ed 0& +u,i* ad fi!+i*$ a! did ,+e %ur"+id dow ,o ,+e ,welf,+
"e,ur& ad ,+e MDore!, 8o*ol!M u,il ,+e ,ime of %e*+i; <+aE ,+e& were ,oo "lo!el&
0arri"aded 0& ,+eir wooded !oli,ude! ,o "o"ei.e of o,+er "o.e,a0le ,erri,orie!> I, wa! o,+erwi!e
wi,+ ,+e Tur#o18o*ol! of ,+e !,e))e!$ w+o li.ed 0& ,+eir +erd! ad w+o were ,+erefore omad!
0& e"e!!i,&4 ,+e +erd !ou*+, *ra!! ad ,+e& followed ,+e +erd>
9dded ,o ,+i!$ ,+e !,e))e i! ,+e lad of ,+e +or!e>
3
T+e ma of ,+e !,e))e i! a +or!ema 0or>
W+e,+er a Iraia of ,+e we!, or a Tur#o18o*ol of ,+e ea!,$ i, wa! +e w+o i.e,ed ,+e ridi*
dre!!$ !u"+ a! we !ee wor 0& ,+e S"&,+ia! )or,ra&ed o Gree# .a!e! of ,+e 'immeria
Bo!)oru!$ ad +ear of from ,+e '+ie!e$ w+o$ i 500 B>'>$ ,o fi*+, "a.alr& wi,+ "a.alr&$ imi,a,ed
,+e :u! i !u0!,i,u,i* ,rou!er! for ro0e!> T+e +or!ema of ,+e li*+,i* raid! wa! a mou,ed
ar"+er w+o 0rou*+, dow +i! ad.er!ar& from a di!,a"e$ !+o, w+ile re,rea,i*=,+e Par,+ia
!+af, i! i fa", ,+a, of ,+e S"&,+ia ad ,+e :u=ad wa*ed war a! +e )ur!ued *ame or mare!4
wi,+ arrow ad la!!o>
O ,+e ,+re!+old of ,+e!e fora&!$ w+ere ,+e !,e))e! eded ad "ul,i.a,io 0e*a$ +e *lim)!ed a
wa& of life .er& differe, from +i! ow$ oe w+i"+ wa! 0oud ,o arou!e +i! *reed> Wi,er o +i!
a,i.e !,e))e i! ar",i"E ,+e !,e))e a, ,+a, !ea!o i! a eA,e!io of ,+e Si0eria ,ai*a> Summer i!
!"or"+i*$ for ,+e ,+e !,e))e i! a "o,iua,io of ,+e Go0i (e!er,$ ad ,o fid )a!,ure for +i!
+erd! ,+e omad mu!, "lim0 ,+e !lo)e! of ,+e <+i*a$ 9l,ai$ or Tar0a*a,ai ra*e!> S)ri* aloe$
w+i"+ ,ra!form! ,+e !,e))e i,o a lu!+ )lai$ !,rew wi,+ flower! of e.er& "olor$ wa! a fe!,i.al
!ea!o for +i! 0ea!,! ad for +im!elf> T+rou*+ou, ,+e re!, of ,+e &ear$ ad e!)e"iall& i wi,er$
+i! e&e! were ,ured ,oward ,+e ,em)era,e lad! of ,+e !ou,+$ ,o I!!&# <ul$ M,+e +o, la#eM i ,+e
!ou,+we!,$ ,o ,+e *ood &ellow lad! of ,+e Yellow Ri.er i ,+e !ou,+ea!,> No, ,+a, +e +ad a&
,a!,e for "ul,i.a,ed lad a! !u"+E w+e +e ,oo# )o!!e!!io of i,$ +e i!,i",i.el& allowed i, ,o
rela)!e i,o a fallow$ u)rodu",i.e !,a,e$ ad field! re.er,ed ,o !,e))e$ ,o &ield *ra!! for +i! !+ee)
ad +or!e!>
Su"+ wa! ,+e a,,i,ude of %e*+i; <+a i ,+e ,+ir,ee,+ "e,ur&> :a.i* "o?uered ,+e Pe#i*
re*io$ +i! *euie de!ire wa! ,o rai!e ,+e mille, field! of ,+e fair )lai of :o)ei ,o ,+e di*i,& of
*ra;i* lad> Ye,$ al,+ou*+ ,+e ma from ,+e or,+ uder!,ood o,+i* of +u!0adr& Gu,il ,+e
four,ee,+ "e,ur& ,+e %e*+i;1 <+ai,e! of Tur#e!,a ad Ru!!ia remaied )ure omad!$
fooli!+l& !a"#i* ,+eir ow ,ow! ad=a, ,+e lea!, refu!al ,o )a& u) o ,+e )ar, of ,+e farmer!=
di.er,i* irri*a,io "aal! ,o !,ar.e ,+e ladH$ +e a))re"ia,ed ur0a "i.ili;a,io! for ,+eir
maufa",ured *ood! ad ,+eir ma& amei,ie!$ a! o0@e",! of !a"# ad )luder> :e wa! a,,ra",ed
0& ,+e milde!! of ,+e "lima,e$ a .er& rela,i.e milde!!$ "er,ail&$ for ,o %e*+i; <+a ,+e +ar!+
"lima,e of Pe#i* !eemed ,oo relaAi*$ ad af,er ea"+ "am)ai* +e re,ured or,+ ,o !)ed ,+e
!ummer ear /a#e Bai#al> Similarl&$ af,er +i! .i",or& o.er %alal ad1(i$ +e deli0era,el& !+ued
Idia$ ,+e a, +i! fee,$ 0e"au!e$ ,o ,+i! ma from ,+e 9l,ai$ Idia !eemed ,+e .er& "aldro of 0ell>
:e wa! i a& "a!e ri*+, ,o mi!,ru!, ,+e ea!e of "i.ili;ed life$ for w+e +i! *rea,1*rad!o!
!e,,led i,o ,+e )ala"e! of Pe#i* ad Ta0ri;$ ,+e& 0e*a a, o"e ,o de*eera,e> Bu, a! lo* a! ,+e
omad #e), ,+e !oul of a omad$ +e re*arded ,+e !ede,ar& ma merel& a! +i! farmer$ ad ,ow
ad ,illed lad a! +i! farm$ 0o,+ farm ad farmer 0ei* o)e ,o eA,or,io> :e ro.ed o +or!e0a"#
alo* ,+e fri*e! of a"ie, em)ire!$ eAa",i* re*ular ,ri0u,e from ,+o!e w+o "om)lied wi,+ a
rela,i.el& *ood *ra"e or$ w+e ,+e .i",im wa! ill1ad.i!ed eou*+ ,o refu!e )a&me,$ )luderi*
o)e "i,ie! i !udde raid!> T+e!e me were li#e )a"#! of wol.e!=ad i! o, ,+e wolf ,+e old
Tur#i" ,o,emF=)rowli* roud +erd! of deer$ ,o fl& a, ,+eir ,+roa,! or merel& ,o )i"# u)
!,ra**ler! ad i@ured 0ea!,!>
6
W+irlwid )illa*e al,era,i* wi,+ ,+e eAa",io of re*ular ,ri0u,e
=,+e la,,er eu)+emi;ed !o far a! ,+e So! of :ea.e were "o"ered 0& ,+e ame of M*ood1will
*if,M=wa! i *eeral a re*ular fea,ure of ,+e rela,io! 0e,wee Tur#o18o*ol! ad '+ie!e
from ,+e !e"od "e,ur& B>'> ,o ,+e !e.e,ee,+ of ,+i! era>
Drom ,ime ,o ,ime$ +owe.er$ from amo* ,+e omad! a ma of !,ro* )er!oali,& would ari!e$
well iformed of ,+e ruiou! !,a,e of ,+e !ede,ar& em)ire! Gad ,+e!e wil& 0ar0aria!$ li#e ,+e
Germai" oe! of ,+e four,+ "e,ur&$ were woderfull& au courant wi,+ ,+e B&;a,ie i,ri*ue!
of ,+e '+ie!e im)erial "our,H> :e would ma#e a )a", wi,+ oe '+ie!e fa",io or #i*dom
a*ai!, ao,+er$ or wi,+ a 0ai!+ed )re,eder> :e would )ro"laim +im!elf ad +i! +orde
"ofedera,e! of ,+e em)ire ad$ uder )re,eA, of defedi* i,$ mo.e i,o ,+e 0order mar"+e!> I a
*eera,io or ,wo$ +i! *rad!o! would +a.e a"?uired eou*+ of ,+e '+ie!e .eeer ,o ,a#e ,+e
*rea, !,e) ad$ all ua0a!+ed$ a!"ed ,+e ,+roe of ,+e So! of :ea.e> T+e eA)loi, of <u0lai
<+a i ,+e ,+ir,ee,+ "e,ur& i! i ,+i! re!)e", merel& a re)e,i,io of ,+o!e of /iu T!Cu* ad ,+e
To0a i ,+e four,+ ad fif,+ "e,urie! re!)e",i.el&> I ao,+er ,wo or ,+ree *eera,io! Gule!!
"+a!ed o.er ,+e Grea, Wall 0& !ome a,ioal re.ol,H$ ,+e!e Sii"i;ed 0ar0aria!$ w+o +ad
a"?uired o,+i* from "i.ili;a,io 0u, i,! !of,e!! ad i,! .i"e! wi,+ou, "o!er.i* ,+e !,ere!!
of ,+e 0ar0aria ,em)erame,$ 0e"ame i ,+eir ,ur o0@e",! of "o,em), ad ,+eir ,erri,orie! ,+e
"o.e,ed )ri;e of o,+er 0ar0aria! w+o 0ad remaied$ fami!+ed omad!$ i ,+e de),+! of ,+eir
a,i.e !,e))e!> 9d !o ,+e )ro"e!! wa! re)ea,ed> I ,+e fif,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e To0a aro!e o ,+e
!+oulder! of ,+e :!iu*1u ad ,+e :!ie1)i ,o de!,ro& ,+em ad ,a#e ,+eir )la"e> I ,+e ,welf,+
"e,ur&$ ,o ,+e or,+ of ,+e <+i,ai$ ,+e o.er1Sii"i;ed 8o*ol! w+o +ad 0ee )ea"ea0le lord! of
Pe#i* !i"e ,+e ,e,+ "e,ur&$ ,+ere aro!e ,+e %ur"+idE ,+e!e were Tu*u!$ li,,le more ,+a
!a.a*e!$ w+o wi,+i a few mo,+! !ei;ed ,+e *rea, "i,&$ ol& ,o !u0mi, ,o '+ie!e iflue"e i
,+eir ,ur ad !lum0er u,il$ @u!, a "e,ur& la,er$ ,+e& were de!,ro&ed 0& %e*+i; <+a>
T+e !ame wa! a! ,rue i ,+e We!, a! i ,+e Ea!,> I ,+e Ru!!ia !,e))e! of Euro)e$ w+i"+ are a
"o,iua,io of ,+o!e of 9!ia$ ,+ere wa! a !imilar !u""e!!io4 9,,ilaC! :u! were followed 0&
Bul*ar! GBol*ar!H$ 9.ar!$ :u*aria! G,+e!e were Dio1U*ria!$ wi,+ a !,iffei* of :ui"
ari!,o"ra"&H$ <+a;ar!$ Pe,"+ee*!$ 'uma!$ ad %e*+i;1<+ai,e!> Similarl&$ i ,+e lad! of
I!lam$ ,+e )ro"e!! of I!lami;a,io ad Irai;a,io amo* ,+e Tur#i!+ "o?ueror! of Ira ad
9a,olia form! a eAa", "ou,er)ar, ,o ,+e Sii"i;i* o,ed amo* ,+e Tur#i"$ 8o*ol$ or
Tu*u! "o?ueror! of ,+e 'ele!,ial Em)ire> :ere ,+e #+a 0e"ame !ul,a or )adi!+a+$ @u!, a!
,+ere +e 0e"ame a So of :ea.eE ad a! i '+ia$ +e +ad !oo ,o &ield ,o o,+er$ rou*+er #+a!
from ,+e !,e))e!> I Ira a !imilar !e?ue"e of "o?ue!,$ !u""e!!io$ ad de!,ru",io "a 0e !ee$
,+e G+a;a.id Tur#! 0ei* followed 0& Sel@u# ad <+wari;mia Tur#!$ %e*+i;1<+ai,e
8o*ol!$ Timurid Tur#!$ ad S+a&0aid 8o*ol!$ ,o !a& o,+i* of ,+e O,,oma Tur#! w+o$
!)eedi* li#e arrow! ,o ,+e ou,er rim! of ,+e 8u!lim lad!$ re)la"ed ,+e d&i* rema,! of ,+e
Sel@u#! i 9!ia 8ior ad ,+e"e da!+ed o ,o ,+eir u)re"ede,ed ,rium)+$ ,+e "o?ue!, of
B&;a,ium>
To a +i*+er de*ree ,+a ,+e S"adia.ia of %ordae!$ ,+erefore$ 'o,ie,al 9!ia ma& 0e
re*arded a! ,+e ma,riA of a,io!$ vagina gentium$ ad a! ,+e Germaia of 9!ia$ de!,ied i i,!
Vlkerwanderungen ,o )re!e, a"ie, "i.ili;ed em)ire! wi,+ !ul,a! ad So! of :ea.e> T+e!e
)eriodi" de!"e,! 0& ,+e +orde! of ,+e !,e))e$ w+o!e #+a! a!"eded ,+e ,+roe! of '+a*a$
/o&a*$ <aife* or Pe#i*$ Samar#ad$ I!)a+a or Ta0ri; GTauri!H$ <o&a or 'o!,a,io)le$
0e"ame oe of ,+e *eo*ra)+i" law! of +i!,or&> Bu, ,+ere wa! ao,+er$ o))o!i* law$ w+i"+
0rou*+, a0ou, ,+e !low a0!or),io of ,+e omad i.ader! 0& a"ie, "i.ili;ed lad!> T+i!
)+eomeo wa! ,wofold i "+ara",er> Dir!,$ ,+ere wa! ,+e demo*ra)+i" a!)e",> E!,a0li!+ed a! a
widel& di!)er!ed ari!,o"ra"&$ ,+e 0ar0aria +or!eme 0e"ame !u0mer*ed i ,+e!e de!e
)o)ula,io!$ ,+e!e immemorial a,+ill!> Se"od$ ,+ere wa! ,+e "ul,ural a!)e",> T+e "i.ili;a,io!
of '+ia ad Per!ia$ ,+ou*+ "o?uered$ i ,ur .a?ui!+ed ,+eir wild ad !a.a*e .i",or!$
i,oAi"a,i* ,+em$ lulli* ,+em ,o !lee)$ ad ai+ila,i* ,+em> Of,e$ ol& fif,& &ear! af,er a
"o?ue!,$ life we, o a! if o,+i* +ad +a))eed> T+e Sii"i;ed or Irai;ed 0ar0aria wa! ,+e
fir!, ,o !,ad *uard o.er "i.ili;a,io a*ai!, fre!+ o!lau*+,! from 0ar0aria lad!>
I ,+e fif,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e To0a lord of /o&a* "o!,i,u,ed +im!elf ,+e defeder of '+ie!e !oil ad
"ul,ure a*ai!, all 8o*ol!$ :!ie1)i$ or %ua1@ua w+o a!)ired ,o re)ea, ,+e eA)loi,> I ,+e
,welf,+ "e,ur&$ i, wa! Sa@ar ,+e Sel@u# w+o #e), +i! MWa,"+ o ,+e R+ieM o ,+e OAu! ad ,+e
%aAar,e! a*ai!, all ,+e O*+u; or <ara1<+i,ai of ,+e 9ral or ,+e Ili> T+e !,or& of 'lo.i! ad
'+arlema*e i! re)ea,ed o e.er& )a*e of 9!ia,i" +i!,or&> %u!, a! ,+e Roma "i.ili;a,io i i,!
effor,! ,o re!i!, SaAo ad Norma Germai!m foud re!er.e! of !,re*,+ i ,+e Dra#i!+ eer*&
w+i"+ i, +ad a!!imila,ed$ !o ,+e "i.ili;a,io of '+ia foud i,! 0e!, !u))or,er! i ,+e!e fif,+1
"e,ur& To0a$ w+ile 9ra0o1Per!ia I!lam #ew o more lo&al "+am)io ,+a ,+e .alia, Si@ar
me,ioed a0o.e> 9 e.e 0e,,er eAam)le i! *i.e 0& ,+o!e Sii"i;ed or Irai;ed Tur#o18o*ol!
w+o "om)le,ed ,+e wor# of ,+e a"ie, <i*! of <i*! or So! of :ea.e> W+a, o '+o!roe!$
o "ali)+ +ad 0ee a0le ,o a"+ie.e=)o!!e!!io of ,+e ,+roe of ,+e basileis ad ,+e "eremoial
e,ra"e i,o Sai, So)+ia=wa! a""om)li!+ed 0& ,+eir uloo#ed=for !u""e!!or$ ,+e O,,oma
)adi!+a+ of ,+e fif,ee,+ "e,ur&$ amid ,+e a""lama,io of ,+e 8u!lim world> I ,+e !ame wa&$
,+e dream of Pa19!ia,i" domiio "+eri!+ed 0& ,+e :a ad TCa* wa! fulfilled 0& ,+e YIa
em)eror! of ,+e ,+ir,ee,+ ad four,ee,+ "e,urie!$ <u0lai <+a ad TemIr Ol@ai,u$ for ,+e
0eefi, of old '+ia$ 0& ma#i* Pe#i* ,+e !u;erai "a)i,al of Ru!!ia$ Tur#e!,a$ Per!ia ad 9!ia
8ior$ <orea$ Ti0e,$ ad Ido"+ia> T+u! ,+e Tur#o18o*ol "o?uered ,+e a"ie, "i.ili;a,io!
ol& ,o wield +i! !word i ,+eir !er.i"e> Bor ,o rule$ li#e ,+e Roma of ,+e )oe, of a,i?ui,&$ +e
*o.ered ,+e!e a"ie, "i.ili;ed )eo)le! i #ee)i* wi,+ ,+eir ,radi,io! ad ,+eir a*e1lo*
am0i,io!> Drom <u0lai <+a ,o <Ca*1+!i ad '+Cie1lu*$ ,+e!e ruler! i ,+eir admii!,ra,io
of '+ia "arried ou, ,+e )ro*ram of '+ie!e im)eriali!m i 9!ia ad$ i ,+e Irao1Per!ia world$
0rou*+, ,o frui,io ,+e Sa!!aid ad 900a!id ,+ru!, ,oward ,+e *olde dome! of 'o!,a,io)le>
Go.eri* ra"e!$ im)erial a,io!$ are few> T+e Tur#o18o*ol!$ li#e ,+e Roma!$ are of ,+eir
um0er>
THE EMPIRE OF THE STEPPES
I
The Hi'h Plateaus of Asia 7ntil the Thirteenth Century
S1T
[This page intentionally left blank.]
S7T
C Early History of the Steppes6 Scythians and Huns Ti"
A1TIH7IT( OF STEPPE CI*I/I>ATIO1S
T+e fir!, #ow Eura!ia rou,e i! ,+a, of ,+e or,+er !,e))e!> B& ,+i! ,rail$ i )aleoli,+i" ,ime!$
,+e 9uri*a"ia "ul,ure !)read ,+rou*+ Si0eria=a M9uri*a"ia Veu!M +a! 0ee foud a,
8al,a$ o, far from Ir#u,!#$ o ,+e u))er 9*ara Ri.er=ad ,+e"e i,o or,+er '+ia$ w+ere
Teil+ard de '+ardi o,e! ,+e )re!e"e of 9uri*a"ia1,&)e +ear,+! 0uried i ,+e loe!! a,
<wei,u*$ ear Ni*!ia i <a!u$ ad a, Siara1o!!o1*ol$ !ou,+we!, of Yii+ i ,+e or,+er
re*io of S+e!i> Similarl&$ ,+e 8a*daleia "ul,ure !eem! ,o 0e re)re!e,ed i Si0eria Go ,+e
u))er Yei!eiH$ i 8a"+uria Ga, (oloor UToluV$ 8a"+ouli$ ad <+ailarH$ ad i :o)ei> :ere$
i ,+e u))er "a.e of '+ow#ow,ie$ ear Pe#i*$ a !#ele,o ad )er!oal orame,! were foud$
al!o 0oe eedle!$ )erfora,ed "aie ,ee,+ of aimal!$ 0oe! fa!+ioed i,o )eda,!$ )ier"ed
!+ell!$ )ie"e! of mo,+er1of1)earl$ ad !,ore! of o"+er>
1

I ,+e eoli,+i" )eriod$ ad more )re"i!el& ,oward i,! "lo!e$ ,+e Si0eria !,e))e rou,e wa! al!o
,+e rou,e 0& w+i"+ "om0 ware foud i,! wa& i,o 9!ia4 ,+a, i! ,o !a&$ )o,,er& de"ora,ed 0&
M"om0edM lie!$ de.elo)ed i "e,ral Ru!!ia duri* ,+e fir!, +alf of ,+e ,+ird milleium> Drom
+ere i, !)read i,o )ar, of Si0eria ad !o *raduall& iflue"ed ,+e )ro,o1'+ie!e "erami"! of '+Ci1
"+ia1)Ci* i <a!u> Similarl&$ i ,+e e!ui* )eriod$ a, ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e !e"od milleium$
i, wa! )ro0a0l& ,+rou*+ S5T Si0eria ,+a, ,+e fie )o,,er& de"ora,ed wi,+ )ai,ed !)iral 0ad!=a
!,&le ori*ia,i* i ,+e Tri)ol&e re*io ear <ie.$ a, S"+i)ei,; i Bu#o.ia$ Pe,re& i
Be!!ara0ia$ ad 'u"u,ei i 8olda.ia= !)read from ,+e U#raie ,o '+ia$ w+ere i, flouri!+ed
afre!+ a, Ya*1!+ao1,!Cu i :oa a0ou, 1700 B>'>$ ,+e a, Pa!+a i <a!u> Diall&$
a""ordi* ,o Tall*re$ ,+e 0ro;e a*e 0e*a i we!,er Si0eria a0ou, 1300 B>'> ad wa! li#ed
wi,+ ,+e *rea, (au0ia 0ro;e "i.ili;a,io of ,+e !ame )eriod G,+e 9u@e,i,; "i.ili;a,ioH$ w+ile
i "e,ral Si0eria$ a, 8iu!i!#$ ,+e 0ro;e a*e did o, 0e*i for ao,+er ,+ree +udred &ear!
Ga0ou, 1700 B>'>H> T+e aAe! ad la"e +ead! of we!,er Si0eria$ imi,a,ed i '+ia$ led 8aA
/oe+r ,o !u))o!e ,+a, ,+e 0ro;e ,e"+i?ue wa! 0orrowed from Si0eria 0& '+ia a, a0ou, ,+i!
,ime G"a> 1L00 B>'>H>
7

9 ou,!,adi* fea,ure of ,+e a"ie, +i!,or& of ,+e !,e))e! i! ,+e de.elo)me, of a i"rea!i*l&
!,&li;ed aimal ar,$ w+i"+ wa! mar#edl& ori*ial ad wa! de!i*ed ,o ador 0ro;e$ !il.er$ or
*old )la,e! o +are!! ad e?ui)me,4 ,+e omadC! oe form of luAur&> T+i! ar, i! re)re!e,ed i
<u0a$ i ,+e 8ai#o) 0urial$ 0& a .a!e of ele",rum ad 0& !olid1*old or !olid1!il.er fi*urie! of
aimal! G0ull!$ lio!$ e,">H w+i"+ are "learl& i!)ired 0& ,+e 9!!&ro1Ba0&loia !,&le>
'o,em)orar& wi,+ ,+e ar, of ,+e 8iddle 8ioa )eriod$ ,+e!e ar, o0@e",! da,e$ a""ordi* ,o
Tall*re$ from a0ou, 160011300 B>'>
5
T+i! ori*ial 9!!&ro1Ba0&loia iflue"e "o,iue! well
i,o +i!,ori" ,ime!=,+e !iA,+ "e,ur& B>'>= a! "a 0e !ee i ,+e famou! aA of <elerme!>
Tall*re i! i"lied ,o ,+i# ,+a, from )er+a)! 1700 B>'> a Ido1Euro)ea )eo)le$ ,+e
'immeria!$ 0e*a ,o i+a0i, ,+e Ru!!ia !,e))e or,+ of ,+e Bla"# Sea> Belie.ed ,o +a.e 0ee
of T+ra"o1P+r&*ia ori*i$
L
,+e 'immeria! ei,+er M"ameM from :u*ar& ad Rumaia or$ le!!
+&)o,+e,i"all&$ Mi+a0i,edM ,+o!e "ou,rie! a! well>
3
T+e emie, Dii!+ ar"+aeolo*i!, a,,ri0u,e!
,o ,+e 'immeria!$ a, lea!, i )ar,$ ,+e fairl& umerou! fid! of ,+i! )eriod re"e,l& made i ,+e
(ie)er ad <u0a re*io> Of ,+e!e$ ,+e mo!, im)or,a, are ,+e Borodio ,rea!ure G1500F1
1100H$ ,+e S+,e,#o.o ,rea!ure wi,+ i,! 0ro;e !i"#le! G1L00F1 1100H$ ,+e 0ro;e foudr& of
Ni#ola&e. G1100FH$ ad ,+e 0ro;e !i"#le! of 90ramo.#a G1700H$ all ,+e!e di!"o.ered 0e,wee
,+e lower (au0e ad ,+e lower (ie)er> 9, <u0a$ moreo.er$ ,+ere are ,+e *old )la?ue! ad ,+e
!olid1!il.er oAe of SLT S,aromi!+a!,o.!#a&a G1500FH> Diall&$ o ,+e Tere# Ri.er$ ,+ere are ,+e
#ur*a! of Pia,i*or!# G"a> 1700FH ad of ,+e 0e*ii* of <o0a G,+e a*e of )ure 0ro;e$ "a>
1700F11000H> 9ll ,+i! 'immeria ar, of !ou,+ Ru!!ia i! li#ed wi,+ ,+e Tra!"au"a!ia "ul,ure of
Gad;+a1 <ara0a#+$ w+ere !ome fie 0ro;e 0u"#le! orame,ed wi,+ *eome,ri"al fi*ure! of
aimal! were foud> GT+i! "ul,ure 0e*a 0e,wee 1L00 ad 1730 ad eded a, la,e!, i ,+e ei*+,+
"e,ur&>H I, i! al!o rela,ed ,o ,+e Tal&!+ "ul,ure$ w+ere 0ro;e ar, flouri!+ed a0ou, 1700>
6

T+e woode1,im0ered ,om0 of Po#ro.!# Gow E*el!H$ da,i* 0a"# ,o 150011700 B>'>$ idi"a,e!
,+e !)read of )re1'immeria or 0ro;e 'immeria "i.ili;a,io from ,+e Vol*a ,o ,+e Ural! ad
,oward Tur#e!,a> 9, Seima$ ear Ni;+i No.*orod Gow Gor#iH$ a M,rea!ureM *i.e! u! a *lim)!e
of a iferior "ul,ure of "o))er ad 0ro;e$ i"ludi* fir!, ad foremo!, !o"#e,ed 0a,,le1aAe!
G15001200H> I <a;a#+!,a a !imilar "ul,ure$ #ow a! ,+a, of 9droo.o$ rea"+ed 8iu!i!#
ad$ aroud 1000 B>'>$ wa! )rolo*ed 0& ,+a, of <ara!u#> T+i! wa! ,+e fir!, Si0eria 0ro;e a*e$
wi,+ i,! !o"#e,ed aAe!=w+i"+ ma& +a.e i!)ired ,+o!e of 9&a* i ,+e '+ia of ,+e S+a*=i,!
fla, da**er ad @a.eli 0lade! of ,+e Seima ,&)e$ ad i,! )urel& *eome,ri"al orame,a,io>
'au"a!ia aimal ar, !eem! o, ,o +a.e )ee,ra,ed a! far a! ,+i!> Dar,+er or,+$ a, <ra!o&ar!# o
,+e Yei!ei$ a, a fairl& la,e !,a*e i! foud a aWeoli,+i" ,&)e of ar,$ w+i"+ )rodu"ed !ome
remar#a0le !,oe "ar.i*! of el# ad +or!e!>
Drom 1130 ,o 930 ,+e 'immeria "i.ili;a,io "o,iued ,o de.elo) or,+ of ,+e Bla"# Sea> T+i!
a))ear! ,o 0e ,+e )eriod of ,+e No.o*ri*orie.!# ,rea!ure G0ro;e !o"#e,ed aAe!H ad of ,+e
Ni#ola&e. 0ro;e foudr& o ,+e Ri.er Bu* G"a> 1100H> O ,+e Tere# !,e))e!$ ,+e )ure 0ro;e
a*e of <o0a !+ow! i,ere!,i* affii,ie! wi,+ w+a, i! #ow a! ,+e /el.ar "i.ili;a,io i
Geor*ia$ w+i"+ wa! i ad.a"e of ,+a, of ,+e !,e))e=!i"e iro i! foud ,+ere=ad w+i"+
Gfrom a0ou, 1000 ,o 900H &ield! "uriou! 0ro;e 0el,! adored wi,+ +uma ad aimal fi*ure!$
*eome,ri" i !,&le$ i !"ee! of +u,i* ad +u!0adr&> Dur,+ermore$ ,+e lo"al 0ro;e "ul,ure
*lim)!ed a, Po#ro.!# GE*el!H$ 0e,wee Samara ad Sara,o.$ "o,iue! i ,+i! re*io$ a!
demo!,ra,ed 0& ,+e ,om0! a, <+.ali!#$ w+i"+ Tall*re e!,ima,e! a! da,i* 0e,wee 1700 ad
700 B>'> Tall*re fur,+er a!!i*! ,+i! "ul,ure ,o ,+e S"&,+ia!$ ,+e or,+er Iraia )eo)le w+o
,+e a))eared i S3T Ru!!ia for ,+e fir!, ,ime ad were ,o !u""eed ,+e 'immeria! i domia,i*
,+e !,e))e! or,+ of ,+e Bla"# Sea>
T+e la!, )+a!e of 'immeria "ul,ure o""urred 0e,wee 900 ad 730> T+i! i! ,+e )eriod of ,+e
8i#+ailo.#a ,rea!ure i Gali"ia$ wi,+ i,! famou! *olde "row$ w+i"+ !+ow! affii,& wi,+ 0o,+
,+e 'au"a!u! ad ,+e :all!,a,, "ul,ure of 9u!,ria GF 2001700H> I, i! al!o ,+e )eriod of ,+e
Pod*or,!a ,rea!ure !ou,+ of <ie.$ wi,+ i,! 'au"a!ia iflue"eE of ,+e 0ro;e !o"#e,ed aAe! of
<o0le.o$ ea!, of Ode!!aE ad$ *eerall& !)ea#i*$ of ,+e la"e! wi,+ ,wo o,"+e! i ,+e 0lade$
,+e !o )le,iful i !ou,+er Ru!!ia G"a> 9001700H> T+e 'immeria 0ro;e "ul,ure o.erflowed
al!o i,o Rumaia$ ,a#i* ,+e form of ,+e Bordei1:era!,rau ad 8ure! "ul,ure! i 8olda.ia ad
of ,+e Var,o)u "ul,ure i Walla"+ia> T+e 'immeria 0ro;e "ul,ure ,+e "o,iued i,o :u*ar&>
T+ere i! rea!o ,o o0!er.e$ a! doe! Tall*re$ ,+a, ,+e 'immeria! ad T+ra"ia! !,ill li*ered i
,+e 0ro;e a*e w+e ,+e !ou,+we!, 'au"a!u! ad :all!,a,, i 9u!,ria +ad e,ered u)o ,+a, of
iro G:all!,a,, I$ "a> 9001 700H> El!ew+ere$ ,+e <+a.al&!# *rou) of "ul,ure! 0e,wee ,+e Vol*a
ad ,+e Ural!$ a,,ri0u,ed ,o ,+e .a*uard of ,+e S"&,+ia!=,+e *rou) w+i"+ aroud 900 B>'>
)rodu"ed ,+e 0ro;e foudrie! of So!o.a&a 8a;a=i! !imilarl& re,arded> (uri* ,+i! ,ime$ a,
8iu!i!# i Si0eria$ ,+e !e"od )+a!e of ,+e 0ro;e a*e de.elo)ed=,+i!$ a""ordi* ,o Tall*re$
wa! 0e,wee 1000 ad 300 B>'>=wi,+ !o"#e,ed aAe! +a.i* ,wo e&ele,!E ,+e orame,a,io i!
!,ill mail& *eome,ri"$ al,+ou*+ ,+ere are a few rare aimal fi*ure! w+i"+ o dou0, adored ,+e
ed of a +il,>
7

I, mu!, 0e remem0ered ,+a, ,+e 'immeria 0ro;e a*e of ,+e Ru!!ia !,e))e wa! i
"ommui"a,io duri* i,! la!, )+a!e wi,+ ,wo iro "i.ili;a,io!4 ,+a, of :all!,a,, i 9u!,ria ad
,+a, of ,+e 'au"a!u!> Iro #i.e! from :all!,a,, +a.e 0ee foud i ,+e u))er la&er! of
'immeria "ul,ure$ a! i ,+e earl& S"&,+ia )eriod>
2

THE SC(THIA1S
Be,wee 730 ad 700 B>'>$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e e.ide"e of Gree# +i!,oria! !u))leme,ed 0&
9!!&ria "+roolo*&$ ,+e 'immeria! were di!)o!!e!!ed of ,+e !,e))e! of !ou,+er Ru!!ia 0& ,+e
S"&,+ia!$ w+o "ame from Tur#e!,a ad we!,er Si0eria> T+e S6T )eo)le! #ow ,o ,+e Gree#!
0& ,+e ame of S"&,+! GS#&,+aiH are ,+o!e w+om ,+e 9!!&ria! "alled shku! ad ,o w+om
Per!ia! ad Idia! *a.e ,+e ame of Saka>
9
9! ma& 0e dedu"ed from ,+e ome"la,ure$ ,+e
S"&,+ia! 0elo*ed ,o ,+e Iraia ra"e>
10
T+e& were Iraia! of ,+e or,+ w+o +ad remaied
omad! i M,+e ori*ial Iraia "ou,r&M i ,+e !,e))e! of )re!e,da& Ru!!ia Tur#e!,a$ ad
w+o +ad ,+u! ,o a lar*e eA,e, e!"a)ed ,+e iflue"e of ,+e ma,erial "i.ili;a,io of 9!!ur ad
Ba0&lo4 ,+e "i.ili;a,io w+i"+ !o !,ro*l& affe",ed ,+eir !ede,ar& 0ro,+er! ,+e 8ede! ad
Per!ia!$ w+o +ad !e,,led far,+er !ou,+ o ,+e )la,eau of Ira> T+e S"&,+ia!$ li#e ,+eir #idred
,+e Sarma,ia!$ were ,o remai !,ra*er! al!o ,o +i!,ori"al 8a;dai!m ad ,o ,+e Xoroa!,ria
reform! w+i"+ !+or,l& af,erward would )ro*re!!i.el& ,ra!form ,+e 8edo1Per!ia 0elief!>
Vi.id )or,rai,! of ,+e!e S"&,+ia! +a.e 0ee lef, o ,+e Gre"o1 S"&,+ia .a!e! of <ul O0a ad
Voroe;+> T+e& were 0earded$ ad wore$ li#e ,+eir Sa#a 0ro,+er! i ,+e 0a!1relief! of Per!e)oli!$
,+e )oi,ed "a) ,+a, )ro,e",ed ,+e ear! a*ai!, ,+e 0i,,er wid! of ,+e )lai!$ ad ,+e room&
*arme,!=,ui" ad wide ,rou!er!= "ommo ,o ,+e Sa#a ad ,o ,+eir 8edia ad Per!ia
"ou!i!> T+e +or!e=,+e !)ledid +or!e of ,+e !,e))e$ re)rodu"ed o ,+e !il.er am)+ora of ,+e
'+er,oml&# ,umulu!=wa! ,+eir i!e)era0le "om)aio$ ad ,+eir fa.ori,e wea)o wa! ,+e
0ow>
11
T+e!e mou,ed ar"+er! M+ad o "i,&M !a.e w+a, oe ma& "all M,ra.eli* "i,ie!M4 ,+a, i! ,o
!a&$ ,+e wa*o ,rai! ,+a, a""om)aied ,+em o ,+eir !ea!oal mi*ra,io!$ a! wa! !,ill ,+e "u!,om
ie,ee +udred &ear! la,er$ i ,+e ,+ir,ee,+ "e,ur&=,+e da&! of Piao 'ar)ii ad William of
Ru0ru"#=w+e !imilar "o.o&! followed ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e 8o*ol! a"ro!! ,+e!e !ame
Ru!!ia !,e))e!> O ,+e!e wa*o! ,+e& )iled ,+eir wome ad ,+eir weal,+4 *old orame,!$
)la?ue! for +are!! ad e?ui)me,$ ad o dou0, "ar)e,! ,oo=all ware! for w+i"+ ,+e demad
wa! ,o 0ri* S"&,+ia ar, ,o 0ir,+ ad de,ermie i,! form ad *eeral orie,a,io> Su"+ a! ,+e&
,+e were$ ,+e& remaied lord! of ,+e Ru!!ia !,e))e from ,+e !e.e,+ ,o ,+e ,+ird "e,ur& B>'>
8oder li*ui!,! 0elie.e ,+a, ,+e S"&,+ia! !+ould 0e "la!!ified a! a Iraia )eo)le=a Ido1
Euro)ea famil&$ of ,+e Ido1 Iraia or 9r&a *rou)> 9! wa! @u!, o,ed$ +owe.er$ ,+eir wa& of
life wa! .er& !imilar ,o ,+a, of ,+e :ui" ,ri0e! of Tur#o18o*ol !,o"# w+i"+$ a, a0ou, ,+e !ame
,ime$ 0e"ame a",i.e a, ,+e o,+er S7T ad of ,+e !,e))e$ o ,+e 0order! of '+ia> Ideed$ omadi"
li.i* "odi,io! o ,+e !,e))e$ w+e,+er or,+ of ,+e Bla"# ad 'a!)ia !ea! or i 8o*olia$
were mu"+ ali#e$ al,+ou*+ i ,+e la,,er re*io ,+e& were mar#edl& more !e.ere> No woder ,+e
if=)+&!i"al ,&)e ad la*ua*e a)ar,=,+e S"&,+ia! de!"ri0ed 0& Gree# +i!,oria! ad
)or,ra&ed o Gre"o1S"&,+ia .a!e! are remii!"e,$ !o far a! "ul,ure ad *eeral wa& of life are
"o"ered$ of ,+e :!iu*1u$ TCu1"+Ie+$ ad 8o*ol! de!"ri0ed or )ai,ed 0& '+ie!e aali!,!
ad ar,i!,!> 9 "er,ai um0er of "u!,om! "ommo ,o 0o,+ *rou)! i! foud$ ei,+er 0e"au!e ,+eir
!imilar wa&! of life "om)elled ,+em ,o arri.e a, !olu,io! Ga!$ for eAam)le$ ,+e u!e 0& 0o,+
S"&,+ia ad :u mou,ed ar"+er! of ,rou!er! ad 0oo,! i!,ead of ,+e ro0e of ,+e 8edi,erraea
)eo)le! or of ,+e earl& '+ie!e$ ad ,+e u!e al!o of ,+e !,irru)$
17
or 0e"au!e a",ual *eo*ra)+i"al
"o,a", 0e,wee S"&,+ia ad :ui" )eo)le! a, ,+e !ame "ul,ural !,a*e *a.e ri!e ,o ,+e !ame
)ra",i"e!> G9 eAam)le of ,+i! i! !+ow 0& ,+e fuerar& immola,io! w+i"+ "o,iued ,o a .er&
la,e )eriod amo* 0o,+ S"&,0ia! ad Tur#o18o*ol!$ w+erea! i We!,er 9!ia ad '+ia ,+e&
+ad lo* !i"e di!a))eared$ e.er !i"e ,+e 0urial! of Ur ad 9&a*>H
15

T+u! 0e,wee 730 ad 700$ ,+e S"&,0ia! Gor ra,+er a )ar, of ,+e S"&,+o1Sa#a )eo)le!$ for ,+e
ma@ori,& of ,+e Sa#a! remaied roud ,+e .i"ii,& of Vie S0a$ ear Der*aa ad i <a!0*ariaH
mo.ed from ,+e Tur*ai re*io ad ,+e Ural Ri.er i,o !ou,+er Ru!!ia$ w+e"e ,+e& dro.e ou,
,+e 'immeria!>
1L
Some of ,+e 'immeria!$ i, !eem!$ +ad ,o ,a#e refu*e i :u*ar&$ w+i"+ wa!
)ro0a0l& alread& i+a0i,ed 0& o,+er )eo)le! of T+ra"ia affii,ie!E ad i, i! ,+e!e fu*i,i.e! w+o
are 0elie.ed ,o +a.e 0uried ,+e M,rea!ure!M of 8i+aei ear S;ila*&i ad of Do#uru ear :e.e!$
ad al!o ,+a, of 8i#+ailo.#a i Gali"ia> T+e re!, of ,+e 'immeria! fled .ia T+ra"e$ !a&! S,ra0o
=or$ a""ordi* ,o :erodo,u!$ .ia 'ol"+i!=i,o 9!ia 8ior$ w+ere ,+e& wadered i P+r&*ia
G"a> 770H$ ,+e i 'a))ado"ia ad 'ili"ia> G"a> 630H$ ad fiall& i Po,i! G"a> 650H> Some of ,+e
S"&,+ia! !e, off i )ur!ui, G7701700H$ 0u, :erodo,u! !a&! ,+e& ,oo# ,+e wro* rou,e$ "ro!!ed ,+e
'au"a!u! ,+rou*+ ,+e (er0e, Ga,ewa&$ ad "ame i,o "o,a", wi,+ ,+e 9!!&ria Em)ire$ w+i"+
,+eir #i* I!0#a)ai a,,a"#ed$ ,+ou*+ wi,+ou, !u""e!! G"a> 672H> Bar,a,ua$ ao,+er S2T )e,,&
S"&,+ia #i*$ wa! more a!,u,eE +e made friedl& ad.a"e! ,o ,+e 9!!&ria!$ wi,+ w+om +e +ad a
"ommo eem&4 ,+e 'immeria!$ w+o were ,+rea,ei* ,+e 9!!&ria fro,ier i ,+e re*io of
'ili"ia ad 'a))ado"ia> 9 S"&,+ia arm&$ a",i* i "oformi,& wi,+ 9!!&ria )oli"&$ e,ered
Po,i! ,o "ru!+ ,+e la!, of ,+e 'immeria! G"a> 652H> 90ou, ,e &ear! la,er$ Bar,a,uaC! !o$
referred ,o 0& :erodo,u! a! 8ad&e!$ "ame a, ,+e re?ue!, of 9!!&ria$ w+i"+ +ad 0ee o.erru 0&
,+e 8ede!$ ad +im!elf i.aded ad !u0@u*a,ed 8edia G"a> 672H> T+e 8ede! !oo re0elled$
+owe.erE ,+eir #i* '&aAare! ma!!a"red ,+e S"&,+ia leader!$ ad ,+e remaider of ,+e S"&,+ia!
,ured 0a"# .ia ,+e 'au"a!u! ,o !ou,+er Ru!!ia> T+e!e are @u!, a few=,+e mo!, o,ewor,+&=of
,+e e)i!ode! of ,+e S"&,+ia i.a!io!$ w+i"+ fri*+,eed We!,er 9!ia for earl& !e.e,& &ear!>
T+rou*+ou, ,+i! )eriod$ ,+e *rea, Ido1Euro)ea 0ar0aria! were ,+e ,error of ,+e Old World>
T+eir "a.alr& *allo)ed i !ear"+ of )luder from 'a))ado"ia ,o 8edia$ from ,+e 'au"a!u! ,o
S&ria> T+i! *rea, !,irri* of )eo)le!$ of w+i"+ a e"+o "a 0e de,e",ed e.e amo* ,+e )ro)+e,!
of I!rael$ re)re!e,! ,+e fir!, irru),io i +i!,ori"al ,ime! of ,+e omad! of ,+e or,+er !,e))e
i,o ,+e old "i.ili;a,io! of ,+e !ou,+4 a mo.eme, ,+a, will 0e re)ea,ed ,+rou*+ !ome ,we,&
"e,urie!>
W+e ,+e Per!ia! re)la"ed ,+e 9!!&ria!$ Ba0&loia!$ ad 8ede! a! ma!,er! of We!,er 9!ia$
,+e& !e, ,o wor# ,o reder !ede,ar& Ira !e"ure from fre!+ i.a!io! from Ou,er Ira> 9""ordi*
,o :erodo,u!$ i, wa! a*ai!, ,+e 8a!!a*e,ae ,+a, '&ru! led +i! la!, "am)ai*=,+a, i! ,o !a&$
a*ai!, ,+e S"&,+ia! of ,+e re*io ea!, of <+i.a G"a> 379H> (ariu! lau"+ed +i! fir!, *rea,
eA)edi,io a*ai!, ,+e S"&,0ia! of Euro)e G"a> 31L1317H> B& wa& of T+ra"e ad )re!e,1da&
Be!!ara0ia 0e )ee,ra,ed ,+e !,e))e$ w+ere$ followi* ,+e u!ual omad ,a",i"!$ ,+e S"&,+ia!
i!,ead of a""e),i* 0a,,le re,rea,ed 0efore +im$ luri* +im e.er far,+er i,o ,+e wildere!!> :e
wa! wi!e eou*+ ,o wi,+draw i ,ime> :erodo,u! i! i"lied ,o re*ard ,+i! MRu!!ia "am)ai*M a!
,+e foll& of a de!)o,E &e, i fa",$ ,+e 9"+aemeid moar"+ i,eded 0& ,+i! ,o im)leme, a ?ui,e
a,ural )oli"&4 ,+e Per!iai;a,io of Ou,er Ira$ or Pa1Iraia uio> T+e e,er)ri!e +a.i*
failed$ ,+e S"&,0ia! e!"a)ed Per!ia iflue"e ad remaied i )ea"eful )o!!e!!io of !ou,+er
Ru!!ia for ao,+er ,+ree "e,urie!> (ariu!C eA)edi,io did a, lea!, re!ul, i !e"uri* S9T
)ermae, )ro,e",io for We!,er 9!ia a*ai!, ,+e i"ur!io! of ,+e omad!>
13

(i!"o.erie! of S"&,+ia ar, ea0le a *lim)!e$ wi,+ Tall*re$ of ,+e )ro*re!! of S"&,+ia
o""u)a,io i Ru!!ia>
16
9, fir!,$ from a))roAima,el& 700 ,o 330 B>'>$ ,+e "e,er of S"&,+ia
"ul,ure remaied i ,+e !ou,+ea!,$ i ,+e <u0a re*io ad ,+e Tama Pei!ula> T+e S"&,+ia!
were dou0,le!! alread& domia, i ,+e !ou,+ of ,+e U#raie a, ,+i! ,ime$ 0e,wee ,+e lower
(ie)er ad ,+e lower Bu*$ a! i! )ro.ed 0& ,+e fid! a, 8ar,oo"+a ad 8el*uo.$ ,+ou*+
a))are,l& i a more !)oradi" maer> I, wa! o, u,il 0e,wee a))roAima,el& 330 ad L30$
a""ordi* ,o Tall *re$ ,+a, S"&,+ia "ul,ure !)ra* .i*orou!l& i,o 0ei* i ,+e U#raie of ,oda&$
,o rea"+ i,! )ea# from a0ou, 530 ,o 730$ a! ma& 0e !ee from ,+e *rea, ro&al #ur*a! of ,+e lower
(ie)er$ a, '+er,oml&#$ 9leAadro)ol$ Solo#+a$ (ee.$ ad o,+er!> T+e mo!, or,+erl& area i
,+e we!, ,o 0e rea"+ed 0& ,+e S"&,+ia eA)a!io ra alo* ,+e or,+er 0order of ,+e fore!,
!,e))e!$ a li,,le ,o ,+e !ou,+ of <ie. ad i ,+e Voroe;+ re*io> Nor,+ea!,ward$ ,+e eA)a!io
mo.ed u) ,+e Vol*a ,o Sara,o.$ w+ere im)or,a, di!"o.erie! +a.e 0ee made ad w+ere Tall*re
)la"e! ,+e S"&,+ia or ?ua!i1S"&,+ia )eo)le=Iraia i ei,+er "a!e= ,+e Sarma,ia!>
I, i! )o!!i0le ,+a, ,+e S"&,0ia! of !ou,+er Ru!!ia were e.er more ,+a a ari!,o"ra"&
!u)erim)o!ed o a 'immeria=,+a, i!$ a T+ra"o1P+r&*ia1!u0!,ra,um> Be.ei!,e )oi,! ou,
,+a, i :erodo,u! GIV$ 3110H iforma,io alle*ed ,o 0e of S"&,+ia ori*i re.eal! a )urel& Iraia
ome"la,ure$ w+erea! o,+er iforma,io a0ou, ,+e!e !ame S"&,0ia!$ !,a,ed ,o ori*ia,e i
Gree"e$ re.eal! a ome"la,ure !,ill T+ra"o1P+r&*ia>
17
/i*ui!,i" !ur.i.al! +a.e 0ee
"orro0ora,ed 0& ar"+aeolo*i"al remai!> MT+e :all!,a,, "ul,ure of ,+e 'immeria 0ro;e )eriod$M
!a&! Tall*re$ Mli.ed o i ,+e U#raie a! a )ea!a, "ul,ure e.e w+ile S"&,+i!m ad :ellei!m
were 0e"omi* e!,a0li!+ed>M
12

Diall&$ or,+ of ,+e S"&,+ia ;oe$ wi,+ i,! more or le!! 'immeria !u0!,ra,um$ dwel, o1
S"&,+ia 0ar0aria! w+om :erodo,u! "all! 9dro)0a*i$ 8ela#0lee!$ ad I!!edoe!$ ad w+o
ma& +a.e 0ee of Dio1U*ria !,o"#> Tall*re !u**e!,! ,+a, ,+e 9dro)+a*i !+ould 0e )la"ed
or,+ of '+eri*o. ad ,+e 8ela#+lee! or,+ of Voroe;+> I, i! #ow ,+a, ,+e!e ,wo )eo)le!
@oied wi,+ ,+e S"&,+ia! ,o re)el (ariu!C i.a!io> 9! for ,+e S10T I!!edoe!$ Be.ei!,e !ee#!
,+em i ,+e Ural re*io$ ear E#a,eri0ur*> 9l!o$ Tall*re a,,ri0u,e! ,o ,+e 9dro)+a*i ad ,+e
8ela#+lee!=,+a, i! ,o !a&$ ,+e Dio1U*ria ei*+0or! of ,+e S"&,+ia!=,+e !o1"alled
8ord.ia "ul,ure$ of w+i"+ ,ra"e! +a.e 0ee foud i ,+e eA"a.a,io! of ,+e (e!a ad ,+e O#a$
ad w+i"+ i! "+ara",eri;ed 0& a ra,+er iferior *eome,ri" orame,a,io e,irel& la"#i* i ,+e
aimal !,&le of ,+e S"&,+ia!>
19

SC(THIA1 ART
T+e "o!e?ue"e! of ,+e *rea, S"&,+ia i.a!io! of ,+e 'au"a!u!$ 9!ia 8ior$ 9rmeia$ 8edia$
ad ,+e 9!!&ria Em)ire i ,+e !e.e,+ "e,ur& eA,ed 0e&od ,+e field of )oli,i"al +i!,or&> T+e
ii,ial "o,a", of ,+e S"&,+ia! wi,+ ,+e 9!!&ria world$ of w+i"+ ,+e& were allie! ad
"ofedera,e!=,+a, "lo!e "o,a", w+i"+ la!,ed for earl& a "e,ur&=i! a fa", of )aramou,
im)or,a"e ,o a& !,ude, of !,e))e ar,> Dir!,$ i, i! .er& )ro0a0le ,+a, i, wa! duri* ,+eir
waderi*! a"ro!! We!,er 9!ia i ,+e !e.e,+ "e,ur& ,+a, ,+e S"&,0ia! "om)le,ed ,+eir
,ra!i,io from ,+e 0ro;e ,o ,+e iro a*e>
T+e 0e*ii*! of S"&,+ia ar, were o, uiflue"ed 0& ,+e :all!,a,, iro ,e"+i?ue$ i ,+e
'el,o1(au0ia re*io G:all!,a,, 0e,wee 1000 or 900 ad 300 or L30$ S"&,+ia 0e,wee 700
ad 700H>
70
Bu, i, wa! a0o.e all ,+e 'au"a!u! ad ,+e 8edia "ou,r&=i ,+i! "a!e /uri!,a=
w+i"+ ,+e ,umul, of )eo)le! i ,+e !e.e,+ "e,ur& 0rou*+, i,o !u"+ "lo!e rela,io! wi,+ ,+e
S"&,+ia!> Dra; :aYar$ i a*reeme, wi,+ +i! "ollea*ue of Viea$ D> W> <Ji*$ +old! ,+a, i, i!
ideed ,o ,+e !e.e,+ "e,ur& ,+a, mu!, 0e a,,ri0u,ed a lar*e )ro)or,io of ,+e <o0a 0ro;e! i
,+e 'au"a!u!$ a! well a! !ome of ,+o!e of /uri!,a$ o ,+e !ou,+we!, !ide of old 8edia> I
:aYarC! .iew$ ,+e <o0a 0ro;e! ad e.e ,+o!e of /uri!,a were )ar,l& due ,o ,+e
'immeria!>
71
W+a, i! e.ide, i! ,+e "oe",io 0e,wee 0o,+ of ,+e!e ad ,+e 0e*ii*! of
S"&,+ia ar, a, ,+i! ,ime$ w+e !?uadro! of S"&,+ia ad 'immeria i.ader! were edd&i*
o.er ,+e !ame re*io!>
T+ere i! irrefu,a0le e.ide"e of ,+e dire", iflue"e eAer,ed 0& 9!!&ro1Ba0&loia 8e!o)o,amia
o ,+e fir!, S"&,+ia wor#! of ar,4 ,+e iro ad *old aA of <elerme! i <u0a Gda,i* from a0ou,
,+e !iA,+ "e,ur&H> T+i! aA di!)la&! ,+e old S11T 9!!&ro1Ba0&loia=ad /uri!,aia=,+eme of
,wo i0eAe! !,adi* a0ou, ,+e ,ree of life$ ,o*e,+er wi,+ !ome fie deer> T+e aimal! are de)i",ed
i a reali!,i" maer$ ad ,+e ar, form i! "learl& i!)ired 0& 9!!&ria aimal ar,> :owe.er$ i, i!
!)e"ifi"all& S"&,+ia i ,+e de"ora,i.e u!e ,o w+i"+ i, i! )u,> Drom ,+i! !,ar,i* )oi, we 0e+old
,+e ri!e of all S"&,+ia aimal ar,$ w+i"+ ma& 0e defied a! ,uri* 9!!&ria Gor Gree#H
a,urali!m ,o a de"ora,i.e )ur)o!e> T+i! ar, a))ear! i i,! defii,i.e form wi,+ ,+e *olde deer of
,+e <o!,rom!#a&a ,om0$ w+o!e a,ler! are !,&li;ed i !)iral!> 9lmo!, "er,ail& i ,+e !iA,+
"e,ur&$ i, al!o a))ear! i <u0a>
I ,+i! maer ,+e ae!,+e,i"! of ,+e !,e))e ,oo# u) ,+eir "e,urie!1lo* a0ode i !ou,+er Ru!!ia$
wi,+ ,+o!e "learl& defied ,ede"ie! of w+i"+ we !+all follow ,+e ea!,ward de.elo)me, a! far
a! 8o*olia ad '+ia> Drom ,+e 0e*ii* a dual !,ream i! o,ed4 ,+e a,urali!, "urre,$
dou0,le!! )eriodi"all& reewed from 9!!&ro19"+aemeid !our"e!C$ o ,+e oe +ad$ ad from
:ellei" oe!$ o ,+e o,+er$ ad ,+e de"ora,i.e !,ream w+i"+$ a! +a! 0ee !,a,ed$ 0ed!$ ,wi!,!$
ad di.er,! ,+a, "urre, ,o )urel& orame,al )ur)o!e!>
77
I ,+e ed$ ,+e reali!m of ,+e aimal
!,&le$ e.er lo!, !i*+, of 0& ,+e!e +or!e0rea#er! ad +u,er!$ 0e"ame merel& ,+e )e* ad ,+e
)re,eA, for !,&li;ed de"ora,io!>
Su"+ a ,ede"& i! eA)laied 0& ,+e omadi" wa& of fife$ w+e,+er of ,+e S"&,+o1Sarma,ia! i
,+e we!, or of ,+e :u! i ,+e ea!,> Po!!e!!i* ei,+er !,a0le !e,,leme,! or laded )ro)er,&$
,+e& remaied !,ra*er! ,o !,a,uar&$ 0a!1relief ad )ai,i*$ w+i"+ aloe re?uire reali!m> T+eir
luAurie! were "ofied ,o ri"+e!! of dre!! ad )er!oal adorme,$ ad ,o orame,a,io of
e?ui)me,$ +are!!$ ad !o o> O0@e",! of ,+i! !or,=+oo#! ad )la?ue! for 0el,!$ +are!! )la,e!$
!word10el, 0u"#le!$ wa*o )ael!$ all !or,! of +adle! ad +il,!$ ,o !a& o,+i* of "ar)e,!$ a! a,
Noi Ula=!eemed de!i*ed for !,&li;ed$ e.e +eraldi"$ ,rea,me,>
9! +a! 0ee !aid$ ,+e or,+er omad!=w+e,+er of Iraia !,o"# li#e ,+e S"&,+ia or of Tur#o1
8o*ol li#e ,+e :u!=li.ed ,+eir !,e))e life o +or!e0a"#$ e*a*ed i "+a!i* +erd! of deer or
wild a!!e! ad wa,"+i* wol.e! +u, a,elo)e o.er ,+e 0oudle!! )lai!> Bo,+ ,+eir wa& of life
ad ,+e )e"uliar "+ara",er of ,+eir weal,+ made i, a,ural ,+a,$ of ,+e 9!!&ro1Ba0&loia
iflue"e! ,+e& +ad re"ei.ed$ ,+e& !+ould +a.e re,aied ol& S17T +eraldi" ,+eme! ad !,&li;ed
re)re!e,a,io! of fi*+,i* aimal!> /a!,l&$ a! 9der!!o )oi,! ou,$ i, a))ear! ,+a, ,+e!e aimal
)or,ra&al! +ad a !)e"ifi"all& ma*i"al )ur)o!e$ li#e ,+e fre!"oe! ad 0oe "ar.i*! of ,+e
8a*daleia!>
75

EA"e), for Gre"o1S"&,+ia eAam)le! of *old!mi,+!M wor#= S"&,+ia ol& i !u0@e",$ ad
eAe"u,ed 0& Gree# ar,i!,! wor#i* ei,+er for ,+e :ellei" "oloie! of ,+e 'rimea or dire",l& for
,+e #i*! of ,+e !,e))e=i almo!, all S"&,+ia ar, ,+e fi*ure! of aimal! are fa!+ioed i a
formal$ *eome,ri"al !,&le wi,+ a .iew !olel& ,o orame,al effe",> T+ere are eAam)le! a,
<o!,rom!#a&a$ da,i*$ a""ordi* ,o S"+efold$ from ,+e fif,+ "e,ur& B>'>E a, Eli;a.e,o.!#a&a$
from ,+e !ame )eriodE a, <ul O0a i ,+e 'rimeaH 0e,wee L30 ad WE i ,+e ,rea!ure of Pe,er ,+e
Grea,$ ori*ia,i* i we!,er Si0eria i ,+e Sarma,ia )eriod G,+e fir!, "e,ur& of ,+i! eraHE ad a,
Ver#+eudi!# i Tra!0ai#alia$ i :ui" ar, da,i* from a))roAima,el& ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+i!
era> I all ,+e!e are foud deer a,ler!$ +or!e!C mae!$ ad e.e ,+e "law! of felie! )rolifera,i*
i "url! ad !)iral! w+i"+ a, ,ime! dou0le ,+e +ei*+, of ,+e aimal> T+e u))er li) of ,+e +or!e i!
"oiled li#e a !ail !+ell> I ,+e S"&,+o1Sarma,ia ar, of we!,er Si0eria$ a! al!o i ,+e ide,i"all&
i!)ired ar, ela0ora,ed 0& ,+e :!iu*1u of ,+e Ordo!$ ,+e !,&li;a,io of aimal form! i! a, ,ime!
!o "om)le,e=,+e& e,wie ad i,erla"e wi,+ oe ao,+er i !u"+ "om)leAi,&$ ad 0ra"+ i
!u"+ ueA)e",ed )rofu!io=,+a, de!)i,e ,+e !u!,aied reali!m i ,+e ,rea,me, of deerC! ad
+or!e!C +ead!$ or i ,+o!e of 0ear! ad ,i*er!$ i, i! ol& wi,+ diffi"ul,& ,+a, 0ea!, "a 0e
di!,i*ui!+ed from orame,a,io> :or! ad ,ail! of aimal! ,ermia,e i folia*e or 0lo!!om ou,
i ,+e !+a)e of 0ird!> 9imal reali!m ed! 0& !u0mer*i* ad lo!i* i,!elf i ,+e orame,a,io
,+a, !)ra* from i,>
7L

S,e))e ar, i! ,+u! i dire", "o,ra!, ,o ,+a, of ei*+0ori* !ede,ar& )eo)le!=S"&,+ia .er!u!
9!!&ro19"+aemeid$ :ui" .er!u! '+ie!e=ad i ,+e .er& field w+ere ,+e& +a.e mo!, i
"ommo4 !"ee! of +u,i* ad of fi*+,i* aimal!> No,+i* "ould 0e more differe, from ,+e
aimal "la!!i"i!m=all !wif,e!! ad !)are deliea,io=of ,+e 9!!&ria! or ,+e 9"+aemeid! o
,+e oe +ad$ ,+e :a o ,+e o,+er$ ,+a ,+e "o,or,io!$ "o.olu,io!H ad o0!"uri,ie! of !,e))e
ar,> 9!!&ria! ad 9"+aemeid!$ li#e ,+e '+ia of ,+e :a$ !+ow )rowli* 0ea!,!$ )ur!ui* or
def&i* ea"+ o,+er wi,+i a !im)le$ air& !e,,i*> S,e))e S15T ar,i!,!$ w+e,+er S"&,+ia! or :u!$
!+ow !"uffle!=of,e a! e,a*led a! a ,+i"#e, of +aa!=0e,wee aimal! lo"#ed i a dea,+
!,ru**le> T+eir! i! a drama,i" ar, of "ru!+ed lim0!$ of +or!e! or deer !ei;ed 0& leo)ard!$ 0ear!$
0ird! of )re&$ or *riffi!$ ,+e 0odie! of ,+e .i",im! 0ei* of,e wre"+ed "om)le,el& roud> No
!wif,e!! +ere$ o fli*+,E i!,ead$ a )a,ie, ad me,+odi"al ,eari* of ,+roa,! i w+i"+$ a! +a!
0ee !aid$ ,+e .i",im a))ear! ,o dra* ,+e !la&er ,o +i! dea,+> Ye, ,+ere i! a ier d&ami" w+i"+$
de!)i,e ,+i! M!lowe!!$M mi*+, +a.e a,,aied ,o ,ra*i" +ei*+,! were i, o, for ,+e luAuria,
!,&li;a,io 0& w+i"+ ,+e form! are i,erwo.e ad ela0ora,ed$ ad w+i"+ u!uall& remo.e! all
reali!m from ,+e #illi*!>
T+e .aried eleme,! ad ,ede"ie! of !,e))e ar, are ue.el& di!,ri0u,ed o.er ,+e +u*e area
eA,edi* from Ode!!a ,o 8a"0uria ad ,+e Yellow Ri.er> T+e S"&,+ia ar, of ,+e !,e))e$
!)readi* ,oward ,+e fore!, re*io of ,+e u))er Vol*a$ iflue"ed ,+e 9aio "ul,ure ear <a;a
G"a> 6001700 B>'>H$ w+i"+ wa! dou0,le!! a Dio1U*ria "i.ili;a,io> 9 ri"+ 0urial *roud
di!"o.ered ,+ere +a! &ielded$ i addi,io ,o ,+e u!ual 0ro;e !)i#ed aAe! ad da**er!$ !ome
aimal mo,if! i w+i"+ ,+e aimal!C 0odie! are "urled u)E ,+e!e +a.e S"&,+ia affii,ie!$ ,+ou*+
eAe"u,ed +ere i a !omew+a, mea*er ad !im)lified form> Ne.er,+ele!!$ a""ordi* ,o Tall*reC!
o0!er.a,io!$ ,+e S"&,+ia aimal !,&le wa! ol& )ar,iall& ado),ed a, 9aio$ ad ,+e de"ora,io
"o,iued ,o 0e 0a!ed o *eome,ri" )a,,er!>
73

9, 8iu!i!#$ i "e,ral Si0eria$ ,+e !i,ua,io wa! o, e,irel& ,+e !ame> (uri* ,+e mo!,
flouri!+i* )eriod of ,+e 0ro;e a*e G!iA,+ ,o ,+ird "e,urie!H$ ,+i! im)or,a, me,alwor#i* "e,er
of ,+e 9l,ai we, o )rodu"i* !o"#e,ed aAe! de"ora,ed wi,+ )urel& *eome,ri" de!i*! Ge>*>$ ,+e
Ma*ledM de"ora,io of <ra!o&ar!#H> Ye, from ,+e !ame )eriod ,+e !i,e &ield! aimal 0ro;e! of
a !o0er$ !im)lified !,&li;a,io$ i "o,ra!, ,o ,+e i,ri"a,e ela0ora,io of o,+er )ro.i"e!> I, i!
+ere$ ,+erefore$ ,+a, Boro.#a i! i"lied ,o !ee# ,+e ori*i$ 0o,+ ,o)o*ra)+i"al ad "+roolo*i"al$
of !,e))e ar,>
T+e im)or,a"e of ,+e ?ue!,io i! e.ide,> Wa! i, a, 8iu!i!#$ ,+e *eo*ra)+i"al "e,er of ,+i!
ar,$ !i,ua,ed +alfwa& 0e,wee ,+e Bla"# Sea ad ,+e Gulf of '+i+li$ ,+a, ,+e a"ie, !mi,+! of ,+e
9l,ai +ammered ou, ,+e fir!, aimal de!i*!F 9d were ,+e!e de!i*!$ !,ill eleme,ar& ad wea#$
,o 0e"ome eri"+ed 0o,+ 0& ,+e S1LT 9!!&ro19"+aemeid "o,ri0u,io! of ,+e S"&,+ia! i ,+e
!ou,+we!, ad ,+e '+ie!e 0orrowi*! of ,+e :!iu*1u i ,+e !ou,+ea!,F Or i! ,+e )o.er,& of ,+e
8iu!i!# aimal de!i*! eA)laied$ a! Ro!,o.,;eff 0elie.e!$ 0& ,+e de"lie of S"&,+ia ar, a! i,
!)read ,o ,+e Si0eria fore!,!$ a! +a))eed a, 9aio ,o ,+e ar, w+i"+ wa! ,o !)read ,o ,+e fore!,
re*io of PermF If ,+i! i! ,rue$ 9aio ad 8iu!i!# re)re!e, o more ,+a a fai, e"+o of ,+e
Ru!!ia !,e))e>
I, !+ould 0e o,ed al!o ,+a, i !ou,+er Ru!!ia i,!elf$ a, ,+e 0e*ii*=,+a, i!$ from ,+e !e.e,+
ad !iA,+ "e,urie! B>'>= ol& !omew+a, au!,ere eAam)le! of aimal !,&li;a,io are foud$ a! i
,+e 0ro;e! of ,+e Se.e Bro,+er! ,umuli$ of <elerme!$ Ul!#i$ ad <o!,rom!#a&a i ,+e <u0a$
of '+i*iri ear <ie.$ of <er"+ ad <ul O0a G,+e!e 0ei* da,ed a! earl& a! ,+e fif,+ ad four,+
"e,urie!H i ,+e 'rimea$ for eAam)le> I ,+e fif,+ ad four,+ "e,urie!$ ,+e !,&li;a,io a))are,l&
0e"ame more "om)leA$ a! a, Solo#0a ear 8eli,o)ol o ,+e Sea of 9;o.> T+ere$ alo*!ide a fie
)ie"e of Gree# *old!mi,+C! wor# 0a!ed o S"&,+ia ,+eme!$ are "o,or,ed aimal fi*ure! wi,+
"+ara",eri!,i" 0ra"+i*! ad ela0ora,io> T+e !ame +old! ,rue a, Eli;a.e,o.!#a&a ear 9;o.$
w+ere floral ad ramif&i* mo,if! )ier"ed i 0ro;e are wrou*+, for ,+eir ow !a#e>
THE SARMATIA1S A1- #ESTER1 SI.ERIA
9, Pro#+oro.#a i ,+e Ore0ur* re*io$ ear ,+e Ural!$ a lo"al "ul,ure +a! 0ee foud da,i*
from ,+e four,+ "e,ur& B>'>$wi,+ im)or,a, "olle",io! of la"e!> Si"e ,+e la"e wa! ,+e
"+ara",eri!,i" arm of ,+e Sarma,ia!$ ,+e Pro#+oro.#a ,om0!$ a""ordi* ,o Ro!,o.,;eff$ would
re)re!e, ,+e fir!, a))eara"e of ,+e!e )eo)le i Euro)ea Ru!!ia>
76
:owe.er ,+i! ma& 0e$ i ,+e
!e"od +alf of ,+e ,+ird "e,ur& B>'> ,+e Sarma,ia!=of ,+e !ame liea*e a! ,+e S"&,+ia!$
0elo*i* li#e ,+em ,o ,+e or,+er omadi" Iraia *rou)$ ad u,il ,+e e!,a0li!+ed or,+ of
,+e 9ral Sea"ro!!ed ,+e Vol*a ad i.aded ,+e Ru!!ia !,e))e$ dri.i* ,+e S"&,+ia! 0a"# ,oward
,+e 'rimea>
77
Pol&0iu! GZZV$ 1H me,io! ,+em for ,+e fir!, ,ime a! a for"e ,o 0e re"#oed wi,+
i 179 B>'>
T+e ,wo )eo)le! were e,+i"all& rela,ed ad 0o,+ were omad!>
72
T+e ew"omer! differed
mar#edl&$ e.er,+ele!!$ from ,+eir )rede"e!!or!> T+e S"&,+ia!$ i, +a! 0ee o,ed$ were mou,ed
S13T ar"+er!$ weari* ,+e "a) of ,+e Sa#a! ad room& *arme,!E ,+e& were 0ar0aria! wi,+ a
!ma,,eri* of Gree# "ul,ure$ ad +ad de.elo)ed a aimal ar, w+i"+ ,+rou*+ i,! !,&li;a,io &e,
re,aied ,+e memor& of a more )la!,i"$ a,urali!,i" form> T+e Sarma,ia! were e!!e,iall&
la"er!$ wi,+ "oi"al "a)!$ ad "oa,! of mail> S,ill 0a!i"all& of ,+e aimal !,&le$ ,+eir ar, di!)la&!
a far more eA"lu!i.e ,a!,e ,+a ,+a, of ,+e S"&,+ia! for !,&li;a,io ad *eome,ri"al orame,$
ad ,+e& deli*+, i i"ru!,a,io! of "olored eamel! !e, i me,al> I !+or,$ ,+eir ar, !+ow! a .er&
mar#ed Morie,alM rea",io of !,&li;ed floral de"ora,io 0a!ed o Gre"o1Roma )la!,i"i!m> T+i!
i! ,+e fir!, a))eara"e i Euro)e of )remedie.al ar,$ a ar, w+i"+ ,+e Sarma,ia! were ,o +ad o
,o ,+e Go,+! ad ,+e Go,+! ,o all ,+e Germai" ,ri0e! of ,+e V"#kerwanderung$ or *rea,
mi*ra,io of )eo)le!>
T+e ,ra!i,io from S"&,+ia ,o Sarma,ia ar, o""urred a, ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e ,+ird "e,ur& B>'>$
a! ma& 0e "o"luded from ,+e *rea, di!"o.erie! made a, 9leAadro)ol ear E#a,erio!la.>
Sarma,ia ar, 0e"ame e!,a0li!+ed i !ou,+er Ru!!ia duri* ,+e ,+ird ad !e"od "e,urie!$ a!
!+ow 0& ,+e @ewelr& of Buero.a 8o*ila$ 9#+,ai;o.#a$ 9a)a$ S,a.ro)ol$ <a!i!#o&e$ ad
<urd;+i)! i ,+e <u0a> I, i! al!o re.ealed 0& ,+e Sarma,ia la&er a, Eli;a.e,o.!#a&a ear 9;o.$
ad ma& 0e !ee i ,+e "ele0ra,ed !il.er ad eamel 0el, of 8ai#o)> Beari* a de!i* of a *riffi
de.ouri* a +or!e$ ,+e 8ai#o) 0el, i! !aid ,o 0e a eAam)le of Sarma,ia ar, da,i* from ,+e
!e"od "e,ur& B>'> T+e !ame !,&le "o,iue! i ,+e Sarma,ia )la?ue! of ,+e !u""eedi* )eriod
ad i! foud a, Ta*aro* ad Dedulo.o ear ,+e mou,+ of ,+e (o$ a, Si.er!#a&a ear ,+e mou,+
of ,+e <u0a G!e"od1fir!, "e,ur& B>'>H$ ad$ a! of ,+e fir!, "e,ur& of ,+i! era$ a, No.o"+er#a!#$
ear 9;o.$ a, U!,1/a0i!#a&a$ a, ,+e Xu0o. farm$ ad a, 9a.ir i ,+e <u0a>
79

Wi,+ ,+i! *rou)$ ad i )ar,i"ular wi,+ ,+e )la?ue of ,+e 8ai#o) 0el,$ are a!!o"ia,ed ,+e *old ad
!il.er )la?ue! of we!,er Si0eria$ ,oda& )ar, of ,+e ,rea!ure of Pe,er ,+e Grea,$ w+i"+ are
orame,ed wi,+ fi*+,! 0e,wee *riffi! ad +or!e!$ ,i*er! ad +or!e!$ *riffi! ad &a#!$ ea*le!
ad ,i*er!$ ad !o o$ ,rea,ed i a .er& !,&li;ed ad ar0ore!"e, maer> 9ll ,+e!e Si0eria
)la?ue!$ a,,ri0u,ed 0& Boro.#a ,o w+a, i! "er,ail& ,oo earl& a )eriod G,+ird1!e"od "e,urie!
B>'>H$ are da,ed 0& 8er+ar, from S16T ,+e fir!, "e,ur& B>'> ad 0& Ro!,o.,;eff=more "redi0l&
=from ,+e fir!, "e,ur& 9>(>
50

Oe i! ,+e more i"lied ,o a,,ri0u,e ,+e *old ad !il.er )la?ue! of we!,er Si0eria ,o )eo)le! of
Sarma,ia affii,ie! i ,+a,$ a""ordi* ,o re"e, So.ie, fid!$ +uma !#ull! of ,+e )eriod
di!"o.ered a, O*la#,&$ ear 8iu!i!#=,+a, i! ,o !a&$ mu"+ far,+er ea!,$ i "e,ral Si0eria=
!eem uli#el& ,o 0e of Tur#o1 8o*ol ori*i> O ,+e o,+er +ad$ ,+e& ma& well +a.e 0elo*ed ,o
Ido1Euro)ea )eo)le! li.i* i "o,a", wi,+ S"&,+ia!$ Sarma,ia!$ ad Sa#a!>
51

PRE%T7R2IC C7/T7RES OF THE A/TAI
T+e me,alwor#i* "e,er of 8iu!i!#$ o ,+e u))er Yei!ei$ wa! from a))roAima,el& ,+e
0e*ii* of ,+e fif,+ "e,ur& ,+e !"ee of a ew a",i.i,&>
57
I, i! ,+e$ a""ordi* ,o Tall*re$ ,+a,
,+e )i, *ra.e! i re",a*ular !,oe e"lo!ure! a))ear$ "oi"idi* wi,+ ,+e )eriod #ow a!
MBro;e III$M ,+e Mfull 0ro;eM of 8er+ar, G"a> 3001500 or 700 B>'>H> T+i! )eriod i! "+ara",eri;ed
0& a )rofu!io of aimal mo,if!$ e!)e"iall& ,+o!e of re"um0e, or !,adi* deer$ of deer loo#i*
0a"#ward$ ad of ,+e "urled1u) aimal w+i"+$ a""ordi* ,o Tall*re$ ori*ia,ed i !ou,+er
Ru!!ia>
I, i! 0e,wee 300 ad 500$ ,oo$ ,+a, ,+e fir!, maufa",ure of Si0eria 0ro;e da**er! ad #i.e!
o""ur!$ ad al!o ,+a, of ,+e M"u) "auldro!M w+i"+ were ,o !)read from 8iu!i!# 0o,+ ,o ,+e
Ordo! of ,+e :!iu*1u )eriod ad ,o ,+e :u*ar& of ,+e *rea, i.a!io!>
55
T+e #i.e! of
8iu!i!# ad Ta*ar!#o&e$ ,+i ad !li*+,l& "ur.ed$ wi,+ a +il, ,ermia,i* i a deli"a,e deerC!
+ead$ were e.el& di!,ri0u,ed ,+rou*+ou, 8o*olia a! far a! ,+e Ordo! of :!iu*1u ,ime!>
90ou, 5501700 B>'> ,+e iro a*e ,rium)+ed a, 8iu!i!#$ )rodu"i* !)i#ed aAe!$ )ar,l& 0ro;e
ad )ar,l& iro$ ad a *rou) of lar*e "olle",i.e 0urial )la"e!> 9)ar, from ,+i!$ 8iu!i!# +a!
)ro.ided orame,al 0ro;e )la?ue! w+i"+ dou0,le!! da,e 0a"#$ a""ordi* ,o 8er+ar,$ ,o ,+e
!e"od ad fir!, "e,urie!> S+owi* 0ull! +ead1o i defia"e$ or fi*+,i* +or!e!$ ,+e )la?ue!
re.eal "rea,ure! wi,+ ear!$ +oof!$ ,ail!$ mu!"le!$ ad +air ,rea,ed i ,+e M+ollow ,refoilM maer>
T+i! ,e"+i?ue i! "learl& rela,ed ,o ,+e Sarma,ia ar, of !ou,+er Ru!!ia ad we!,er Si0eria$
w+i"+ S17T ma& ar"+aeolo*i!,! ,+i# wa! +aded o 0& 8iu!i!# ,o ,+e :ui" ar, of ,+e
Ordo!>
8iu!i!# i! !i,ua,ed o ,+e or,+er fa"e of ,+e Sa&a 8ou,ai!> Dar,+er ,o ,+e !ou,+we!,$ a,
Pa;&r&#$ o ,+e or,+ !ide of ,+e *rea, 9l,ai$ ear ,+e +eadwa,er! of ,+e O0 ad ,+e <+a,u$ ,+e
Gria;o. mi!!io of 1979 u"o.ered 0urial )la"e! da,i* from 100 B>'> or a li,,le earlier$
"o,aii* ,+e 0odie! of +or!e! Mma!#ed a! reideer>M GT+i!$ 0& ,+e wa&$ !eem! ,o )ro.e ,+a, ,+e
)eo)le of ,+e re*io +ad re)la"ed ,+e reideer 0& ,+e +or!e>H
5L
T+e!e +or!e ma!#!$ ad ,+eir
+are!!e! of lea,+er$ wood$ ad *old$ are orame,ed wi,+ !,&li;ed aimal mo,if!4 i0eAe! ad
!,a*! a, full *allo)$ a wi*ed *riffi #illi* a i0eA$ )a,+er! lea)i* u)o deer ad i0eAe!$ a 0ird
of )re& a,,a"#i* a deer o ,+e *roud$ ad "o"#! "ofro,i* oe ao,+er> 9ll ,+e!e ,+eme! are
!,ill fairl& "lo!e ,o S"&,+ia ad e.e Gre"o1S"&,+ia aimal reali!m$ wi,+ou, i,! la,er
orame,al "om)leAi,ie!> T+e !,&li;a,io$ orderl& ad re!,raied$ )rodu"e! a !)ledid de"ora,i.e
effe",>
9, Pa;&r&# ,oo are foud 0earded ma!"aro! Gma!#!H of welldefied Gre"o1Roma ori*i$ w+i"+
were dou0,le!! i!)ired 0& ,+e :ellei!,i" #i*dom of ,+e 'immeria Bo!)oru!> Similar Gre"o1
Roma ma!#!$ da,i* from a))roAima,el& ,+e !ame )eriod =!e"od ad fir!, "e,urie! B>'>=
are foud i ,+e 8iu!i!# *rou)4 a, Trifoo.a$ Ba,ei$ Be&a$ <ali$ Xame#a$ e,">
53
T+e 9l,ai
*rou) "om)ri!e!$ 0e!ide! Pa;&r&#$ ,+e #ur*a! of S+i0e$ <ara#ol$ ad Oiro,i$ da,i* mail&
from ,+e fir!, "e,ur& B>'> ad +a.i* Sarma,ia affii,ie!> T+e o0@e",! of ,+e S+i0e *rou)
di!)la& ,+e !ame aimal ar,$ wi,+ re!,raied !,&li;a,io !,ill o, far remo.ed from reali!m> 9
'+ie!e la"?uer a, S+i0e$ da,i* from 261L2 B>'>$ aid! i fiAi* ,+e "+roolo*& of ,+i! "e,er>
56

I ,+e fir!, "e,ur& 9>(>$ ,+e 9l,ai "ul,ure i! re)re!e,ed 0& ,+e #ur*a of <a,ada$ w+ere ,+ere
are wood "ar.i*! of fi*+,! 0e,wee 0ear! ad deer$ ,+e deer +a.i* a,ler! 0ur*eoi* i,o
0ird!C +ead!E al!o 0ro;e )la?ue! ad fra*me,! of fa0ri" adored wi,+ !,&li;ed aimal )a,,er!$
of w+i"+ ,+e fi*+,! of *riffi! ad deer are remii!"e, of ,+e :ui" mo,if! of ,+e !ame )eriod
G7 9>(>H a, Noi Ula i 8o*olia> 9d @u!, a! Noi Ula &ield! a Gree# fa0ri" "er,ail&
ori*ia,i* i ,+e 'immeria Bo!)oru!$ !o ,+e #ur*a of Te!$ ear 8iu!i!#$ )ro.ide! e.ide"e$
u) ,o ,+e ,ime of ,+e *rea, i.a!io!$ of Gre"o1Roma iflue"e! from ,+e !ame ?uar,er$
e!)e"iall& i earri*! of Po,i" i!)ira,io>
S12T
(uri* ,+e fir!, ,wo "e,urie! of ,+i! era$ aimal )a,,er! i a ,ra!i,ioal "ul,ure "o,iued ,o
flouri!+ i ,+e 8iu!i!# area> Te)lu#+o. "all! ,+i! ,+e Ta!+,&# "ul,ure> To i, 0elo* i )ar,i"ular
,+e fid! a, ,+e .illa*e of O*la#,&$ a0ou, ,+ir,&1!e.e mile! or,+ of 8iu!i!#$ 0elow ,+e
"oflue"e of ,+e Tu0a Ri.er wi,+ ,+e Yei!ei> T+e!e fid! are da,ed 0& a )ie"e of '+ie!e !il# of
,+e !e"od :a )eriod$ ad i"lude !ome fie ro"# drawi*! of aimal!>
S+or,l& af,erward$ ,+e!e "e,er! of "ul,ure wi,+ S"&,+o1Sarma,ia affii,ie! foud i ,+e 9l,ai ad
a, 8iu!i!# a))ear ,o die ou, or$ more )re"i!el&$ ,o "+a*e> 9, ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e !e.e,+
"e,ur& 9>(>$ ,+e 8iu!i!# re*io i! !,ill )rodu"i* 0ro;e orame,!$ of w+i"+ ,+e da,e i!
e!,a0li!+ed 0& '+ie!e "oi! of ,+e earl& TCa* d&a!,&> Bu, i ,+e i,er.al ,+e "ou,r&
a))are,l& +ad 0ee "o?uered 0& Tur#i" ,ri0e!$ fore0ear! of ,+e <ir*+i;$ me,ioed 0& '+ie!e
+i!,oria! i ,+e fif,+ "e,ur&>
57
9""ordi* ,o Te)lu#+o.$ ,+e Ido1Euro)ea ari!,o"ra"& wi,+ i,!
Sarma,ia "oe",io! wa! !u""eeded a, 8iu!i!# 0& ,+e <ir*+i; af,er ,+e ,+ird "e,ur& 9>(>
52
Bu,$ 0efore di!a))eari*$ ,+e "ul,ural "e,er! of 8iu!i!#$ Pa;&r&#$ ad <a,ada +ad )la&ed a
"o!idera0le )ar, i +adi* dow !,&li;ed aimal ar,=,+e ar, of ,+e !,e))e!= ,o ,+e :ui"
a,io! of 8o*olia ad ,+e Ordo!>
ORI,I1S OF THE HSI71,%17
W+ile ,+e omad! of Iraia !,o"#=S"&,+ia! ad Sarma,ia!o""u)ied ,+e we!,er )ar, of ,+e
!,e))e ;oe$ i !ou,+er Ru!!ia ad o dou0, al!o i Tur*ai ad we!,er Si0eria$ ,+e ea!,er )ar,
wa! uder ,+e !wa& of Tur#o18o*ol )eo)le!> Of ,+e!e$ ,+e domia, a,io i a,i?ui,& wa!
#ow ,o ,+e '+ie!e 0& ,+e ame of :!iu*1u$ a ame "o*a,e wi,+ ,+a, of :u! G:uiH ad
:ua$ 0& w+i"+ Roma! ad Idia! la,er de!i*a,ed ,+e!e !ame 0ar0aria!>
59
Pro0a0l& ,+e!e
:!iu*1u G,+e ame doe! o, a))ear "learl& i '+ie!e aal! u,il ,+e '+Ci d&a!,& i ,+e
,+ird "e,ur& B>'>H +ad 0ee "alled $sien%y&n 0& ,+e '+ie!e of ,+e ei*+,+ ad i,+ "e,urie!>
Earlier !,ill$ ,+e& ma& +a.e 0ee #ow a! $siun%y& or$ more .a*uel&$ $u> T+e :u #ow ,o ,+e
'+ie!e a, ,+e daw of +i!,or& were ,+o!e dwelli* o ,+e 0order! of ,+e '+ia of ,+o!e da&!$ i
,+e Ordo!$ i or,+er S+a!i ad or,+er :o)ei> 8a!)ero !u))o!e! ,+a, ,+e M%u* of ,+e S19T
Nor,+$M ,+e Pei1%u*$ e!,a0li!+ed ,o ,+e we!, ad or,+we!, of )re!e,1da& Pe#i*$ were a :u
,ri0e> O,+er "la! were !u0@u*a,ed i ,+e four,+ "e,ur& B>'> 0& ,+e '+ie!e of ,+e #i*dom of
'+ao> <i* Wu1li* of '+ao G"a> 5731792H e.e "a),ured from ,+em ,+e eA,reme or,+ of S+a!i
G,+e Ta,u* re*ioH ad ideed ,+e or,+er )ar, of ,+e Ordo! of ,oda& G"a> 500 B>'>H> I, wa! ,o
!e"ure effe",i.e defe!e a*ai!, ,+e a,,a"#! of ,+e!e omad! ,+a, ,+e '+ie!e of ,+e #i*dom! of
'+Ci GS+e!iH ad '+ao GS+a!iH ,ra!formed ,+eir +ea.& w+eeled for"e! i,o mo0ile "a.alr&>
T+i! wa! a mili,ar& io.a,io w+i"+ 0rou*+, wi,+ i, a "om)le,e al,era,io i '+ie!e dre!!$ ,+e
ro0e of ar"+ai" ,ime! 0ei* re)la"ed 0& "a.alr& ,rou!er! "o)ied from ,+e omad!$ from w+om
'+ie!e warrior! 0orrowed al!o ,+e )lumed "a)$ ,+e M,+ree ,ail!$M ad ,+e 0el, 0u"#le! ,+a, were
,o )la& !o *rea, a )ar, i ,+e ar, #ow a! MWarri* S,a,e!M or MDi*+,i* S,a,e!>M
L0
I, wa! al!o ,o
defed ,+em!el.e! a*ai!, ,+e :!iu*1u ,+a, ,+e '+ie!e of '+ao ad ,+e ei*+0ori* !,a,e!
0e*a ,o 0uild alo* ,+eir or,+er fro,ier eleme,ar& for,ifi"a,io! w+i"+$ la,er uified ad
"om)le,ed 0& '+Ci S+i+ :ua*1,i$ were ,o 0e"ome ,+e Grea, Wall>
9""ordi* ,o ,+e '+ie!e +i!,oria S!u1ma '+Cie$ i, wa! i ,+e !e"od +alf of ,+e ,+ird "e,ur&
B>'> ,+a, ,+e :!iu*1u !eem ,o +a.e 0e"ome a ui,ed$ !,ro* a,io> T+e& were led 0& a "+ief
"alled ,+e shan%y&$ w+o!e full ,i,le ,ra!"ri0ed i,o '+ie!e i! 'h'eng%li (u%tu Shan%y&$ word!
w+i"+ ,+e '+ie!e ,ra!la,e a! M8a@e!,& So of :ea.e>M I ,+e!e word! ma& 0e de,e",ed Tur#o1
8o*ol roo,!4 ch'eng%li i )ar,i"ular i! ,+e ,ra!"ri),io of ,+e Tur#i" ad 8o*ol word T)ngri$
:ea.e>
L1
Uder ,+e shall%y& !er.ed M,wo *rea, di*i,arie!$ ,+e #i*! t'u%ch'i*4 ,+a, i! ,o !a&$ ,+e
wi!e #i*! of ri*+, ad lef,$ ,+e '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io t'u%ch'i 0ei* rela,ed ,o ,+e Tur#i!+ word
do*+ri$ !,rai*+,$ fai,+ful> I !o far a! oe "a !)ea# of fiAed dwelli*! for e!!e,iall& omadi"
)eo)le$ ,+e !+a1&I re!ided o ,+e u))er Or#+o$ i ,+e mou,aiou! re*io w+ere la,er
<ara#orum$ ,+e "a)i,al of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e 8o*ol!$ wa! ,o 0e e!,a0li!+ed> T+e wor,+& #i*
of ,+e lef,=i )ri"i)le$ ,+e +eir )re!um),i.e=li.ed i ,+e ea!,$ )ro0a0l& o ,+e +i*+ <erule>
T+e wor,+& #i* of ,+e ri*+, li.ed i ,+e we!,$ )er+a)!$ a! 9l0er, :errma ,+i#!$ ear )re!e,1
da& Ulia!!u,ai i ,+e <+a*ai 8ou,ai!>
L7
NeA,$ mo.i* dow ,+e !"ale of ,+e :ui"
+ierar"+&$ "ame ,+e #u1li M#i*!M of lef, ad ri*+,$ ,+e S70T arm& "ommader! of lef, ad ri*+,$
,+e *rea, *o.eror!$ ,+e tang%hu$ ,+e ku1tu=all of lef, ad ri*+,E ,+e ,+e "+ief! of a ,+ou!ad
me$ of a +udred$ ad of ,e me>
L5
T+i! a,io of omad!$ a )eo)le o ,+e mar"+$ wa!
or*ai;ed li#e a arm&> T+e *eeral orie,a,io wa! !ou,+ward$ a! wa! "u!,omar& amo* Tur#o1
8o*ol )eo)le!E ,+e !ame )+eomeo i! ,o 0e !ee amo* ,+e de!"eda,! of ,+e $siung%nu$
,+e Tur#! of ,+e !iA,+ "e,ur& 9>(>$ a! well a! i ,+e "a!e of ,+e 8o*ol! of %e*+i; <+a>
T+e $siung%nu are )or,ra&ed 0& ,+e '+ie!e wi,+ ,+e "+ara",eri!,i" ,rai,! w+i"+ we fid amo*
,+eir Tur#i" ad 8o*ol !u""e!!or!> MT+e& are !+or,$M Wie*er !ummari;e!$ Mwi,+ a !,o"#& 0od&
ad a .er& lar*e roud +ead$ 0road fa"e$ )romie, "+ee#0oe!$ wide o!,ril!$ a fairl& 0u!+&
mu!,a"+e ad o 0eard eA"e), for a ,uf, of !,iff +air o ,+e "+iE ,+eir lo* ear! are )ier"ed ad
adored wi,+ a ri*> T+e +ead i! u!uall& !+a.ed$ eA"e), for a ,uf, o ,o)>
LL
T+e e&e0row! are
,+i"#$ ,+e e&e! almod1!+a)ed wi,+ a .er& fier& )u)il> T+e& wear a loo!e ro0e ,o ,+e "alf$ !)li, a,
,+e !ide! ad *a,+ered i 0& a *irdle w+o!e ed! +a* dow i fro,> Be"au!e of ,+e "old ,+e
!lee.e! are *a,+ered i ,i*+,l& a, ,+e wri!,!> 9 !+or, fur "a)e "o.er! ,+eir !+oulder!$ ad ,+eir
+ead i! )ro,e",ed 0& a fur "a)> T+eir !+oe! are of lea,+er$ ad ,+e& +a.e wide ,rou!er! !,ra))ed i
a, ,+e a#le> T+e !+ea,+ of ,+e 0ow +a*! from ,+e 0el, i fro, of ,+e lef, ,+i*+> T+e ?ui.er$ al!o
!u!)eded from ,+e 0el,$ +a*! a"ro!! ,+e !mall of ,+e 0a"#$ ,+e 0ar0! of ,+e arrow! ,o ,+e ri*+,>M
Se.eral de,ail! of ,+i! dre!!$ )ar,i"ularl& ,+e ,rou!er! !,ra))ed i a, ,+e a#le$ are "ommo ,o
:u! ad S"&,+ia!> T+e !ame i! ,rue of ma& "u!,om!$ a! for eAam)le ,+e fuerar&
immola,io!> Bo,+ :!iu*1u ad S"&,+ia! ,+u! !li, ,+e ,+roa,! of ,+e "+iefC! wi.e! ad !er.a,!
o +i! ,om0$ ,o ,+e um0er of a +udred or a ,+ou!ad i ,+e "a!e of ,+e $siung%nu> :erodo,u!
GIV$ 63H ,ell! ,+a, ,+e S"&,+ia! !awed ,+rou*+ ,+eir eem&C! !#ull a, e&e0row le.el$ "o.ered i,
wi,+ a lea,+er !+ea,+$ ilaid ,+e i!ide of i, wi,+ *old$ ad u!ed i, a! a dri#i*1"u)> T+e 'h'ien
$an Shu ,e!,ifie! ,o ,+e !ame "u!,om amo* ,+e $siung%nu$ a! ma& 0e !ee eAem)lified i
)ar,i"ular 0& ,+e shall%y& /ao1!+a* dri#i* from ,+e !#ull of ,+e #i* of ,+e +&eh%chih>
L3

Ideed$ 0o,+ $siung%nu ad S"&,+ia! were +ead1+u,er!> :erodo,u! GIV$ 6LH !aw S"&,+ia! for
w+om i, wa! a )oi, of +oor ,o di!)la& amo* ,+eir 0a,,le ,ro)+ie! ,+e +ead! w+i"+ ,+e& +ad "u,
from ,+eir
S71T
S77T
.i",im!$ ad ,+e !"al)! of w+i"+ da*led from ,+eir 0ridle!>
9mo* ,+e de!"eda,! of ,+e $siung%nu$ ,+e T'u%ch&eh of ,+e !iA,+ "e,ur& 9>(>$ ,+e um0er of
!,oe! di!,i*ui!+i* a warriorC! 0urial moud wa! )ro)or,ioa,e ,o ,+e um0er of me +e +ad
!lai duri* +i! life,ime>
L6
T+e !ame 0lood,+ir!,ie!! )re.ail! amo* Ido1Euro)ea ad Tur#o1
8o*ol omad!> T+e S"&,+ia !)ri#le! wi,+ ,+e 0lood of +i! eem& ,+e !a"red !"imi,ar dri.e
i,o a moud of ear,+$ ad dri#! a "u)ful of 0lood from ,+e fir!, foe +e #ill!>
L7
To "o!e"ra,e a
,rea,&$ ,+e $siung%nu dri#! 0lood from a +uma !#ull>
L2
To mour ,+e dead$ 0o,+ S"&,+ia ad
$siung%nu *a!+ ,+eir fa"e! wi,+ #i.e!$ M!o ,+a, 0lood flow! wi,+ ,+eir ,ear!>M
/i#e ,+e S"&,+ia!$ ,+e $siung%nu were e!!e,iall& omadi"$ ad ,+e r+&,+m of ,+eir eAi!,e"e
wa! re*ula,ed 0& ,+eir flo"#! of !+ee)$ ,+eir +erd! of +or!e!$ "a,,le$ ad "amel!> T+e& mo.ed wi,+
,+eir li.e!,o"# i !ear"+ of wa,er ad )a!,ure> T+e& a,e ol& mea, Ga "u!,om w+i"+ dee)l&
im)re!!ed ,+e far more .e*e,aria '+ie!eH$ dre!!ed i !#i!$ !le), o fur!$
L9
ad "am)ed i fel,
,e,!> T+eir reli*io wa! a .a*ue !+amai!m 0a!ed o ,+e "ul, of T)ngri or :ea.e ad o ,+e
wor!+i) of "er,ai !a"red mou,ai!> T+eir shall%y& or !u)reme moar"+ !ummoed all of ,+em
,o*e,+er i ,+e au,um GM,+e !ea!o w+e +or!e! are fa,MH for ,+e "ou,i* of me ad 0ea!,!> 9ll
,+e '+ie!e wri,er! )re!e, ,+e!e 0ar0aria! a! i.e,era,e )luderer! w+o would a))ear
ueA)e",edl& o ,+e fri*e! of "ul,i.a,ed ladE a,,a"# me$ flo"#!$ ad weal,+E ad flee a*ai
wi,+ ,+eir 0oo,& 0efore a& "ou,era,,a"# "ould 0e lau"+ed>
30
W+e )ur!ued$ ,+eir ,a",i"!
"o!i!,ed i luri* ,+e '+ie!e "olum! i,o ,+e wildere!! of ,+e Go0i (e!er, or ,+e !,e))e$
!"our*i* ,+em ,+ere wi,+ !+ower! of arrow! wi,+ou, allowi* ,+em!el.e! ,o 0e ,ra))ed$ ad
e.er mo.i* i for ,+e #ill u,il ,+e foe +ad 0ee eA+au!,ed ad demorali;ed 0& +u*er ad
,+ir!,> T+e!e me,+od!$ redered effe",i.e 0& ,+e mo0ili,& of ,+eir "a.alr& ad ,+eir !#ill wi,+ 0ow
ad arrow$ were ,o .ar& li,,le if a, all amo* ,+e a,i.e! of ,+e !,e))e from ,+e fir!, $siung%nu
u,il ,+e ,ime of %e*+i; <+a> T+e& were "ommo ,o all ,+e!e ,ri0e! of mou,ed ar"+er!$
w+e,+er :u! i ,+e ea!, or S"&,+ia! i ,+e we!,> 9! :erodo,u! rela,e!$ ,+e !ame ,a",i"! were
u!ed 0& ,+e S"&,+ia! a*ai!, (ariu!> (ariu! a))re"ia,ed ,+e da*er i ,ime ad wi,+drew 0efore
,+i! Mre,rea, from Ru!!iaM "ould ed i di!a!,er> :ow ma& '+ie!e S75T *eeral! were ,o la"#
,+i! )rude"e ad 0e !lau*+,ered i ,+e wild! of ,+e Go0i$ ,o w+i"+ ,+e& +ad 0ee lured 0& ,+e
deli0era,e fli*+, of ,+e :u!F
9! re*ard! ,+e li*ui!,i" )o!i,io of ,+e :!iu*1u amo* ,+e Tur#o18o*ol *rou) of )eo)le!$
"er,ai wri,er!$ li#e <ura#i"+i S+ira,ori$ are i"lied ,o "la!! ,+em wi,+ ,+e 8o*ol!>
31
Pellio,$ o
,+e "o,rar&$ from ,+e few o))or,ui,ie! of "ro!!1"+e"#i* afforded 0& '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io!$
0elie.e! ,+a, o ,+e w+ole ,+e!e )eo)le were Tur#i"$ e!)e"iall& ,+eir )oli,i"al leader!+i)>
H711IC ART
T+e $siung%nu )o!!e!!ed a .er& "+ara",eri!,i" ar,$ re)re!e,ed "+iefl& 0& 0el, )la?ue! or )la?ue!
of o,+er #id!$ mou,!$ +oo#!$ ad !,ud! for +are!! or e?ui)me,$ made of 0ro;e ad 0eari*
!,&li;ed aimal mo,if!$ or 0& ,+e 0u,,! of !,a.e! ,ermia,i* i ,+e fi*ure! of +id!> T+i! ar, i!
of,e #ow a! Ordo! ar,$ from ,+e ame of ,+e 8o*ol Ordo! ,ri0e w+i"+ !i"e ,+e !iA,ee,+
"e,ur& 9>(> +a! o""u)ied ,+e loo) of ,+e Yellow Ri.er ,o ,+e or,+ of S+e!i$ a re*io w+ere
fid! +a.e 0ee )ar,i"ularl& )le,iful> I, i! a 0ra"+ of ,+e !,&li;ed aimal ar, of ,+e !,e))e!$
,i*ed i !ou,+er Ru!!ia 0& 9!!&ro1Iraia ad Gree# iflue"e!> 9, 8iu!i!#$ w+e,+er
ori*ial or im)o.eri!+ed$ i, i! fairl& !im)lified> I ,+e Ordo! i, "ome! i "o,a", wi,+ '+ie!e
ae!,+e,i"!$ ad !,e))e ad '+ie!e ar, i,era", ad eAer, ,+eir iflue"e oe u)o ,+e o,+er> Ordo!
ar, i! )ar,i"ularl& remii!"e, of ,+a, of 8iu!i!#$ ,+ou*+ ri"+er ad more ima*ia,i.e$ i i,!
)la?ue! orame,ed wi,+ fi*+,i* +or!e!$ +or!e! or deer i "om0a, wi,+ ,i*er!$ 0ear!$ ad
fa,a!,i" 0ea!,!$ ad al!o i ,+e ed! of !+af,! de"ora,ed wi,+ !,a*! or +id! o a roud 0o!!>
$siung%nu ar, of 8o*olia ad ,+e Ordo! "ou,r&$ a""ordi* ,o ar"+aeolo*i"al re!ear"+$ a))ear!
,o 0e a! a"ie, a! ,+a, of ,+e S"&,+ia!> I 1955 ,+e Swedi!+ ar"+aeolo*i!, T> %> 9re da,ed ,+e
Ordo! 0ro;e! of /wa)i* ad SIa+wa from ,+e earl& )ar, of ,+e ,+ird "e,ur& B>'> ad e.e
from ,+e !e"od +alf of ,+e four,+>
37
I 1953$ ,+e %a)ae!e ar"+aeolo*i!, Sue@u Ume+ara$
0elie.i* ,+a, Ordo! ar, +ad dee)l& iflue"ed ,+e '+ie!e !,&le #ow a! ,+a, of ,+e Warri*
S,a,e!$ w+i"+ +ad flouri!+ed from ,+e fif,+ "e,ur& B>'> a, lea!,$ da,ed ,+e fir!, Ordo! 0ro;e!
from ,+a, )eriod>
35
8ore re"e,l&$ ,+e Swedi!+ Siolo*i!, <arl*re S7LT )u, ,+e !,&le of ,+e
Warri* S,a,e! e.e far,+er 0a"# i ,ime$ ,o 630 B>'>$ ,+ere0& )ro.i* ,+a, !,e))e ar, i ,+e
!+a)e of Ordo! ar, al!o eAi!,ed ,+e$ !i"e i, +ad 0rou*+, a0ou, a modifi"a,io i ,+e '+ie!e
!,&le of de"ora,io #ow a! ,+e 8iddle '+ou>
3L
9ll are a*reed ,+a, ,+e iflue"e of Ordo! ar, i!
oe of ,+e fa",or! w+i"+$ ,o*e,+er wi,+ ,+e law! of i,eral e.olu,io ad a))are,l& wor#i* i
,+e !ame dire",io a! ,+e!e$ "au!e ,+e ,ra!i,io of ar"+ai" '+ie!e 0ro;e! from ,+e 8iddle
'+ou !,&le ,o ,+a, of ,+e Warri* S,a,e!>
33

T+e )ri"i)al !i,e! of :!iu*1u fid! ra*e from /a#e Bai#al ,o ,+e 0order! of :o)ei$ S+a!i$
ad S+e!i$ a! follow!> G1H I ,+e or,+$ ,+e '+i,a ,om0! i Tra!0ai#alia$ da,ed 0& 8er+ar, from
,+e !e"od ad ,+ird "e,urie! B>'>$ ad ,+o!e of (ere!,ui!# ear Troi,!#o!a.!# or,+ of <&a#+,a
i :i*+ 8o*olia$ w+ere Si0eria )la?ue! ad '+ie!e :a "oi! +a.e 0ee di!"o.ered$ i!!ued
af,er 112 B>'>
36
G7H I Ou,er 8o*olia$ Noi Ula ear Ur*a$ w+ere ,+e <o;lo. mi!!io
di!"o.ered ,+e ,om0 of a :!iu*1u )ri"e> T+i! ,om0 "o,aied 0ro;e! of !,e))ed ar,$ !)ledid
woole fa0ri"! adored i ,+e !ame maer G*riffi fi*+,i* a el#$ a mem0er of ,+e "a, ,ri0e
a,,a"#i* a &a#H$ e.er& !u0@e", 0ei* ,rea,ed i ,+e fie!, Sarma,o19l,aia maer$ ad al!o a
Gree# fa0ri" re)re!e,i* a ma wi,+ a mu!,a"+e$ ,+ree1?uar,er le*,+$ o dou0, ,+e wor# of
!ome ar,i!, of ,+e 'immeria Bo!)oru!> DiAi* ,+e da,e of all ,+e!e wa! a '+ie!e la"?uer of ,+e
&ear7 9>(>
37
Belo*i* )er+a)! ,o ,+e !ame *rou) are ,+e fre!"oe! di!"o.ered o, far from ,+ere$
a, (ur0el@i ad Il#e19l&# o ,+e Or#+oE ,+e!e "ao, 0e da,ed$ ,+ou*+ !ome fie fi*ure! of deer
!eem a*ai ,o re.eal Sarma,o19l,aia iflue"e>
32
G5H I ,+e Ordo!$ ,+e remaider of ,+e )re!e,1
da& )ro.i"e! of Sui&ua$ '+a+ar$ ad %e+ol$ w+ere umerou! !i,e! +a.e di!"lo!ed Ordo!
0ro;e!$ i )ar,i"ular$ /wa)i* ear %e+olE :a,,i1!um ad :allo*1o!!o$ we!, of ,+e (oloor
ad or,+ of <al*aE SIa+wa$ !ou,+ of <al*a o ,+e Pe#i* roadE <we+wa"+e* ear
Sui&uaE ad YIli$ o ,+e 0order! of ,+e Ordo! ad or,+er S+e!i> No,e ,+a, !ome of ,+e
SIa+wa fid! are da,ed 0& ,+e )re!e"e of a '+ie!e M#ife1"oiM 0eari* ,+e "+ara",er t'u ad
0elo*i* ,o a ,&)e i u!e i '+ia duri* ,+e Warri* S,a,e! )eriod from L20 ,o 730 B>'>
39
>
9l,+ou*+ o ,+e w+ole a fair )ro)or,io of ,+e Ordo! 0ro;e!$ ,+a, i! ,o !a&$ ,+e :ui" 0ro;e!
of Ier 8o*olia$ are S73T "o,em)orar& wi,+ ,+e '+ie!e Warri* S,a,e! )eriod Gfif,+1,+ird
"e,urie! B>'>H$ ,+e !ame ar, "o,iued ,o flouri!+ 0o,+ ,+ere ad i Ou,er 8o*olia ,+rou*+ou,
,+e '+ie!e :a )eriod Gfrom ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e !e"od "e,ur& B>'> ,o ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e
,+ird "e,ur& 9>(>H$ a! i! )ro.ed 0& )ar, of ,+e da,ed fid! a, Noi Ula$ 0& ,+e eAi!,e"e i ,+e
Ordo! of a um0er of 0ro;e )la?ue! 0eari* de!i*! of ma&1+eaded "rea,ure! w+i"+ ma& 0e
a,,ri0u,ed wi,+ !ome a""ura"& ,o ,+i! )eriod$ ad la!,l& 0& ,+e )re!e"e amo* "olle",io! G,+e
'eru!"+i 8u!eum$ ,+e 'oiffard 'olle",io$ ad ,+e /oo 'olle",ioH of '+ie!e 0ro;e +oo#!
wi,+ :ui" ,+eme! e.ide,l& "o)ied from Ordo! ori*ial! 0& :a ar,i!,!>
60
I ,+e !u""eedi*
)eriod$ #ow i '+ia a! ,+a, of ,+e SiA (&a!,ie! Gfour,+ ad fif,+ "e,urie! 9>(>H$ ,+e
iflue"e of Ordo! ar, i! o le!! a))are, i "er,ai '+ie!e 0ro;e +oo#! orame,ed wi,+
i"rea!i*l& ma!!i.e aimal ,+eme!$ all "o,or,io! ad i,erwii*!> (uri* ,+i! !ame )eriod
,+e !ame !,e))e ar, i! di!"eri0le i ,+e "la!)!$ )la?ue!$ ad mou,! of ,+e We!, of ,+e Grea,
I.a!io!> 8oreo.er$ 9re +a! o,ed 0ro;e! of we!,er Si0eria w+i"+ )re!er.ed u) ,o ,+e i,+
"e,ur& ,+e "+ara",eri!,i"! of ,+e old aimal !,&le of ,+e !,e))e!>
61
T+e !ame ar, "o,iue!$
)er+a)! u,il ,+e R*I, of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e )eriod$ i ,+e li,,le Ne!,oria 0ro;e!="ro!!e!$
do.e!$ ad Para"le,e!=w+i"+ are &ielded i !u"+ um0er! 0& ,+e !oil of ,+e Ordo! ad ad@a"e,
re*io!>
67
Pla?ue! of )urel& Ordo! ,&)e$ moreo.er$ were maufa",ured i ,+e middle of ,+e :!i1
:!ia )eriod Gele.e,+1,welf,+ "e,urie!H$ ule!! ,+e :!i1:!ia "+ara",er! w+i"+ drew ,+e a,,e,io
of Salmo& were rei!"ri0ed a, ,+a, ,ime$ or ule!! ,+e!e o0@e",! are :!i1:!ia "o)ie! o, i
"ommo u!e>
65

THE FIRST THR7ST OF THE HSI71,%17 A1- THE MI,RATIO1 OF THE (LEH%
CHIH
T+e :!iu*1u a))ear for ,+e fir!, ,ime i +i!,or& a! a )ower ,o 0e feared a, ,+e ed of ,+e ,+ird
"e,ur& B>'>$ @u!, a, ,+e mome, w+e '+ia +ad a"+ie.ed ui,& uder ,+e '+Ci d&a!,& G771 1
706H>
6L
Dore!eei* ,+e da*er$ ,+e em)eror '+Ci S+i+ :ua*1,i G771 1 710H$ ,+e fouder of ,+e
d&a!,&$ ad +i! *eeral 8e* TCie "om)le,ed ,+e Grea, Wall> T+i! +ad !er.ed !i"e 713 ,o
)ro,e", '+ie!e ,erri,or& from ,+e :!iu*1u$ ad aroud 71L 8e* S76T TCie dro.e ,+e!e
eemie! from w+a, i! ow ,+e Ordo! "ou,r&$ or ,+e re*io e"lo!ed 0& ,+e *rea, loo) of ,+e
Yellow Ri.er> 8eaw+ile$ +owe.er$ ,+e :!iu*1u uder ,+eir shan%y& TCu1ma Gd> a0ou, 7101
709H 0e*a ,+eir eA)a!io 0& a,,a"#i* ,+e YIe+"+i+$ a )eo)le w+o u,il ,+e +ad 0ee
e!,a0li!+ed i we!,er <a!u> I ,+e ea!,$ 8ao1,u$ !o of ad !u""e!!or ,o TCu1ma G"a> 7091
17LH$ defea,ed ,+e Tu*1u$ o,+er 0ar0aria! of ,+e 8a"+uria 0order!> Ta#i* ad.a,a*e of ,+e
"i.il war! ,+a, +ad wea#eed '+ia 0e,wee ,+e fall of ,+e '+Ci d&a!,& G706H ad ,+e ad.e, of
,+e :a G707H$ +e i.aded ,+e '+ie!e )ro.i"e of S+a!i i 701 ad laid !ie*e ,o ,+e "a)i,al$
Tai&Ia> T+e fouder of ,+e :a d&a!,&$ ,+e em)eror <ao1,i$ +a!,eed ,o ,+e !"ee$ dro.e 0a"#
,+e :!iu*1u$ 0u, wa! ,+e 0lo"#aded 0& ,+em o ,+e Pai,e* )la,eau ear Pi*"+e*$ i ,+e
)re!e,1da& di!,ri", of Ta,u*$ o ,+e fro,ier! of S+a!i> :e eA,ra",ed +im!elf from ,+i! ,ra) ol&
0& e*o,ia,io$ i w+i"+ +e *aied ad.a,a*e o.er ,+e 0ar0aria!> 9 '+ie!e )ri"e!! or lad&1i1
wai,i* wa! *i.e i marria*e ,o ,+e shan%y&4 )oor M)ar,rid*eM deli.ered o.er ,o ,+e Mwild 0ird of
8o*olia$M a! '+ie!e )oe,! were la,er ,o !i*>
90ou, 177 or 176$ 8ao1,u 0rou*+, di!a!,er for ,+e fir!, ,ime o ,+e YIe+1"+i+ of we!,er
<a!u$ w+i"+ +e 0oa!,! of +a.i* !u0@u*a,ed> :i! !o ad !u""e!!or /ao1!+a* G"a> 17L1161H
wa! ,o )u, a ed ,o ,+e da*er of ,+e YIe+1"+i+$ ma#e ,+eir #i*C! !#ull i,o a dri#i* "u)$
"+a!e ,+em from <a!u$ ad for"e ,+em emi*ra,e we!,ward$ ,+u! *i.i* ri!e ,o ,+e fir!,
+i!,ori"all& re"orded mo.eme, of )eo)le! ori*ia,i* i ,+e +i*+ )la,eau! of 9!ia>
63

T+e ame YIe+1"+i+ "ome! dow=a, a& ra,e i ,+i! form= ol& from i,! '+ie!e
,ra!"ri),io>
66
8a& Orie,ali!,!$ +owe.er$ +a.e lo* 0ee i"lied ,o ide,if& ,+i! )eo)le wi,+
,+e To#0ari Ga )eo)le well #ow ,o Gree# +i!,oria! from ,+eir +a.i* emi*ra,ed i ,+e !e"od
"e,ur& B>'> from Tur#e!,a ,o Ba",riaH ad wi,+ ,+e Ido1S"&,+ia! of ,+e !ame +i!,oria!>
9""ordi* ,o ,+i! !&!,em$ To#+ari ad Ido1S"&,+ia! were ame! a))lied ,o a !i*le )eo)le a,
,wo )eriod! of ,+eir eAi!,e"e$ ,+i! )eo)le 0ei* re*arded a! +a.i* S"&,+ia affii,ie!$ or of
Ido1Euro)ea !,o"#> T+i! ide,ifi"a,io i! 0a!ed "+iefl& o ,+e fa", ,+a, i ,+e '+ie!e re*io of
)re!e,1da& we!,er <a!u=w+i"+ a""ordi* ,o '+ie!e +i!,oria! +ad 0ee i ,+e earl& )ar, of
,+e !e"od "e,ur& B>'> S77T ,+e "ou,r& of ,+e YIe+1"+i+=,+e *eo*ra)+er P,olem& o,ed a!
la,e a! ,+e !e"od "e,ur& 9>(> a Thagouri )eo)le$ a mou, Thagouron$ ad a ,ow Thogara>
67
El!ew+ere S,ra0o me,io! To#+aroi amo* ,+e )eo)le! w+o ,oo# Ba",ria from ,+e Gree#!
eAa",l& a, ,+e ,ime w+e '+ie!e +i!,oria! !+ow ,+e YIe+1"+i+ arri.i* a, ,+e ed of ,+eir
mi*ra,io a, ,+e fro,ier! of Ta1+!ia$ ,+a, i!$ Ba",ria>
62
So "o!i!,e, a )arallel !eem! ,o form a
!,ro* ar*ume, i !u))or, of ,+o!e w+o !,ill !ee i ,+e YIe+1"+i+ of ,+e '+ie!e aal! ,+e
To#+aroi of ,+e Gree# +i!,oria!$ ,+e Tu#+ara of ,+e Sa!"ri, ,eA,!$ ad ,+e fu,ure Ido1S"&,+ia!
of ,+e Roma )eriod>
69
8oreo.er$ a! la,e a! ,+e fif,+ ad ei*+,+ "e,urie! 9>(>$ Ido1Euro)ea
la*ua*e! were !,ill !)o#e i ,+e oa!e! or,+ of ,+e Tarim$ a re*io w+i"+ mu!, !,ill +a.e 0ee a
)ar,$ if o, of ,+e earlier domai of ,+e YIe+1"+i+ G!i"e ,+e!e are !+ow ,o 0e a,i.e! of <a!uH$
,+e a, lea!, ,+a, of more or le!! #idred ,ri0e! a, Turfa$ <ara S+a+r$ ad <u"+a> T+e!e Ido1
Euro)ea la*ua*e! were #ow ,o li*ui!,! u,il ?ui,e re"e,l& a! To#+aria la*ua*e!$ ,+ou*+
,oda& ,+e& are "o,e, ,o de!i*a,e ,+em a! <u"+ea$ <ara!+a+ri$ ad !o o> I, !eem! li#el&$
,+e$ ,+a, a, ,+e daw of +i!,or&$ Ido1Euro)ea ,ri0e! ad.a"ed a lo* wa& ,oward ,+e Dar Ea!,>
T+e +&)o,+e!i! i! ,+e more a""e),a0le !i"e we!,er Si0eria ad )er+a)! e.e ,+e 8iu!i!#
re*io !eem ,o +a.e 0ee i+a0i,ed 0efore our era 0& )eo)le! of S"&,+o1Sarma,ia affii,ie!$ ad
!i"e 0o,+ fa"e! of ,+e TCie S+a ear Der*aa ad <a!+*ar were i+a0i,ed i ,+e 9"+aemeid
)eriod 0& ,+e Sa#a$ a )eo)le of ea!,er Iraia !)ee"+> T+u! a lar*e )ar, of ,+e Tur#e!,a of
,oda& would +a.e 0ee )eo)led 0& Ido1Euro)ea!$ ,+o!e ear <a!+*ar 0ei* of ea!,er Iraia
!,o"#$ ,+o!e of <u"+a i <iu"+Ia of To#+aria> T+e YIe+1"+i+ "orre!)od ,o ,+i! la,,er 0ra"+>
T+e earlie!, iforma,io *i.e 0& '+ie!e +i!,orio*ra)+&$ +owe.er$ "o"er! ,+e fir!, re.er!e!
!uffered 0& MIdo1Euro)eai!mM a, ,+e!e ou,)o!,!> 9! wa! !ee$ ,+e :!iu*1u uder ,+eir Shan%
y& 8ao1,u G"a> 709117LH +ad !eriou!l& defea,ed ,+e YIe+1"+i+> T+e !u""eedi* shan%y&$ /ao1
!+a* G"a> 17L1161H$ #illed ,+e #i* of ,+e YIe+1"+i+ ad +ad +i! !#ull made i,o a "u)>
70
:e
for"ed ,+e!e )eo)le ,o lea.e <a!u ad flee ,o ,+e we!, a"ro!! ,+e or,+er Go0i>
71
9 !mall
)ro)or,io of ,+em$ #ow 0& ,+e '+ie!e a! /i,,le +&eh%chih G:!ia YIe+1"+i+H$ !e,,led !ou,+ of
,+e Na!+a amo* ,+e <Cia* or Ti0e,a!$ w+o!e la*ua*e S72T ,+e& ado),ed$ a! ,+e 'h'ien
$an Shu rela,e! ,wo ad a +alf "e,urie! la,er>
77
T+e o,+er YIe+1"+i+ "la!$ "alled Grea, +&eh%
chih GTa +&eh%chihH 0& ,+e '+ie!e$ a,,em),ed ,o !e,,le i ,+e Ili .alle& ad ,+e I!!&# <ul 0a!i$
0u, were a, o"e dri.e ou, 0& ,+e Wu1!u G)roou"ed Oo1!ooH>
75
'+ie!e +i!,oria! de!"ri0e
,+e!e Wu1!u a! 0lue1e&ed$ red10earded )eo)le> '+ar)e,ier$ rela,i* ,+i! ame Oo1!oo ,o ,+a,
of ,+e 9!iaoi or 9!ioi=ao,+er ame for ,+e Sarma,ia )eo)le #ow a! 9la!=!ee! i ,+e
Wu!u ,+e a"e!,or! or #i!fol# of ,+e 9la!>
7L
If ,+i! +&)o,+e!i! i! "orre",$ i, mu!, 0e ,+e!e Wu1
!u w+o i )ar, flo"#ed i ,+e dire",io of !ou,+er Ru!!ia uder )re!!ure !imilar ,o ,+a, of ,+e
+&eh%chih ad ,+e $siung%nuE ad +ere ideed$ al0ei, !omew+a, earlier ,+a ,+e )eriod i
?ue!,io$ ,+e S"&,+ia! were 0ei* )ro*re!!i.el& re)la"ed 0& Sarma,ia )eo)le!>
:owe.er ,+i! ma& 0e$ ,+e +&eh%chih were dri.e from <a!u 0& ,+e $siung%nu$ ad i ,+eir
we!,ward !ur*e +urled ,+em!el.e! u)o ,+e Wu1!u ear ,+e Ili> T+e Wu1!u were ,em)oraril&
.a?ui!+ed 0& ,+e ew"omer!$ 0u, !oo re0elled wi,+ ,+e +el) of ,+e $siung%nu> T+e +&eh%chih
,+e re!umed ,+eir we!,ward mar"+ ad rea"+ed ,+e u))er S&r (ar&a G,+e %aAar,e! of Gree#
*eo*ra)+er!H i ,+e )ro.i"e of Der*aa G,+e Ta1&Ia of ,+e '+ie!eH$ w+ere ,+e 'h'ien $an Shu
o,e! ,+eir arri.al i a0ou, 160 B>'> T+ere ,+e& were o ,+e 0order! of ,+e Gree# #i*dom of
Ba",ria$ w+ere ,+e Gre"o1Ba",ria #i* Eu#ra,ide! mu!, +a.e 0ee "omi* ,o ,+e ed of +i!
rei*>
REPERC7SSIO1S OF THE FIRST *ICTORIES OF THE H71S+ CO//APSE OF
,REE2 -OMI1ATIO1 I1 AF,HA1ISTA1
T+e re*io! of Ta!+#e,$ Der*aa$ ad <a!+*ar were i+a0i,ed 0& ,+e )eo)le #ow ,o ,+e
'+ie!e uder ,+e ame of Sse Ga"ie, )rou"ia,io$ SsekH$ ,o ,+e Per!ia! ad Idia! a! Sa#a$
or S+a#a$ ad ,o ,+e Gree#! a! Sa#ai4 our Sa#a!> T+e& were i fa", ,+e MS"&,+ia! of 9!ia>M T+e&
formed a 0ra"+ of ,+e *rea, S"&,+o1Sarma,ia famil&E ,+a, i!$ ,+e& were omadi" Iraia! from
,+e or,+we!,er !,e))e!> T+e la*ua*e w+i"+$ !i"e ,+e wor#! of /Ider!$ i, !eem! rea!oa0le ,o
a,,ri0u,e ,o ,+em=,+e Sa#a la*ua*e$ of w+i"+ a um0er of mau!"ri),! da,i* from ,+e earl&
8iddle 9*e! were foud a, <+o,a 0& ,+e 9urel S,ei mi!!io=i! a MEa!, IraiaM diale",> T+e
re0oud of ,+e S79T YIe+"+i+ u)o ,+e Sa#a )o)ula,io! +ad a *eeral re)er"u!!io amo*
,+em ad re!ul,ed i ,+eir i.a!io of ,+e realm fouded i Ba",ria 0& Gree# #i*!$ 9leAaderC!
!u""e!!or!> 9""ordi* ,o ,+e ,+eor& *eerall& a""e),ed u) ,o ,+e ,ime of W> W> Tar$ ,+e Sa#a$
uder )re!!ure from ,+e +&eh%chih$ o.erra So*diaa ad ,+e Ba",ria$ ,+ere ,a#i* ,+e )la"e of
,+e Gree#!> Be,wee 1L0 ad 150$ Ba",ria wa! i fa", "a),ured from ,+e Gree# #i* :elio"le! 0&
omad ,ri0e!$ of w+om ,+e 0e!, #ow$ a""ordi* ,o S,ra0o$ were ,+e sioi$ ,asianoi$ Tokharoi$
ad Sakaraulai$ all from lad! or,+ of ,+e %aAar,e! GS&r (ar&aH> I, i! i a& "a!e diffi"ul, ,o
ide,if& ,+e!e ,ri0e! eAa",l&> 9! +a! 0ee !aid$ %arl '+ar)e,ier !aw i ,+e sioi$ w+om Pom)eiu!
Tro*u! "all! sianoi$ ,+e Wu!u of ,+e Ili$ me,ioed 0& '+ie!e +i!,oria!>
73
T+e Sakaraulai or
Saraucae GSaka -awakaH !eem ,o !u**e!, a a"ie, Sa#a ,ri0e> 9! for ,+e To#+aroi$ a""ordi*
,o ,+e +&)o,+e!i! mai,aied 0& :> W> Baile&$ ,+e& were ,+e .er& u"leu! of ,+e +&ehchih
)eo)le>
76

I 172 B>'>$ w+e ,+e '+ie!e am0a!!ador '+a* '+Cie "ame ,o .i!i, ,+e +&eh%chih$ ,+e
'+ie!e +i!,oria S!u1ma '+Cie me,io! ,+em a! +a.i* "o?uered ad o""u)ied So*diaa
GM,+e "ou,r& or,+ of ,+e ri.er Wei$M ,+a, i!$ or,+ of ,+e OAu!H$ w+ere$ ,+e 'h'ien $an Shu ,ell!$
,+e& +ad for ,+eir "a)i,al ,+e ,ow of <ie!+i+> Toru :aeda ide,ifie! ,+i! ame )+oe,i"all&
wi,+ <ada$ a a00re.ia,io of 8ar#ada or Samar#ad>
77
T+e ,wo '+ie!e a""ou,! add ,+a,
,+e +&eh%chih 0ad !u0@u*a,ed MTa%hsiaM=,+a, i!$ Ba",ria=,+ou*+ ,+e& !eem o, ,o +a.e
o""u)ied i,$ a, lea!, a, ,+a, ,ime>
72
Tar woder! Gerroeou!l&H w+e,+er ,+e lord! of Ba",ria ,+u!
"o?uered 0& ,+e +&eh%chih ma& !,ill +a.e 0ee Gree#!=i w+i"+ "a!e ,+e Sa#a "ould o, +a.e
dri.e ,+em from ,+e "ou,r&=ra,+er ,+a ,+e Sa#a ,+em!el.e!> 8a& Orie,ali!,! 0elie.e a, a&
ra,e ,+a, .er& !+or,l& af,erward$ !a&$ a0ou, 176$ ,+e +&eh.chih$ 0ei* o lo*er !a,i!fied wi,+
,+eir !u;erai,& o.er Ba",ria$ "ro!!ed ,+e OAu! ad a",uall& o""u)ied ,+a, )ro.i"e> T+e& 0a!e
,+i! .iew o ,+e )a!!a*e i ,+e $ou $an Shu w+i"+ !,a,e! eA)li"i,l& ,+a, ,+e +&eh%chih emi*ra,ed
,o Ta+!ia ad di.ided ,+e "ou,r& amo* fi.e "+ief!$ or She%hu GyabghuH> I, i! ,rue ,+a, ,+e 'h'ien
$an Shu/ a +i!,or& wri,,e earer ,o ,+e ,ime of ,+e!e e.e,!$ !eem! le!! "lear o ,+e )oi,> I,
!a&! merel& ,+a, M,+e Ta1+!ia U,+a, i!$ ,+e )eo)le of Ba",riaV +ad o *rea, "+ief! 0u, ol& )e,,&
"+ief,ai! of ,ow! ad S50T +amle,!E ,+e& were a wea# )eo)le w+o feared war U,+e!e ,+e
"ao, +a.e 0ee rou*+ Gree# ad.e,urer!$ 0u, 0ar0aria! of !ome !or,H$ !o ,+a, a, ,+e !i*+, of
,+e +&eh%chih$ ,+e& all made !u0mi!!io>M
79
T+i! i! a o0!"ure ad am0i*uou! ,eA, w+i"+ allow!
of o "o"lu!io ei,+er wa&> Bu, ,+ere i! ao,+er$ ue?ui.o"al ,eA,,+a, of ,+e $ou $an Shu=
w+i"+ !,a,e! ,+a, i 9>(>2L ,+e '+ie!e *eeral Pa '+Cao a!#ed ,+e #i* of ,+e +&eh%chih ,o
remo!,ra,e wi,+ ,+e #i* of So*diaa G('ang%kiuH>
20
T+i! mea! ,+a, So*diaa ad ,+e +&eh%
chih "ou,r& were ?ui,e di!,i", a, ,+i! da,eE ,+erefore$ ,+e +&eh%chih )eo)le mu!, 0e !ou*+,
el!ew+ere$ )ro0a0l& far,+er !ou,+ ,oward Ba",ria> 9f,er a !o@our or,+ of ,+e OAu!$ ,+e& +ad
"ro!!ed ,+e ri.er ad ,+e re)la"ed ,+e Sa#a i Ba",ria> 9""ordi* ,o Tar Gw+o!e o)iio we
"ao, a""e),H I ,+e& +ad "a),ured Ba",ria almo!, dire",l& from ,+e Gree#!>
21
I a& e.e,$ ,+eir
mi*ra,io wa! ,+e !i*al for a *eeral ,umul, of ,+e )eo)le! ad a !ur*e of omad! a"ro!! ea!,er
Ira> T+ru!, 0a"# i ,+e !ou,+ 0& ,+e +&eh%chih$ ,+e Sa#a o""u)ied (ra*iaa GSei!,aH ad
9ra#+o!ia G<ada+arH> T+e o""u)a,io wa! )ermae,$ for from ,+a, ,ime ,+o!e "ou,rie!
0e"ame i Iraia ome"la,ure M,+e Sa#a "ou,r&$M Sa#a!,aa$ w+e"e ,+e moder Per!ia
Sei!,a>
Drom ,+ere all ,+e!e omad! fell u)o ,+e Par,+ia Em)ire ad "ame ear ,o de!,ro&i* i,> T+e
Par,+ia #i* P+raa,e! II$ ,+rea,eed i 8edia 0& 9,io"0o! VII$ #i* of S&ria$ ad +i! a,,em),ed
Seleu"id re"o?ue!, G179 B>'>H$ +ad 0ee ra!+ eou*+ ,o i.o#e ,+e aid of !ome of ,+e
0ar0aria!> T+e& "ame 0u, !oo ,ured a*ai!, P+raa,e! +im!elf$ w+o wa! defea,ed ad #illed
G172 or 177 B>'>H> 9 ew #i* of Par,+ia$ 9r,e0au! II$ wa! mor,all& wouded$ Pom)eiu! Tro*u!
,ell!$ duri* a "ou,era,,a"# a*ai!, ,+e To#+ari i 17L or 175> T+i! would !eem ,o )ro.e ,+a, ,+e
+&eh%chih of '+ie!e +i!,or&=if ,+e& "orre!)od$ a! !u))o!ed$ ,o ,+e To#+aroi of Gree# +i!,or&
=were from ,+a, ,ime e!,a0li!+ed i Ba",ria$ a "ou,r& of w+i"+ ,+e& la,er made a MTo#+ari!,a>M
T+e Par,+ia #i* 8i,+rida,e! II G175122H !u""eeded$ i, i! ,rue$ i !,o))i* ,+e omad i.a!io!
ad e.e i im)o!i* +i! !u;erai,& o.er ,+e Sa#a of Sei!,a> Ne.er,+ele!! i77 ,+e Sa#araulai
were !,ro* eou*+ i Ira ,o )la"e o ,+e Par,+ia ,+roe a 9r!a"id of ,+eir ow "+oi"e4 ,+eir
)ro,B*B Sia,ru#e! or Saa,roi#e!$ w+o la,er !ou*+, ,o o))o!e ,+em ad )eri!+ed uder ,+eir
0low! G"a>70 B>'>H
S51T
T+e !u0!e?ue, de!,iie! of ,+e Sa#a ad ,+e +&eh%chih of ,+e!e re*io! form )ar, of ,+e +i!,or&
of Ira ad Idia> I, i! eou*+ ,o re"all +ere ,+a, from Sei!,a ad <ada+ar ,+e Sa#a eA)aded
,o <a0ul ad ,+e Pu@a0E ,+e$ w+e ,+e!e "ou,rie! were o""u)ied 0& ,+e +&eh%chih$ ,o 8al.a
ad Gu@ara,$ w+ere Sa#a !a,ra)! remaied u,il ,+e four,+ "e,ur& 9>(> 9! for ,+e +&eh%chih of
Ba",ria$ '+ie!e +i!,or& !+ow! ,+em a! foudi* i ,+e fir!, "e,ur& of ,+i! era ,+e *rea, d&a!,&
of ,+e <u!+a! Gi '+ie!e$ (uei%shuangH>
27
T+e!e <u!+a!$ !o ,+e '+Cie :a S+u ,ell! u!$ were
oe of ,+e fi.e "la! w+i"+ a0ou, 172 B>'> di.ided Ba",ria 0e,wee ,+em>
T+e $ou $an Shu rela,e! +ow ,+e "+ief of ,+e <u!+a!$ 'h'iuchiu%ch'ueh
25
G,+e <u@ula
<ad)+i!e! of "oi!H$ fouded 0& mea! of ,+e !u0mi!!io of ,+e o,+er +&eh%chih "la! ,+e
<u!+a Em)ire$ #ow ,o ,+e Gree#! ad Roma! uder ,+e ame of Em)ire of ,+e Ido1
S"&,+ia!> T+e <u!+a em)eror! <u@ula or <u@olo <ad)+i!e! or <ad)+i!e! I G0e,wee50 ad91
or 97H$ Vima <ad)+i!e! or <ad)+i!e! II G0e,wee97 ad a0ou, 157H$ <ai!+#a G0e,wee a0ou,
1LL ad 177H$ :u.i!+#a G"a> 1771717H$ ad Va!ude.a G"a> 71717LLH eA,eded ,+eir !wa& from
<a0ul o.er )ar, of or,+er Idia G,+e Pu@a0 ad 8a,+uraH>
2L
I, i! al!o #ow +ow *rea, a )ar,
<ai!+#a )la&ed i ,+e di!!emia,io of Budd+i!m i,o 'e,ral 9!ia> T+e aim +ere i! ,o !+ow
,+e "olo!!al im)a", of ,+e fir!, :ui" ,+ru!, o ,+e de!,iie! of 9!ia> I dri.i* ,+e +&eh%chih
from <a!u$ ,+e $siung%nu +ad !,ar,ed a !e?ue"e of re)er"u!!io! w+i"+ were fel, a! far awa&
a! We!,er 9!ia ad Idia> 9f*+ai!,a wa! lo!, ,o :ellei!mE ,+e la!, .e!,i*e! of 9leAaderC!
"o?ue!, i ,+e!e re*io! +ad 0ee wi)ed ou,E Par,+ia Ira +ad 0ee ,em)oraril& !+a#e ad ,+e
,ri0e! ,+ru!, 0a"# from <a!u 0ad foud a uloo#ed1for em)ire i <a0ul ad or,+we!, Idia>
T+e !ame )ro"e!! "o,iue! ,+rou*+ou, ,+e +i!,or& w+i"+ i! our )re!e, !,ud&> T+e !li*+,e!,
im)ul!e a, oe ed of ,+e !,e))e ie.i,a0l& !e,! i mo,io a "+ai of ?ui,e ueA)e",ed
"o!e?ue"e! i all four "orer! of ,+i! imme!e ;oe of mi*ra,io!>
CO1F/ICTS .ET#EE1 THE HSI71,%17 A1- THE EAR/( HA1+ SP/ITT #ITH
THE #ESTER1 HSI71,%17
T+e remo.al of ,+e +&eh%chih i"rea!ed ,+e im)or,a"e of ,+e $siung%nu> Drom ,+a, ,ime
forward ,+e& domia,ed 0o,+ !ide!
S57T
S55T
of ,+e ea!,er Go0i4 U))er 8o*olia$ w+ere ,+eir !+all1&I +ad oe of +i! re!ide"e! ear w+a,
wa! ,o 0e <ara#orum i ,+e Or#+o re*io$ ad Ier 8o*olia$ a, ,+e foo, of ,+e Wall of
'+ia>
23
T+eir !?uadro! ow eAe"u,ed dari* raid! i,o '+ie!e ,erri,or&> I 167 ,+e& )ee,ra,ed
S+e!i a! far a! :wei"+u* Gwe!, of ,+e '+ie!e "a)i,al$ '+a*aH$ w+ere ,+e& 0ured a
im)erial )ala"e> I 132 B>'> ,+e& re,ured or,+ of ,+e Wei$ dire",l& ,+rea,ei* '+a*a> I 1L7
,+e& a,,a"#ed ,+e Grea, Wall ,oward Yeme$ ear Ta,u*$ or,+ of S+a!i> T+e '+ie!e fro,ier
wa! 0ei* ,+rea,eed a, e.er& )oi, w+e a *rea, em)eror$ Wu1,i G1L0127H$ a!"eded ,+e ,+roe
of ,+e :a>
26

T+e em)ire of "o,ie,al 9!ia ,+e 0elo*ed ,o ,+e $siung%nu> T+e "+ief re!ide"e of ,+eir
!+all1&I=i !o far a! ,+e!e omad! +ad a re!ide"e=or a, lea!, oe of +i! !ummer ?uar,er!$
wa!$ a! o,ed$ o ,+e +eadwa,er! of ,+e Or#+o> 9o,+er of ,+eir "e,er!$ #ow ,o ,+e '+ie!e
0& ,+e ame of /u*$ i! ,+ou*+, ,o +a.e 0ee far,+er !ou,+ i ,+e Go0i$ ,oward ,+e lower rea"+e!
of ,+e O*#i> Wu1,i formed a )la ,o dri.e ,+em 0a"# ,o ,+e!e +au,!> Bu, 0efore *i.i* 0a,,le$
0e ,ried ,o ,a#e ,+em i ,+e rear 0& all&i* +im!elf wi,+ ,+e +&eh%chih$ ow !e,,led i So*diaa>
Wi,+ ,+i! aim$ +e !e, ,+e +&eh%chih +i! am0a!!ador$ '+a* '+Cie> :a.i* lef, '+ia i 152$
'+a* '+Cie wa! "a),ured almo!, a, o"e 0& ,+e $siung%nu$ w+o !e, +im ,o ,+eir !+all1&I
(iunch'en>
27
T+ere +e wa! for"i0l& de,aied for ,e &ear!> 9, la!, +e wa! a0le ,o e!"a)e$ ad
rea"+ed ,+e #i* of Der*aa GTa1&IaH$ w+e"e +e arri.ed i So*diaa G('ang%kiuH> Bu, ,+e
+&eh%chih$ )lea!ed wi,+ ,+eir ew domai$ ,oo# o fur,+er i,ere!, i Go0i affair!> '+a* '+Cie
!e, off u)o +i! +omeward @oure&> 9f,er 0ei* ,a#e )ri!oer o"e more 0& ,+e $siung%nu$ w+o
#e), +im for o.er a &ear$ +e a, la!, re,ured ,o '+ia i 176>
22
GI 113 a !imilar em0a!!& wa! !e,
,o ,+e Wu1!u$ i ,+e Ili re*io$ wi,+ a! li,,le !u""e!!$ a! ,+e!e )eo)le dared o, e*a*e i war
a*ai!, ,+e $siung%nu>H
9! ,+e +&eh%chih refu!ed ,o )ro.ide ,+e +o)ed1for di.er!io$ ,+e em)eror Wu1,i !,ar,ed +i! war
a*ai!, ,+e $siung%nu uaided> T+e la,,er +ad @u!, made oe of ,+eir "u!,omar& raid! i ,+e
dire",io of moder Pe#i* G179H> T+e '+ie!e *eeral Wei T!Ci*$ !e,,i* ou, from ,+e re*io of
or,+er S+a!i$ "ro!!ed ,+e Go0i a! far a! /u*$ o ,+e O*#i$ ad )u, ,+em ,o fli*+,> I 177$
'+ia e!,a0li!+ed a mili,ar& "olo& a, '+ofa* o ,+e YellowRi.er S5LT Ri.er$ 0e,wee ,+e
Ordo! ad ,+e 9la!+a$ ,o "o.er ,+e *rea, loo) of ,+e ri.er> I 17L$ ,+e $siung%nu i.aded ,+e
'+ofa* mar"+e! ad Wei Wi* dro.e ,+em ou,> I 171$ Wei Wi*C! e)+ew$ ,+e &ou* +ero :o
<Ciu1)i*$ a, ,+e +ead of ,e ,+ou!ad +or!eme$ al!o "+a!ed ,+e $siung%nu from ,+e )ar, of
<a!u formerl& o""u)ied 0& ,+e +&eh%chih ad ,+e Wu1!u$ o, far from ,+e )re!e,1da& ,ow!
of /ia*"+ow$ <a"+ow$ ad <wa"+ow> T+e ,wo mior +orde! of $siung%nu w+o were i
)o!!e!!io of ,+i! ,erri,or&=,+e $uen%shih horde roud <a"+ow ad ,+e $ieuch'u roud
/ia*"+ow=lef, ,+e !er.i"e of ,+eir !+all1&I$ offered ,+em!el.e! ,o ,+e em)ire$ ad were
e!,a0li!+ed a! "ofedera,e! or,+ of ,+e Na!+a>
29
I 170$ a "om)a", '+ie!e "olo& wa!
formed i ,+e Ordo!> I 119$ Wei T!Ci* ad :o <Ciu1)i*=,+e fir!, !,ar,i* from ,+e <u#u :o,o
re*io i or,+er S+a!i$ ,+e !e"od from S+a*#iu$ ear ,+e moder SIa+wa$ or,+we!, of
Pe#i*=ro!!ed ,+e Go0i ad rea"+ed w+a, i! ow Ou,er 8o*olia$ ,+e "e,er of ,+e :ui"
em)ire> Wei T!Ci*$ a! 9l0er, :errma !u**e!,!$ !eem! ,o +a.e *oe a! far a! ,+e lower O*#i>
:e ,oo# ,+e shall%y& +i%che%shih 0& !ur)ri!e ad )u, +im ,o fli*+, i ,+e mid!, of a !ou,+erl& *ale
w+i"+ 0lew ,+e !ad i ,+e fa"e! of ,+e $siung%nu> :e #illed or "a),ured 19$000 0ar0aria!> :o
<Ciu1)i*$ 0& a e.e 0older eA)edi,io$ )ee,ra,ed 600 mile! i,o Ou,er 8o*olia a! far a! ,+e
a))roa"+e! ,o ,+e u))er Tula ad ,+e u))er Or#+o> :e "a),ured more ,+a ei*+,& :u "+ief!
ad made !olem !a"rifi"e! o ,+e mou,ai! of ,+eir "ou,r&> :o <Ciu1)i* died i 117$ !oo
af,er +i! re,ur> O ,+i! *rea, +or!emaC! ,om0 a, Sie&a* GS+e!iH a )owerful !"ul),ure i +i*+
relief wa! ere",ed$ re)re!e,i* a +or!e "ru!+i* a 0ar0aria>
90

O"e ,+e $siung%nu 0ad 0ee ,+row 0a"# i,o U))er 8o*olia$ ,+e em)eror Wu1,i "rea,ed i
<a!u 0e,wee ,+e &ear! 177 ad 111 a !erie! of "ommaderie! ad mili,ar& )refe",ure!$ wi,+
,+e o0@e", of )re.e,i* ,+eir re,ur> T+e "ommaderie! of Wuwei Gear /ia*"+owH$ '+a*&e+
Gear <a"+owH$ T;u1"+Cua Gear Su"+owH$ ad Tu+wa*$ !,re,"+i* from /a"+ow ,o ,+e
YIme )a!!$ mar#ed ou, ,+e old +&eh%chih "ou,r& ad *uarded ,+e Sil# Road>
91
I 102$ ,+e
'+ie!e *eeral '+ao PCo1u )re!!ed e.e fur,+er ,o ,+e or,+we!,$ a! far a! ,+e #i*dom! of
/oula i /o0 Nor$ ad of <iu1!+i+$ ,+e Turfa of ,oda&> :e ,oo# ,+e #i* of /oula )ri!oer ad
defea,ed ,+e #i* of <iu1!+i+>
97
Dor S53T !ome &ear! '+ia +ad +ad "ommer"ial rela,io! wi,+
Der*aa GTa%y&an i '+ie!eH$ a "ou,r& i+a0i,ed o dou0, 0& ea!,er Iraia! or Sa#a! w+o
!u))lied '+ia wi,+ +or!e! of ,+e fie Tra!oAiaia 0reed> 90ou, 103$ wear& of ,+i!
re?ui!i,ioi*$ ,+e Der*ae!e a!!a!!ia,ed ,+e '+ie!e am0a!!ador> I 107$ ,+e '+ie!e *eeral
/i <ua*1li$ i a mar"+ of ueAam)led dari*$ ad.a"ed wi,+ more ,+a !iA,& ,+ou!ad me
from Tu+wa* all ,+e wa& ,o Der*aa> W+e +e arri.ed$ +e +ad ol& ,+ir,& ,+ou!ad me lef,>
:e redu"ed ,+e "a)i,al of ,+e "ou,r&=)er+a)! U!ru!+a$ ,+e moder Ura T&u0e=0& di.er,i*
,+e wa,erwa&!$ ad did o, wi,+draw u,il 0e +ad re"ei.ed ,+ree ,+ou!ad +or!e! i ,ri0u,e>
95

8eaw+ile$ i ,+e or,+$ ,+e $siung%nu +ad o, di!armed$ ad ,+e ed of Wu1,iC! rei* wa!
mar#ed 0& a di!a!,er !imilar ,o ,+a, of Varu!$ ,+ou*+ far le!! !eriou!> 9 &ou* '+ie!e "a),ai
amed /i /i* )laed ,o lead a eA)edi,io i,o U))er 8o*olia> Ta#i* wi,+ +im 3$000 foo,
!oldier! 0e lef, '+ia 0& <iu1&e$ o ,+e or,+er rea"+e! of ,+e E,!i Gol$ ad for ,+ir,& da&!
mar"+ed due or,+$ i ,+e dire",io of ,+e O*#i> :a.i* arri.ed a, 8ou, Siu1#i=o dou0,
!omew+ere ear ,+e mou,ai #ow a! Tu)!+i=+e foud +im!elf !urrouded 0& 20$000
$siung%nu$ w+o!e mou,ed ar"+er! 0e*a +arr&i* ,+e li,,le ,roo)> :e re,rea,ed ,oward ,+e
'+ie!e fro,ier$ !,ill )ur!ued 0& omad "a.alr&> MI oe da& ,+e '+ie!e arm& !+o, 300$000
arrow! ad +ad oe lef,> T+e "+ario,! were a0adoed ad ,+e mar"+ wa! re!umed o foo,> T+e
!oldier! +ad ,a#e ,+e "+ario, )ole!$ ad ,+e& 0radi!+ed ,+em> T+e offi"er! "arried #i.e! o
more ,+a a foo, lo*>M Ne.er,+ele!!$ ,+e re,rea,i* "olum "ame wi,+i ,+ir,& mile! of ,+e
'+ie!e fro,ier$ ,o ,+e !"ee of ,+e "a,a!,ro)+e> MT+e& +ad e,ered a *or*e> T+e !+all1&I
0lo"#ed ,+e ed! of i, ad$ "lim0i* ,o ,+e ,o) of ,+e mou,ai$ +e "au!ed 0oulder! ,o 0e rolled
dow> Offi"er! ad me )eri!+ed i *rea, um0er!> I, wa! im)o!!i0le ,o *o forward>M
9L
Ni*+,
wa! falli*> Uder "o.er of dar#e!!$ /i /i* a,,em),ed ,o !,eal i,o ,+e mid!, of ,+e $siung%nu
,o #ill ,+e !+all1&I> :e failed> I, wa! ea"+ ma for +im!elf> Ol& four +udred '+ie!e !u""eeded
i e!"a)i* ad rea"+i* ,+e fro,ierE all ,+e re!, were ,a#e )ri!oer$ i"ludi* /i /i* +im!elf>
9, ,+i! ew!$ ,+e em)eror Wu1,i flew i,o a ra*e$ ad ,+e +i!,oria S!u1ma '+Cie$ w+o !ou*+, ,o
defed ,+e re)u,a,io of ,+e *alla, /i /i*$ wa! !u0@e",ed ,o a "ruel S56T )ui!+me,> T+e
Mdi!a!,er of /i /i*M idu"ed '+ia ,o *i.e u) for a ,ime ,+i! !&!,em of "ou,erraid! i Ou,er
8o*olia> :owe.er$ ,+i! moral defea, Gfor i, i.ol.ed o more ,+a a mior de,a"+me,H did o,
im)eril ,+e 0oudarie! of <a!u>
93

:ui" a,i?ui,ie! from ,+i! )eriod "ome from Tra!0ai#alia> T+ere are$ a! me,ioed$ ,+e re"e,
di!"o.erie! of ,+e ,om0! of (ere!,ui!#$ ear Troi,!#o!a.!#$ w+ere Si0eria 0ro;e )la?ue! are
da,ed 0& '+ie!e "oi! i!!ued !i"e 112 B>'>$ ad ,+o!e of ,+e ,om0! of '+i,a$ w+i"+$ a""ordi*
,o 8er+ar,$ da,e from ,+e !e"od ad fir!, "e,urie! B>'> Tra!0ai#alia form! ,+e :ui"
+i,erlad$ from w+i"+ ,+e +orde! w+o i au,um "ame ,o a,,a"# ,+e Ordo! loo) drew ,+eir
re!er.e!>
(uri* ,+e e!ui* )eriod$ ,+e $siung%nu ad '+ia$ wi,+ou, e*a*i* i o)e "ofli", a, ,+e
Grea, Wall or i 8o*olia$ !,ru**led wi,+ oe ao,+er for )o!!e!!io of ,+e or,+er Tarim
oa!e!4 ,+a, i!$ for "o,rol of ,+e Sil# Road> I 77$ ,+e #i* of /oula i /o0 Nor1w+i"+$ allied
wi,+ ,+e $siung%nu$ +ad re.ol,ed a*ai!, '+ie!e !u;erai,&=wa! 0e+eaded ad a '+ie!e
"olo& wa! e!,a0li!+ed i ,+a, "ou,r&$ a, Yi1!u> Uder ,+e :a em)eror Siua1,i G751L9H$
'+ie!e eA)a!io i ,+e Tarim 0a!i made a de"i!i.e ad.a"e> MT+e :a$M ,+e em)eror
de"lared$ M+a.e ,+eir ow "ode$ w+i"+ i! a "ode of "o?ueror![M I 71$ ,+e '+ie!e *eeral
'+Ca* :uei we, ,o ,+e aid of ,+e Wu1!u of ,+e Ili .alle& a*ai!, ,+e $siung%nu> I 67$ ,+e
#i*dom of Turfa G(iu%shihH$ w+i"+ +ad @oied ,+e ad+ere,! of ,+e $siung%nu$ wa! redu"ed 0&
,+e '+ie!e *eeral '+e* <i> I 63$ ao,+er '+ie!e "ommader$ Du* Du*1!+i+$ o.er,+rew
,+e #i* of Yar#ad ad 0rou*+, ,+e oa!i! i,o !u0!er.ie"e> NeA, &ear$ i, i! ,rue$ ,+e #i*dom of
Turfa wa! e.a"ua,ed 0& i,! '+ie!e *arri!o ad re.er,ed a, o"e ,o ,+e $siung%nu$ 0u, i, wa!
reo""u)ied i60 0& '+e* <i> 9f,er e!,a0li!+i* a im)or,a, mili,ar& "am) a, <Ciu1li$ !ou,+ of
<ara S+a+r$ '+e* <i i!,alled +im!elf a! )ro,e",or of ,+e Tarim a, Wu1lei$ !i,ua,ed 0e,wee
<ara S+a+r ad <u"+a$ w+e"e +e "ould #ee) ,+e w+ole re*io uder !ur.eilla"e>
T+u! '+ia !a,"+ed "o,rol of ,+e Sil# Road from ,+e $siungnu> T+a, ,+e!e !+ould +a.e )u, u)
!o ieffe",ual a re!i!,a"e wa! due ,o ,+e fa", ,+a, from60 oward ,+e& were wea#eed 0& a
!erie! of "i.il war!> Two )re,eder!$ :u1+a1&e ad '+e1"+e$ "laimed ,+e ,i,le of !+all1&d> I 31$
:u1+a1&e we, i )er!o S57T ,o ,+e "our, of '+a*a ,o ma#e a a", of +oma*e ad !ee# ,+e
!u))or, of ,+e Em)eror :!Ia1,i> Drom L9$ ,+a#! ,o '+ie!e )ro,e",io$ +e ,rium)+ed o.er +i!
ri.al$ ad iL5 !e,,led dow a! .i",or i ,+e familiar e"am)me,! of ,+e Or#+o> I 55$ ,+i!
,amed :u we, ,o )a& "our, ,o ,+e So of :ea.e a, '+a*a$ ad re"ei.ed ,+e !u)reme
reward$ "o.e,ed 0& all 0ar0aria!4 ,+e +ad of a '+ie!e )ri"e!! i marria*e>
T+e .a?ui!+ed '+e1"+e$ lea.i* old 8o*olia ,o ,+e .a!!al of '+ia$ we, ,o !ee# +i! for,ue
i ,+e we!,$ i w+a, i! ow Ru!!ia Tur#e!,a GLL B>'>H> O +i! wa& +e defea,ed ,+e Wu1!u of
,+e Ili$ 0rou*+, uder +i! !wa& ,+e :u1#ie of ,+e Imil ad ,+e <Cie1#Cu of ,+e 9ral !,e))e!$ ad
made ,+em +i! "ofedera,e!E +e e.e e"roa"+ed u)o ,+e )eo)le of So*diaa G('ang%kiuH w+o
+ad 0ee !o ra!+ a! ,o +el) +im$ ad !e, u) +i! "am)! i ,+e !,e))e! of ,+e '+u ad Tala! ri.er!>
T+i! wa! ,+e *erm of a *rea, $siung%nu em)ire i ,+e we!,> Bu, ,+e '+ie!e lef, +im o ,ime ,o
"o!olida,e +i! )o!i,io$ for i56 ,+eir *eeral '+Ce* Va*$ i a raid of eA"e),ioal dari*$
)ee,ra,ed a! far a! ,+e '+u$ ,oo# '+e1"+e 0& !ur)ri!e$ ad 0e+eaded +im G56153H> 9f,er ,+i!
!udde drama$ ,+e :ui" eleme,! ,+a, +ad followed '+e1"+e o +i! mar"+ ,o ,+e 9ral dro)
from !i*+,> T+e!e $siung%nu of ,+e we!, +a.e o +i!,or&$ for la"# of "o,a", wi,+ a& *rea,
"i.ili;ed a,io w+i"+ mi*+, +a.e )re!er.ed !ome iforma,io a0ou, ,+em$ a! '+ia did for ,+e
ea!,er $siung%nu> No, u,il ,+e ed of ,+e four,+ "e,ur& 9>(>$ a0ou, 5701573$ w+e ,+eir
de!"eda,! "ro!!ed ,+e Vol*a ad ,+e (o ,o i.ade Euro)e$ will ,+e!e :u! 0e foud a*ai i
"la!!i"al +i!,or& wi,+ Balamir ad 9,,ila>
CO1F/ICTS .ET#EE1 CHI1A A1- THE HSI71,%17 -7RI1, THE6 PERIO- OF
THE /ATER HA1 -(1AST(+ SP/IT #ITH THE SO7THER1 HSI71,%17
T+e eAodu! of ,+e we!,er $siung%nu ad ,+e remo.al of ,+o!e of ,+e ea!, from ,+e affair! of ,+e
Tarim 0a!i !e"ured ,o ,+e '+ie!e ,+e +e*emo& of 'e,ral 9!ia> T+i! !i,ua,io$ +owe.er$ wa!
im)eriled 0& ,+e "i.il war! i '+ia w+i"+ mar#ed ,+e fall of ,+e earl& :a d&a!,& G9>(>2 ,o
73H> T+e shall%y& of ,+e $siung%nu ,oo# ad.a,a*e of ,+e!e ,o !ei;e ,+e )ro,e",ora,e of ,+e
#i*dom of Turfa G9>(> 10H ad ,o raid ,+e mar"+e!> T+e S52T ,om0 of a $siung%nu "+ief of
,+a, )eriod$ di!"o.ered a, Noi Ula ear Ur*a 0& ,+e <o;lo. mi!!io$
96
)ermi,! a *lim)!e of
:ui" "ul,ure$ wi,+ fa0ri"! di!)la&i* !,&li;ed aimal mo,if! "+ara",eri!,i" of Si0ero1Sarma,ia
!,e))e ar, ad ,+e ar, of ,+e 9l,ai$ a! well a! 0orrowi*! 0o,+ from '+ia ad ,+e Gre"o1 Roma
'rimea4 amel&$ a '+ie!e la"?uer da,i* from ,+e &ear7 of ,+i! era ad a :ellei!,i" fa0ri"
ori*ia,i* i ,+e 'immeria Bo!)oru!>
97

W+e ,+e !e"od :a d&a!,&$ #ow a! ,+a, of ,+e la,e :a$ a!"eded ,+e ,+roe of '+ia
G9>(> 73H$ ,+e '+ie!e )ro,e",ora,e of ,+e Tarim +ad !,ill ,o 0e re!,ored> Ver& for,ua,el& for
'+ia$ ,+e $siung%nu were a, ,+i! ,ime di.ided amo* ,+em!el.e!> I L2$ ,+e ei*+, $siung%nu
+orde! of ,+e !ou,+ uder ,+eir "+ief Pi re0elled a*ai!, ,+e shall%y& ,'u%nu ad made !u0mi!!io
,o '+ia> Em)eror <ua* Wu1,i 0e!,owed u)o ,+em ,+e !,a,u! of "ofedera,e! i Ier
8o*olia$ o ,+e !ou,+er 0order! of ,+e Go0i ad ,+e mar"+e! of <a!u ad S+a!i> T+u! wa!
fouded ,+e #i*dom of ,+e !ou,+er $siungnuE ad ,+e!e$ !o lo* a! '+ia remaied !,ro*$
"o,iued a! fai,+ful de)ede,! of ,+e em)ire u,il$ i ,+e da&! of i,! de"lie i ,+e four,+
"e,ur&$ ,+e& 0e"ame i,! de!,ro&er!> T+e !,or& i! )aralleled amo* ma& federa,ed Germai"
)eo)le! alo* ,+e ou,!#ir,! of ,+e Roma Em)ire>
Dor ,+e mome,$ '+iaC! ol& foe! were ,+e or,+er $siungnu of ,+e a"ie, :ui" #i*dom
of ,+e Or#0o i Ou,er 8o*olia> 9roud 9>(> L9$ wi,+ ,+e o0@e", of lau"+i* a fla# a,,a"#
a*ai!, ,+em$ T!i Yu*$ ,+e '+ie!e *o.eror of /iao,u*$ i"i,ed ,wo ei*+0ori* +orde!
a*ai!, ,+em4 ,+e Wu1+ua of ,+e u))er /iao Ri.er 0a!i i 8a"+uria$ ad ,+e $sien%pi$ w+o
were mo!, )ro0a0l& of 8o*ol !,o"# ad w+o led a omadi" life far,+er or,+$ ear ,+e *rea,
<+i*a ad ,+e Ri.er Noi> Wea#eed 0& ,+e !e"e!!io of ,+e !ou,+er $siung%nu ad 0& ,+e
fla# a,,a"# of ,+e $sien%pi ad 0u%huan$ ,+e or,+er $siung%nu "ea!ed ,o )re!e, a& !eriou!
,+rea,>
THE SI/2 ROA-
'+ia )rofi,ed 0& ,+i! !u""e!! ,o re"o.er ,+e )ro,e",ora,e of ,+e Tarim oa!e!> T+e!e$ a! we +a.e
!ee$ formed a dou0le ar" rui* or,+ ad !ou,+ of ,+e Tarim 0a!i> T+o!e of ,+e or,+ S59T
were Turfa G,+e #ow ,o ,+e '+ie!e a! (iu%shihH$ <ara S+a+r G+enkiH$ <u"+a G(ucheH$ 9#!u
G(umoH$ U"+ Turfa G0ensruH$ ad <a!+*ar GShufuH> I ,+e !ou,+ were /oula 0& ,+e /o0 Nor$
<+o,a G$otienH$ ad Yar#ad GSocheH>
92
T+a, i ,+e !e.e,+ "e,ur& 9>(> Ido1Euro)ea
diale",! were !,ill 0ei* !)o#e a, <ara S+a+r$ <u"+a$ ad o dou0, al!o a, <a!+*ar lead! ,o ,+e
!urmi!e ,+a, ,+e i+a0i,a,! of ,+e Tarim 0a!i mu!, +a.e 0elo*ed a, lea!, i )ar, ,o ,+e Ido1
Euro)ea famil&> T+e <u"+ea la*ua*e$ i i,! !e.e,+1"e,ur& form$ !+ow! affii,& wi,+ Ido1
Iraia$ :i,,i,e$ 9rmeia$ ad Sla.i"> T+ou*+ i, ma& o, 0e "er,ai Ga! i! "o,eded 0& ,+e
Germa !"+ool of Sie* ad Sie*li*H ,+a, ,+e ame To#+aria i! a))li"a0le ,o ,+e <u"+ea ad
<ara!+a+ri diale",!$ ,+eir Ido1Euro)ea a,ure i! 0e&od di!)u,e>
99
T+ere i! o rea!o ,o
!u))o!e ,+a, a& Ido1Euro)ea i.a!io of ,+e Tarim ,oo# )la"e a, ,+e 0e*ii* of our 8iddle
9*e!> I, ,+erefore !eem! lo*i"al ,o a!!ume ,+e eAi!,e"e ,+ere of a a"ie, Ido1Euro)ea
)o)ula,io$ o dou0, "o,em)orar& wi,+ ,+e eA)a!io of ,+e S"&,+o1 Sarma,ia! ,+rou*+
we!,er Si0eria a! far a! ,+e u))er Yei!ei$ ad wi,+ ,+a, of ,+e Sa#a ,o 0o,+ !lo)e! of ,+e Tie
S+a 0e,wee Der*aa ad <a!+*ar> I addi,io ,o ,+e li*ui!,i" e.ide"e furi!+ed 0& MEa!,
IraiaM i we!,er <a!+*aria ad 0& <u"+ea i ,+e or,+$ e,+o*ra)+er! addu"e ,+e ,e!,imo&
of '+ie!e +i!,oria! "o"eri* ,+e 0lue e&e! ad red +air of ,+e Wu1!u of ,+e Ili$ or,+we!, of
<u"+a>
T+e!e )e,,& #i*dom! of ,+e Tarim were of *rea, e"oomi" im)or,a"e$ 0e"au!e ,+e *rea,
"ara.a rou,e 0e,wee '+ia ad ,+e Ido1Iraia ad Gree# world!1,+e Sil# Road1)a!!ed
,+rou*+ ,+e!e oa!e!>
100
T+e eAi!,e"e of ,+i! road i! "ofirmed 0& ,+e *eo*ra)+er P,olem&> 'i,i*
+i! )rede"e!!or 8ariu! of T&re$ P,olem& !,a,e! ,+a, i ,+e fir!, "e,ur& 9>(>=,+e )eriod a,
w+i"+ we +a.e ow arri.ed=a M8a"edoiaM ,rader amed 8ae! Ti,iao! !e, a*e,! ,o
re"ooi,er ,+e rou,e ad i,! )ri"i)al ladmar#!> T+e Sil# Road !,ar,ed from 9,io"+$ ,+e "a)i,al
of Roma S&ria$ "ro!!ed ,+e Eu)+ra,e! a, :iera)oli! G8e0i@H$ e,ered ,+e Par,+ia Em)ire$
)a!!ed ,+rou*+ E"0a,aa G:amadaH$ R+a*ae or Rai ear moder Te+era$ :e"a,om)&lo!
GS+a+rudFH ad 8er.$ ad we, o ,o Ba",ra GBal#+H$ a "i,& w+i"+ a, ,+i! )eriod 0elo*ed ,o ,+e
Ido1S"&,+ia!4 ,+a, i! ,o !a&$ mo!, )ro0a0l& ,+e +&eh%chih of ,+e '+ie!e$ or Tu#+ara SL0T of
,+e Idia!> Drom +ere ,+e Sil# Road ra o ,o ,+e Pamir!> I a .alle& of ,+o!e mou,ai!$ a, ,+e
foo, of ,+e M+ill! of <omedai$M P,olem& rela,e!$ ,+ere wa! a !,oe ,ower Glithinos pyrgosH ear
w+i"+ mer"+adi!e wa! eA"+a*ed 0e,wee /e.a,ie ad M!eri"M G!il#1"arr&i*H "ara.a!>
9l0er, :errma )la"e! ,+i! !)o, 0e,wee ,+e lo*i,udial ra*e! of ,+e 9lai ad ,+e Tra!19lai$
i ,+e Pamir .alle& of ,+e <&;&l1Su$ w+i"+ lead! from ,+e 0a!i of ,+e u))er OAu! ,o ,+e .alle&
of <a!+*ar> :a"#i$ w+o ,ra.eled i ,+o!e )ar,!$ 0elie.e! ,+a, ,+e !,oe ,ower !+ould 0e !ou*+,$
a! +ad 0ee !u**e!,ed earlier$ ear )re!e,1da& Ta!+1<ur*+a$ 0e,wee ,+e Wa#+a G/i,,le
Pamir!H ad ,+e +eadwa,er! of ,+e Yar#ad$ or,+ of ,+e 8i,e#e )a!!>
9, <a!+*ar ,+e Sil# Road for#ed> T+e or,+er rou,e led ,o <u"+a$ w+i"+ a""ordi* ,o 9l0er,
:errma wa! ,+e I!!edo S"&,+i"a of 9leAadria *eo*ra)+er!E ,o <ara S+a+r$ ,+eir (amaE ,o
/oula o ,+e /o0 Nor$ ,+eir I!!edo Seri"aE ad ,o ,+e *a,e of Yiime <ua Gwe!, of
Tu+wa*H$ ,+eir (aAa,a> We +a.e alread& o,ed ,+e "our!e of ,+e !ou,+er rou,e from <a!+*ar1
.ia Yar#ad$ <+o,a$ Ni&a$ ad 8ira$ ,+e la!, ,ow i ,+e #i*dom of /oula=,o ,+e /o0 Nor>
T+e ,wo road! reui,ed a, Tu+wa*$ 0elie.ed ,o 0e ,+e T+roaa of Gre"o1 Roma *eo*ra)+er!>
T+e Sil# Road ,+e e,ered '+ia )ro)er 0& wa& of T;u1"+Cua G,+e (ro!a#+e of Gree#
*eo*ra)+er!FH ad '+a*&e+ GT+o*araFH ad a, la!, rea"+ed '+a*a GSiaH$ u!uall& re*arded a!
P,olem&C! Sera me,ro)oli!$ ad /o&a* G:oaH$ ,+e Sara*a or T+iae of ,+e !ame au,+ori,&>
PA1 CH0AO0S CO1H7EST OF THE TARIM .ASI1
W+a,e.er ,+e .alidi,& of ,+e Gre"o1'+ie!e ide,ifi"a,io!$ i, i! "er,ai ,+a,$ from ,+e o)ei* of
,+e ,ra!"o,ie,al Sil# Road 0e,wee ,+e Roma ad Par,+ia em)ire! o ,+e oe +ad ad ,+e
:a Em)ire o ,+e o,+er$ ,+e )e,,& Ido1Euro)ea #i*dom! !,ru* ou, alo* ,+e or,+er ad
!ou,+er oa!e! of ,+e Tarim 0a!i "ame ,o 0e of "o!idera0le "ommer"ial im)or,a"e> Ideed$
:!iu*1u ad '+ie!e !,ru**led wi,+ oe ao,+er ,o *ai "o,rol of ,+em$ ,+e former #ee)i*
wa,"+ o.er ,+e Tarim from ,+e +ei*+,! of ,+e 9l,ai ,o ,+e or,+$ ,+e la,,er +oldi* ,+e )oi,! of
e*re!! i ,+e fro,ier )ro.i"e of Tu+wa* ,o ,+e ea!,>
T+e "o?ue!,=or re"o?ue!,=of ,+e Tarim 0a!i 0& ,+e la,e SL1T :a wa! a ,a!# me,+odi"all&
"arried ou, duri* ,+e rei*! of ,+e em)eror! 8i*1,i G32173H$ '+a*1,i G76122H$ ad :o1,i G291
103H> T+e "redi, for i, i! due ,o a few *rea, !oldier!> I 9>(>75 ,+e '+ie!e *eeral! <e* Pi*
GM"ommader of ,+e !wif, +or!e!MH ad Teu <u led a )relimiar& eA)edi,io a*ai!, ,+e or,+er
:!iu*1u$ w+o fled 0efore ,+e :a le*io!>
101
T+e ssu%ma or "a.alr& *eeral Pa '+Cao$ Teu
<uC! !e"od1i"ommad ad oe of ,+e *rea,e!, leader! e.er )rodu"ed 0& '+ia$ wa! de,a"+ed ,o
a,,a"# ,+e :u1&e$ a :!iu*1u +orde of Bar#ol ad$ +a.i* defea,ed ,+em$ M0e+eaded a *rea,
um0er of 0ar0aria!>M
107
I ,+e !ame &ear$ 75$ a '+ie!e mili,ar& "olo& wa! fouded a, Yiwu$
ide,ified 0& '+a.ae! a! :ami 0u, lo"a,ed 0& 9l0er, :errma 0e,wee /oula ad ,+e
moder )o!, of Yi*)a$ or,+ of ,+e /o0 Nor>
105
I 7L$ <e* Pi* ad Teu <u !e, for,+ ,o a,,a"#
,+e "ou,r& of Turfa$ w+i"+ a, ,+a, ,ime wa! di.ided i,o ,wi #i*dom!$ *o.ered 0& mem0er!
of ,+e !ame d&a!,&4 !ou,+er <iu1!+i+ roud Turfa i,!elf$ ad or,+er <iu1!+i+ ,oward
<u"+e*$ o ,+e o,+er !ide of ,+e Yie S0a ra*e> B& a 0old mar"+$ <e* Pi* fir!, a,,a"#ed ,+e
more di!,a, of ,+e ,wo$ <iu1!+i+ of <u"+e*$ w+o!e <i* N*a,J &ielded 0efore ,+e o!lau*+,4
M:e "ame ou, of ,+e ,ow$ remo.ed +i! "a) ad$ em0ra"i* ,+e +oo.e! of <e* Pi*C! +or!e$
made +i! !u0mi!!io>M
10L
Iflue"ed 0& ,+i! "a)i,ula,io$ ,+e #i* of Turfa$ N*a1,JC! !o$ al!o
!urredered> Two '+ie!e *arri!o! were lef, ,+ere$ oe i or,+er <iu1!+i+ G<u"+e*H$ ,+e
o,+er a, /u#"+u i Turfa )ro)er>
103
8eaw+ile$ Pa '+Cao wa! of ,+e .iew ,+a, M+e w+o doe!
o, e,er ,+e ,i*erC! lair will e.er "a,"+ i,! "u0!>M Se, wi,+ a re"oai!!a"e de,a"+me, i,o
,+e #i*dom of S+a!+a$ !ou,+we!, of /oula ad ,+e /o0 Nor$ +e leared 0& a ru!e ,+a, ,+e
#i* of ,+a, "ou,r& wa! )lo,,i* wi,+ a :u e.o& a*ai!, '+ia> 9, i*+,fall +e !ummoed +i!
offi"er! ,o a "ofere"e> :e ou*+, )ro)erl& ,o +a.e !ou*+, ,+e ad.i"e of ,+e '+ie!e "i.il
"ommi!!ioer w+o +ad 0ee !e, wi,+ +im$ 0u, ,+i! +e ,oo# "are o, ,o do4 M:e i! a "ommo
"i.ilia offi"er> If we ,ell +im of our )la!$ +e will le, ,+em lea# ou,> 9, ,+i! .er& +our our fa,e i!
0ei* de"ided> To die wi,+ou, *lor& i! o, ,+e a", of .alia, me[M 9, dead of i*+,$ Pa '+Cao
ad +i! li,,le ,roo) !e, fire ,o ,+e +u,! i w+i"+ ,+e :u e.o&! were lod*ed$ ad !,ill fur,+er
,errified ,+e ima,e! 0& ,+eir "rie! ad ,+e 0ea,i* of drum!E ,+e& ,+e SL7T ei,+er 0ured or
0e+eaded all ,+e 0ar0aria!> NeA, Pa '+Cao !ummoed ,+e #i* of S+a!+a ad !+owed +im
,+e !e.ered +ead of ,+e :!iu*1u am0a!!ador> T+e #i*$ w+o +ad 0ee o ,+e 0ri# of ,rea!o$
re.er,ed ,rem0li* ,o '+iaC! .a!!ala*e>
106
Pa '+Cao ,+e ,ured +i! a,,e,io ,o ,+e affair! of
<a!+*aria )ro)er>
I )eriod! w+e ei,+er :!iu*1u or '+ie!e i,er.eed i ,+eir affair!$ ,+e )e,,& Ido1
Euro)ea #i*dom! of ,+e Tarim ?uarreled amo* ,+em!el.e!> 9 #i* of Yar#ad$ #ow ,o ,+e
'+ie!e 0& ,+e ame of :ie G55161H$ +ad for a ,ime a"?uired +e*emo& o.er ,+a, re*io 0&
!u0@u*a,i* <u"+a Gi L6H$ Der*aa$ ad <+o,a$ 0u, !u""um0ed ,o a *eeral re0ellio>
107
<u"+a
,+e a""e),ed ,+e )ro,e",io of ,+e :!iu*1u$ w+ile ,+e #i* of <+o,a o.er,+rew :ie Gi 61H>
Sou,+ of ,+e Tarim$ +e*emo& )a!!ed ,o ,+a, !ame #i* of <+o,a w+om ,+e '+ie!e "alled
<ua*1,J ad w+o 0e"ame ma!,er of Yar#ad> I ,+e or,+$ "o,rol we, ,o ,+e #i* of <u"+a
w+om ,+e '+ie!e "alled <ie> Wi,+ ,+e +el) of +i! )ro,e",or! ,+e :!iu*1u$ <ie "a),ured
<a!+*ar i 75>
102
9, ,+i! @u",ure Pa '+Cao$ "ommi!!ioed 0& ,+e em)eror 8i*1,i ,o !e,,le ,+e
affair! of ,+e re*io$ arri.ed i <a!+*aria> :e we, fir!, ,o <+o,a$ w+ere ,+e #i*$ <ua*1,J$
109
w+o wa! ela,ed 0& +i! re"e, !u""e!!e! ad i"lied ,o li!,e ,o ,+e ad.i"e of ,+e :!iu*1u
e.o&!$ ,rea,ed +im wi,+ i!ole"e> Pa '+Cao !ummaril& 0e+eaded wi,+ +i! ow +ad ,+e
!or"erer w+o wa! ,+e #i*C! "+ief ad.i!er> T+e #i*$ i alarm$ reewed +i! alle*ia"e ,o '+ia
ad$ ,o )ro.e +i! !i"eri,&$ ma!!a"red ,+e :u e.o&!> Pa '+Cao ,+e mar"+ed o <a!+*ar>
<ie$ ,+e #i* of <a!+*ar$ a de)ede, of ,+e :!iu*1u$ +ad alread& !u0@u*a,ed <a!+*ar ad
)la"ed u)o i,! ,+roe oe of +i! ow me$ of <u"+ea !,o"#> Pa '+Cao$ ,a#i* ,+e 0ull 0& ,+e
+or! G+e +ad .er& few meH$ arre!,ed ,+i! forei* )ri"e$ de)o!ed +im$ ad re!,ored ,+e a"ie,
<a!+*aria d&a!,& i ,+e )er!o of a #i* #ow i '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io a! '+u* G9>(>
7LH>
110

I 73$ !+or,l& 0efore ,+e dea,+ of ,+e em)eror 8i*1,i$ a *eeral re.ol, a*ai!, ,+e '+ie!e
)ro,e",ora,e 0ro#e ou, i ,+e Tarim$ !u))or,ed 0& ,+e :!iu*1u> T+e #i* of <ara S+a+r
a!!a!!ia,ed ,+e '+ie!e re!ide,$ ,+e M)ro,e",or *eeralM '+Ce 8u> T+e me of <u"+a ad 9#!u
"ame ,o 0e!ie*e Pa '+Cao i <a!+*ar$ ad for more ,+a a &ear ,+a, +ero +eld ou, a*ai!, SL5T
+i! a!!aila,!> 8eaw+ile$ ,+e :!iu*1u o.erra ,+e #i*dom of or,+er <iu1!+i+ G<u"+e*H$
!lew ,+e .a!!al #i* N*a1,J$ ad laid !ie*e ,o a lo"al for,re!! of ,+e '+ie!e *eeral <e*
<u*> /i#e +i! "ollea*ue Pa '+Cao$ <e* <u* )u, u) a +eroi" re!i!,a"e> Wi,+ou, )ro.i!io!$
ad redu"ed ,o 0oili* ad ea,i* ,+e lea,+er of ,+eir e?ui)me,$ +e ad ,+e +adful of me
remaii* ,o +im +eld ou, ,o ,+e la!,>
111
T+e *o.erme, of ,+e ew em)eror '+a*1,i$ +owe.er$
ordered Pa '+Cao ad <e* <u* ,o e.a"ua,e ,+e Tarim$ for i, wa! di!ma&ed 0& ,+e!e i"e!!a,
re0ellio! ad ,+e !a"rifi"e! demaded 0& ,+e 'e,ral 9!ia )ro,e",ora,e> Bu, Pa '+Cao reali;ed
,+a, !u"+ a re,rea, would deli.er ,+e "ou,r& i,o ,+e +ad! of ,+e :!iu*1u> :ardl& +ad +e
rea"+ed <+o,a o +i! wa& +ome ,+a +e "+a*ed +i! mid ad$ i defia"e of ,+e order! +e +ad
re"ei.ed$ re,ured ,o <a!+*ar> (uri* +i! 0rief a0!e"e$ ,+e ,ow +ad a,urall& falle i,o ,+e
+ad! of ,+e <u"+ea!$ ,+a, i! ,o !a&$ ,+e :ui" fa",io> 9f,er 0e+eadi* ,+e leader! of ,+e
<u"+ea )ar,&$ +e re!umed +i! re!ide"e i <a!+*ar$ de,ermied ow e.er ,o lea.e i,> Be,,er
!,ill$ i 72$ wi,+ auAiliarie! rai!ed i <a!+*ar ad <+o,a or re"rui,ed from a! far awa& a!
So*diaa$ +e "a),ured 9#!u ad Turfa Mad "u, off 700 +ead!>M
117
8eaw+ile ,+e '+ie!e
le*io! of <a!u re"o?uered ,+e <iu1!+i+ #i*dom of Turfa from ,+e :!iu*1u> T+e& "u, off
5$200 +ead! ad "a),ured 57$000 +ead of li.e!,o"#> T+e 0ar0aria! of ,+e or,+ fled i ,error>M
115
I ad.er!arie! !u"+ a! Pa '+Cao ad <e* <u*$ ,+e :!iu*1u +ad me, ,+eir ma!,er!>
I a memoradum addre!!ed ,o ,+e em)eror$ Pa '+Cao !,ro.e ,o "o.i"e ,+e i,imida,ed "our,
0& re"ou,i* +i! ow eA)erie"e! i ,+e Grea, We!,> :e !+owed ,+a, ,+e!e remo,e "am)ai*!$
"odemed 0& ,+e li,era,i a! u!ele!!$ were i fa", reali!,i" defe!i.e mea!ure!$ "al"ula,ed ,o
)ro,e", '+ie!e !oil from )eriodi" a**re!!io 0& ,+e :u!4 MTo "a),ure ,+e ,+ir,&1!iA #i*dom!
Uof 'e,ral 9!iaV i! ,o "u, off ,+e ri*+, arm of ,+e :!iu*1u>M 9! ,o +i! me,+od$ i, "ould 0e
!ummari;ed i ,+e famou! formula4 MU!e 0ar0aria! ,o a,,a"# 0ar0aria!>M Ideed$ +e +ad
a"+ie.ed ,+e "o?ue!, of ,+e Tarim$ ,+a#! ,o ,+e "o,i*e,! wi,+ w+i"+ ea"+ ewl& "o?uered
oa!i! wa! re?uired ,o !u))l& +im for u!e a*ai!, oa!e! w+i"+ were !,ill i re0ellio> T+e ,rul&
'+ie!e eleme, wa! re)re!e,ed 0& o more ,+a a +adful of ad.e,urer! or eAile! w+o +ad
"ome ,o wi ew SLLT +oor i ,+e e.e,ful life of ,+e mar"+e!> 9ll li.ed off ,+e "ou,r&$ w+i"+
,+e& defeded a*ai!, ,+e re,ur of ,+e :ui" +orde!> M9, Yar#ad ad <a!+*ar$M Pa '+Cao
eA)laied$ M"ul,i.a,ed lad i! fer,ile ad eA,e!i.e$ ad !oldier! ?uar,ered ,+ere will "o!, ,+e
em)ire o,+i*>M
11L
T+i! "o,em)orar& of Tra@a= ,+e "o?ueror of (a"ia=!+ared ,+a,
"o?uerorC! .iew! o mili,ar& ma,,er!>
T+e mai o0@e",i.e wa! ,o dri.e ,+e :!iu*1u 0a"# i,o Ou,er 8o*olia$ awa& from ,+e Sil#
Road from w+i"+ ,+e& deri.ed food ad weal,+> Wi,+ ,+i! *rea, de!i* i mid$ Pa '+Cao
"ru!+ed fre!+ re0ellio! i <a!+*ar G20$ 27H ad Yar#ad G22H$ ad made ,+e Wu1!u of ,+e Ili
+i! allie!> I e.er& i!,a"e Pa '+Cao$ w+o wa! #e), iformed 0& +i! !)ie! ad w+o +ad a
eA"elle, uder!,adi* of 0ar0aria )!&"+olo*&$ a,,a"#ed +i! foe! 0oldl& ad 0& !ur)ri!e> 9,
<a!+*ar$ <i* '+u*$ +i! )ro,B*B ad )u))e,$ re.ol,ed i 2L$ ,o*e,+er wi,+ ,+e )eo)le of
Yar#ad$ ,+e So*dia!$ ad ,+e YIe+1"+i+ or Ido1S"&,+ia!> I 27$ +a.i* 0ee dri.e from
<a!+*ar 0& Pa '+Cao$ '+u* fei*ed willi*e!! ,o ma#e +i! !u0mi!!io ad re?ue!,ed a
audie"e$ a, w+i"+ +e arri.ed wi,+ a !,ro* 0od& of "a.alr&$ meai* ,o a,,em), a !ur)ri!e a,,a"#>
Pa '+Cao )re,eded ,o 0e de"ei.ed ad ,o 0elie.e i +i! .i!i,orC! *ood fai,+$ ad e,er,aied +im
a, a 0a?ue,> T+e$ Mw+e ,+e wie 0ad *oe roud$M +e !ei;ed ,+e )ri"e ad 0e+eaded +im> 9,
,+e !ame mome, ,+e '+ie!e ,roo)! re.ealed ,+em!el.e! ad$ falli* u)o ,+e eem&$
ma!!a"red ,+em>
113
I 22$ 0efore Yar#ad$ Pa '+Cao +ad ol& a !mall arm& Gum0eri* a! ma&
<+o,a auAiliarie! a! '+ie!eH ,o )i, a*ai!, ,+e i+a0i,a,!$ ,o w+o!e aid +ad "ome 30$000 me
from <u"+a ad ei*+0ori* ,ow!> (uri* ,+e i*+, +e )re,eded ,o wi,+drawE ,+e$ re,uri*
0& a for"ed mar"+$ +e fell u)o ,+e ,ow$ "u, off fi.e ,+ou!ad +ead!$ ad for"ed ,+e )eo)le ,o
!urreder>
116

Ol& <u"+a ad <ara S+a+r ow remaied i a !,a,e of re0ellio$ ad ,+e!e )la"e! were !ee#i*
allie! a*ai!, '+ia from e.er& ?uar,er$ from ,+e :!iu*1u of 8o*olia ,o ,+e YIe+1"+i+ or
Ido1S"&,+ia!> I 90$ ,+e #i* of ,+e Ido1S"&,+ia! =,+a, i!$ ,+e )owerful em)eror of ,+e
<u!+a d&a!,& w+i"+ ruled 9f*+ai!,a ad or,+we!, Idia$ )ro0a0l& re)re!e,ed 0&
<ad)+i!e! I=di!)lea!ed a, +i! failure ,o *ai ,+e +ad of a '+ie!e )ri"e!! i marria*e$ !e, a
eA)edi,io or,+ea!, of SL3T ,+e Pamir! ,o +el) <u"+a a*ai!, Pa '+Cao> Pa '+Cao i,er"e),ed
all ,+e di!)a,"+e! 0e,wee ,+i! arm& ad ,+e )eo)le of <u"+a$ w+o mi*+, +a.e .i",ualed i,$ ad
,+e di!a))eared> T+e Ido1S"&,+ia!$ +a.i* .e,ured amo* ,+e limi,le!! ,ra"#! of <a!+*aria
wi,+ou, )ro.i!io!$ were *lad eou*+ ,o wi,+draw u!"a,+ed> T+e "our, of ,+e <u"+a$ wi!er for
a eA)erie"e w+i"+ +ad almo!, ,ured i,o di!a!,er$ re.er,ed i ,+e &ear90 ,o ,+e )oli"&1
,radi,ioal amo* ,+e YIe+1"+i+=of fried!+i) wi,+ '+ia>
117

To ,+e or,+$ i 8o*olia$ *eeral! Teu :ie ad <e* Pi* wo a *rea, .i",or& o.er ,+e
or,+er :!iu*1u G29190H> T+e ,wo #i*! of or,+er ad !ou,+er <iu1!+i+ G<u"+e* ad
TurfaH a, o"e reewed ,+eir 0od! wi,+ ,+e em)ire> I 91$ ,+e '+ie!e *eeral <e* <Cuei
a*ai ifli",ed a "ru!+i* defea, o ,+e :!iu*1u> :e ad.a"ed a! far a! Ou,er 8o*olia$ mo!,
)ro0a0l& ,o ,+e Or#+o$ "a),ured ,+e mo,+er ad ,+e w+ole +ou!e+old of ,+e shall%y&$ ad
omia,ed +i! 0ro,+er Yu1"+Cu1#ie a! +i! !u""e!!or> W+e i95 ,+i! ew #i* re.ol,ed$ '+ia
!e, a*ai!, +im ,+e :!ie1)i$ a 8o*ol +orde from ,+e 8a"+uria 0order!$ w+o defea,ed ad
#illed +im=a di!a!,er from w+i"+ ,+e or,+er :!iu*1u were e.er e,irel& ,o re"o.er>
T+u! de)ri.ed of ,+e +el) 0o,+ of ,+e :!iu*1u ad of ,+e Ido1S"&,+ia!$ ,+ree of ,+e four
re0el ,ow! or,+ of ,+e Tarim =<u"+a$ 9#!u$ ad Turfa=!urrederd ,o Pa '+Cao G91H> T+e
'+ie!e .i",or re"ei.ed from ,+e im)erial "our, ,+e ,i,le of M)ro,e",or *eeral$M i effe", ,+e
.i"ero& of 'e,ral 9!ia> :e ,oo# u) +i! re!ide"e a, To#ie$ a !mall ,ow ear <u"+a$ w+ile
ao,+er '+ie!e *eeral !e,,led i <a!+*ar> <ara S+a+r aloe remaied u!u0dued> I 9L$ wi,+
auAiliarie! from <u"+a ad S+a!+a G/o0 NorH$ Pa '+Cao mar"+ed o ,+e re0el ,ow> I .ai
+ad ,+e )eo)le of <ara S+a+r de!,ro&ed ,+e 0rid*e! a"ro!! ,+e Yuldu;> Pa '+Cao forded ,+e ri.er
wai!,1dee) ad e,ered ,+e !wam)! 0efore <ara S+a+r> Some i+a0i,a,! were a0le ,o ma#e ,+eir
e!"a)e a"ro!! /a#e Ba*ra"+$ 0u, ,+e #i* +ad ,o *i.e +im!elf u)> Pa '+Cao$ i re.e*e for old
i@urie!$ 0e+eaded +im a, ,+e .er& !)o, w+ere$ ie,ee &ear! 0efore$ ,+e '+ie!e *o.eror '+Ce
8u +ad 0ee murdered> MPa '+Cao relea!ed +i! me ,o !a"# ,+e ,ow> T+e& "u, off more ,+a
3$000 +ead!$ ,oo# 13$000 )eo)le ali.e$ ad "a),ured more ,+a 500$000 +ead of li.e!,o"#4
+or!e!$ "a,,le$ ad !+ee)>M
112
SL6T T+e w+ole of ,+e Tarim 0a!i wa! ow !u0dued> I 97$ Pa
'+Cao ordered +i! !e"od1i1"ommad <a Yi* ,o !e, for,+ a"ro!! 9!i=,+a, i!$ a"ro!! ,+e
9r!a"id Par,+ia Em)ire=,o Ta1,!Ci$ ,+e '+ie!e ame for ,+e Roma Em)ire> Bu, <a Yi*$
alarmed 0& ,+e Par,+ia!C ,ale!$ e.er we, 0e&od ,+eir ,erri,orie!$ ad ,ured a0ou, wi,+ou,
rea"+i* ,+e Roma fro,ier>
119

Pa '+Cao re,ired ad i 107 re,ured ,o '+ia$ w+ere +e died ,+e !ame &ear> :i! !u""e!!or!
"ould o, emula,e +i! a,i.e )oli"&$ w+i"+ +ad 0ee 0o,+ fleAi0le ad reali!,i"$ ad i 106 ad
107 a *eeral re.ol, 0ro#e ou, i ,+e Tarim> T+e '+ie!e *eeral /ia* <Ci wa! 0e!ie*ed i
<u"+a 0& ,+e lo"al i+a0i,a,!>
170
:e eA,ri"a,ed +im!elf 0& a *rea, .i",or&$ 0u, i 107 ,+e "our, of
'+ia$ di!"oura*ed 0& ,+e!e "o,iual re0ellio!$ re"alled all ,+e Tarim *arri!o!$ e.e ,+o!e of
/u#"+u ad Yiwu> T+e followi* &ear ,+e <Cia* or Ti0e,a!$ w+o were ,+e e,irel& !a.a*e
ad li.ed a omadi" life we!, ad !ou,+ of ,+e <o#o Nor$ a,,a"#ed ,+e '+ie!e )o!,! of <a!u$
,+rea,ei* ,o "u, ,+e Tu+wa* road> /ia* <Ci$ a, ,+e )ri"e of !ome fier"e fi*+,i*$ +eld ,+em
off G102H> 9, la!,$ i 109$ ,+e !ou,+er :!iu*1u i Ier 8o*olia lau"+ed a a!!aul, o ,+e
'+ie!e 0order> T+e '+ie!e *o.eror of /iao,u*$ <e* <Cuei$ !,irred u) !ome :!ie1)i +orde!
a*ai!, ,+em> Ne.er,+ele!!$ ,+e !ou,+er :!iu*1u +arried or,+er S+a!i u,il i 110 /ia*
<Ci "om)elled ,+em ,o ma#e )ea"e>
O ,+e w+ole$ '+ia wa! fidi* mu"+ diffi"ul,& i defedi* +er ow fro,ier! w+e i 119 ,+e
wor# of re"o!,ru",io 0e*a> T+e mili,ar& "olo& of Yiwu G:ami or /o0 NorFH wa! re1
e!,a0li!+ed$ S+a!+a ad ,+e #i* of Turfa o"e more made !u0mi!!ioE &e, !+or,l& af,erward$
,+e shan%y& of ,+e or,+er :!iu*1u ad <u"+e* <iu1!+i+ !ur)ri!ed ad ma!!a"red ,+e
'+ie!e *arri!o of Yiwu> Pa '+CaoC! !o Pa Yu* a, la!, re!,ored all ,+a, +i! fa,+er +ad
a"+ie.ed> I 175$ +e re1e!,a0li!+ed a mili,ar& "olo& a, /u#"+u$ ear TurfaE i 17L$ +e
0ol!,ered u) ,+e lo&al,& of ,+e #i* of S+a!+a$ i,imida,ed ,+e #i*! of <u"+a ad 9#!u$ w+o
"ame ,o ma#e ,+eir !u0mi!!io$ ad$ wi,+ ,+e for"e! w+i"+ ,+e& )u, a, +i! di!)o!al$ dro.e ,+e
:!iu*1u 0ad! from Turfa> I 176$ +e ,em)oraril& !u0dued e.e ,+e :u1&e=a *rou) of
or,+er :!iu*1u i+a0i,i* ,+e "ou,r& or,+ea!, of /a#e Bar <ol=ad )u, ,o fli*+, ,+e mai
SL7T 0od& of or,+erer! w+o +ad a!)ired ,o i,er.ee>
171
I 177$ ,+e '+ie!e "om)le,ed ,+e
re"o?ue!, of ,+e Tarim 0& e,eri* <ara S+a+r> I 150$ ,+e !o of ,+e #i* of <a!+*ar ad al!o
a em0a!!& from ,+e #i* of Der*aa arri.ed a, ,+e '+ie!e "a)i,al i /o&a* ,o )a& "our, ,o ,+e
em)eror S+ue1,i>
I ,+e "our!e of ,+e !u""eedi* &ear!=eA"e), for a 0rief re.ol, from 1L0 ,o 1LL of a "+ief of ,+e
!ou,+er :!iu*1u of ,+e lef, or ea!,er 0ra"+
177
='+iaC! diffi"ul,ie! ori*ia,ed mail& wi,+
,+e :u1&e :!iu*1u of Bar#ol> I 151$ ,+e& a,,a"#ed or,+er <iu1!+i+ G<u"+e*H ad ill1
,rea,ed i,! )o)ula,ioE i 131$ ,+e& almo!, de!,ro&ed ,+e '+ie!e mili,ar& "olo& of Yiwu$ w+i"+
wa! !a.ed ol& 0& eormou! effor,> Ne.er,+ele!!$ i 135 or,+er <iu1!+i+ wa! !,ill '+iaC!
.a!!al> I 131$ ,+e ieA)edie, 0ru,ali,& of a '+ie!e "ommi!!ioer )ro.o#ed ,+e re.ol, of ,+e
)eo)le of <+o,a$ w+o murdered +im$ ,+ou*+ af,erward ,+e ,ow made a amende honorable>
175
I 170$ '+ie!e *eeral! made u!e of "o,i*e,! from Turfa$ <ara S+a+r$ ad <u"+a i a
admoi,or& eA)edi,io all ,+e wa& ,o <a!+*ar a! ar0i,er! of lo"al di!)u,e!E i 1621169$ ,+e
'+ie!e *eeral Tua <u* re)elled ,+e i"ur!io! of ,+e <Cia* or Ti0e,a! alo* ,+e 0order! of
<a!u>
CI*I/I>ATIO1 OF THE TARIM OASES AT THE E1- OF A1TIH7IT( A1- THE
.E,I11I1, OF THE MI--/E A,ES
'+iaC! "o,rol of ,+e Sil# Road a, ,+e ,ime of ,+e la,er :a$ 0& e!uri* freedom of
,ra!"o,ie,al ,rade alo* ,+e dou0le "+ai of oa!e! or,+ ad !ou,+ of ,+e Tarim$ fa.ored ,+e
di!!emia,io of Budd+i!m i ,+e ri.er 0a!i$ ad wi,+ i, Idia li,era,ure ad :ellei!,i" ar,> Or$
,o )u, i, more )re"i!el&$ alo* ,+e Sil# Road$ w+i"+ wa! al!o ,+e rou,e ,a#e 0& Idia
mi!!ioarie! w+o "ame ,o )rea"+ Budd+i!m i <a!+*aria ad '+ia$ ,rade ad reli*io "arried
Gre"o1Roma ar, wi,+ ,+em> T+e a",i.i,ie! of 8ae! Ti,iao!C a*e,! were aimed mu"+ i ,+e
!ame dire",io a! ,+o!e of ,+e a)o!,le! of Budd+a>
T+e 0u!ie!, rou,e a, ,+i! ,ime !eem! ,o +a.e 0ee ,+e !ou,+er oe4 ,+e oe )a!!i* ,+rou*+
Yar#ad ad <+o,a> 9, Yo,#a$ ,+e a"ie, <+o,a$ ,+e 9urel S,ei eA)edi,io di!"o.ered
Roma "oi! of ,+e rei* of Em)eror Vale! G56L1572HE a, Rawa#$ ea!, of <+o,a$ i, "ame u)o
a !erie! of Gre"o1Budd+i" SL2T 0a!relief!$ wi,+ fie :ellei!,i" dra)er&$ of ,+e )ure!, Gad+ara
!,&le> 9 li,,le far,+er ea!,$ a, Ni&a GNi&a*H$ a !i,e a0adoed a, ,+e ed of ,+e ,+ird "e,ur&$
Roma !eal! ad i,a*lio! ad Ido1S"&,+ia "oi! were foud> 9, 8ira$ !ou,+we!, of /o0 Nor$
i old S+a!+a$ ,+e !ame eA)edi,io u"o.ered !ome 0eau,iful Gre"o1Budd+i" fre!"oe!$
)or,ra&i* "+iefl& ,+e Budd+a$ +i! mo#!$ ad wi*ed *eie! of a mar#edl& Romao19!ia
a))eara"e> T+e!e fre!"oe! were !i*ed MTi,aM i Idia "+ara",er!=a ame w+i"+ +a! 0ee
ide,ified wi,+ Ti,u!=ad all of ,+em a))are,l& da,e from ,+e ,+ird ad four,+ "e,urie! 9>(>
17L

I, wa! 0& ,+i! !ame Sil# Road$ a, ,+e )eriod of ,+e '+ie!e Pea"e$ ,+a, ,+e *rea, Budd+i!,
mi!!ioarie! "ame ,o '+ia> 9 S+i+1#ao$ a Par,+ia$ arri.ed ,+ere i 1L2 ad died i 170E '+u
S+o1fu$ a Idia$ ad '+e '+Ca$ a YIe+1"+i+=,+a, i!$ a Ido1 S"&,+ia=0o,+ "ame a0ou,
170 ad fouded a reli*iou! "ommui,& i /o&a*$ ,+e "a)i,al> Be,wee 775 ad 735$ '+e <Cie$
,+e !o of a YIe+1"+i+ am0a!!ador$ wa! ,o ,ra!la,e !e.eral Budd+i!, wri,i*! i,o '+ie!e>
8e,io of ,+e!e YIe+1"+i+ i! i,ere!,i*$ for i, !+ow! ,+a, i, wa! ,+e <u!+a Em)ire$ ,+e
eA,edi* a"ro!! 9f*+ai!,a$ Gad+ara$ ad ,+e Pu@a0$ w+i"+ 0& mea! of ,+e Sil# Road !o
lar*el& "o,ri0u,ed ,o ,+e )ro)a*a,io of Budd+i!m i ,+e Tarim 0a!i ad i '+ia> I, i! o le!!
.alua0le ,o #ow ,+a,$ 0e!ide! ,+e!e <u!+a or Idia mi!!ioarie!$ ,+ere were !o ma& Par,+ia
"o.er,! ,o "arr& o ,+e wor# of )ro!el&,i!m i :i*+ 9!ia ad ,+e Dar Ea!,> T+e '+ie!e
Tripitaka *i.e! u! a li!, of mi!!ioarie! ad ,ra!la,or! w+o "ame .ia ,+e Tarim ,o wor# i '+ia>
I ,+e Tarim i,!elf$ o,+er *rou)! of mo#!$ from ea!,er Ira ad or,+we!, Idia$ e*a*ed i
,ra!la,i* ,+eir !a"red Sa!#ri, ,eA,! i,o ,+e lo"al ,o*ue!$ ra*i* from MEa!, IraiaM ,o
<u"+ea> T+e eAam)le of ,+e famou! <umara@i.a G5LL1L15H i! "+ara",eri!,i"$ ad de!er.e! ,o 0e
re"alled +ere>
<umara@i.a 0elo*ed ,o a famil& of Idia ori*i$ !e,,led i <u"0a> 9"e!,or! of +i! +ad +eld
eAal,ed )o!i,io! i ,+e "ou,r&> :i! fa,+er$ a de.ou, Budd+i!,$ de!ired ,o reou"e +i! worldl&
+oor! ad em0ra"e ,+e moa!,i" life$ 0u, ,+e #i* of <u"+a "om)elled +im ,o "o,iue i +i!
!e"ular o""u)a,io!$ ad *a.e +im +i! !i!,er i marria*e> Of ,+i! uio <umara@i.a wa! 0or> 9!
a 0o& +e wa! ,a#e ,o <a!+mir 0& +i! mo,+er$ ,o 0e i!,ru",ed i Idia li,era,ure ad i
Budd+i!m> O +i! re,ur$ <umara@i.a SL9T .i!i,ed <a!+*ar$ w+ere +e remaied for a &ear ad
"o,iued ,o !,ud& ,+e bhidharma> T+e ,eA, of +i! 0io*ra)+&
173
!+ow! ,+a, <a!+*ar$ li#e <u"+a$
wa! a, ,+i! ,ime a ri"+ "e,er of Idia ,+ou*+,=!o mu"+ !o ,+a, ,+e ruler! of ,+e!e ,wo "i,ie!
"o,eded for ,+e +oor of lod*i* a, ,+eir "our,! !o leared a mo# a! &ou* <umara@i.a> W+e
<umara@i.a re,ured ,o <u"+a$ ,+e ruler of ,+e "ou,r&$ amed i '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io Po
S+ue$ "ame ,o *ree, +im$ ad ,wo of ,+e *rad!o! of ,+e #i* of Yar#ad 0e"ame +i! di!"i)le!>
:e li.ed i <u"+a wi,+ +i! Idia ma!,er Vimala#!+a Gw+o wa! ori*iall& from <a!+mirH u,il
5271525$ w+e$ a! we !+all !ee$ ,+e '+ie!e *eeral /u <ua*$ +a.i* i.aded <u"+a$ "arried
<umara@i.a wi,+ +im 0a"# ,o '+ia> T+e !,or& of /u <ua* )ro.ide! e.ide"e of ,+e !)ledor of
,+e <u"+ea )ala"e!$ w+i"+ a!,ouded ,+e '+ie!e "o?ueror> :i! ama;eme, lead! oe ,o
!u))o!e ,+a, ,+e 0uildi*! ad wor#! of ar, w+i"+ +e 0e+eld ,+ere were i ,+e Idia ad Iraia
,radi,io ra,+er ,+a ,+e '+ie!e$ ad ,+a, i, i! ,o a))roAima,el& ,+i! )eriod$ a! :a"#i affirm!$
,+a, ,+e olde!, )ai,i*! of <i;il mu!, 0e a,,ri0u,ed>
'i.ili;a,io i 'o,ie,al 9!ia$ a! !u"+ eAam)le! !+ow$ wa! !+ar)l& di.ided i,o ,wo
lo*i,udial 0el,!> I ,+e or,+$ from Po,i" Ru!!ia ,o 8a"+uria ad ,+e Ordo!$ i! ,+e ar, of ,+e
!,e))e4 omad ar, par e1cellence$ "+ara",eri;ed 0& 0ro;e !"o"e! ad +il, ,ermial!$ a !,&li;ed
aimal ar, of a di!,i",l& orame,al "+ara",er> I ,+e !ou,+$ alo* ,+e Sil# Road from
9f*+ai!,a ,o Tu+wa* ,+rou*+ ,+e dou0le "+ai of oa!e! !urroudi* ,+e Tarim 0a!i$ ad
amo* ,+e !ede,ar& )eo)le! of ,+o!e "ara.a oa!e!$ ,+ere are )ai,i*! ad !"ul),ure! i!)ired
dire",l& 0& Gree#$ Iraia$ ad Idia ar,$ all ,+ree diffu!ed alo* ,+e Sil# Road ad 0leded
,o*e,+er 0& ,+e Budd+i!, reli*io$ i ,erm! of Budd+i!, demad>
T+e ori*i of ,+i! ar, of ,+e Tarim a, ,+e ed of a,i?ui,& ad 0e*ii* of ,+e 8iddle 9*e! mu!,
0e !ou*+, i 9f*+ai!,a> T+ere$ i ,+e <a0ul .alle& i ,+e four,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e la!, <u!+a #i*!
+ad 0ee !,ro*l& iflue"ed 0& Sa!!aia Per!ia$ i,o w+o!e or0i, ,+e& were draw$ a! ma& 0e
!ee 0& ,+e <u!+ao1Sa!!aia "oia*e !,udied 0& :er;feld ad :a"#i>
176
9 Sa!!ao1Budd+i"
"i.ili;a,io ad a Sa!!ao1Budd+i" ar, were 0or o ,+e!e Ido1Iraia 0order!$ a! i! illu!,ra,ed
0& ,+e *rea, fre!"oe! of Bamia ad <a#ra#$ )rodu"ed a, ,+e ed of ,+e S30T ,+ird "e,ur& ad
duri* ,+e four,+> I ,+e!e=i ,+e ,&)e! ad "o!,ume! )or,ra&ed ad i ,+e ,rea,me, of ,+e
fi*ure!=,+e Sa!!aia iflue"e i! !,ri#i*> Dur,+er eAam)le! are )ro.ided 0& ,+e Sa!!ao1
Bra+ma !,a,uar& re"e,l& di!"o.ered 0& :a"#i a, <+air#+aa ear <a0ul Ged of ,+e four,+
"e,ur&H$ ad ,+e )urel& Sa!!aia fre!"oe! of (u#+,ar1i1No!+ir.a$ ear Rui o ,+e <a0ul1
Ba",ra road$ w+ere a ro&al Sa!!aid )ri"e$ *o.eror of Ba",ria Gfif,+ "e,ur&H$ i! re)re!e,ed>
9ll ,+e!e were di!"o.ered 0& ,+e :a"#i1Godard ad :a"#i1'arl eA)edi,io!> I ,+em ,+e
9f*+ai!,a of ,+a, ,ime i! !ee a! a lad w+ere Idia reli*io! ad Idia li,erar& "ul,ure were
"lo!el& a!!o"ia,ed wi,+ ,+e ma,erial "i.ili;a,io of Per!ia i ,+e da&! of ,+e S+a)ur ad '+o!roe!
#i*!>
177

T+i! wa! ,+e Sa!!ao1Budd+i" 0led w+i"+ Budd+i!, mi!!ioarie!$ emula,or! of <umara@i.a$
im)la,ed i all ,+e Tarim oa!e! ad a, ,+e .ariou! !,o)! alo* ,+e Sil# Road$ w+i"+$ ,+a#! ,o
,+em$ +ad 0e"ome ,+e road of reli*iou! ,ea"+i*> I, wa! ,o ,+e Bamia fre!"oe! ,+a, ,+e earl&
!,&le of ,+e fre!"oe! of <i;il= !omew+a, we!, of <u"+a=wa! rela,ed4 a !,&le "+ara",eri;ed 0&
)re"i!e modeli* ad .er& *e,le ad di!"ree, "olor!4 *ra&$ 0i!,er$ red10row$ dar# 0row$ ad
li*+, *ree> :a"#i$ ,o w+om i! owed ,+e "+roolo*& of ,+e!e differe, )eriod!$ da,e! ,+i! !,&le
0e,wee a))roAima,el& L30 ad 630>
172
Idia iflue"e )redomia,e! +ere wi,+ ,+e da"e of
\uee '+adra)ra0lia$ remii!"e, of ,+e fie Idia ude! of 9@a,a> Sa!!aia iflue"e i!
al!o e.ide,$ o,a0l& i ,+e Pea"o"# 'a.e ad ,+e 'a.e of ,+e Pai,er=,+e )ai,er w+o
)or,ra&ed +im!elf i ,+e *ui!e of a &ou* Iraia lord$ weari* a ele*a, li*+,1"olored @er#i$
fi,,i* "lo!el& a, ,+e wai!,$ wi,+ ,+e lar*e <u"+ea ,uredo.er "ollar Go,ed a, Bamia i ,+e
fre!"oe! re)rodu"ed 0& 8adame GodardH$ ,rou!er!$ ad +i*+ 0oo,!$ all *arme,! 0orrowed from
Ira> T+e ,+e woderful !,u""o! di!"o.ered i 1957 a, Dudu#i!,a$ we!, of <a0ul$ 0& :a"#i
ad %ea 'arl$ ad da,ed 0& "oi! mi,ed 0& ,+e Sa!!aid #i* '+o!roe! II G3901672H$ "ofirm u!
i ,+e "e,ai,& ,+a,$ u) ,o ,+e e.e of ,+e 9ra0 "o?ue!,$ Irao1Budd0i" 9f*+ai!,a "o,iued ,o
i!)ire ma!"ulie fa!+io ad dre!! i <u"+ea !o"ie,&>
179

T+e !e"od !,&le of ,+e <i;il fre!"oe! i! )la"ed 0& :a"#i 0e,wee 630 ad 730E a""ordi* ,o
+im$ i, wa! "+ara",eri;ed 0& le!! defii,e modeli* ad 0ri*+,er "olor! Gla)i! la;uli ad .i.id
S31T *reeH$ ad 0& a )redomia"e of ,+e Sa!!aia !,&le of dre!!> T+e Budd+i" fre!"oe! of
<i;il ad <um,ura$ ow i Berli$ ,+u! !+ow )ro"e!!io! of ,+e door!$ male ad female$ w+o
0ri* ,o life ,+e "our, of ,+e #i*! of <u"+a from ,+e fif,+ ,o ,+e ei*+,+ "e,ur&> T+i! *li,,eri*
ari!,o"ra"&="learl& of Ido1Euro)ea !,o"#=wa! a! )roou"edl& Iraia i dre!! ad o,+er
a!)e",! of ma,erial "i.ili;a,io a! i, wa! Idia i i,! fai,+ ad i,! li,era,ure> Be!ide! ,+i! "our,
dre!!$ ,+e mili,ar& !"ee! a, <i;il =a!$ for eAam)le$ i ,+a, of *The Sharing of the -elics*=
!+ow a <u"+ea M"+i.alr&M i )la,e armor$ "oi"al +elme,!$ ad "oa,! of mail$ "arr&i* lo*
la"e! ad remii!"e, 0o,+ of Sa!!aia "a.alr& ad ,+e Sarma,ia +or!eme of <er"+
GPa,i"a)aeumH i ,+e 'rimea>
150

T+i! Irao1Budd+i" "om)leA i! ,o 0e foud al!o i ,+e area !ou,+ of ,+e Tarim$ )ar,i"ularl& i ,+e
)ai,i*! o woode )ael! of (ada1Uili#$ a oa!i! !i,ua,ed or,+ea!, of <+o,a Ged of ,+e
!e.e,+ "e,ur&H> :ere are$ !ide 0& !ide$ a a*i of )urel& Idia ,&)e$ a#i ,o ,+e mo!, *ra"eful
ude! of 9@a,aE a +or!ema ad a "amel dri.er$ 0o,+ Iraia i "+ara",erE ad a 0earded
0od+i!a,,.a weari* ,+e ,iara$ lo* *ree "oa,$ ,rou!er!$ ad 0oo,! of a Sa!!aia lord> /a!,l&$ ,+e
!ame Iraia iflue"e! ma& 0e o0!er.ed i ,+e fre!"oe! ad miia,ure! of ,+e Turfa re*io$ a,
Be;e#li# ad 8ur,u#$ for eAam)le> 9, Be;e#li#$ ,+e di.ie )er!oa*e! weari* ,+e "uira!!
remid oe of ,+e <u"+ea +or!eme i Sa!!aia armor of <i;il ad <um,ura$ w+ile a "er,ai
9.alo#i,e!+.ara$ o,e! :a"#i$ )re!er.e! a )urel& Idia *ra"e> 9, 8ur,u# ,oo$ alo*!ide
0od+i!a,,.a! of a e,irel& Idia a))eara"e$ are door! arra&ed i ,+e !ame armor a! i! !ee a,
<i;il$ ad weari* +elme,! adored wi,+ !)read wi*!$ ,+e!e a*ai +a.i* "learl& defied
Sa!!aia affii,ie!>
151
I !"ul),ure$ ,+ere are ,+e deli"a,e li,,le !,u""o fi*urie! of <ara S+a0r$
foud 0& Sir 9urel S,ei$ w+i"+ !o "uriou!l& re!em0le a *aller& of re)re!e,a,i.e e,+i" ,&)e!>
T+e& 0ear a !,ro* re!em0la"e ,o ,+e Gre"o1Budd+i" fi*urie! of :adda i 9f*+ai!,a$ ow i
,+e Guime, 8u!eum>
T+u! 0efore ,+e "o?ue!, of ,+e "ou,r& 0& Tur#i" a,io! i ,+e !e"od +alf of ,+e ei*+,+
"e,ur&$ ,+e Ido1Euro)ea oa!e! i ,+e or,+ ad !ou,+ of ,+e Tarim$ from Yar#ad ad <0o,a
,o ,+e /o0 Nor$ ad from <a!0*ar$ <u"0a$ ad <ara S0a0r ,o Turfa$ deri.ed ,+eir "ul,ure o,
from ,+e 9l,ai ad ,+e !,e))e S37T "i.ili;a,io 0u, from ,+e *rea, "i.ili;a,io! of Idia ad Ira>
T+e& formed a Ou,er Idia ad a Ou,er Ira eA,edi* ,o ,+e '+ie!e fro,ier> I addi,io$ i,
wa! owi* ,o ,+em ,+a, 0o,+ Idia ad Ira )ee,ra,ed '+ia i,!elf$ a! i! !+ow 0& Budd+i"
fre!"oe! ad 0aer! di!"o.ered 0& ,+e Pellio, ad 9urel S,ei eA)edi,io! ear Tu+wa*$ ,+e
)oi, a, w+i"+ ,+e Sil# Road e,ered w+a, i! ,oda& ,+e '+ie!e )ro.i"e of <a!u>
157

S7PP/A1TI1, OF THE 1ORTHER1 HSI71,%17 .( THE HSIE1%PI I1 THE
EMPIRE OF MO1,O/IA
W+ile ,+e Gre"o1Budd+i" ad Irao1Budd+i" "i.ili;a,io ,+ro.e udi!,ur0ed amo* ,+e
!ede,ar& i+a0i,a,! of ,+e Tarim oa!e!$ Tur#o18o*ol +orde! were !lau*+,eri* oe ao,+er i
,+e or,+er !,e))e> 9roud 133$ ,+e or,+er :!iu*1u$ w+o were mo!, )ro0a0l& of Tur#i"
!,o"# ad were e!,a0li!+ed i ,+e Or#+o re*io of u))er 8o*olia$ were "ru!+ed ad
!u0@u*a,ed 0& o,+er +orde!4 ,+o!e of ,+e :!ie1)i$ w+o ori*ia,ed i ,+e <+i*a re*io$ o ,+e
8o*ol18a"+uria 0order!> T+e!e :!ie1)i$ lo* ,+ou*+, ,o 0e Tu*u!$ !eem$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e
re!ear"+ of Pellio, ad Torii$ more li#el& ,o +a.e 0ee 8o*ol!>
155
T+u! 8o*ol domia,io
!u""eeded Tur#i"> T+e :!ie1)i "+ief$ "alled 0& ,+e '+ie!e Ta1!+i+1+uai$ +a.i* "o?uered ,+e
or,+er :!iu*1u$ ad.a"ed o we!,er 8o*olia a! far a! ,+e Wu1!u )eo)le of ,+e Ili$ w+om
+e defea,ed> '+ie!e "+roi"ler! o,e ,+a, i 166 +e +eld !wa& from 8a"+uria ,o ,+e Wu1!u
"ou,r&$ a! far a! Bal#0a!+> No dou0, ,+i! i! !ome,+i* of a eAa**era,ioE :!ie1)i domiio
would !"ar"el& +a.e eA,eded 0e&od ,+e )re!e,1da& ,erri,orie! of Bo*do1#+a GTu!+e,u1#+aH
ad Se,!erli#1madal GSai No&aH>
:a.i* a,,aied ,o ,+i! amou, of )ower$ ,+e :!ie1)i "+ief 0e*a ,o )ur!ue ,+e !ame "o.e,ou!
aim! a*ai!, '+ia a! +i! :!iu*1u )rede"e!!or!> I 136 Ta1!+e1+uai a,,a"#ed w+a, i! ow ,+e
)ro.i"e of /iao,u*$ 0u, wa! dri.e 0a"#> :e ,+e ,ured u)o ,+e !ou,+er :!iu*1u of Ier
8o*olia$ w+o owed alle*ia"e ,o '+ia$ ad la,er$ +a.i* "ome ,o a uder!,adi* wi,+ ,+em$
idu"ed ,+em ,o @oi +im i a a,,a"# u)o ,+e '+ie!e mar"+e! of S+e!i ad <a!uE 0u, ,+e
"om0ied +orde! were for"ed ,o re,rea, 0efore ,+e '+ie!e arm& G132H> 9 fre!+ a,,a"# 0& ,+e
:!ie1)i u)o /iao!i=,+a, i!$ u)o ,+e S35T '+ie!e )ro.i"e we!, of ,+e lower /iao Ri.er i
,+e !ou,+we!, of 8a"+uria=wa! al!o re)ul!ed i 177 0& ,+e '+ie!e *eeral '+ao Pao> 9, la!,
,+e Wu1+ua$ omad +orde! of ,+e (alai Nor G:ulu NorH ad S+ara 8ure G/iao Ri.erH re*io
!ou,+ of ,+e *rea, <+i*a ra*e$ were "u, ,o )ie"e! i 707$ i w+a, i! ow %e+ol$ 0& ,+e '+ie!e
*eeral T!Cao T!Cao> I 7131716$ +a.i* !e,,led ,+e rema,! of ,+e !ou,+er :!iu*1u i ,+e
de)o)ula,ed mar"+e! or,+ of ,+e )re!e,1da& )ro.i"e! of S+e!i$ S+a!i$ ad :o)ei$ T!Cao
T!Cao di.ided ,+em i,o fi.e +orde!$ )la"i* a, ,+e +ead of ea"+ a a,i.e "+ief uder ,+e
!ur.eilla"e of a '+ie!e re!ide,> T+e offi"ial shan%y& of ,+e !ou,+er :!iu*1u wa! +eld i
!emi"a),i.i,& a, ,+e im)erial "our,>
15L

W+e i 770 ,+e :a d&a!,& di!a))eared amid "i.il war!$ ,+e +orde! of ,+e or,+er !,e))e$
w+o +ad 0ee !oudl& 0ea,e duri* ,+e )re"edi* )eriod 0& '+ie!e le*io!$ were !,ill ei,+er
,oo *rea,l& i,imida,ed or wea#eed ,o ,a#e ad.a,a*e of ,+e !i,ua,io> T+e Ido1Euro)ea Tarim
oa!e! al!o$ de!)i,e ,+e "i.il war! ra*i* 0e,wee ,+e MT+ree <i*dom!M of '+ia$ !u""e!!or! ,o
,+e :a$ "o,iued ,o owe alle*ia"e ,o ,+e "+ief of ,+e!e #i*dom!$ ,+a, of Wei$ ma!,er of
or,+er '+ia G7701763H> T+u! i, wa! ,+a, i 77L S+a!+a G/o0 NorH$ <u"+a$ ad <+o,a )aid
+oma*e ,o T!Cao Pei$ ,+e #i* of Wei> W+e Wei ad ,+e ,wo o,+er '+ie!e #i*dom! were
!u)er!eded 0& ,+e '+i d&a!,& GS!u1ma famil&H w+i"+ reui,ed '+ia$ ,+e #i* of <u"+a !e,
+i! !o ,o !er.e a, ,+e im)erial "our, G723H> T+e :!ie1)i$ em0oldeed ,o a,,a"# ,+e 0order! of
<a!u ear /ia*"+ow GWuweiH$ +ad 0ee re)ul!ed 0& ,+e '+ie!e *eeral 8a /u* i 779>
T+e *rea, :!iu*1u Em)ire +ad .ai!+ed$ ad ,+e :!ie1)i w+o +ad ,a#e i,! )la"e !+owed
,+em!el.e! i"a)a0le of re!umi* ,+eir a!!aul, o ,+e '+ie!e fro,ier> I, wa! a, ,+i! mome,$
w+e o )eril! from ,+e !,e))e !eemed ,o ,+rea,e '+ia$ ,+a, ,+e *rea, 0ar0aria i.a!io! of
,+e four,+ "e,ur& 0e*a$ ,+o!e i.a!io! !o !imilar ,o ,+e 2keruvnderung of our fif,+ "e,ur&>
:owe.er$ uli#e ,+o!e of Euro)e$ ,+e!e i.a!io! !eem o, ,o +a.e 0ee ,ou"+ed off 0& ,+e
,ur0ule"e of ,+e 0ar0aria +i,erlad or !e, i mo,io 0& a& 9,,ila$ 0u, ,o +a.e 0ee "au!ed
merel& 0& ,+e de"lie of '+ie!e mi*+,$ w+i"+ !u"#ed i a! 0& a .a"uum ,+e federa,ed
0ar0aria! w+o u,il ,+e +ad remaied e"am)ed alo* ,+e fro,ier!>
S3LT
THE ,REAT I1*ASIO1S OF THE FO7RTH CE1T7R(+ 1ORTH CHI1A
CO1H7ERE- .( THE HSI71,%17 A1- THE HSIE1%PI
We +a.e o,ed ,+e !u""e!!i.e rif,! w+i"+ wea#eed ,+e :!iu*1u> Si"e ,+e ,+ird "e,ur& B>'>
,+e& +ad domia,ed Ou,er ad Ier 8o*olia uder ,+e rule of a !+a1&I re!ide, 0& )refere"e
o ,+e Or#+o> T+e fir!, 0rea"+ o""urred w+e$ iLL B>'>$ a "+ief amed '+e1"+e wa! dri.e 0&
a ri.al from ,+e lad! of +i! fa,+er! i 8o*olia ad emi*ra,ed ,o ,+e Bal#+a!+ re*io$ i w+a, i!
ow ,+e <a;a#+ S>S>R> 9 !e)ara,io wa! ,+u! effe",ed 0e,wee ,+e ea!,er :!iu*1u i
8o*olia$ w+o were ,o remai '+iaC! eemie!$ ad ,+e :!iu*1u of ,+e we!,$ i ,+e !,e))e! of
Bal#+a!+ ad ,+e 9ral$ w+o uder ,+e ame of :u! G,+e fore0ear! of 9,,ilaH were ,o 0e ,+e
ad.er!arie! of ,+e Roma world>
IL2 9>(>$ ,+e em)ire of ,+e ea!,er :!iu*1u wa! i,!elf di.idedE ,+e Mei*+, +orde!M of !ou,+er
or Ier 8o*olia !)li, awa& from ,+o!e w+i"+ remaied lo&al ,o ,+e shan%y& of ,+e Or#+o>
T+u! ,wo di!,i", ew *rou)! were formed4 ,+e or,+er :!iu*1u o ,+e Or#+o i Ou,er
8o*olia$ ad ,+e !ou,+er :!iu*1u of Ier 8o*olia$ or,+ of ,+e Grea, Wall> 9! we +a.e
@u!, !ee$ ,+e or,+er :!iu*1u +ad 0ee !u0@u*a,ed aroud 133 9>(> 0& ,+e :!ie1)i4 8o*ol
+orde! ori*ia,i* i ,+e <+i*a re*io i ea!,er 8o*olia o ,+e 8a"+uria 0order!> T+e
:!ie1)i$ a! +a! al!o 0ee o,ed$ ,+e domia,ed 8o*olia from ,+e 8a"+uria fro,ier ,o ,+e
a))roa"+e! of :ami ad Bar#ol>
Toward ,+e ed of ,+e :a d&a!,&$ ,+e :!iu*1u of ,+e !ou,+$ wi,+ w+om from ow o we
!+all 0e eA"lu!i.el& "o"ered$ +a.i* 0ee ,+ru!, e.er far,+er !ou,+ward uder )re!!ure from
,+e :!ie1)i$ ,oo# fli*+,$ a! o,ed i,o ,+e *rea, loo) of ,+e Yellow Ri.er$ i,o ,+e Ordo! !,e))e$
ad i,o ,+e ad@oii* )or,io of ,+e 9la!+a$ w+ere ,+e& e!,a0li!+ed ,+em!el.e! a, ,+e )eriod of
,+e T+ree <i*dom! G7701763H> :ere ,+e& a",ed a! "ofedera,e! of ,+e '+ie!e em)ire$ a role
!omew+a, !imilar ,o ,+a, of ,+e umerou! Germai" ,ri0e! o ,+e ou,!#ir,! of ,+e Roma Em)ire
i ,+e four,+ "e,ur&> T+e rela,io! 0e,wee ,+e leader! of ,+e!e federa,ed :!iu*1u of ,+e
Ordo! ad ,+e '+ie!e em)eror! of ,+e Wei ad or,+er '+i d&a!,ie! G7701 763 ad 7631516
re!)e",i.el&H were mu"+ li#e ,+o!e )re.aili* S33T 0e,wee ,+e Go,+i"$ Dra#i!+$ ad
Bur*udia leader! of ,+e four,+ "e,ur& ad ,+e Roma em)eror! of ,+e lie of 'o!,a,ie or
T+eodo!iu!> I 0o,+ i!,a"e! ,+e 0ar0aria "+ief! fre?ue,ed ,+e im)erial "a)i,al1'+a*a or
/o&a*$ 8ila or 'o!,a,io)le=were admi,,ed ,o ,+e!e de"a&i* "our,! a! i,ima,e!$ ad$
+a.i* )rofi,ed 0& w+a, ,+e& +ad !ee$ re,ured ,o ,+eir +orde!>
9! "ofedera,e!$ ,+e=a! ,roo)! i ,+e em)erorC! !er.i"e=,+e !ou,+er :!iu*1u$ )re!!i*
e.er far,+er !ou,+$ e!,a0li!+ed ,+em!el.e! o ,+e '+ie!e !ide of ,+e Grea, Wall>
153
T+eir shan%y&
:u1"+Cu1"+Cua G1931716H ,oo# u) +i! re!ide"e a, Pi*&a* i ,+e +ear, of S+a!i> I, wa! ,+e e.e
of ,+e fall of ,+e :a d&a!,& i '+ia$ ad "i.il war wa! a, i,! +ei*+,> :u1"+Cu1"+Cua$ re"alli*
o))or,uel& ,+a, oe of +i! remo,er a"e!,or! +ad 0ee a :a )ri"e!!$ a!!umed ,+e )a,ro&mi"
of ,+a, *rea, im)erial d&a!,&4 /iu> T+u! le*i,ima"&$ eA,i*ui!+ed i '+ia 0& a !erie! of
u!ur)er!$ wa! re0or i ,+e ,e,! of ,+e :!iu*1u> I 50L$ oe of ,+e!e :!iu*1u "+ief! wi,+
,+e :a ame /iu YIa$ ow firml& e!,a0li!+ed a, Tai&Ia i S+a!i$ o0,aied from ,+e '+ie!e
"our, of ,+e '+i ,+e ,i,le of shan%y& of ,+e Di.e :orde!> I 502$ a, ,+e 0ead of a arm& of 30$000
:!iu*1u$ +e )ro"laimed +im!elf em)eror a, Tai&Ia o ,+e )re,eA, of 0ei* ,+e le*i,ima,e +eir
,o ,+e :a> T+e d&a!,& fouded 0& ,+i! :u ruler i! ideed #ow 0& ,+e ame of ,+e or,+er
:a=Pei1:a=or of ,+e earl& '+ao=T!Cie1'+ao>
T+e !o ad !u""e!!or of /iu YIa$ /iu T!Cu* G5101512H$ wa! '+iaC! 9,,ila> I 511$ +i! ,roo)!
,oo# )o!!e!!io of /o&a*$ ,+e '+ie!e "a)i,al$ 0ured ,+e im)erial )ala"e$ ad ,oo# ,+e em)eror
'+i :uai1,i )ri!oerE ,+e )re!!ed o ,o '+a*a$ w+ere ,+e& ma!!a"red +alf ,+e )o)ula,io
G517H> T+e im)erial "a),i.e wa! !e, ,o Pi*&a*$ ,+e re!ide"e of /iu T!Cu*$ w+o for"ed +im ,o
!er.e a! +i! "u)0earer u,il +i! eAe"u,io i 515> 9f,er ,+e de)ar,ure of ,+e :!iu*1u$ ,+e ew
em)eror of '+ia$ '+i 8i1,i G5171516H$ +ad ,a#e u) re!ide"e a, '+a*a$ 0u, i 516 ,+e
:!iu*1u re,ured$ 0lo"#aded ,+e "i,&$ ad "om)elled ,+e fee0le ruler ,o "a)i,ula,e> O"e more$
a, Pi*&a*$ ,+e e,+roed :u #i* re"ei.ed a "a),i.e em)eror of '+ia$ for"ed +im ,o Mri!e
,+e "u)! a, 0a?ue,!$M ad a, la!,$ i 512$ 0ad +im ,oo eAe"u,ed> Gi.i* u) all +o)e of defedi*
or,+er '+ia a*ai!, ,+e 0ar0aria!$ a mem0er of ,+e '+i im)erial famil& S36T e!"a)ed ad
,oo# refu*e i Na#i* G,+e #ow a! <ie#a*H$ w+ere$ !+el,ered 0& ,+e lie of ,+e Ya*,;e$
+e fouded a !e"od '+i d&a!,& "alled ,+e !ou,+er or ea!,er '+i G517H> I ,+e !ame wa& ,+e
la!, Roma! of ,+e fif,+ "e,ur& were ,o a0ado ,+eir we!,er )ro.i"e! ,o ,+e Germai"
i.ader! ad ,a#e refu*e i ,+e em)ire of ,+e Ea!,> Dor earl& ,+ree "e,urie! G5171 329H$
Na#i* would ,a#e ,+e )la"e of '+a*a ad /o&a*$ a! 'o!,a,io)le wa! ,o re)la"e Rome>
/iu T!Cu*$ ,+e .i",oriou! :u of or,+er '+ia$ wa! for a ,ime a loomi* fi*ure> 8a!,er of ,+e
old im)erial "a)i,al! of /o&a* ad '+a*a$ +e #e), "our, a, Pi*&a* i S+a!i ad ruled o.er
"e,ral ad !ou,+er S+a!i$ o.er S+e!i GeA"e), for ,+e :a 0a!iH$ or,+er :oa GeA"e), for
<aife*H$ !ou,+er :o)ei$ ad or,+er S+a,u*> Bu, ,o ,+e or,+ of ,+i! :ui" realm$ w+o!e
"+ief$ de!)i,e +i! 0ar0aria wa& of life$ re,aied !ome .eeer of '+ie!e "ul,ure G+e +ad 0ee
0rou*+, u) a, ,+e im)erial "our,H$ !ur*ed o,+er +orde! of )urel& 0ar0aria "+ara",er> T+e +orde of
,+e Ta0*a,"+$ or i '+ie!e To0a$
156
)ro0a0l& of Tur#i" ori*i$ +ad !e, "am) aroud 760 i ,+e
eA,reme or,+ of S+a!i$ or,+ of ,+e Grea, Wall> (uri* ,+e !u""eedi* &ear! ,+e To0a mo.ed
!ou,+ of ,+e Wall i,o ,+e old '+ie!e "ommaderie! of Yeme GS+o)i*H or,+ of S+a!i$ ad
Tai Gear Yu&IH$ ,+a, i!$ i ,+e Ta,u* di!,ri",$ w+ere i 510 ,+e& were firml& !e,,led>
157
Diall&
,+e 8u1@u* "la of ,+e 8o*ol :!ie1)i +orde fouded a ew #i*dom i /iao,u* ad /iao!i$
i ,+e !ou,+we!, of )re!e,1da& 8a"+uria>
8o!, of ,+e!e Tur#o18o*ol !,a,e! w+i"+ aro!e i or,+er '+ia duri* ,+e four,+ "e,ur& were
a! u!,a0le a! ,+e fir!, Germai" oe! of ,+e fif,+ "e,ur& i ,+e Roma We!,$ ad for ,+e !ame
rea!o4 ,+e +orde! fou*+, ,o ,+e dea,+ amo* ,+em!el.e!> 9f,er ,+e dea,+ i 512 of /iu T!Cu*$
,+e :!iu*1u "o?ueror of or,+er '+ia$ +i! +eir! were a0le ,o re,ai o more ,+a ,+e
or,+we!,er )ar, of +i! ,erri,orie!$ wi,+ '+a*a a! ,+eir "e,er> Dull of ;eal for "o?ue!,$
+owe.er$ oe of +i! "ommader!=S+i+ /ei1"ar.ed ou, a )ri"i)ali,& for +im!elf roud Sia*#uo
Gow S+ue,JH i !ou,+er :o)ei> I 579$ S+i+ /ei de)o!ed ,+e ro&al +ou!e of /iu T!Cu* G,+e
T!Cie1'+ao or Pei1 :a d&a!,&H ad fouded a ew :!iu*1u d&a!,& #ow a! ,+e la,e '+ao
G:ou1'+aoH$ w+i"+ wa! ,o edure from a0ou, 550 ,o 530> S+i+ /ei i!,alled +im!elf !omew+a,
!ou,+ of Sia*#uo$ a, S37T Ye$ ,+e '+a*,e+ of ,oda&$ ad "+o!e a! +i! !e"od "a)i,al /o&a*>
T+i! ?ui,e illi,era,e :u$ ,+e aali!,! ,ell u!$ e@o&ed +a.i* ,+e '+ie!e "la!!i"! eA)ouded ,o
+im> :i! i,ere!, i *rammar ad ,+eolo*& 0ri* ,o mid a T+eodori" or '+il)eri"$ ,+e
*rammaria ad ,+eolo*ia>
Bu, ,+e omad me,ali,& wa! o le!! effe",i.e for ,+a,$ e!)e"iall& i +i! :ui" de!"eda,!> T+e
!e"od !u""e!!or ,o S+i+ /ei Gd> 555H wa! S+i+ :u G55L15L9H$ a de0au"+ed 0ru,e w+om +i! !o
,ried ,o a!!a!!ia,e ad w+o eAe"u,ed +i! !o> T+e !o$ oe !+ould o,e$ wa! a ,+orou*+*oi*
mo!,er=a Ta,ar Blue0eard w+o 0ad ,+e )re,,ie!, of +i! "o"u0ie! roa!,ed ad !er.ed u) a,
,a0le>
152
B& a aomal& "ommo amo* 0ar0aria! w+o fell uder ,+e !)ell of ,+eir fir!, "o,a",
wi,+ "i.ili;a,io$ S+i+ :u wa! oe of ,+e mo!, ;ealou! defeder! of Budd+i!m> :i! domiio!$
of w+i"+ '0a*,e0 i or,+er :oa "o,iued ,o 0e ,+e "a)i,al$ eA,eded o.er S+e!i GeA"e),
for :a"0u*$ )ar, of ,+e !ou,+er '+ie!e Em)ireH$ S+a!i GeA"e), for Ta,u* of ,+e To0aH$
:o)ei$ S+a,u*$ :oa$ ad e.e ,+e or,+er )ar, of <ia*!u ad 9+wei$ ,+rou*+ w+i"+
flow! ,+e :wai Ri.er>
T+i! .a!, :ui" realm "olla)!ed a! ra)idl& a! i, +ad ari!e> 9f,er ,+e dea,+ of S+i+ :u i 5L9$
+i! +eir! ad *eeral! fell ou, amo* ,+em!el.e! ad !lau*+,ered ea"+ o,+er> T+e 8u1@u*$ w+o
were of :!ie1)i !,o"#=mo!, )ro0a0l& 8o*ol$ a! +a! 0ee o,ed =ad w+o +ad fouded a
#i*dom i /iao,u*$ ,oo# ad.a,a*e of ,+i! !,a,e of aar"+& ,o !a,"+ ,+e w+ole of :o)ei G530$
537H$ S+a!i$ ad S+a,u*> T+eir .i",oriou! "+ief 8u1@u* T!iu G5L91 560H "+o!e a! +i! "a)i,al
Ye Gor '+iH$ our Pe#i* G530H$ ad la,er Ye G'+a*,e+$ 537H> :i! d&a!,& i! #ow 0& ,+e
'+ie!e ame of T!Cie1Ye$ earl& Ye G5L91570H> I 56L$ +i! !u""e!!or o""u)ied /o&a* Gaf,er a
0rief re"a),ure of ,+a, "i,& 0& ,+e im)erial for"e!H$ ad ,+e ,+e or,+ 0a# of ,+e :wai G566H>
Bu, ,+i! domia,io 0& ,+e 8u1@u* wa! ,o la!, for a e.e !+or,er ,ime ,+a ,+a, of ,+e :u!
w+o )re"eded ,+em>
I ,+e !er.i"e of ,+e :!iu*1u ruler S+i+ :u ,+ere wa! a offi"er amed Du :u*> :e wa!
)ro0a0l& a 8o*ol$ al,+ou*+ a Ta*u, G,+a, i!$ a Ti0e,aH ori*i +a! of,e 0ee a!"ri0ed ,o +im>
I 530$ +e !e, u) a ide)ede, rule i S+e!i$ wi,+ '+a*a a! +i! "a)i,al> :i! d&a!,&=for all
,+e!e )e,,& Tur#o18o*ol "+ief! "laimed ,o +a.e fouded au,+e,i" '+ie!e ro&al lie!=i!
#ow 0& ,+e ame of earl& '+Ci$ T!Cie1'+Ci G530159LH> Du S32T :u*C! *rad!o Du '+ie
G5371123H wa! oe of ,+e mo!, remar#a0le of ,+e!e Tur#o18o*ol ruler!> :e wa! *euiel& i
!&m)a,+& wi,+ '+ie!e "i.ili;a,io ad !+owed +im!elf ,o 0e a +umae admii!,ra,or ad a
!,a"+ defeder of Budd+i!m> Drom ,+e 8u1@u* or T!Cie Ye +e "a),ured fir!, /o&a* G569H$
,+e Tai&Ia ad la!,l& Ye G'+a*,e+H$ ,+e 8u1@u* "a)i,al i,!elf$ w+o!e #i* +e ,oo# )ri!oer
G570H> T+u! all ,+e 8u1@u* domai!=:o)ei$ S+a!i$ S+a,u*$ ad :oa=)a!!ed ,o Du
'+ie G570H> 9! Du '+ie wa! alread& i )o!!e!!io of S+e!i$ +e ow foud +im!elf ma!,er of
,+e w+ole of or,+ '+ia> I 576 +e aeAed ao,+er )e,,& 0ar0aria !,a,e$ ,+a, of /ia* i
<a!u> I 527 +e !e, +i! !u0ordia,e /u <ua* ,o !u0due ,+e Tarim> /u <ua* re"ei.ed ,+e
+oma*e of ,+e ruler! of S+a!+a G/o0 NorH$ Turfa G!ou,+er <iu1!+i+H$ ad <ara S+a+r
GYe#iH> T+e #i* of <u"+a$ "alled Po S+ue 0& ,+e '+ie!e$ +a.i* ,ried ,o re!i!,$ wa! defea,ed
ad dri.e ou, i W> /u <ua* o""u)ied <u"+a ad o +i! re,ur ,oo# wi,+ +im$ a! alread&
o,ed$ ,+e famou! Budd+i!, mo# <umara@i.a$ w+o!e a"+ie.eme, a! a ,ra!la,or of Sa!#ri,
,eA,! i,o '+ie!e wa! ,o 0e !o *rea,>
Du '+ie$ +a.i* !u0@u*a,ed all ,+e 0ar0aria !,a,e! of or,+ '+ia$ !eemed o ,+e )oi, of
"o?ueri* ,+e '+ie!e a,ioal em)ire of ,+e !ou,+ ad !o uif&i* ,+e "ou,r& uder +i! !ole
rule$ a! ei*+, "e,urie! la,er ao,+er 8o*ol "o?ueror$ <u0lai$ wa! ,o do> I 525 +e did ideed
a,,a"# M,+e Em)ireM alo* ,+e lie of ,+e :wai$ 0u, o ,+e u))er rea"+e! of ,+e ri.er +e !uffered a
di!a!,er from w+i"+ +i! mi*+, wa! e.er ,o re"o.er> 9 "er,ai 8u1@u* '+Cuei i +i! !er.i"e$ a
de!"eda, of ,+e old :!ie1)i "la of ,+e 8u1@u*$ re0elled ad "arried wi,+ +im ,+e )ro.i"e!
of :o)ei ad S+a,u*> T+u! wa! fouded ,+e #i*dom of ,+e la,e Ye G:ou1YeH$ w+i"+ wa! ,o
edure from 52L ,o L07$ wi,+ i,! "a)i,al a, '+u*!+a$ )re!e,1da& Ti*"+ow !ou,+ of Pao,i* i
:o)ei> 9, ,+e !ame ,ime G52LH ao,+er mem0er of ,+e 8u@u* "la fouded a we!,er Ye G:!i1
YeH #i*dom i S+a!i$ 0u, i 59L ,+i! wa! aeAed 0& 8u1@u* '+Cuei ,o :ou1Ye> Diall&$
S+e!i ad )ar, of :oa were a0!,ra",ed from Du <ie 0& a oe1,ime !u0ordia,e of +i!$ Yao
'+Ca*$ w+o wa! mo!, )ro0a0l& of Ti0e,a !,o"#> I ,+e "o?uered ,erri,orie! Yao '+Ca*
fouded ,+e d&a!,& of la,e '+Ci G:ou1'+CiH$ w+i"+ +ad i,! "a)i,al a, '+a*a$ ,+e #ow a!
<i*"+aofu$ ad la!,ed from 52L ,o L17> Two o,+er ei,+er 8o*ol or Tur#i" *eeral! fouded
,wo S39T o,+er )ri"i)ali,ie! i <a!u4 ,+a, of ,+e we!,er '+Ci G:!i1'+Ci$ 5231L00 ad L091
L51H$ wi,+ /a"+ow GYIa1"+CuaH a! i,! "a)i,al$ ad ,+a, of ,+e la,e /ia*! G:ou1/ia*$ 5261
L05H$ ,+e la,,er 0ei* fouded 0& /u <ua*>
THE 2I1,-OM OF THE TA.,ATCH T7R2S3 OR TO.A3 A1- THE MO1,O/
2HA1ATE OF THE 47A1%47A1
9lo*!ide ,+e!e e)+emeral +orde!$ w+o!e realm! of a da& "rum0led oe u)o ao,+er$ ,+ere wa!
oe=,+e Ta0*a,"+ or$ i '+ie!e$ To0a=w+i"+ i"rea!ed i mi*+, ad$ 0& a0!or0i* ,+e re!,$
!u""eeded i e!,a0li!+i* la!,i* domiio i or,+er '+ia> I ,+i! i, re!em0led ,+e Dra#!
w+o$ !ur.i.i* Bur*udia!$ Vi!i*o,+!$ ad /om0ard!$ fouded ,+e 'aroli*ia Em)ire u)o
,+eir rui!$ w+i"+ wa! de!,ied ,o li# ,+e Germai" )re!e, wi,+ ,+e Roma )a!,> T+e To0a
a"+ie.eme, wa! !imilarE for$ +a.i* ui,ed ,+e o,+er Tur#o18o*ol !,a,e! of or,+er '+ia$
,+e& !o Sii"i;ed ,+em a! ,o mer*e 0o,+ )eo)le ad d&a!,& wi,+ ,+e '+ie!e ma!!> 8oreo.er$
,+eir ;eal i ,+e "au!e of Budd+i!m i! remii!"e, of ,+e fer.or of ,+e 8ero.i*ia! ad
'aroli*ia! for '+ri!,iai,&> /a!,l&$ @u!, a! ,+e Dra#! a))oi,ed ,+em!el.e! defeder! of ,+e
Roma ,radi,io a*ai!, fre!+ wa.e! of Germai" i.ader!$ !o ,+e To0a mou,ed ,+eir MWa,"+ o
,+e R+ieM o ,+e Yellow Ri.er a*ai!, ,+e 8o*ol +orde! w+o +ad remaied a! !a.a*e! i ,+e
de),+! of ,+eir a,i.e !,e))e> 9, ,+e ed of ,+e ,+ird "e,ur& 9>(>$ a! +a! 0ee o,ed$ ,+e
)re!uma0l& Tur#i" To0a +ad e!,a0li!+ed ,+em!el.e! i ,+e eA,reme or,+ of S+a!i$ i ,+e Ta,u*
re*io> To0a <uei$ a e,er)ri!i* "+ief G5261L09H$ 0rou*+, *ood for,ue ,o ,+i! +orde 0&
"a),uri* from ,+e 8u1@u* of :ou1Ye fir!, T!i&a*$ our Tai&Ia G596HE ,+e '+u*!+a$ our
Ti*"+ow$ !ou,+ of No,i* G597HE ad la!,l& Ye$ our '+a*,e+ G9&a*$ 592H>
159
:e ,+e ado),ed
for +i! famil& ,+e '+ie!e d&a!,i" ame of Wei ad a!!i*ed ,o +i! +orde a fiAed "a)i,al$
Pi*"+e* GTaiH$ ea!, of Ta,u*> T+u! "o!,i,u,ed$ ,+e To0a #i*dom of Wei i"luded S+a!i ad
:o)ei a! far a! ,+e Yellow Ri.er>
T+e Tur#i" '+ia of ,+e To0a wa! ,+rea,eed 0& a fre!+ wa.e of 0ar0aria i.a!io$ ,+a, of ,+e
%u1@ua or$ a! ,+e '+ie!e ,ra!"ri0ed ,+e ame i a di!)ara*i* )u$ %ua1@ua$ meai* S60T
M,+e u)lea!a,l& wri**li* i!e",!>M T+e!e$ a""ordi* ,o li*ui!,!$ were a ,rul& 8o*ol +orde
li#e ,+e old :!ie1)i$ ,o w+om !ome 0elie.e ,+em ,o +a.e 0ee rela,ed> 9roud L07$ S+J1lue$
oe of ,+eir "+ief!$ fouded ,+e for,ue of +i! ra"e 0& !u0@u*a,i* a ri.al +orde=,+a, of ,+e <ao1
#iu=0elie.ed ,o +a.e 0ee !i,ua,ed ear <o0do ad ,+e Uru*u ad !u))o!edl& re)re!e,i* ,+e
fore0ear! of ,+e TJlK"+ ad Ui*ur Tur#!> 9, ,+a, ,ime$ ,+e %ua@ua domia,ed ,+e w+ole of ,+e
or,+er Go0i from ,+e /iao i ,+e ea!,$ o ,+e <orea fro,ier$ ,o ,+e u))er Ir,&!+ ad ,+e <ara
S+a+r a))roa"+e! i ,+e we!,> I, i! amo* ,+e!e %ua1@ua ruler! ,+a, we fir!, fid ,+e ,i,le!
M#+aM ad M#+a*aME ,+e!e mu!, ,+erefore 0e 8o*ol ,i,le!$ ,a#i* ,+e )la"e of ,+e old :!iu*1
u ,erm shall%y&$ w+i"+ ma& a""ordi*l& 0e a!!umed ,o 0e Tur#i">
1L0

Da"ed 0& ,+e mea"e of ,+i! ew omad em)ire$ ,+e To0a or Wei ruler! of or,+er '+ia
di!,i*ui!+ed ,+em!el.e! 0& ,+eir re!olu,io i ,a#i* ,+e offe!i.e ad lau"+i* a !erie! of
"ou,erraid! a"ro!! ,+e Go0i> To0a <uei G5261L09H !e, ,+e eAam)le 0& a !u""e!!ful "am)ai* i
w+i"+ ,+e %ua1@ua #+a*a S+J1lue wa! dri.e well 0a"# from ,+e *rea, loo) of ,+e Yellow
Ri.er GL07H> To0a S!u GL091L75H$ w+ile "o,iui* ,o defed ,+e a))roa"+e! ,o ,+e Grea, Wall i
,+e or,+$ i"rea!ed +i! )ower i ,+e !ou,+ 0& ,a#i* ,+e *rea, "i,& of /o&a*$ wi,+ all ,+a, )ar, of
:oa de)ede, u)o i,$ from ,+e a,ioal '+ie!e em)ire of ,+e !ou,+ GL75H> To0a Tao$ GL751
L37H !u""eeded +i! fa,+er To0a S!u$ ad wa! a, o"e ,+rea,eed i +i! ,ur 0& ,+e %ua1@ua$
w+om +e re)ul!ed GL7LH> I L73 +e led a "ou,erraid a*ai!, ,+em$ i ,+e "our!e of w+i"+ +e
"ro!!ed ,+e Go0i from !ou,+ ,o or,+ wi,+ +i! "a.alr& Gfor o dou0, ,+e #+a*a of ,+e %ua1@ua
+ad +i! +ead?uar,er! ear ,+e Or#+oH> :e ,+e ,ured u)o ao,+er 0ar0aria #i*dom$ ,+a, of
,+e :!ia$ fouded i S+e!i 0& ,+e :o1lie "la of ,+e :!iu*1u$ ad lau"+ed a !ur)ri!e a,,a"#
o ,+e "a)i,al or ro&al "am) GTu*wa ear Paoa U'+i+,aV i or,+er S+e!i$ L77H$ w+ile +i!
"ommader! +arried '+a*a GL76H> B& L51$ ,+e :o1lie were de!,ro&ed ad S+e!i wa! added
,o ,+e To0a domai!> I L56$ ,+e armie! of To0a Tao made a !imilar i"ur!io i,o ,+e #i*dom
of Pei1Ye Gmoder %e+olH$ la!, rema, of ,+e 8u1@u* ,erri,orie!$ ad ,oo# )o!!e!!io of ,+a,
,oo> I L59$ To0a Tao we, o ,o "o?uer ,+e !,a,e of Pei1 /ia* i <a!u G"a),ured from
<u,!a* or <a"+owH> T+e ro&al S61T +ou!e of Pei1/ia*=a :ui" famil& !e,,led ,+ere !i"e
597 ad 0eari* ,+e )a,ro&mi" T!u1#Ciu1fled ,o Turfa$ ,oo# )o!!e!!io of i,$ ad rei*ed ,+ere
from LL7 ,o L60>
Wi,+ ,+e aeAa,io of ,+e Pei1/ia* ,erri,or&$ ,+e To0a "om)le,ed ,+e "o?ue!, of all ,+e Tur#o1
8o*ol #i*dom! i or,+er '+ia>
1L1
T+e!e ow all formed )ar, of ,+e *rea, GTur#i"H To0a
realm$ ,+e #i*dom of Wei$ a! i, wa! "alled i ,+e '+ie!e maer$ ,+e ol& realm ow
remaii*$ a)ar, from ,+e '+ie!e a,ioal em)ire of ,+e !ou,+$ wi,+ Na#i* a! i,! B&;a,ium>
I effe",$ ,+e Roma world of ,+e ei*+,+ "e,ur& wa! !imilarl& di.ided 0e,wee ,+e Dra#!$ w+o
!u0dued ,+e We!, 0& de!,ro&i* ,+e o,+er 0ar0aria !,a,e!$ ad ,+e B&;a,ie Em)ire$ w+i"+
remaied lord of Euro)eC! Orie,>
T+e im)a", of ,+e!e "o?ue!,! o ,+e )eo)le! of 'e,ral 9!ia wa! !u"+ ,+a, ,+e"eforward
or,+er '+ia wa! #ow amo* ,+em a! ,+e To0a "ou,r&> E.e ,+e B&;a,ie! ,+em!el.e!
+ad ,+e !ame ame for i,4 Tabgatch i Tur#i"$ Tamgha3 i 9ra0i"$ Taugast i medie.al Gree#>
1L7

:a.i* uified or,+er '+ia$ To0a Tao led a *rea, mou,ed eA)edi,io i,o ,+e Go0i a*ai!,
,+e %ua1@ua$ w+om +e !lau*+,ered i *rea, um0er! GL79H> I LL5 +e re)ea,ed ,+i! o)era,io
wi,+ e?ual !u""e!!> I LL3 a To0a arm& ,oo# re)ri!al! a*ai!, S+a!+a G/o0 NorH for +a.i*
0lo"#aded ,+e road! "omi* from ,+e we!,$ ad i LL2 ,+e To0a *eeral Wa Tu1#uei eAa",ed
,ri0u,e from <ara S+a+r ad <u"+a> To0a Tao made a ,+ird eA)edi,io i,o ,+e Go0i i LL9 ,o
*i.e "+a!e ,o ,+e %ua1@ua>
T+e +i!,or& of ,+e To0a or Ta0*a,"+ Tur#! w+o domia,ed or,+er '+ia i ,+e fif,+ "e,ur& i!
)ar,i"ularl& i,ere!,i* 0e"au!e i, )re!e,! a )erfe", eAam)le of a +alf1Sii"i;ed Tur#o1 8o*ol
+orde=a +orde$ ,+a, i!$ w+i"+ re,aied all i,! ori*ial mili,ar& !u)eriori,& o.er ,+e '+ie!e ad
a, ,+e !ame ,ime a"?uired from ,+em ,+e or*ai;i* a0ili,& ,+a, *a.e ,+em ,+e a!"eda"& o.er
,+e !,ill !a.a*e +orde! of ,+e or,+> W+e i L79 ,+e MTa0*a,"+M #i* To0a Tao de"ided ,o lead
!ome "ou,erraid! i ,+e ea!,er Go0i a*ai!, ,+e 8o*ol %ua1@ua +orde$ !e.eral of +i!
ad.i!er! )oi,ed ou, ,+a, ,+e '+ie!e of ,+e !ou,+er Na#i* em)ire mi*+, ,a#e ad.a,a*e of
,+i! ,o ma#e !ome di.er!ioar& mo.e> To ,+i! ,+e *i!, of +i! re)l& wa!4 MT+e '+ie!e are foo,
!oldier! ad we are +or!eme> W+a, "a a +erd of "ol,! ad +eifer! do a*ai!, ,i*er! or a )a"# of
wol.e!F 9! for ,+e S67T %ua@ua$ ,+e& *ra;e i ,+e or,+ duri* ,+e !ummerE i au,um$ ,+e&
"ome !ou,+ ad i wi,er raid our fro,ier!> We +a.e ol& ,o a,,a"# ,+em i !ummer i ,+eir
)a!,ure lad!> 9, ,+a, ,ime ,+eir +or!e! are u!ele!!4 ,+e !,allio! are 0u!& wi,+ ,+e fillie!$ ad ,+e
mare! wi,+ ,+eir foal!> If we 0u, "ome u)o ,+em ,+ere ad "u, ,+em off from ,+eir *ra;i* ad
,+eir wa,er$ wi,+i a few da&! ,+e& will 0e ei,+er ,a#e or de!,ro&ed>M
T+i! dou0le !u)eriori,& la,er ea0led <u0lai ,+e %e*+i;1 <+ai,e ,o deal !u""e!!full& wi,+ 0o,+
Su* '+ia ad \aiduC! 8o*ol!$ ad ,+e fir!, 8a"+u! wi,+ ,+e la!, '+ie!e re0ellio! ad ,+e
+o!,ili,& of ,+e la!, 8o*ol!> Bu, ,+i! dou0le ad.a,a*e wa! e.er more ,+a ,em)orar&E ,+e
mome, alwa&! arri.ed w+e To0a <u0laid!$ or 8a"+u! 0e"ame "om)le,el& Sii"i;ed> T+e&
were ,+e defea,ed 0& ,+e +orde! of ,+e or,+ ad ei,+er elimia,ed or a0!or0ed 0& ,+e '+ie!e>
T+i! i! ,+e 0a!i" r+&,+m of Sio18o*ol +i!,or&>
To0a Tao wa! ,+e mo!, for"eful )er!oali,& of ,+i! eer*e,i" Tur#i" famil& w+i"+ !o .alia,l&
defeded ,+e a"ie, '+ie!e "i.ili;a,io a*ai!, ,+eir !,ill omadi" #i!me> :e wa! a ma of
ou,!,adi* "oura*e$ ad +e !,ru"# ,error ,o ,+e +ear,! of ,+e %ua1@ua$ w+o$ +ad ,+e& 0ee
o))o!ed 0& effe,e '+ie!e d&a!,ie!$ would o, +a.e +e!i,a,ed ,o a,,a"# ,+e fro,ier!> T+u! +e )u,
a ed ,o ,+e *rea, i.a!io!$ !omew+a, a! 'lo.i! wa! ,o do a, Tol0ia"um o 0e+alf of Gaul> :e
+ad a0!or0ed a fair amou, of '+ie!e "ul,ure$ 0u, refu!ed ,o 0e"ome !o far Sii"i;ed a! ,o 0ri*
a0ou, a& !la"#ei* of ,+e Tur#i" fi0er i +i! +orde> :e de"lied ,+erefore ,o eA"+a*e +i! old
Pi*"+e* e"am)me,! ear Ta,u*$ i ,+e eA,reme or,+ of S+a!i o ,+e fri*e of ,+e !,e))e$
for ,+e +i!,ori" "a)i,al! of old '+ia$ /o&a* ad '+a*a$ w+i"+ +e +ad "o?uered 0& for"e of
arm!> :e re,aied al!o ,+e 0ar0arou! if )rude, Tur#o18o*ol "u!,om w+i"+ re?uired ,+a,$
0efore ,+e a""e!!io of a To0a #i*$ ,+e mo,+er of ,+e ew ruler !+ould 0e )u, ,o dea,+ !o a! ,o
o0.ia,e ,+e "o?ue"e! of a& am0i,io$ "o.e,ou!e!!$ or *rud*e o ,+e )ar, of ,+e fu,ure
dowa*er> I, eed +ardl& 0e !aid ,+a, wi,+ ,+i! me,ali,& +e +ad a )rofoud di!li#e of Budd+i!m$
ad +ere ,+e !e,ime,! of a 0ar0aria warrior were reifor"ed 0& ,+e Taoi!, +a,red! of +i!
e,oura*e> I L52 +e ordered ,+e !e"ulari;a,io of Budd+i!, mo#! ad i LL6 i!!ued a re*ular
edi", au,+ori;i* )er!e"u,io>
S65T
T+i! )er!e"u,io "ea!ed$ +owe.er$ wi,+ ,+e a""e!!io of +i! *rad!o To0a Siu$ w+o !u""eeded
+im af,er a )ala"e re.olu,io GL371L63H> I ,+e Budd+i" "a.e! of Yu#a*$ ear Ta,u*$ w+ere
ar,i!,! were a, wor# from L1L ,o 370$ ,+e fie!, !"ul),ure! ad ,+e oe! w+i"+ wo eduri*
fame for Wei ar, da,e from ,+i! rei*>
1L5
T+e reli*iou! fer.or of ,+e!e )eo)le i!)ired ,+em ,o
)rodu"e wor#! of !u"+ )rofoud m&!,i"i!m from ,+e ,radi,ioal Gre"o1Budd+i" form!=w+i"+
+ad rea"+ed ,+em from Gad+ara alo* ,+e Tarim rou,e!=,+a, ,+e& !eem almo!, a )refi*ura,io
of Romae!?ue ad Go,+i" !"ul),ure> Ideed$ i, i! more ,+a li#el& ,+a, ,+e )urel& '+ie!e
d&a!,ie! would +a.e 0ee ,oo *rea,l& +am)ered 0& a,ioal )re@udi"e ad 'ofu"ia "la!!i"i!m
,o a0ado ,+em!el.e! ure!er.edl& ,o ,+e m&!,i" ,ea"+i*! of Idia> T+e Budd+i" !"ul),ure of
,+e "o,em)orar& im)erial d&a!,ie! of Na#i*=e.e ,+a, of ,+e /ia*=i! de.oid of a& !u"+
fer.or> I, wa! lar*el& ,o ,+eir 0ar0aria ori*i ,+a, ,+e To0a$ ,+o!e Dra#! of ,+e Dar Ea!,$ owed
,+eir a0ili,& ,o "rea,e a, Yu#a* ad la,er a, /u*me ,+e e?ui.ale, of '+ar,re! ad R+eim!$
ad ,+i! i! )er+a)! oe of ,+e mo!, !ur)ri!i* re!ul,! of ,+e "o?ue!, of a"ie, '+ia 0& ,+e
omad! of ,+e !,e))e> I addi,io$ ,+e *rea, i.a!io! of ,+e We!, i ,+e fif,+ "e,ur&$ w+e
0ar0aria !o"ie,& +ad "ome !uffi"ie,l& uder '+ri!,ia iflue"e$ were ,o 0ri* ,o 0ir,+ af,er ,+e
(ar# 9*e! ,+e "e,urie! of medie.al !)ledor> T+e *rea, i.a!io! of ,+e Ea!, i ,+e four,+
"e,ur& )rodu"ed a !imilar re!ul,$ ,+ou*+ mu"+ more ?ui"#l&E for af,er o more ,+a a +udred
&ear!$ ,+e '+ia of ,+e Wei a0!or0ed eou*+ of ,+e Budd+i!, reli*io ,o "rea,e ,+e *rea,
!"ul),ure! of Yu#a* ad /u*me>
Some ,ime wa! ,o ela)!e 0efore ,+e Tur#i" eer*& of ,+e To0a 0e"ame im)aired 0& '+ie!e
iflue"e ad 0& ,+eir "o.er!io ,o Budd+i!m> (uri* ,+e rei* of To0a Siu GL371L63H$ ,+e
To0a o""u)ied ,+e :ami oa!i! GL36H ad lau"+ed a "ou,erraid a*ai!, ,+e %ua1@ua i ,+e Go0i
GL32H> T+e %ua1@ua o ,+eir )ar, o""u)ied Turfa$ de)o!ed ,+e T!u1#Ciu d&a!,&$ ad re)la"ed i,
0& a .a!!al famil& GL60H> Uder To0a :u* GL631L71H$ ,+e To0a ,rium)+! were re!umed a, ,+e
eA)e!e of ,+e '+ie!e a,ioal em)ire of ,+e !ou,+4 Pe*"+e* GSi+!ie of <ia*!uH wa! ,a#e
i L66$ i L67 "ame ,+e "o?ue!, of ,+e :wai 0a!i$ ad i L69 ,+a, of S+a,u*> I L70 ,+e To0a
"a!,i*a,ed ,+e TCu1&I1+ue$ a +orde of :!ie1)i=,+a, i!$ 8o*ol=ori*i$ w+o S6LT +ad 0ee
e!,a0li!+ed i ,+e <o#o Nor !i"e ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e "e,ur&>
To0a :u* wa! !o de.ou, a Budd+i!, ,+a, i L71 +e a0di"a,ed i fa.or of +i! &ou* !o i order
,o 0e"ome a mo#> T+i! !o$ To0a :u* II
1LL
GL711L99H$ !+owed +im!elf o a,,aii* +i!
ma@ori,& ,o 0e e?uall& i !&m)a,+& wi,+ Buddi!m$ ad uder i,! iflue"e +e i,rodu"ed a more
+umae le*i!la,io> I L9L +e "om)le,ed ,+e Sii"i;i* of ,+e To0a 0& mo.i* +i! "a)i,al from
Pi*"+e* i %e+ol ,o /o&a*$
1L3
ad i, wa! eAa",l& a, ,+i! ,ime ,+a,$ a, +i! i!,i*a,io$ wor#
0e*a o ,+e "ele0ra,ed Budd+i" "r&),! of /u*me$ !ou,+ of /o&a*> T+e !"ul),ure! of ,+e!e
"r&),! were eAe"u,ed a, .ariou! ,ime! duri* ,+e )eriod L9L1739> Bu, i ure!er.edl& ado),i*
'+ie!e "ul,ure ad ,+e Budd+i!, fai,+$ ,+e To0a +ad lo!, ,+e ,ou*+$ !oldierl& ?uali,ie! of ,+eir
Tur#i" a"e!,or!> T+eir a,,em),! ,o "om)le,e ,+e uifi"a,io of '+ia uder ,+eir rule 0&
!u0dui* ,+e a,ioal em)ire of ,+e !ou,+ eded i failure> T+e #i* To0a <Ciao GL 99H1 313H
made oe la!, effor,$ 0u, +i! *eeral! "ould o, for"e ,+e lie of ,+e :wai$ w+i"+ mar#ed ,+e
fro,ier of ,+e ,wo em)ire!$ ad 0e+id w+i"+ ,+e im)erial for,re!! of '+u*li GDe*&a* i
9+weiH re!i!,ed all a!!aul,! G307H>
9f,er To0a <CiaoC! dea,+ i 313 +i! widow$ \uee :u$ rei*ed o.er ,+e To0a ,erri,orie! u,il 372>
T+i! de!"eda, of ,+e old Ta0*a,"+ wa! ,+e la!, mem0er of ,+e d&a!,& ,o di!)la& ,+e a"ie,
Tur#i" !,re*,+> S+e wa! a woma of eA"e),ioal eer*&$ 0lood,+ir!,& w+e o""a!io aro!e$ ad
wi,+ a )a!!io for )owerE e.er,+ele!!$ !+e fa.ored Budd+i!m> S+e added ,o ,+e adorme, of
,+e /u*me !a",uarie! ad !e, ,+e Budd+i!, )il*rim Su* YI o a mi!!io ,o or,+we!,er
IdiaE +e +a! lef, a i,ere!,i* a""ou, of ,+e !,a,e of 'e,ral 9!ia a, ,+i! )eriod> Su* YI we,
0& wa& of S+a!+a G/o0 NorH$ <+o,a$ ,+e Pamir!$ ad$ a! will 0e !ee$ .i!i,ed ,+e #+a of ,+e
E)+,+ali,e :u! i Bada#+!+a> :e ,+e e,ered Udi&aa ad Gad+ara Glower <a0ulH$ w+e"e
+e 0rou*+, 0a"# for +i! !o.erei* ,+e Budd+i!, do"ume,! ,+a, i,ere!,ed +er G3121371H>
1L6

T+e To0a were 0& ow ,oo '+ie!e o, ,o +a.e ,+eir ow )ala"e re.olu,io!$ famil& rif,!$ ad
"i.il war!> I 35L ,+e& !)li, i,o ,wo 0ra"+e!4 ,+e ea!,er Wei GTu*1WeiH$ w+o )o!!e!!ed
:o)ei$ S+a!i$ S+a,u*$ ad :oa$ wi,+ w+a, i! ow '+a*,e+ a! "a)i,al G35L1330HE ad ,+e
we!,er Wei G:!i1WeiH$ w+o +ad S63T S+e!i ad <a!u$ wi,+ ,+eir "a)i,al a, '+a*a G35L1
337H> Bo,+ were ,o 0e o.er,+row 0& ,+eir mii!,er!$ ad i, wa! ,+u! ,+a, ,+e Pei1'+Ci d&a!,&
G3301377H wa! fouded a, '+a*,e+ i )la"e of ,+e ea!,er Wei$ w+ile ,+e we!,er Wei were
!u)er!eded 0& ,+e Pei1'+ou d&a!,& G3371321H a, '+a*a> Bu, ,+e!e ro&al +ou!e!$ +a.i*
0e"ome '+ie!e$ o lo*er form a )ar, of !,e))e +i!,or&> W+a, doe! affe", ,+a, +i!,or&$ +owe.er$
i! ,+e *radual !la"#ei* of ,+e Tur#i" .i*or=!o mar#ed amo* ,+e fir!, Ta0*a,"+ ruler!= ad
i,! dilu,io ad !u0mer*e"e i ,+e '+ie!e ma!!e!> I, i! a )a,,er ,o 0e re)ea,ed o.er ad o.er
a*ai ,+rou*+ ,+e "e,urie!$ wi,+ ,+e <+i,a$ ,+e %ur"+id!$ ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e!$ ad ,+e
8a"+u!> I, wa! ,+e iflue"e of Budd+i!m ,+a, )la&ed !o lar*e a )ar, i ,+e !of,ei* )ro"e!!
amo* ,+e To0a$ a! i, did la,er amo* ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e! ad la,er !,ill amo* ,+e <+al#+a!>
T+e!e fero"iou! warrior!$ o"e ,ou"+ed 0& ,+e *ra"e of ,+e 0od+i!a,,.a$ 0e"ame !o !u!"e),i0le ,o
,+e +umai,aria )re"e),! of ,+e !ramaa! a! ,o for*e, o, ol& ,+eir a,i.e 0elli*ere"e 0u, e.e
e*le", ,+eir !elf1defe!e>
THE /AST MI17SI1S2 C7/T7RE
/ea.i* ,+e!e "om)le,el& Sii"i;ed Tur#! ,o ,+eir de!,i&$ we re,ur ,o ,+e !,ill1omad +orde! o
,+e 9!ia !,e))e!> I "oe",io wi,+ ,+e To0a$ we !)o#e of ,+e )re!uma0l& 8o*ol +orde of ,+e
%ua1@ua$ w+o$ ,+rou*+ou, ,+e fif,+ "e,ur& ad ,+e fir!, +alf of ,+e !iA,+$ domia,ed Ou,er
8o*olia> W+a, we #ow of ,+eir )oli,i"al +i!,or& i! deri.ed !olel& from ,+e '+ie!e aal! of
,+e Wei ad Sui d&a!,ie!$ ad 0efore we "a )rofi,a0l& di!"u!! ,+eir "i.ili;a,io we mu!, wai,
for !&!,ema,i" eA"a.a,io! i ,+eir a"ie, domai!> 8eaw+ile$ le, u! merel& o,e ,+a, 0e&od
ad ,o ,+e or,+we!, of ,+eir ,erri,or& a ew "ul,ure wa! flouri!+i* a, a0ou, ,+i! )eriod o ,+e
Yei!ei i Si0eria$ roud 8iu!i!#> T+i! "ul,ure$ #ow a! ,+a, of ,+e MNomad :or!eme$M +a!
lef, 0e+id orame,!$ 0el, )la?ue!$ 0u"#le!$ ad mou,! of 0ro;e$ al!o !,irru)!$ 0i,!$ #i.e!$
da**er!$ !a0er!$ la"e!$ !addle!$ ad !o o$ all fairl& )le,ifull& re)re!e,ed i ,+e 8iu!i!#
mu!eum ad al!o i :el!i#i GTo.o!,i 'olle",ioH>
1L7
T+i! "ul,ure a))ear! ,o 0e
"o,em)oraeou! wi,+ ,+e %ua1@uaE i, mu!, +a.e !ur.i.ed ,+em 0& !ome ,ime$ !i"e a, ,+e
.illa*e of T&u,!+,a i, i! a!!o"ia,ed wi,+ '+ie!e "oi! of ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e TCa* S66T )eriod
G!e.e,+ "e,ur&H$ ad i, !eem! o, ,o +a.e eded u,il ,+e i,+ "e,ur&> I, i! of )ar,i"ular
i,ere!, a, ,+i! !,a*e 0e"au!e$ a! Nador De,,i"+ )oi,! ou,$ i, )re!e,! !,ri#i* !imilari,ie! ,o ,+e
9.ar "ul,ure of :u*ar& i ,+e !iA,+ ,o ,+e ei*+,+ "e,urie!$ a! al!o wi,+ ,+e )ro,o1:u*aria or
/e.edia "ul,ure of ,+e i,+ "e,ur&>
1L2
T+ou*+ ,+i! ma& o, 0e a .alid ar*ume, for re*ardi*
,+e %ua1@ua a! ,+e dire", a"e!,or! of ,+e 9.ar! of Euro)e$ i, i! a, lea!, )roof ,+a, 0o,+ +ad
*ra.i,a,ed aroud ,+e !ame "ul,ural "e,er>
9f,er ,+e %ua1@ua$ i, i! a))ro)ria,e ,o "o!ider a #idred +orde$ ,+a, of ,+e E)+,+ali,e!$ w+o$
duri* ,+e !ame )eriod$ were ma!,er! of we!,er Tur#e!,a>
THE EPHTHA/ITE H71S
T+e E)+,+ali,e :u! were a Tur#o18o*ol +ordeE i ,+i! "a!e$ i, !eem!$ more 8o*ol ,+a
Tur#
1L9
ad ori*ia,i*$ a""ordi* ,o Su* YI$ i ,+e <i!+a +ill!=,+a, i! ,o !a&$ i ,+e 9l,ai
= w+e"e ,+e& +ad "ome dow ,o ,+e !,e))e! of )re!e,1da& Ru!!ia Tur#e!,a> T+eir ame$
*i.e a! E)+,+ali,e! 0& B&;a,ie +i!,oria!$ :a&a,+eli,e! 0& ,+e Per!ia +i!,oria 8ir#+od$
ad Ye1,ai 0& ,+e +i!,oria! of '+ia$ !eem! ,o deri.e from ,+e ame of ,+e ro&al "la E)+,+a or
Ye1,a>
130
B&;a,ie +i!,oria! #ew ,+em al!o 0& ,+e de!i*a,io=+ere !omew+a, erroeou!=of
W+i,e :u!>
9, ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e fif,+ "e,ur& 9>(>$ ,+e E)+,+ali,e! were o more ,+a a !e"odar& +orde$
.a!!al of ,+e *rea,er oe= 8o*ol$ li#ewi!e=of ,+e %ua1@ua$ w+i"+ domia,ed 8o*olia> I
,+e !e"od ?uar,er of ,+e fif,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e!e !ame E)+,+a+,e! a"?uired "o!idera0le im)or,a"e
0& ,+e eA)a!io of ,+eir domiio we!,ward> T+eir rule eA,eded from ,+e u))er Yuldu; i ,+e
ea!, Gor,+we!, of <ara S+a+rH a"ro!! ,+e Ili 0a!i ,o Bal#+a!+$ o.er ,+e '+u ad Tala! !,e))e!
ad ,+e S&r (ar&a re*io a! far a! ,+e 9ral Sea> 9""ordi* ,o !ome !our"e!$ oe of ,+eir #+aC!
re!ide"e! wa! ear ,+e ,ow of Tala!> B& a0ou, LL0 ,+e& +ad al!o o""u)ied So*diaa or
Tra!oAiaa GSamar#adH ad$ i, !eem!$ ,+e "ou,r& of Bal#+$ Ba",ria$ or To#+ari!,a>
Se.eral Orie,ali!,!$ Noelde#e i )ar,i"ular$ 0elie.e ,+a, i, wa! duri* ,+e rei* of <i* Ba+ram
Gor of Per!ia GL701L52H ,+a, ,+e E)+,+ali,e! !e,,led i Ba",ria> T+e& are ,+ou*+, e.e ,o +a.e
S67T i.aded ,+e Sa!!aia )ro.i"e of <+ura!a$ w+e"e Ba+ram Gor dro.e ,+em 0a"# a, ,+e
0a,,le of <u!me+a ear 8er.> 8ar?uar,$ o ,+e o,+er +ad$ 0elie.e! ,+a, Ba+rar Gor ad la,er
+i! !u""e!!or Ye;de*erd II GL521L37H +ad ,o defed ,+em!el.e! o, a*ai!, E)+,+ali,e a**re!!io
0u, a*ai!, ,+a, of ,+e <+ioi,e!$ ao,+er :ui" ,ri0e w+o led a omadi" eAi!,e"e or,+ of
8er.>
131
:owe.er ,+i! ma& 0e$ i, wa! "er,ail& ,+e E)+,+ali,e! w+o duri* ,+e rei* of ,+e
Sa!!aid #i* Pero; GL391L2LH a,,a"#ed <+ura!a ad fiall& defea,ed ad #illed ,+a, moar"+>
T+e E)+,+ali,e "+ief w+o wo ,+i! .i",or& wa! #ow 0& 9ra0o1Per!ia +i!,oria! uder ,+e
ame of 9#+!+uwar or 9#+!+uwa;$ a))are,l& a "orru),io of ,+e So*dia ,i,le khshevan or
#i*>
137

9f,er ,+eir .i",or& o.er <i* Pero;$ ,+e E)+,+ali,e :u! o""u)ied o, ol& ,+e fro,ier di!,ri", of
Tale#a Gwe!,er Tale#a$ 0e,wee Bal#+ ad 8er.H$ w+i"+ u,il ,+e +ad 0ee ,+e fro,ier ,ow
of ,+e Sa!!aid Em)ire i ,+e or,+we!,$ 0u, al!o 8er. ad :era,>
135
Dur,+ermore$ ,+e&
i,er.eed i ,+e )ala"e ?uarrel! of ,+e Per!ia Sa!!aid d&a!,&> I, wa! i ,+i! wa& ,+a, ,+e
Sa!!aid <a.ad+$ dri.e from ,+e ,+roe of ',e!i)+o$ ,oo# refu*e wi,+ ,+em$ married ,+e ie"e
of ,+eir #+a$ ad re"ei.ed from +im a arm&$ wi,+ w+o!e aid +e re*aied +i! "row GL92 or
L99H> B& ,+e ,+e E)+,+ali,e! +ad 0e"ome a )ower ,o 0e re"#oed wi,+ i 8iddle 9!ia> T+e
Liang Shu o,e! ,+e em0a!!& !e, i 316 ,o ,+e '+ie!e "our, of Na#i* 0& ,+eir #i* MYe1,ai1i1
li1,Co>M
(e!)i,e <i* Pero;C defea,$ Sa!!aid Per!ia wa! ,oo well defeded for ,+e E)+,+ali,e! ,o
"o,em)la,e i,! "o?ue!,> T+e& re,ured !ou,+ea!,ward$ i ,+e dire",io of <a0ul> T+ere ,+e fir!,
rea",io ,o ,+eir a))roa"+ !eem! ,o +a.e 0ee ,+e re)la"eme, of ,+e <u!+a d&a!,& a0ou, ,+e
middle of ,+e fif,+ "e,ur& 0& ao,+er lie of ,+e !ame YIe+1"+i+ or Tu#+ara eA,ra",io from
Ba",ria> Iraia !our"e! ,ell of a M<idari,eM d&a!,&=e!,a0li!+ed a))are,l& !ou,+ of ,+e OAu!$
0e,wee Bal#+ ad 8er.
13L
=w+i"+ wa! a, war wi,+ ,+e Sa!!aid!> 9""ordi* ,o ,+e!e !ame
!our"e!$ ,+e Sa!!aid Pero; GL391L2LH=,+e !ame w+o wa! ,o )eri!+ uder ,+e 0low! of ,+e
E)+,+ali,e!=fou*+, ,+e <idari,e "+ief!$ fir!, ,+e e)o&mou! +ero <idara ad ,+e +i! !o
<u*a! G<u*#a!H> I, wa! af,er +i! defea, 0& Pero; ,+a, <u*a! i! 0elie.ed ,o +a.e lef, Ba",ria$
w+i"+ ,+e E)+,+ali,e! )rom),l& o""u)ied$ "ro!!ed ,+e :idu <u!+$ ad e,ered <a0ul$ w+ere +e
,oo# ,+e )la"e of S62T ,+e la!, <u!+a ruler!>
133
T+e!e e.e,! are "ofirmed 0& ,+e '+ie!e$
,+ou*+ a!"ri0ed ,o a earlier da,e ad "o!e?ue,l& ,o !omew+a, differe, "au!e!> '+ie!e
!our"e!$ i w+i"+ iforma,io !eem! ,o da,e from a! far 0a"# a! ,+e &ear! L561L31$ re"ord ,+a, Ma
#i* of ,+e YIe+1"+i+M from MPo1loM=w+i"+ +ere o dou0, deo,e! ,+e Tu#+ara of Bal#+=+ad
@u!, lef, Ba",ria uder E)+,+ali,e )re!!ure ad mo.ed ,o Gad+ara$ w+ere +e !e,,led a, Pe!+awar$
0ri*i* uder +i! !wa& +i! "ou!i! ,+e YIe+1"+i+ of <a0ul4 ,+a, i!$ ,+e la!, of ,+e <u!+a!> T+e
'+ie!e "all ,+i! #i* <i1,o1lo$ w+i"+ "orre!)od! eAa",l& ,o our <idara>
136
T+u! i, mu!, +a.e
0ee ,+e E)+,+ali,e! ra,+er ,+a ,+e Sa!!aia! w+o for"ed ,+e <idari,e! ,o lea.e Ba",ria ad
,a#e refu*e i <a0ul> T+e <idari,e!$ +owe.er$ were !oo followed 0& ,+e E)+,+ali,e!$ w+o lo!,
o ,ime i "ro!!i* ,+e :idu <u!+ 0& ,+e !ame rou,e> T+u! ,+e w+ole of ,+e old YIe+1'+i+
,erri,or&=Ba",ria$ <a0ul$ ad <ada+ar= )a!!ed i,o E)+,+ali,e +ad!> I addi,io$ from ,+e
+ei*+,! of ,+e <a0ul .alle& ,+e E)0,0a+,e .a*uard !)ra* for,+=a! ,+e <u!+a! +ad doe
0efore ,+em=,o ,+e "o?ue!, of Idia>
T+e *rea,er )ar, of Idia=,+e w+ole Ga*e! 0a!i$ ,+e 8alwa$ Gu@ara,$ ad ,+e or,+er (e""a
=formed a, ,+a, ,ime a +u*e em)ire uder ,+e a,ioal d&a!,& of ,+e Gu),a em)eror!$ a d&a!,&
w+i"+ rea"+ed i,! )ea# i ,+e rei* of <umara*u),a G"a> L1L1L33H$ w+o wa! !u""eeded 0& +i!
!o S#ada*u),a G"a> L331L70H> I, wa! ei,+er duri* <umara*u),aC! la!, &ear! or a, ,+e 0e*ii*
of S#ada*u),aC! rei* ,+a, ,+e E)+,+ali,e :u!= #ow ,o ,+e Idia! 0& ,+e Sa!#ri,
,ra!"ri),io $una=+a.i* "o?uered <a0ul$ "ame dow i,o ,+e Pu@a0 ad were 0rou*+, u)
!+or, a*ai!, ,+e fro,ier! of ,+e Gu),a realm$ ear (oa0 or ,+e 8alwa> O ,+a, o""a!io ,+e&
were re)ul!ed 0& S#ada*u),a$ ei,+er !oo af,er +i! a""e!!io or @u!, 0efore>
137
If 0efore$ ,+e
0e*ii* of +i! rei* ma& +a.e "oi"ided wi,+ a !e"od :u i.a!io$ w+i"+ wa! li#ewi!e
0ea,e off> 9f,er ,+i!$ a! a i!"ri),io of L60 ,ell!$ ,+e "ou,r& wa! o"e more a, )ea"e>
8eaw+ile ,+e E)+,+ali,e! +ad e,re"+ed ,+em!el.e! firml& o 0o,+ !ide! of ,+e :idu <u!+$ i
Ba",ria ad <a0ul> I 370$ a, ,+e ,ime of Su* YIC! )il*rima*e$ ,+eir #+a li.ed or,+ of ,+e
:idu <u!+$ mi*ra,i* !ea!oall& from Ba",ria$ w+ere +e !)e, ,+e wi,er$ ,o Bada#+!+a$ +i!
!ummer re!ide"e> 9, <a0ul$ i ,+e old Gre"o1Budd+i" )ro.i"e! of <a)i!a ad Gad+ara$ a
!e"odar& E)+,+a+,e "+ief +ad !e,,led4 a tegin w+o ,+ere fouded S69T a d&a!,& of w+i"+ ,+e
!e"od !o.erei* wa! rei*i* i 370> :ere$ amid ,+e lof,& "ul,ure of Gad+ara$ of w+i"+
:ellei!m @oi,l& wi,+ Budd+i!m +ad made a ew :ella! ad Budd+i" :ol& /ad "om0ied$ ,+e
E)+,+ali,e! 0e+a.ed li#e 0ar0aria!$ ma!!a"ri* ,+e i+a0i,a,! ad )er!e"u,i* e!)e"iall& ,+e
Budd+i!, "ommui,ie!$ !a"#i* moa!,erie! ad wor#! of ar,$ ad ruii* ,+e fie Gre"o1
Budd+i" "i.ili;a,io w+i"+ 0& ,+e wa! fi.e "e,urie! old> Per!ia
132
ad '+ie!e ,eA,! a*ree i
,+eir de!"ri),io! of ,+e ,&ra& ad .adali!m of ,+i! +orde>
I ,+e ,ei%Shih ad ,+e !,or& rela,ed 0& Su* YI=w+o i 370$ i, will 0e remem0ered$ .i!i,ed
fir!, ,+eir #+a a, +i! !ummer re!ide"e of Bada#+!+a$ ad la,er ,+e tegin of Gad+ara=all
,+e!e :u! are de!"ri0ed a! )ure omad!4 MT+e& do o, li.e i ,ow!E ,+eir !ea, of *o.erme, i!
a mo.i* "am)> T+eir dwelli*! are of fel,> T+e& mo.e i !ear"+ of wa,er ad )a!,ure$
@oure&i* i !ummer ,o "ool )la"e! ad i wi,er ,o warmer oe!> 9 lar*e fel, ,e, i! ere",ed for
,+eir #i*$ mea!uri* for,& fee, a !ideE o ,+e i!ide$ ,+e wall! are made of woole ru*!> T+e
#i*C! "lo,+e! are of orame,ed !il#$ ad +e !i,! o a *olde 0ed of w+i"+ ,+e fee, are i ,+e
!+a)e of four *olde )+oeiAe!> :i! "+ief wife al!o wear! a orame,ed !il# ro0e w+i"+ ,rail!
,+ree fee, alo* ,+e *roud> O +er +ead !+e wear! a +or ei*+, fee, lo*$ de"ora,ed wi,+
)re"iou! !,oe! i fi.e "olor!>M
139
Su* YI al!o o,e! ,+e E)+,+ali,e "u!,om of fra,eral
)ol&adr& ad ,+eir +o!,ili,& ,o Budd+i!m> MT+e& +a.e o 0elief i ,+e Budd+i" law ad ,+e&
!er.e a *rea, um0er of di.ii,ie!> T+e& #ill li.i* "rea,ure! ad are ea,er! of 0lood& mea,>M O
,+e ,e!,imo& of :!Ia1,!a*$ ,+e E)+,+ali,e! "u, ,+e ,+roa,! of ,wo1,+ird! of ,+e Gad+ara
)o)ula,io$ redu"ed ,+e re!, ,o !la.er&$ ad de!,ro&ed mo!, of ,+e Budd+i!, moa!,erie! ad
!,u)a!>
160

Drom <a0ul ,+e E)+,+ali,e! e&ed ,+e ri"+e! of Idia> (ri.e 0a"# 0& ,+e Idia em)eror
S#ada*u),a$ ,+e& 0ided ,+eir ,ime> T+eir o))or,ui,& o""urred w+e$ af,er ,+e dea,+ of ,+a, ruler
G"a> L70H$ ,+e Idia Em)ire fell i,o de"a&> T+i! ma& +a.e 0ee ,+e re!ul, of ,+e )ar,i,io of ,+e
"ou,r& 0e,wee ,wo 0ra"+e! of ,+e Gu),a d&a!,&$ oe rei*i* o.er ,+e 8alwa i ,+e )er!o!
of Budd+a*u),a G"a> L761L9LH ad B+au*u),a G"a> L9913L5H$ ,+e o,+er o.er Bi+ar ad Be*al$
w+ere Pura*u),a ad Nara!im+a*u),a !u""e!!i.el& +eld )ower> Profi,i* from ,+i! de"lie of
Gu),a )ower$ ,+e :u! re!umed ,+eir i.a!io! of Idia> T+e S70T :u "+ief w+o led ,+em$ ad
w+o i! #ow i Idia li,era,ure 0& ,+e ame of Toramaa Gd> 307H$ wa! o, ,+e #+a of ,+e
E)+,+ali,e!$ a! i! !ome,ime! "o,eded> T+e #+a$ a! we !aw$ li.ed or,+ of ,+e :idu <u!+$ i
Ba",ria ad Bada#+!+a> T+i! ma wa! a !e"odar& )ri"e or teginE o dou0, ,+e tegin of <a0ul>
T+ree i!"ri),io! of +i!$ foud a, <+ewra i ,+e Sal, Ra*e Gor,+we!, of ,+e Pu@a0H$ a,
Gwalior$ ad a, Era$ )ro.e ,+a, +e "o?uered o, ol& ,+e Idu! 0a!i 0u, ,+e 8alwa a! well>
:i! "oia*e i! a imi,a,io of ,+a, of ,+e Idia em)eror Budd+a*u),a$ +i! "o,em)orar&>
161

8i+ira#ula$ ToramaaC! !o ad !u""e!!or G#ow ol& 0& +i! lauda,or& Idia ame MRa"e of
,+e SuM i "la!!i"al Sa!#ri,H$ w+o !eem! ,o +a.e ruled +i! +orde from a0ou, 307 ,o 350$ wa!
ideed ,+e 9,,ila of Idia> :e +ad ,a#e u) +i! re!ide"e a, Sial#o, i ,+e ea!,er Pu@a0$ ad
mu!, +a.e 0ee ,+a, tegin of Gad+ara w+om ,+e '+ie!e )il*rim Su* YI me, i 370> 9f,er
"o?ueri* <a!+mir$ 8i+ira#ula re,ured ,o Gad+ara$ w+ere +e )er)e,ra,ed fri*+,ful ma!!a"re!>
Budd+i!, wri,er! de!"ri0e +im a! a ,erri0le )er!e"u,or of ,+eir reli*io> :!Ia1,!a* ,ell! ,+a, ,+e
Gu),a ruler of 8a*ad+a or Bi+ar$ "alled Baladi,&a G)er+a)! ide,i"al wi,+ Nara!im+a*u),a
me,ioed a0o.eH$ wa! ,+e ol& oe w+o dared ,o o))o!e +im> 8i+ira#ula ad.a"ed i,o ,+e
Ga*e! re*io i !ear"+ of +i! o))oe,> 9, fir!,$ Baladi,&a i! re)or,ed ,o +a.e re,rea,ed 0efore
+imE ,+e$ i a !ur)ri!e a,,a"#$ +e !eem! ,o +a.e defea,ed ad e.e "a),ured +im> T+e arra,i.e
ed! a! a moral ,ale> 9)ar, from ,+i!$ ,+e i!"ri),io of Era$ i ,+e 8alwa$ da,ed 310$ w+i"+
re"ou,! ,+e .i",orie! of B+aa*u),a=ao,+er Gu),a )ri"e=+a! *i.e ri!e ,o ,+e 0elief ,+a,
,+e!e ,rium)+! ,oo were wo o.er E)+,+ali,e i.ader!> /a!,l&$ i 355 a ,+ird Idia )ri"e$
Ya!od+arma$ a!!umed ,o 0e a mem0er of ,+e d&a!,& of ,+e ra@a! of 8ada!ur i ,+e 8alwa$
0oa!,! i +i! i"ri),io! of +a.i* "o?uered ,+e :u! ad for"ed 8i+ira#ula ,o )a& +im
+oma*e>
167
9f,er ,+e!e defea,!$ 8i+ira#ula a))ear! ,o +a.e wi,+draw ,o <a!+mir$ w+ere for
!ome u#ow rea!o +e ,oo# a a))alli* .e*ea"e o +i! Gad+ara !u0@e",!$ a! i! re)or,ed
0& '+ie!e )il*rim!> Budd+i!, ,eA,! a!!er, ,+a, 0& wa& of )ui!+me, for +i! a,ro"i,ie!$ +e me,
wi,+ a *+a!,l& dea,+>
We do o, #ow w+a, 0e"ame of ,+e :u "la! "am)ed i ,+e Pu@a0 af,er 8i+ira#ulaC! de"ea!e>
T+e& mu!, +a.e "o,iued S71T ,o 0e ,rou0le!ome if o, da*erou! ei*+0or!$ for i ,+e !e"od
+alf of ,+e !iA,+ "e,ur& ,+e ma+ara@a of T+ae!ar$
165
Pra0+a#ara Gd> 603H$ wo +oor ad )ower
0& fi*+,i* ,+em> I 603 +i! elde!, !o Ra@&a.ard+aa wa! !,ill wa*i* war o ,+em$ ad la,er
,+e !u""e!!or ,o ,+e!e ,wo$ ,+e *rea, Idia em)eror :ar!+a G60616L7H$ wa! a""laimed 0& ,+e
)oe,! for +i! .i",orie! o.er ,+e!e !ame :u!> Ye, from ,+e !e"od +alf of ,+e !e.e,+ "e,ur& ,+e
:u! of Idia .ai!+ from +i!,or&$ o dou0, ei,+er eA,ermia,ed or a0!or0ed 0& ,+e Pu@a0i!>
Some of ,+eir "la! mo!, li#el& !u""eeded i *aii* admi!!io ,o ,+e :idu ari!,o"ra"&$ i ,+e
maer of ,+e MRa@)u,M "la of ,+e Gur@ara$ w+i"+ ma& )o!!i0l& +a.e ,+e !ame ori*i>
THE H71S I1 E7ROPE6 ATTI/A
Drom ,+e &ear 53 B>'>$ we lo!e ,ra"# of ,+e we!,er :!iu*1u> I, wa! ,+e ,+a, '+e1"+e$ ,+e
di!!ide, shan%y&$ +a.i* "arried wi,+ +im !ome of ,+e :ui" ,ri0e! of U))er 8o*olia ,o ,+e
!,e))e! or,+ of ,+e 9ral Sea ad /a#e Bal#+a!+$ wa! o.er,a#e ad #illed 0& a '+ie!e
eA)edi,ioar& for"e> T+e de!"eda,! of ,+e ,ri0e! w+i"+ +e led i,o ,+i! re*io were ,o remai
,+ere for "e,urie!E 0u,$ a! ,+e& la"#ed "i.ili;ed ei*+0or! ,o re"ord ,+eir deed! ad ad.e,ure!$
o,+i* i! #ow of ,+eir +i!,or&> No, u,il ,+e four,+ "e,ur& 9>(> do we +ear of ,+em a*ai$
w+e ,+eir e,r& i,o Euro)e 0rou*+, ,+em i,o "o,a", wi,+ ,+e Roma world>
16L

T+e Ru!!ia !,e))e or,+ of ,+e Bla"# Sea +ad 0ee o""u)ied !i"e ,+e ,+ird "e,ur& B>'> 0& ,+e
Sarma,ia!$ w+o !u)er!eded ,+e S"&,+ia! ad w+o$ li#e ,+em$ 0elo*ed ,o ,+e or,+er 0ra"+
of ,+e Iraia ra"e> T+e 0ul# of ,+em were omad!$ mo.i* 0e,wee ,+e lower Vol*a ad ,+e
(ie!,er> 'er,ai Sarma,ia ,ri0e! 0ad de.elo)ed a au,oomou! wa& of life> 9mo* ,+em were
,+e omadi" 9la! of ,+e Tere#$ w+o ,ra.eled a! far a! ,+e <u0aE ,+e RoAolai$ w+o !i"e
9>(>67 +ad 0ee e!,a0li!+ed we!, of ,+e lower (oE ad ,+e %a;&*e!$ w+o from 9>(>30 o""u)ied
,+e )lai 0e,wee ,+e Ti!;a ad ,+e (au0e$ ,+a, i!$ 0e,wee ,+e (a"ia! ad ,+e Roma
)ro.i"e of Paoia i ,+e +ear, of moder :u*ar&>
163
T+e Sarma,ia! were !e)ara,ed from ,+e
Roma Em)ire=e.e af,er Tra@aC! aeAa,io of (a"ia G106H=0& ,+e Ba!,arae$ a ea!,er
Germai" S77T )eo)le w+o from 700 oward +ad "ome dow ,+e (ie!,er 0& wa& of ,+e
or,+er !lo)e! of ,+e 'ar)a,+ia! a! far a! ,+e ri.er mou,+4 a mo.eme, w+i"+ re)re!e,! ,+e
fir!, #ow Germai" 4rang nach 5sten> 90ou, 9>(> 700$ a fre!+ Germai" ,+ru!, from ,+e
lower Vi!,ula=,+a, of ,+e Go,+!$ w+o ori*ia,ed i Swede =,+rea,eed ,+e Sarma,ia!C "laim
,o ,+e )lai! of !ou,+er Ru!!ia> I 750 ,+e Go,+! +ad rea"+ed ,+e limi, of ,+eir mi*ra,io ad
a,,a"#ed ,+e Roma ,ow of Ol0ia o ,+e Bla"# Sea>
Sou,+er Ru!!ia wa! di.ided a, ,+i! ,ime 0e,wee ,+e Go,+! ,o ,+e we!, of ,+e lower (ie)er ad
,+e Sarma,ia )eo)le! G9la! ad o,+er!H ea!, of ,+a, ri.er> T+e 'rimea$ o ,+e o,+er +ad$ wa!
!,ill a Gre"o1Roma realm i .a!!ala*e ,o ,+e 'ae!ar!> T+e Go,+! ,+em!el.e! were di.ided i,o
O!,ro*o,+! G0e,wee ,+e lower (o ad ,+e lower (ie!,erH ad Vi!i*o,+! Gfrom ,+e lower
(ie!,er ,o ,+e (au0eH> 9 ,+ird Go,+i" ,ri0e$ ,+e Ge)idae$ +ad o""u)ied (a"ia af,er i,!
e.a"ua,io 0& Em)eror 9urelia i 770> T+i! i! ,+e )eriod of ,+e Go,+i" 0urial! of '+er&a#+o.
!ou,+ of <ie.$ ad of Ni#ola&e.#a ear <+er!o o ,+e lower (ie)er G,+ird "e,ur&H> I, i! al!o
,+e )eriod$ o ,+e Sarma,ia !ide$ of ,+e <u0a ,umuli GT0ili!!#a&a$ Vo;d.i;+e!#o&e$ 9rma.ir$
ad Yaro!la.!#a&aH$ wi,+ )la?ue! ad "la!)! "+ara",eri!,i" of Sarma,ia ar,> To ,+e or,+$ i ,+e
fore!,! of ea!,er ad "e,ral Ru!!ia=a, ,+a, ,ime i+a0i,ed o dou0, 0& Dio1U*ria )eo)le!=
,+e Sarma,ia iflue"e wa! !,ill e.ide, i ,+e "ul,ure of Piao0or ear <a;a G"a> 1001500 or
L00H$ ,+e lo"al i+eri,or of ,+e 9aio "ul,ure> Dar,+er we!,$ ,+e <alu*a *rou) re.eal! fi0ulae of
Germao1Roma i!)ira,io G,+ird ad four,+ "e,urie!H> Su"+ wa! ,+e e,+i" ad "ul,ural
!i,ua,io i Sou,+ Ru!!ia w+e ,+e :u! arri.ed>
Dor w+a, rea!o did ,+e +i!,ori" :u!=,+e de!"eda,! of ,+e we!,er :!iu*1u=lea.e ,+e
!,e))e! or,+ of ,+e 9ral Sea ad e,er Euro)eF We do o, #ow> 90ou, 57L$ +a.i* "ro!!ed ,+e
lower Vol*a$ ,+e& )re!!ed o uder ,+e leader!+i) of a "+ief w+om %ordae! "all! Balamir$ or
Balam0er$ a"ro!! ,+e (oE defea,ed ad !u0@u*a,ed ,+e 9la! of ,+e Tere# ad <u0aE ad
a,,a"#ed$ we!, of ,+e (ie)er$ ,+e O!,ro*o,+!$ w+o!e a*ed #i* Ermaari"+ ,+e& defea,ed ad
w+o i +i! de!)air "ommi,,ed !ui"ide> Vi,+imir$ Ermaari"+C! !u""e!!or$ wa! defea,ed ad #illed
i +i! ,ur> 8o!, of ,+e O!,ro*o,+! !u0mi,,ed ,o :u domia,io$ w+ile ,+e Vi!i*o,+!$ fleei*
from i.a!io$ "ro!!ed S75T ,+e (au0e ad e,ered ,+e Roma Em)ire G576H> T+e ma@ori,& of
,+e 9la! of ,+e <u0a ad Tere# were "om)elled ,o !u0mi, ,em)oraril& ,o ,+e :u! ad remai
i ,+e lad$ w+ere i a0ou, ,+e ,e,+ "e,ur& ,+e& were "o.er,ed ,o B&;a,ie '+ri!,iai,&>
T+e!e were ,+e fore0ear! of ,+e moder O!!e,ia!> O,+er 9la! !e, off for ,+e We!, ad @oied
wi,+ ,+e we!,er Germa! i ,+e *rea, i.a!io!> Some of ,+eir ,ri0e! were ,o !e,,le i Gaul o
,+e lower /oire$
166
o,+er! e,ered S)ai$ miAed wi,+ ,+e Sue.i i S)ai!+ Gali"ia or$ wi,+ ,+e
Vi!i*o,+!$ formed a "om)o!i,e e,+i" eleme, w+i"+ ma& "o"ei.a0l& +a.e *i.e 'a,aloia
GMGo,+19laMH i,! ame>
T+e ,error i!)ired 0& ,+e :u!C irru),io i,o ,+e Roma ad Germai" world +a! 0ee well
"o.e&ed 0& 9mmiau! 8ar"elliu! ad %ordae!> MT+e :u!$M wri,e! 9mmiau!$ MeA"eed
a&,+i* ,+a, "a 0e ima*ied i fero"i,& ad 0ar0ari!m> T+e& *a!+ ,+eir "+ildreC! "+ee#! ,o
)re.e, ,+eir 0eard! *rowi*> T+eir !,o"#& 0od&$ +u*e arm!$ ad di!)ro)or,ioa,el& lar*e +ead
*i.e ,+em a mo!,rou! a))eara"e> T+e& li.e li#e 0ea!,!> T+e& ei,+er "oo# or !ea!o ,+eir
foodE ,+e& li.e o wild roo,! ad o mea, )ouded ,eder uder ,+e !addle> T+e& are i*ora, of
,+e u!e of ,+e )low ad of fiAed +a0i,a,io!$ w+e,+er +ou!e! or +u,!> Bei* )er)e,uall& omadi"$
,+e& are iured from "+ild+ood ,o "old$ +u*er$ ad ,+ir!,> T+eir +erd! follow ,+em o ,+eir
mi*ra,io!$ wi,+ !ome of ,+e aimal! 0ei* u!ed ,o draw ,+e "o.ered wa*o! i w+i"+ ,+eir
familie! li.e> :ere i, i! ,+a, ,+eir wome !)i ad ma#e "lo,+e!$ 0ear "+ildre$ ad rear ,+em
u,il )u0er,&> If &ou i?uire of ,+e!e me w+e"e ,+e& "ome ad w+ere ,+e& were 0or$ ,+e&
"ao, ,ell &ou> T+eir dre!! "o!i!,! of a lie ,ui" ad a "oa, of ra,!#i! !ew ,o*e,+er> T+e
,ui"$ w+i"+ i! of a dar# "olor$ i! wor u,il i, ro,! awa& o ,+eir 0odie!> T+e& e.er "+a*e i,
u,il i, dro)! off> 9 +elme, or "a) )u!+ed 0a"# o ,+eir +ead! ad *oa,!#i! rolled a0ou, ,+eir
+air& le*! "om)le,e ,+eir a,,ire> T+eir !+oe!$ "u, wi,+ou, !+a)e or mea!ure$ do o, allow ,+em ,o
wal# i ea!e4 ,+u! ,+e& are ?ui,e u!ui,ed ,o fi*+, a! ifa,r&> Ye, mou,ed ,+e& !eem ri.e,ed ,o
,+eir u*l& li,,le +or!e!$ w+i"+ are ,irele!! ad !wif, a! li*+,i*> T+e& !)ed ,+eir li.e! o
+or!e0a"#$ !ome,ime! a!,ride$ !ome,ime! !idewa&!$ li#e wome> T+e& +old ,+eir mee,i*! ,+u!E
,+e& 0u& ad !ell$ dri# ad ea,=e.e !lee)$ l&i* o ,+e e"# of ,+eir mou,!> I 0a,,le S7LT
,+e& !woo) u)o ,+e eem&$ u,,eri* fri*+,ful &ell!> W+e o))o!ed ,+e& di!)er!e$ ol& ,o re,ur
wi,+ ,+e !ame !)eed$ !ma!+i* ad o.er,uri* e.er&,+i* i ,+eir )a,+> T+e& +a.e o o,io of
0ow ,o ,a#e a for,ified )o!i,io or a e,re"+ed "am)> Ye, ,+ere i! o,+i* ,o e?ual ,+e !#ill wi,+
w+i"+=from )rodi*iou! di!,a"e!=,+e& di!"+ar*e ,+eir arrow!$ w+i"+ are ,i))ed wi,+
!+ar)eed 0oe a! +ard ad murderou! a! iro>M
167

Sidoiu! 9)olliari!$ w+o a,,ri0u,e! ,+e :u!C )+&!i"al ,&)e ,o deli0era,e malforma,io i
"+ild+ood$ !)ea#! wi,+ o le!! +orror of ,+e!e 0ra"+&"e)+ali" me wi,+ ,+eir fla,,eed o!e! GMa
!+a)ele!!$ fla, eA"re!"e"eMH$ +i*+ "+ee#0oe!$ ad e&e! !u# i ,+eir !o"#e,! a! i a "a.er GM&e,
,+eir )ier"i* *a;e "ommad! ,+e far,+e!, eA)a!e!MH$ ,+e ea*le e&e! of ,+e omad$ a""u!,omed
,o !"ai* .a!, area! ad di!"eri* +erd! of deer or wild +or!e! o ,+e .er& +ori;o of ,+e
!,e))e> Drom ,+e !ame au,+or ,+ere i! a fie .er!e de)i",i* ,+e e,eral +or!ema of ,+e !,e))e!4
MBelow a.era*e +ei*+, w+e afoo,$ ,+e :u i! *rea, w+e mou,ed o +i! !,eed[M
I, i! i,ere!,i* ,o "om)are ,+i! )or,rai, wi,+ ,+e oe lef, 0& '+ie!e aali!,! of ,+e :!iu*1u$
w+o i ,&)e ad wa& of life were ide,i"al$ ad al!o wi,+ a !imilar )or,rai, of ,+e ,+ir,ee,+1
"e,ur& 8o*ol! w+i"+ +a! "ome dow from 0o,+ '+ia ad '+ri!,edom> T+e 0ra"+&"e)+ali"
ma of ,+e !,e))e$ w+e,+er :u$ Tur#$ or 8o*ol=,+e ma wi,+ ,+e 0i* +ead$ )owerful 0od&$
ad !+or, le*!$ ,+e e.er1mou,ed omad$ ,+e Mar"+er o +or!e0a"#M from :i*+ 9!ia )rowli*
alo* ,+e fri*e! of "ul,i.a,io=+a! !"ar"el& "+a*ed o.er fif,ee "e,urie! of raid! a*ai!,
!ede,ar& "i.ili;a,io!>
T+e !u0mi!!io of ,+e 9la! ad O!,ro*o,+! ad ,+e eAodu! of ,+e Vi!i*o,+! lef, ,+e :u!
ma!,er! of ,+e e,ire )lai! area 0e,wee ,+e Ural! ad ,+e 'ar)a,+ia!> B& ,+e 'ar)a,+ia )a!!e!
or ,+e Walla"+ia )lai!$ ,+e& eA, o""u)ied ,+e )lai of :u*ar&$ w+ere ,+e Ge)idae 0e"ame
,+eir !u0@e",! ad w+e"e ,+e& eA)aded e.e a! far a! ,+e ri*+, 0a# of ,+e (au0e GL031L06H>
9, ,+i! ,ime ,+e& a))ear ,o +a.e 0ee di.ided i,o ,+ree +orde! uder ,+ree "+ief!$ ,+e 0ro,+er!
Rua! GRu*a! or Ru*ilaH$ 8ud;u# Gor 8udiu#+H$ ad O#,ar$ w+o a0ou, L73 were
!imul,aeou!l& i )ower> I L5L$ ,+e!e +orde! were 0ei* *o.ered 0& 8ud;u#C! ,wo !o!$
Bleda ad 9,,ila$ ,+e former 0ei* .er& !oo remo.ed 0& ,+e la,,er>
S73T
I, wa! ,+e ,+a, 9,,ila 0e*a +i! "o?ue!,!> I LL1 +e de"lared war o ,+e Ea!,er Em)ire> :e
"ro!!ed ,+e (au0e$ mo.ed u) ,+e ow Ser0ia Ri.er 8ora.a$ ,oo# Nai!!u! GNi!H$ )ludered
P+ili))o)oli! GPlo.di.H$ ad ra.a*ed T+ra"e a! far a! 9r"adio)oli! G/ule0ur*a;H$ w+i"+ +e
!a"#ed> 9, ,+e )ea"e of LL2$ ,+e Em)ire +ad ,o "ede ,o +im a 0el, !ou,+ of ,+e (au0e$ eA,edi*
i le*,+ from moder Bel*rade ,o moder S.i!+,o.$ ad i wid,+ a! far a! Ni!>
I %auar& ad De0ruar& of L31$ +a.i* "o"e,ra,ed +i! arm& i ,+e )lai of :u*ar&$ 9,,ila
made for Gaul$ rall&i* ,o +i! !ide ,+e Germai" )eo)le! o ,+e ri*+, 0a# o ,+e R+ie> 9f,er
"ro!!i* ,+e R+ie$ +e a,,a"#ed ,+a, )ar, of Gaul w+i"+ wa! !,ill Roma$ *o.ered 0& ,+e Roma
)a,ri"ia 9e,iu!> O 9)ril7 +e 0ured 8e,; ad we, o ,o 0e!ie*e Orlea!> O %ue1L ,+e la,,er
,ow wa! relie.ed 0& ,+e arri.al of ,+e Roma arm& uder 9e,iu!C "ommad ad ,+e Vi!i*o,+i"
arm& uder <i* T+eodori"> 9,,ila re,rea,ed ,oward Tro&e!> I, wa! ,o ,+e we!, of Tro&e!$ o ,+e
'am)u! 8auria"u!$ ,+a, +e wa! +al,ed 0& Roma! ad Vi!i*o,+! i a +ard1fou*+, ad 0arel&
de"i!i.e 0a,,le w+i"+ e.er,+ele!! !a.ed ,+e We!, Ged of %ue$ L31H>
9f,er ,+i! "+e"#$ 9,,ila re,ired ,o ,+e (au0e$ w+ere +e !)e, ,+e wi,er> I ,+e !)ri* of L37$ +e
i.aded I,al&$ 0u, li*ered ,oo lo* o.er ,+e !ie*e of 9?uileia$ w+i"+ i ,+e ed +e redu"ed ad
de!,ro&ed> :e al!o ,oo# 8ila ad Pa.ia$ ad aou"ed +i! i,e,io ,o mar"+ o Rome$
w+e"e Em)eror Vale,iia III +ad @u!, fled> :owe.er$ i!,ead of )re!!i* o ,o ,+e "a)i,al of
,+e world$ +e allowed +im!elf ,o 0e di!!uaded 0& ,+e 0i!+o) of Rome$ Sai, /eo ,+e Grea, G%ul&
6$ L37H$ w+o )romi!ed +im ,ri0u,e ad ,+e +ad of :ooria$ a dau*+,er of ,+e 'ae!ar!> O"e
more +e re,ured ,o Paoia$ w+ere +e died i L35>
T+e Go,+i" +i!,oria %ordae! +a! lef, u! a !,ri#i* )or,rai, of 9,,ila> :e wa! a ,&)i"al :u4 !+or,$
0road1"+e!,ed$ wi,+ a 0i* +ead$ !mall dee)1!e, e&e!$ ad fla, o!e> :e wa! !war,+&$ almo!, 0la"#1
!#ied$ ad wore a !)ar!e 0eard> Terri0le i +i! ra*e!$ +e u!ed ,+e fear +e i!)ired a! a )oli,i"al
wea)o> Ideed$ ,+ere wa! i +im a0ou, ,+e !ame "oeffi"ie, of "al"ula,io ad "ui* a! i ,+e
:!iu*1u "o?ueror! of ,+e SiA (&a!,ie!$ a! de!"ri0ed 0& '+ie!e +i!,oria!> :i! u,,era"e!$
wi,+ ,+eir deli0era,e em)+a!i! ad o0!"ure ,+rea,!$ were !,ra,e*i" )relimiarie!E +i! !&!,ema,i"
de!,ru",io G9?uileia$ ra;ed ,o ,+e *roud$ e.er
S76T
S77T
re"o.ered af,er +i! )a!!a*eH ad +i! w+ole!ale ,+roa,1"u,,i* were i,eded )rimaril& a! a le!!o
,o +i! ad.er!arie!> %ordae! ad Pri!"u! !+ow +im ,o +a.e 0ee i o,+er wa&! a fair ad
i"orru),i0le @ud*e amo* +i! ow )eo)le$ *eerou! ,o +i! !er.a,!$ mild ,oward ,+o!e w+o
made *euie !u0mi!!io ,o +im$ ad "o,e, ,o li.e a !im)le life amid ,+e 0ar0aria luAur& of
+i! fellow!$ u!i* woode )la,,er! w+ere ,+e re!, a,e from di!+e! of *old> To ,+e!e ,rai,! ma& 0e
added o,+er! ,o w+i"+ ,+e !ame !our"e! allude4 +e wa! dee)l& !u)er!,i,iou!$ wi,+ a !a.a*eC!
"reduli,& i +i! !+ama!$ ad +i! ,a!,e for al"o+ol "au!ed "eremoie! ,o ed i dru#e or*ie!>
Ye, 0e wa! "areful ,o !urroud +im!elf wi,+ Gree# mii!,er! ad !"ri0e! !u"+ a! Oe*e!i!$
Roma oe! !u"+ a! Ore!,e!$ ad Germa! li#e Ede"o> 90o.e all$ "uriou!l& eou*+$
"+ara",eri!,i" of ,+i! leader of +orde! wa! +i! fre?ue, u!e of "ui* ad )oli,i"al ,a",i"! i
)refere"e ,o war> I war i,!elf$ 0e i! )romie, le!! a! a "a),ai ,+a a! a leader of me> Wi,+ all
,+i! wa! "om0ied a odd le*ali!,i" !,rea#$ w+i"+ led +im ,o !ee# di)loma,i" )re,eA,! for +i!
a",io!$ i a""orda"e wi,+ formal )ra",i"e$ !o ,+a, 0e mi*+, a, a& ra,e a))ear ,o +a.e ri*+, o
+i! !ide> T+e!e ,rai,! remid oe irre!i!,i0l& of ao,+er fouder of a omad em)ire$ ao,+er !o
of ,+e !,e))e4 %e*+i; <+a>
162

9! ,+e em)ire of %e*+i; <+a$ al0ei, !&m0oli"all& 8o*ol$ wa! ,o draw uder i,! 0aer! o,
8o*ol omad! aloe 0u, al!o Tur#! ad Tu*u! from :i*+ 9!ia$ !o 9,,ilaC! em)ire wi,+ i,!
:ui"=,+a, i! )re!uma0l& Tur#i"=u"leu! a0!or0ed ad "arried wi,+ i, Sarma,ia!$ 9la!$
O!,ro*o,+!$ Ge)idae$ ad o,+er!$ !"a,,ered 0e,wee ,+e Ural! ad ,+e R+ie> :erei la& i,!
wea#e!!> 9f,er 9,,ilaC! )rema,ure dea,+ i L35$ +i! +e,ero*eeou! em)ire di!i,e*ra,ed>
O!,ro*o,0! ad Ge)idae immedia,el& re.ol,ed ad "ru!+ed ,+e :u! i a *rea, 0a,,le i Paoia
i ,+e "our!e of w+i"+ Ella"$ ,+e "o?uerorC! elde!, !o$ wa! #illed GL3LH>
T+e :u! ,+e wi,+drew ,oward ,+e Ru!!ia !,e))e$ led 0& a !o of 9,,ila amed (e*i;i"+ or
(i;i*i#+> O,+er !o! of +i! demaded lad! from ,+e Roma!$ w+o ?uar,ered oe of ,+em$
Era"$ i (o0ro*ea Gor (o0ru@aH ad ,+e ,wo o,+er!$ Emed;ar ad U;idur$ i 8e!ia>
(e*i;i"+ a*ai led ,+e :u! i a a,,a"# o ,+e Ea!,er Em)ire ear ,+e /ower (au0e$ 0u,
wa! S72T defea,ed ad #illed> :i! +ead=,+e +ead of 9,,ilaC! !o=wa! eA+i0i,ed i L62 a,
'o!,a,io)le$ amid ,+e "ir"u!>
O,+er :u "la! !ur.i.ed or,+ of ,+e Bla"# Sea i ,wo +orde!4 ,+e <u,ri*ur :u!$ w+o led a
omadi" life or,+we!, of ,+e Sea of 9;o.$ ad ,+e U,ur*ur or U,ri*ur :u!$ w+o!e +au,! were
0& ,+e mou,+ of ,+e (o> T+e!e ,wo +orde! ?ui"#l& 0e"ame eemie!$ ,+eir ?uarrel! 0ei*
!e"re,l& fome,ed 0& B&;a,ie di)loma"&> 90ou, 3L3$ Em)eror %u!,iia i"i,ed Sadil#+$ ruler
of ,+e U,ur*ur!$ ,o mar"+ a*ai!, ,+e ri.al +orde> T+e <u,ri*ur! were de"ima,ed 0& Sadil#+
G3L2H$ 0u, la,er ro!e a*ai uder ,+eir #i* Xa0er*a Gor Xamer*aH ad ,ried ,o ,a#e re.e*e for
,+e !u))or, *i.e 0& %u!,iia ,o ,+eir foe!> (uri* ,+e wi,er of 3321339 Xa0er*a ad +i! +orde
"ro!!ed ,+e fro;e (au0e ad a))eared !uddel& uder ,+e .er& wall! of 'o!,a,io)le> Bu,
Beli!ariu! !a.ed ,+e "a)i,al ad Xa0er*a re,ured ,o ,+e (o !,e))e$ w+ere 0e re!umed
+o!,ili,ie! a*ai!, Sadil#+> Dra,i"idal war 0e,wee ,+e ,wo :ui" +orde! !,ar,ed afre!+$
remor!ele!!l&$ ad wa! !,ill *oi* o w+e a ,+ird +orde$ ,+a, of ,+e 9.ar! "ome from 9!ia$
"ru!+ed ,+e ,wo o,+er! a ,oo# )o!!e!!io of ,+e Ru!!ia !,e))e!> T+i! ew i.a!io wa! a
re)er"u!!io of re.olu,io! i 'o,ie,al 9!ia$ 0rou*+, a0ou, 0& ,+e a))eara"e of ,+e TCu1
"+Ie+$ or +i!,ori"al Tur#!>
S79T
D The Early Middle A'es6 T0u%ch)eh3 7i'ur3 and 2hitan
THE EMPIRE OF THE T07%CHLEH
I ,+e &ear 3L0$ ,+e em)ire of ,+e !,e))e! eAi!,ed a! ,+ree .a!, Tur#o18o*ol domiio!> T+e
%ua1@ua$ w+o were a))are,l& of 8o*ol !,o"#$ rei*ed i 8o*olia from ,+e 8a"+uria
0order ,o Turfa Ge.e o dou0, ,o ,+e ea!,er eA,remi,& of /a#e Bal#+a!+H ad from ,+e Or#+o
,o ,+e Grea, Wall> T+e E)+,+ali,e!$ )re!uma0l& a 8o*ol ra"e al!o$ domia,ed w+a, i! ow
Semire"+&e$ Ru!!ia Tur#e!,a$ So*diaa$ ea!,er Ira$ ad <a0ul$ from ,+e u))er Yuldu; Gor,+
of <ara S+a+rH ,o 8er.$ from /a#e Bal#+a!+ ad ,+e 9ral Sea ,o ,+e +ear, of 9f*+ai!,a ad ,+e
Pu@a0> T+e ,wo "la! ruli* ,+e %ua1@ua ad ,+e E)+,+ali,e! were allie!> 9roud 370 ,+e
E)+,+ali,e #+a +ad married ,+e au,! of ,+e %ua1@ua #+a*a 91a1#uei> T+e %ua1@ua$ lord!
of ,+eir a,i.e 8o*olia$ !eem e.e ,o +a.e mai,aied a "er,ai a!"eda"& o.er ,+e
E)+,+ali,e!$ w+o "o,rolled ,+e !ou,+we!,er mar"+e!> /a!,l&$ a! wa! @u!, !ee$ ,+e :u! of
Euro)e$ w+o were o dou0, of Tur#i" !,o"#$ +eld !wa& o.er ,+e Ru!!ia !,e))e i ,+e re*io
ad@oii* ,+e Sea of 9;o. ad ,+e mou,+! of ,+e (o$ al,+ou*+ ,+e ri.alr& of ,+eir ,wo +orde!=
<u,ri*ur! i ,+e we!,$ U,ur*ur! i ,+e ea!,udermied ,+eir )ower>
9mo* ,+e .a!!al! of ,+e %ua1@ua$ !a& ,+e '+ie!e$ were ,+e TCu1"+Ie+$ a Tur#i" ,ri0e w+i"+
+a! *i.e i,! ame ,o a w+ole *rou) of a,io! !+ari* a "ommo la*ua*e> Pellio, !a&! S20T
,+a, M,+e '+ie!e ame TCu1"+Ie+ mu!, re)re!e, a 8o*ol G%ua1@uaH )lural form T&rk&t$ from
,+e !i*ular T&rk> /i,erall&$ i, mea! M!,ro*>M
1
9""ordi* ,o '+ie!e aali!,!$ ,+e TCu1"+Ie+
,o,em wa! ,+e Wolf>
7
T+e& were de!"eda,! of ,+e old :!iu*u$ a fa", 0ore ou, 0& ,+e )ro,o1
Tur#i" "+ara",er a,,ri0u,ed ,o ,+e :u! 0& Pellio,> 9, ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e !iA,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e TCu1
"+Ie+ a))ear ,o +a.e i+a0i,ed ,+e 9l,ai re*io$ w+ere ,+e& )ra",i"ed me,alwor#i*4 M,+e ,rade
of ,+e !mi,+>M T+e )ower of ,+e %ua1@ua +ad re"e,l& 0ee im)aired 0& ,+e "i.il war w+i"+ i
370 0rou*+, a0ou, a "la!+ 0e,wee ,+eir #+a*a 91a1#uei ad +i! u"le PCo1lo1me$ ruler! of
ea!,er ad we!,er +orde! re!)e",i.el&>
I, wa! lef, ,o 91a1#uei G3771337H$ a! !ole !ur.i.i* lord of ,+e #+aa,e$ ,o ?uell ,+e
i!u0ordia,io of ,+e .a!!al Tur#i" ,ri0e!> I 302 oe of ,+e!e ,ri0e!$ ,+e <ao1#iu=ow
ide,ified wi,+ ,+e TJlJ! or TJlK"+$ omad! )a!,uri* !ou,+ of ,+e 9l,ai ear ,+e Uru*u$ ad
!eemi*l& fore0ear! of ,+e Ui*ur!=defea,ed ,+e %ua1@ua> I 316$ +owe.er$ ,+e %ua1@ua #illed
,+e #i* of ,+e <ao1#iu ad for"ed ,+e ,ri0e i,o !u0@e",io> I 371 ,+e <ao1#iu o"e more .ail&
a,,em),ed ,o ,a#e ad.a,a*e of ,+e "i.il !,rife amo* ,+e %ua1@ua i order ,o re*ai ,+eir
freedom> S+or,l& 0efore 3L6$ w+ile )lai* a fre!+ re.ol,$ ,+e& were 0al#ed 0& ,+e TCu1"+Ie+$
w+o$ ,+ou*+ of ,+e !ame ra"e$ lo&all& wared ,+e "ommo !u;erai$ ,+e %ua1@ua #+a*a 91a1
#uei$ of ,+e )lo,> 9! a reward for ,+i! !er.i"e$ ,+e Yu1"+Ie+ "+iefw+o i! #ow 0o,+ 0& +i!
Tur#i" ame Bumi ad i,! '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io Tu1me=re?ue!,ed ,+e +ad of a %ua1@ua
)ri"e!! i marria*e> 91a1#uei refu!ed>
5
Bumi ,+e allied +im!elf wi,+ ,+e :!i1Wei d&a!,& of
To0a !,o"#=,+a, i! ,o !a&$ mo!, )ro0a0l& Tur#i"=,+e rei*i* a, '+a*a i or,+we!, '+ia>
9l,+ou*+ e,irel& Sii"i;ed$ ,+e To0a ma& +a.e re,aied a !e!e of #i!+i) wi,+ ,+e Tur#i"
"ommui,&> I a& e.e,$ ,+e& mu!, +a.e 0ee *lad of a allia"e w+i"+ ea0led ,+em ,o
re,alia,e a*ai!, ,+eir a"ie, foe!$ ,+e %ua1@ua 8o*ol!$ ad ,+e& 0e!,owed u)o Bumi ,+e
+ad of oe of ,+eir ow )ri"e!!e! G331H> :a.i* ,+u! e"ir"led ,+e %ua1@ua 8o*ol!$ Bumi
"ru!+ed ,+em u,,erl& ad dro.e 91a1#uei$ ,+eir #+a*a$ ,o !ui"ide G337H> T+e rema,! of ,+e
%ua1@ua a0adoed 8o*olia ,o ,+e TCu1"+Ie+ ad ,oo# refu*e o ,+e '+ie!e fro,ier$ w+ere
,+e "our, of ,+e S21T Pei1'+Ci$ !u""e!!or! ,o ,+e Tu*1Wei$ e!,a0li!+ed ,+em a! *uardia! of ,+e
mar"+e!>
L

T+u! ,+e old im)erial ,erri,or& of 8o*olia )a!!ed from %ua@ua ,o TCu1"+Ie+$ or from 8o*ol!
,o Tur#!> Bumi a!!umed ,+e im)erial ,i,le of #+a*a>
3
T+e !ea, of ,+e ew em)ire remaied o
,+e u))er Or#+o$ i ,+a, mou,aiou! re*io w+i"+$ from ,+e da&! of ,+e old :!iu*1u ,o ,+o!e
of ,+e %e*+i;1 <+ai,e!$ wa! !o of,e "+o!e 0& ,+e +orde! a! ,+eir "ommad )o!,>
6

Bumi1#+a*a$ ,+e Tur#i" +ero$ 0arel& !ur.i.ed +i! ,rium)+ G337H$ ad a, +i! dea,+ +i!
)o!!e!!io! were di.ided> :i! !o 8u1+a re"ei.ed 8o*olia ad ,+e im)erial ,i,le G3351377H>
T+u! wa! fouded ,+e #+aa,e of ,+e ea!,er TCu1"+Ie+> BumiC! &ou*er 0ro,+er I!,Kmi Gi
Tur#i"H or S+i+1,ie1mi Gi '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),ioH i+eri,ed ,+e )ri"el& ,i,le of yabghu$ ,o*e,+er
wi,+ (;u*aria$ ,+e "ou,r& of ,+e Bla"# Ir,&!+ ad of ,+e Imil$ ad ,+e 0a!i! of ,+e Yuldu;$ Ili$
'+u$ ad Tala!> T+u! wa! fouded ,+e #+aa,e of ,+e we!,er TCu1"+Ie+>
7

T+e "+ief of ,+e we!,er *rou)$ I!,Kmi$ "la!+ed i ,+e Tala! re*io wi,+ ,+e E)+,+ali,e!> I order
,o ,a#e ,+em i ,+e rear$ +e made a ,rea,& wi,+ ,+eir +eredi,ar& eemie!$ ,+e Per!ia!$ a, ,+a, ,ime
*o.ered 0& '+o!roe! I 9o!+ir.a$ ,+e *rea,e!, !o.erei* of ,+e Sa!!aid d&a!,&> I!,Kmi !ealed
,+e )a", 0& marr&i* oe of +i! dau*+,er! ,o '+o!roe!> 9!!ailed i ,+e or,+ 0& ,+e TCu1"+Ie+
ad i ,+e !ou,+we!, 0& ,+e Sa!!aia!$ ,+e E)+,+ali,e! were o.erw+elmed$ ad di!a))eared G"a>
363H> 9 )or,io of ,+em=,+e omad! )a!,uri* i ,+e 9ral re*io i ,+e or,+we!,=+ad ,o flee
,o ,+e We!,E ad i, ma& 0e ,+e!e$ ra,+er ,+a ,+e rema,! of ,+e %ua1@ua$ w+o uder ,+e ame
of Uar#+oi,e! ad 9.ar! fouded a ew 8o*ol #+aa,e i :u*ar&>
2
I ,+e !u""eedi* )eriod$
ideed$ a +orde eA)elled from 9!ia ad #ow ,o Gree# ad /a,i wri,er! 0& ,+i! ame of 9.ar
,errori;ed ,+e B&;a,ie Em)ire ad ,+e Germai" We!, u,il ,+e da& of ,+eir de!,ru",io 0&
'+arlema*e>
T+e E)+,+ali,e )o!!e!!io! were di.ided 0e,wee ,+e we!,er TCu1"+Ie+ ad ,+e Sa!!aia!> T+e
TCu1"+Ie+ "+ief I!,Kmi ,oo# So*diaa$ w+ile '+o!roe! I 9o!+ir.a !ei;ed Ba",ria$ a terra
irredenta of Traiai!m> Be,wee 363 ad 362$ Ba",ria wa! ,+u! re!,ored ,o ,+e Sa!!aid Em)ire>
T+e re"lama,io wa! 0rief$ +owe.er$ for ,+e TCu1"+Ie+ were !oo ,o ,a#e Bal#+ ad <udu;
S27T =,+a, i! ,o !a&$ ,+i! !ame Ba",ria=from ,+e Sa!!aia!$ ,+eir er!,w+ile allie!>
I ,+i! maer ,+e ,wo Tur#i" realm! of ,+e earl& 8iddle 9*e! a!!umed ,+eir defii,i.e !+a)e4
,+e #+aa,e of ,+e ea!,er TCu1"+Ie+$ fouded 0& ,+e #+a*a 8u1+a i 8o*olia ad "e,ered
ear ,+e fu,ure <ara#orum o ,+e u))er Or#+o$ ad ,+e #+aa,e of ,+e we!,er TCu1"+Ie+ o ,+e
Ili ad i we!,er Tur#e!,a$ wi,+ i,! !ummer "am) o ,+e u))er Yuldu; or,+ of <ara S+a+r ad
<u"+a$ i,! wi,er ?uar,er! o ,+e !+ore! of ,+e I!!&# <ul or i ,+e Tala! .alle&> So far a!
e!!e,iall& omadi" em)ire! "a 0e !aid ,o +a.e fro,ier!$ ,+e 0oudarie! of ,+e ,wo #+aa,e!
were mar#ed 0& ,+e *rea, 9l,ai ad 0& ,+e mou,ai! ea!, of :ami>
Drom ,+e 0e*ii* of 8u1+aC! rei* G3351377H$ ,+e ea!,er TCu1"+Ie+ +ad few ad.er!arie!> I
360 or ,+erea0ou,$ +e defea,ed ,+e <+i,a$ a 8o*ol +orde w+i"+ +ad o""u)ied ,+e we!,er 0a#
of ,+e /iao Ri.er ear moder %e+ol from a))are,l& ,+e middle of ,+e fif,+ "e,ur&> I or,+er
'+ia$ ,+e Pei1'+ou #i* of '+a*a +um0l& re?ue!,ed 8u1+aC! dau*+,er i marria*e> 8u1+a
a, ,+i! ,ime wa! "learl& )la&i* ,+e role of ar0i,er 0e,wee ,+e ,wo !u""e!!or #i*dom! of ,+e
To0a Em)ire G"a> 363H>
9

I!,Kmi$ ,+e yabghu or #+a of ,+e we!,er TCu1"+Ie+$ w+o rei*ed from 337 ,o 373$ i! #ow ,o
Ta0ari a! Si@i0u ad ,o ,+e B&;a,ie +i!,oria 8eader a! Sil;i0ul$ a "orru),io of ,+i! !ame
,i,le of &a0*+u>
10
:e wa! !ou*+, a! a all& 0& ,+e B&;a,ie!> Ideed$ ow ,+a, o ,+e OAu! ,+e
TCu1"+Ie+ +ad 0e"ome ,+e immedia,e ei*+0or! of Sa!!aid Per!ia$ i, wa! i B&;a,iumC!
i,ere!, ,o a", @oi,l& wi,+ ,+e TCu1"+Ie+> O +i! )ar,$ I!,Kmi$ w+o a))ear! ,o +a.e 0ee a +i*+l&
i,elli*e, ma$ ,+ou*+, of ,a#i* ad.a,a*e of +i! )o!i,io a, ,+e "ro!!road! of 9!ia ,o o0,ai ,+e
freedom of ,+e !il# ,rade ,+rou*+ Per!ia$ from ,+e 0order! of '+ia ,o ,+o!e of B&;a,ium> To
,+i! ed a So*dia amed 8aia#+ Gi 'e,ral 9!ia ,+e So*dia! were ,+e *rea,e!, "ara.a
*uide! of ,+e da&H .i!i,ed '+o!roe! I 9o!+ir.a o I!,KmiC! 0e+alf> I,e, o #ee)i* i,!
moo)ol& of ,+e !ale of !il# i ,+e B&;a,ie Em)ire$ Per!ia re@e",ed +i! o.er,ure!> I!,Kmi ,+e
re!ol.ed ,o deal dire",l& wi,+ ,+e B&;a,ie! a*ai!, Per!ia> I 367 +e ,+erefore !e, ,+e !ame
8aia#+ ,o ,+e "our, of 'o!,a,io)le 0& wa& of ,+e lower Vol*a ad ,+e 'au"a!u!> Em)eror
%u!,i II mu!, +a.e 0ee mu"+ i,ere!,ed S25T i ,+e )ro)o!al! of ,+e Tur#i" am0a!!ador$ for
w+e ,+e la,,er lef, for +ome i 362$ 0e wa! a""om)aied 0& a B&;a,ie e.o&$ Xemar"+o!>
I!,Kmi re"ei.ed Xemar"+o! a, +i! !ummer re!ide"e or,+ of ,+e 9?,a*+ +ill!=,+a, i!$ ,+e Vie
S+a=i ,+e dee) .alle& of ,+e u))er Yuldu; or,+we!, of <ara S+a+r> 9 firm allia"e wa!
"o"luded a*ai!, ,+e "ommo eem&$ Sa!!aid Per!ia> 9 Sa!!aia e.o& w+o a))eared a, ,+i!
@u",ure ad me, I!,Kmi ear Tala! wa! rou*+l& e!"or,ed awa& ad ,+e Tur#i" #i* de"lared war
o Per!ia> I 377 ,+e B&;a,ie! ,+em!el.e! em0ar#ed o a war a*ai!, Per!ia w+i"+ wa! ,o la!,
for ,we,& &ear! G3771391H> 8eaw+ile$ ,+e we!,er TCu1"+Ie+ ad ,+e B&;a,ie! mai,aied
"lo!e rela,io!> W+ile Xemar"+o! wa! o +i! wa& +omeward 0& wa& of ,+e lower Vol*a$ ,+e
'au"a!u!$ ad /a;i"a$ I!,Kmi di!)a,"+ed a !e"od am0a!!ador$ 9a#a!,$ ,o 'o!,a,io)le> I
re,ur$ B&;a,ium !u""e!!i.el& !e, +im a! e.o&! Eu,&"+io!$ Vale,io!$ :erodia$ ad Paul of
'ili"ia>
T+e!e .ariou! am0a!!ador! ea0led ,+e B&;a,ie! ,o a"?uire a fairl& a""ura,e idea of ,+e
"u!,om! ad 0elief! of ,+e TCu1"+Ie+> *The Turks/* T+eo)+&la",u! Simo"a,,e! ,ell! u!$ M+old fire
i .er& eA,raordiar& +oor>M Ideed$ ,+e iflue"e of Iraia 8a;dai!m 0ad "au!ed ,+em e.e ,o
ado), ,+e *od Orma;d or 9+ura18a;da> MT+e& .eera,e air ad wa,er al!o$M ad i effe", amo*
,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e! re.ere"e for rui* wa,er wa! "arried ,o !u"+ le*,+! ,+a, 8u!lim
a0lu,io! ad ,+e wa!+i* of "lo,+e! were for0idde eA"e), uder "er,ai "odi,io!> MBu, i, i!
,+e au,+or of +ea.e ad ear,+ aloe ,+a, ,+e& wor!+i) ad "all *od$ !a"rifi"i* ,o +im +or!e!$
oAe$ ad !+ee)>M Su"+ ideed i! ,+e "ul, of TK*ri$ ,+e +ea.e! i ,+eir di.ie a!)e",$ "ommo
,o all ,+e a"ie, Tur#o18o*ol )eo)le!> Diall&$ w+a, T+eo)+&la",u! !a&! of M,+eir )rie!,! w+o
!eem ,o ,+em ,o fore,ell ,+e fu,ureM a))lie! ,o ,+e Tur#o18o*ol !+ama!$ w+o "o,iued ,o
eAer, *rea, iflue"e i ,+e da&! of %e*+i; <+a>
11

I 376$ ,+e B&;a,ie em)eror Ti0eriu! II o"e more !e, Vale,io! o a em0a!!& ,o ,+e
we!,er TCu1"+Ie+> Bu, 0& ,+e ,ime ,+e e.o& arri.ed a, ,+e ro&al re!ide"e o ,+e u))er Yuldu;$
I!,Kmi 0ad died> :i! !o ad !u""e!!or Tardu G3731605H =,+e Ta1,Cou of ,+e '+ie!e +i!,oria!=
wa! *rea,l& di!)lea!ed 0e"au!e ,+e "our, of 'o!,a,io)le +ad "o"luded a ,rea,& wi,+ ,+e
9.ar!$ ,+a, i! ,o !a&$ wi,+ ,+e rema,! of ,+e S2LT %ua@ua or$ more )ro0a0l&$ wi,+ ,+e
E)+,+ali,e! w+o +ad ,a#e refu*e i !ou,+er Ru!!ia> Tardu ,+erefore re"ei.ed Vale,io! .er&
"oldl&> 8oreo.er$ a! a re)ri!al for w+a, +e "o!idered B&;a,iumC! 0rea"+ of ,+e allia"e$ +e !e,
a de,a"+me, of TCu1"+Ie+ "a.alr& uder ,+e "ommad of a "er,ai Bo#+a a*ai!, ,+e B&;a,ie
!e,,leme,! i ,+e 'rimea> Wi,+ ,+e aid of 9a*ai$ ,+e la!, "+ief of ,+e U,ur*ur :u!$ Bo#+a
laid !ie*e ,o ,+e B&;a,ie "i,& of Bo!)oru! or Pa,i"a)aeum$ ear <er"+ G376H> /i#ewi!e$ i 321
,+e TCu1"+Ie+ were uder ,+e wall! of '+er!oe!u!$ ad i, wa! o, u,il 390 ,+a, ,+e& were ,o
e.a"ua,e ,+e "ou,r& )ermae,l&>
17

T+i! ?uarrel 0e,wee ,+e we!,er TCu1"+Ie+ ad ,+e B&;a,ie! did o, )re.e, ,+e former from
"o,iui* ,+eir war a*ai!, Per!ia> I 3221329$ ,+e& i.aded Ba",ria or To#+ari!,a ad
ad.a"ed a! far a! :era,> If ,+e& were re)ul!ed 0& ,+e Per!ia +ero Ba+ram '+o0i$ a! Per!ia
,radi,io i!i!,!$ ,+e& mu!, "er,ail& +a.e ,a#e ad.a,a*e of ,+e "i.il war w+i"+ 0ro#e ou, i
390 0e,wee Ba+ram ad '+o!roe! II Par.i;> Ideed$ +a.i* +ad ,+e wor!, of i,$ Ba+ram fiall&
,oo# refu*e amo* ,+em$ ad i, wa! o dou0, a, ,+i! ,ime ,+a, ,+e& "om)le,ed ,+e "o?ue!, of
To#+ari!,a or,+ of ,+e :idu <u!+> I a& e.e,$ i 3971392 ,+i! "ou,r&$ wi,+ i,! "a)i,al! of
Bal#+ ad <udu;$ o lo*er 0elo*ed ,o Per!ia 0u, wa! a de)ede"& of ,+e we!,er TCu1
"+Ie+>
15
I 650$ w+e ,+e '+ie!e )il*rim :!Ia1,!a* made +i! @oure&$ To#+ari!,a wa! ,+e
fief of a ,e*i or Tur#i" )ri"e li.i* a, <udu;E +e wa! a !o of ,+e #+a of ,+e we!,er TCu1
"+Ie+>
T+u! a, ,+e mome, w+e i ,+e Dar Ea!, ,+e )urel& '+ie!e d&a!,& of ,+e Sui would fiall&
reui,e '+ia Gi 329H af,er ,+ree "e,urie! of )ar,i,io$ 'e,ral 9!ia foud i,!elf di.ided i,o ,wo
.a!, Tur#i" em)ire!4 ,+e em)ire of ,+e ea!,er TCu"+Ie+$ eA,edi* from ,+e 8a"+uria 0order
,o ,+e Grea, Wall ad ,o ,+e :ami oa!i!$ ad ,+a, of ,+e we!,er TCu1"+Ie+$ w+i"+ !,re,"+ed from
:ami ,o /a#e 9ral ad ,o Per!ia$ from w+i"+ i, wa! !e)ara,ed 0& a fro,ier rui* !ou,+ of ,+e
OAu! ad 0e,wee ,+e OAu! ad 8er. ri.er!> 9ll To#+ari!,a or,+ of ,+e :idu <u!+ wa! ,+u!
e"lo!ed wi,+i )oli,i"all& Tur#i" ,erri,or&>
<ul1,e*iC! i!"ri),io a, <o!+o1T!aidam$ "om)o!ed a "e,ur& la,er$ "ele0ra,e! i e)i" ,erm! ,+i!
Tur#i" *rea,e!! a, i,! +ei*+,4
S23T
W+e ,+e 0lue !#& a0o.e ad ,+e dar# ear,+ 0eea,+ were "rea,ed$ 0e,wee ,+em were "rea,ed
,+e !o! of me> 90o.e ,+e !o! of me aro!e m& a"e!,or!$ Bumi #+a*a ad I!,Kmi #+a*a>
W+e ,+e& +ad 0e"ome ma!,er!$ ,+e& *o.ered ad e!,a0li!+ed ,+e em)ire ad ,+e i!,i,u,io! of
,+e Tur#i" )eo)le> 9, ,+e four "orer! of ,+e world ,+e& +ad ma& eemie!$ 0u,$ ma#i*
eA)edi,io! wi,+ armie!$ ,+e& !u0@u*a,ed ad )a"ified ma& )eo)le! a, ,+e four "orer! of ,+e
world> T+e& made ,+em 0ow ,+eir +ead! ad 0ed ,+eir #ee!> T+e& made u! mo.e ea!,ward a!
far a! ,+e fore!, of \adir#+a U,+e <+i*a 8ou,ai!V ad 0a"#ward Uor we!,wardV ,o ,+e Iro
Ga,e! Uof Tra!oAiaaV> O.er all ,+e lad 0e,wee ,+e!e u,,ermo!, )oi,! ,+e Blue Tur#! +eld
!wa& a! !o.erei*!> T+e& were wi!e #+a*a!$ .alia, #+a*a!E all ,+eir offi"er! were wi!e ad
0ra.eE all ,+eir o0le! ad ,+e w+ole )eo)le were ri*+,eou!>
1L

T+e moral "o"e),! im)lied 0& ,+i! famou! )a!!a*e are 0orrowed from ,+e old "o!mo*o&
w+i"+ formed ,+e 0a!i! of Tur#o1 8o*ol !+amai!m> T+e )ri"i)le! of ,+i! "o!mo*o& were
.er& !im)le$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e rB!umB 0& T+om!e>
13
T+e ui.er!e "o!i!,ed of a !erie! of le.el!$
oe a0o.e ,+e o,+er> T+e !e.e,ee u))er le.el! formed ,+e +ea.e!$ or realm of /i*+,$ ad ,+e
!e.e or ie lower oe! "o!,i,u,ed ,+e uderworld$ or )la"e of (ar#e!!> Be,wee ,+e ,wo la&
,+e !urfa"e of ,+e ear,+$ w+ere me dwel,> :ea.e ad ear,+ o0e&ed a !u)reme 0ei* w+o
i+a0i,ed ,+e +i*+e!, le.el of ,+e !#& ad w+o wa! #ow 0& ,+e ame of (i.ie :ea.e$ or
Tdri*ri>
16
:ea.e wa! al!o ,+e +a0i,a,io of .ir,uou! !oul!$ a! ,+e !u0,erraea world wa! ,+e
+ell of ,+e wi"#ed> Tur#i" m&,+olo*& um0ered ma& o,+er dei,ie!$ oe of w+i"+ wa! ,+e
*odde!! Umai$ ,+e "are,a#er of "+ildre>
17
I addi,io$ "ou,le!! *eie! i+a0i,ed M,+e ear,+ ad
,+e wa,er!M G,+e!e were ,+e yer%sub$ or i moder Tur#i!+ y)r%suH> No,a0le amo* ,+e la,,er were
,+e !)ri,e! dwelli* i +ill! ad !)ri*!$ w+i"+ were "o!idered !a"red )la"e! ad w+o!e "ul,
would 0e )er)e,ua,ed i ,+e )ra",i"e! ad law! of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e!>
'+ie!e +i!,oria! +a.e *i.e a )+&!i"al )or,rai, of ,+e TCu"+Ie+> 9 au,+or wri,i* i 321
de)i",! ,+em ,+u!4
T+e& le, ,+eir +air flow loo!e ad ,+e& dwell i ,e,! of fel,> T+e& mo.e from oe "am) ,o
ao,+er$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e wa,er ad *ra;i* ,o 0e foud a, ea"+ )la"e> T+eir mai o""u)a,io! are
,+e 0reedi* of li.e!,o"# ad 0u,i*> T+e& !+ow li,,le "o!idera,io for ,+eir old )eo)le$
12
w+ile
me i ,+e )rime of life ,+e& +old i +i*+ e!,eem> S26T T+e& are i*ora, of ri,ual ad of @u!,i"e$
ad i ,+i! re!)e", re!em0le ,+e a"ie, :!iu*1u> T+eir +i*+ offi"er! are ,+e &e1)u UyabghuV$
,+e !+e UshadV$ ,+e ,e1#Ci Utekin or teginV$ ,+e !u1li1)a, ad ,+e ,o1,u1)a, UtudunV$ ad o,+er
mior fu",ioarie!> T+e!e )u0li" offi"ial! form ,we,&1ie di!,i", "la!!e!$ all a))oi,me,!
0ei* +eredi,ar&> T+eir arm! "o!i!, of 0ow$ arrow!$ w+i!,li* arrow!$ 0rea!,)la,e$ la"e$ !a0er$
ad !word> O ,+eir 0el,! ,+e& wear orame,! +ollowed or "ar.ed i relief> T+eir fla*!,aff! are
,o))ed 0& ,+e ima*e of a !+e1wolfC! +ead i *old> T+e #i*C! me1a,1arm! are "alled fu%li$ a word
meai* wolf Uli#e briV> W+e a ma die!$ ea"+ of +i! #i!me #ill! a !+ee) or a +or!e ad la&!
i, 0efore +i! ,e, a! if offeri* +im !a"rifi"e> T+e& ride !e.e ,ime! roud ,+e ,e, o +or!e0a"#$
u,,eri* mourful "rie!$ ad w+e ,+e& "ome 0efore ,+e ,e, door ,+e& *a!+ ,+eir fa"e! wi,+ ,+eir
#i.e!$ !o ,+a, ,+e 0lood i! !ee ,o flow wi,+ ,+eir ,ear!> > > > O ,+e da& of ,+e fueral$ #i!me
ad o,+er! "lo!e ,o +im ma#e !a"rifi"e$ *allo) ,+eir +or!e!$ ad *a!+ ,+eir fa"e! a! o ,+e da& of
dea,+> 9f,er ,+e 0urial$ !,oe! are )la"ed 0& ,+e *ra.e i a um0er )ro)or,ioa,e ,o ,+e um0er of
me !lai 0& ,+e de"ea!ed> O ,+e dea,+ of a fa,+er$ a elder 0ro,+er$ or a u"le$ ,+e !o$ ,+e
&ou*er 0ro,+er$ ad ,+e e)+ew! marr& ,+e widow! ad !i!,er!> T+e #+aC! ,e, o)e! ,oward
,+e ea!,$ ou, of re!)e", for ,+a, )ar, of ,+e !#& i w+i"+ ,+e !u ri!e!> T+e& re.ere demo! ad
!)iri,! ad 0elie.e i ma*i"ia! U!+ama!V> I, i! ,+eir *lor& ,o die i 0a,,le$ ad ,+e& would ,+i#
!+ame ,o )eri!+ from !i"#e!!>
19

PARTITIO1 OF THE T07%CHLEH EMPIRES
T+e dual em)ire of ,+e TCu1"+Ie+ did o, lo* edure a, ,+i! )ea# of )ower> T+e *rea, #+a*a!
"ele0ra,ed i ,+e <o!+o1 T!aidam i!"ri),io were !u""eeded 0& o,+er! w+o la"#ed ,+eir *eiu!>
MT+eir &ou*er 0ro,+er! ad ,+e !o! of ,+e!e 0e"ame #+a*a!$M ,+e !ame ,eA, ,ell!$ M0u, ,+e
0ro,+er! were o, "rea,ed li#e ,+eir !eior!$ or ,+e !o! li#e ,+eir fa,+er!> <+a*a! wi,+ou,
wi!dom or .alor a!"eded ,+e ,+roe ad !o 0rou*+, a0ou, ,+e di!!olu,io of ,+e Tur#i"
Em)ire>M
70

W+a, reall& de!,ro&ed ,+e mi*+, of ,+e TCu1"+Ie+ wa! ,+e ri.alr& 0e,wee ,+e ,wo #+aa,e!$ ,+e
ea!,er oe o ,+e Or#+o ad ,+a, of ,+e we!, o ,+e I!!&# <ul ad ,+e Tala!> T+e ,wi Tur#i"
em)ire!$ w+i"+ domia,ed +alf of 9!ia from 8a"+uria ,o <+ura!a$ would +a.e 0ee i.i"i0le
0ad ,+e& 0ee a0le ,o )re!er.e ,+eir uio o ,+e 0a!i! of 337$ w+ere0& ,+e "+ief of S27T ,+e
ea!,er TCu1"+Ie+ ,oo# )re"ede"e$ wi,+ ,+e im)erial ,i,le of #+a*a$ w+ile ,+e we!,er ruler wa!
"o,e, wi,+ !e"od )la"e ad ,+e ,i,le of yabghu> Bu, ,+e #+a*a of ,+e ea!,$ TCo1)o$ 0ro,+er ad
!u""e!!or ,o 8u1+a$ wa! ,+e la!, of +i! lie ,o re"ei.e ,+e +oma*e of ,+e we!,>
71
Be,wee 327
ad 32L$ Tardu$ ,+e yabghu of ,+e we!,$ w+o$ a! i! a,,e!,ed 0& Vale,io!C a""ou,$ wa! a .er&
.iole, "+ara",er$ 0ro#e wi,+ ,+e ew !o.erei* of ,+e ea!, ad +im!elf ,oo# ,+e ,i,le of #+a*a>
'+ia$ w+ere ,+e for"eful Sui d&a!,& +ad re!umed ,+e *rad )oli,i"! of ,+e :a i re*ard ,o
'e,ral 9!ia$ e"oura*ed Tardu i ,+i! re0ellio$ w+i"+ 0ro#e ,+e Tur#i" )ower i ,wo>
T+ereaf,er$ ,+e ea!,er ad we!,er TCu1"+Ie+ were e.er a*ai ,o 0e reui,ed$ ad ideed
remaied for ,+e mo!, )ar, o +o!,ile ,erm!>
77

T+u!$ a, a ,ime w+e '+ia wa! reui,i*$ ,+e Tur#! were di!i,e*ra,i*> T+i! re.er!al redered
)o!!i0le ,+e ,rium)+ of '+ie!e im)eriali!m i 'e,ral 9!ia uder ,+e Sui ad TCa* d&a!,ie!
G!e.e,+ ,o i,+ "e,urie!H>
T+e TCu1"+Ie+ of ,+e ea!, o, ol& were "ofro,ed 0& ,+e we!,erer!C re.ol, 0u, were ,or 0&
i,eral !,rife a! well> T+eir ew #+a*a$ S+a1)o1lo G3211327H$
75
foud +i! )ower di!)u,ed i
8o*olia i,!elf 0& +i! "ou!i! Ye1lo$ ad Ta1lo1)ie> 9, ,+e !ame ,ime 0e wa! a,,a"#ed i ,+e
we!, 0& Tardu$ ,+e ew M#+a*aM of ,+e we!,er TCu1"+Ie+$ ad i ,+e ea!, 0& ,+e <+i,a of
/iao!i> T+i! de.elo)me,$ +owe.er$ wa! di!?uie,i* ,o ,+e '+ie!e$ for !u"+ a "oali,io$ 0&
"ru!+i* ,+e Tur#! of 8o*olia$ ,+rea,eed ,o reder Tardu ,oo )owerful> Tardu mu!, o, 0e
allowed ,o re!,ore Tur#i" ui,& ,o +i! ow ad.a,a*e> 9""ordi*l&$ ,+e '+ie!e !o.erei* Ya*
'+ie$ fouder of ,+e Sui d&a!,&$ a0ru),l& re.er!ed +i! allia"e! ad !u))or,ed ,+e ea!,er
#+a*a S+a1)o1lo a*ai!, Tardu G323H> T+e ea!,erer!$ )reo""u)ied wi,+ ,+eir i,eral !?ua00le!$
were i a& "a!e o lo*er ,o 0e feared> S+a1)o1loC! 0ro,+er ad !u""e!!or 8u1+o mo!, )ro0a0l&
!lew ,+e a,i1#+a Ta1lo1)ie G327H$ 0u, died !oo af,erE ad ,+e #+a*a w+o followed$ Tu1la
G3271600H$ foud +im!elf o))o!ed 0& ao,+er a,i1#+a$ TCu1li$ w+o wa! !u))or,ed 0& ,+e
'+ie!e> I, i! ,rue ,+a, Tu1la dro.e ou, ,+i! ri.al i 399$ 0u, ,+e em)eror Ya* '+ie +a!,eed ,o
wel"ome TCu1li ad +i! )ar,i!a!$ ad e!,a0li!+ed ,+em a! "ofedera,e! i ,+e Ordo!> T+e ea!,er
TCu1"+Ie+ remaied +o)ele!!l& di.ided>
S22T
O Tu1laC! dea,+$ Tardu$ ,+e #+a*a of ,+e we!,$ ,ried o"e more ,o ,a#e ad.a,a*e of ,+e
demorali;a,io of ,+e ea!,erer!$ !o a! ,o !u0@u*a,e ,+em$ e!,a0li!+ +i! rule o.er 8o*olia ad
Tur#e!,a$ ad effe", ,+e reuio of ,+e Tur#!>
7L
I order ,o fore!,all '+ie!e i,er.e,io$ +e
re!or,ed ,o i,imida,io> I 601 +e ,+rea,eed '+a*a$ ,+e im)erial "a)i,al$ ad i 607 a,,a"#ed
TCu1li$ ,+e )ro,B*B of ,+e '+ie!e$ i ,+e +i! Ordo! e"am)me,!> Bu, '+ie!e )oli"& wa!
uo0,ru!i.el& a, wor#> Suddel&$ i 605$ oe of ,+e "+ief we!,er ,ri0e!=,+e TJlJ! or TJlK"+$
fore0ear! of ,+e Ui*ur!=w+o !eem ,o +a.e led a omadi" life i ,+e re*io! of Tar0a*a,ai$
Uru*u$ ad (;u*aria$ re0elled a*ai!, Tardu> Si"e +i! )ower +ad 0ee udermied e.e +i!
ow domiio!$ Tardu +ad ,a#e refu*e i <o#o Nor$ w+ere +e di!a))eared G605H> :i! #i*dom
=,+a, mi*+,& #+aa,e of ,+e we!,er TCu1"+Ie+$ w+i"+ +ad "au!ed Per!ia ad B&;a,ium ,o
,rem0le ad w+i"+ !ome &ear! earlier +ad ,+rea,eed ,+e '+ie!e "a)i,al=wa! immedia,el&
)ar,i,ioed> TarduC! *rad!o S+i+1#uei !e"ured ol& ,+e mo!, we!,erl& )ar, of +i! i+eri,a"e$
,o*e,+er wi,+ Ta!+#e,$ w+ile a "er,ai a,i#+a '+Cu1lo made +im!elf lord of ,+e Ili> '+Cu1lo
ideed wa! )lai* ,o "o,iue ,+e wor# of Tardu$ 0u, ,+e '+ie!e were a0le ,o !,o) +im i
,ime> PCie <iu$ ,+e im)erial "ommi!!ioer$ !e"re,el& a0e,,ed +i! ri.al S+i+1#uei>
73
'+Cu1lo$ +a.i*
+ad ,+e wor!, of i,$ ,oo# !er.i"e a, ,+e "our, of '+ia G611H> S+i+1#uei$ w+o owed +i! !u""e!! ,o
'+ie!e )oli"&$ !eem! e.er ,o +a.e ,a#e a& a",io a*ai!, ,+a, "ou,r&> 8eaw+ile$ amo*
,+e ea!,er TCu1"+Ie+$ )ower remaied i ,+e +ad! of '+iaC! )ro,B*B$ ,+e #+a*a TCu1li Gd>
609H$ ad af,erward i ,+o!e of +i! !o S+i+1)i G6091619H> I 8o*olia$ a! i we!,er Tur#e!,a$
T+e '+ia of ,+e Sui d&a!,& ,+u! !u""eeded$ 0u& ,+e )ur!ui, of o more ,+a ,+e "u!,omar&
i,ri*ue! ad wi,+ou, a ma@or war$ i !)li,,i* Tur#i" )ower$ elimia,i* refra",or& #+a!$ ad
0ri*i* ,o )ower ,+o!e #+a! w+o +ad re!i*ed ,+em!el.e! ,o '+ie!e !u;erai,&>
T+e !ame ,+i* wa! +a))ei* i <o#o Nor> T+ere ,+e :!ei)i G)re!uma0l& a 8o*ol +ordeH of
,+e TCu1&I1+ue $ w+o!e )re!e"e +ad ,rou0led ,+e '+ie!e ou,)o!,! i <a!u for ,+ree "e,urie!$
were "ru!+ed i 602 0& '+ie!e le*io! ad +ad ,o flee i,o Ti0e,>
76
I ,+a, !ame &ear '+ia
reo""u)ied ,+e :ami oa!i!$ ad i 609 ,+e #i* of Turfa$ <Ciu Pai1&a$ "ame ,o )a& +oma*e ,o
,+e em)eror Ya*1,i>
S29T
T+i! w+ole !,ru",ure "rum0led w+e Ya*1,iC! lu"#le!! "am)ai*! i <orea G617161LH
udermied ,+e )re!,i*e of ,+e Sui d&a!,&> S+i+1)i$ ,+e #+a*a of ,+e ea!,er Vu1"+Ie+$ re.ol,ed
ad almo!, "a),ured Ya*1,i +im!elf i ,+e for,re!! of Yeme i or,+we!, S+a!i G613H> T+e
"i.il war! w+i"+ ,+e 0ro#e ou, i '+ia G6161671H$ leadi* i 612 ,o ,+e "olla)!e of ,+e Sui
d&a!,&$ full& re.i.ed ,+e TCu1"+Ie+C! old dari*> W+e af,er ,+e defea, of ri.al )re,eder! ,+e
ew TCa* d&a!,& a!"eded ,+e ,+roe of '+ia$ ,+e wor# of ,+e Sui +ad all ,o 0e doe a*ai>
T+e !,e))e +urled i,! +orde! a, ,+e .er& +ear, of S+a!i> I 67L ,+e ew #+a*a of ,+e ea!,er
TCu1"+Ie+$ :ie1li$ or El G6701650H$ ,oo# ad.a,a*e of ,+e "+ao! 0rou*+, a0ou, 0& "i.il war ad
rode i a, ,+e +ead of +i! !?uadro! ,o ,+rea,e '+a*a$ ,+e im)erial "a)i,al>
Dor,ua,el&$ ,+e TCa* d&a!,& )o!!e!!ed a remar#a0le warrior$ ,+e )ri"e im)erial /i S+i+1mi$
w+o$ for all ,+i! &ou,+$ wa! ,+e ,rue fouder of +i! +ou!e> Boldl& /i S+i+1mi ad.a"ed a! far a!
Pi"+ow o ,+e <i* Ri.er ,o mee, ,+e 0ar0aria!$ ad i,imida,ed ,+em 0& +i! re!olu,e "odu",>
Dor a w+ile ,+e leader! of ,+e +orde "oferred ,o*e,+er$ ad ,+e rode awa& wi,+ou, !,ri#i* a
0low> 9 few +our! la,er a delu*e of rai !we), all ,+a, re*io> 9, o"e /i S+i+1mi !ummoed +i!
"a),ai!> M'omrade![M ,+e T'ang Shu re)or,! +im a! !a&i*$ M,+e w+ole !,e))e i! ow a !ea>
Ni*+, will !oo fall$ ad i, will 0e of ,+e dar#e!,> Now i! ,+e ,ime ,o mar"+> T+e TCu1"+Ie+ are ,o
0e feared ol& w+e ,+e& "a !ee ,o !+oo, ,+eir arrow!> /e, u! *o ,o ,+em$ !a0er ad )i#e i
0ad$ ad we !+all rou, ,+em 0efore ,+e& "a )re)are ,o defed ,+em!el.e![M T+i! wa! doe> 9,
daw ,+e Tur#i" "am) wa! ,a#e ad ,+e '+ie!e "a.alr& "u, i,! wa& ,+rou*+ ,o ,+e ,e, of
#+a*a :ie1li +im!elf> :ie1li a!#ed for ,erm! ad wi,+drew i,o 8o*olia G67LH>
77
Soo af,er ,+i!
!)e",a"ular a",io /i S+i+1mi$ ,+e a*ed ,we,&1!e.e$ a!"eded ,+e ,+roe of '+ia$
,+e"efor,+ ,o 0e #ow ,o +i!,or& 0& +i! im)erial ame of TCai1,!u* G676H>
-ESTR7CTIO1 OF THE 2HA1ATE OF THE EASTER1 T07%CHLEH .( EMPEROR
T0AI%TS71,
T+e em)eror TCai1,!u* G67716L9H wa! ,+e ,rue fouder of '+ie!e *rea,e!! i 'e,ral 9!ia> :e
de!,ro&ed ,+e #+aa,e of ,+e
S90T
S91T
ea!,er TCu1"+Ie+$ "o,ri0u,ed ,o ,+e di!mem0erme, of ,+e we!,er TCu1"+Ie+=of w+om +i!
!o wa! la,er ,o "om)le,e ,+e "o?ue!,=ad eA,eded +i! )ro,e",ora,e ,o ,+e Ido1Euro)ea
#i*dom! of ,+e Tarim>
I ,+e &ear of TCai1,!u*C! a""e!!io$ ,+e #+a*a of ,+e ea!,er TCu1"+Ie+$ :ie1li$ o"e more led a
mou,ed eA)edi,io ,o ,+e .er& wall! of '+a*a> O Se),em0er 75$ 676$ +i! +udred ,+ou!ad
me a))eared 0efore ,+e Pe#iao 0rid*e$ a, ,+e or,+ *a,e of ,+e "i,&> :ere :ie1li made a
i!ole, demad for ,ri0u,e$ 0a"#ed wi,+ a ,+rea, ,o !a"# ,+e "a)i,al> TCai1,!u*$ w+o !eem! ,o
+a.e +ad ol& a few ,roo)! wi,+ +im$ a",ed 0oldl&> 'alli* ou, all a.aila0le me$ +e !,a,ioed
,+em i fro, of ,+e *a,e!$ w+ile +e +im!elf wi,+ a +adful of +or!eme ad.a"ed alo* ,+e Wei
Ri.er ,oward ,+e +o!,ile arm&> Im)re!!ed 0& +i! 0ra.er&$ ,+e TCu1"+Ie+ "+ief! di!mou,ed ad
!alu,ed +im> 8eaw+ile$ ,+e '+ie!e were de)lo&i* o ,+e )lai 0e+id +im$ M"au!i* ,+eir
arm! ad !,adard! ,o *li,,er i ,+e !u>M TCai1,!u* rode forward ,o wi,+i ear!+o, of ,+e Tur#i"
"am) ad +ara*ued ,+e #+a*a ad +i! lieu,ea,!$ re)roa"+i* ,+em for ,+e 0rea"+ of ,ru"e>
:ie1li$ a0a!+ed$ made )ea"e eA, da& af,er ,+e ,radi,ioal !a"rifi"e of a w+i,e +or!e>
72

To "ur,ail :ie1liC! )ower$ TCai1,!u* *a.e +i! !u))or, ,o a re0ellio of ,wo di!!ide, Tur#i" ,ri0e!4
,+e TJlJ! or TJlK"+ ad ,+e S&r Tardu!+> T+e former G,+e Ui*ur of la,er da&!H were e!,a0li!+ed i
Tar0a*a,ai$ ,+e la,,er ear <o0do G6771672H>
79
9, ,+e !ame ,ime$ i ea!,er 8o*olia i,!elf$ TCai1
,!u* fa.ored ,+e !e"e!!io of a a,i1#+a amed TCu1li$ w+o +ad ri!e a*ai!, :ie1li G672H>
:a.i* ,+u! +el)ed ,o ,+row a +o!,ile ri* roud :ie1li$ i 650 ,+e *rea, em)eror +urled ,+e
'+ie!e arm& a*ai!, +im uder ,+e "ommad of /i T!i* ad /i S+i+1,!i> E"ou,eri* :ie1li i
Ier 8o*olia$ or,+ of S+a!i$ ,+e '+ie!e "ommader! lau"+ed a !ur)ri!e a,,a"# u)o +i!
"am) ad !"a,,ered +i! +orde!> :ie1li +im!elf wa! ,a#e )ri!oer> Dor !ome fif,& &ear! G6501627H
,+e #+aa,e of ,+e ea!,er TCu1"+Ie+ wa! !u0@e", ,o '+ia> MT+e !o! of ,+e Tur#i" o0le!$M ru!
,+e Tur#i" i!"ri),io of <o!+o1T!aidam$ M0e"ame !la.e! ,o ,+e '+ie!e )eo)le$ ad ,+eir
io"e, dau*+,er! were redu"ed ,o !erfdom> T+e o0le!$ di!"ardi* ,+eir Tur#i" ,i,le!$ a""e),ed
,+o!e of '+ia ad made !u0mi!!io ,o ,+e '+ie!e #+a*a$ de.o,i* ,+eir la0or ad ,+eir
!,re*,+ ,o +i! !er.i"e for fif,& &ear!> Dor +im$ 0o,+ ,oward ,+e S97T ri!i* !u ad we!,ward ,o
,+e Iro Ga,e!$ ,+e& lau"+ed ,+eir eA)edi,io!> Bu, ,o ,+e '+ie!e #+a*a ,+e& !urredered ,+eir
em)ire ad ,+eir i!,i,u,io!>M
50

Wi,+ !u"+ auAiliarie! a! ,+e!e$ TCai1,!u*$ +a.i* "ru!+ed ,+e Tur#! of 8o*olia$ would i ,+e
"our!e of ,+e eA, ,we,& &ear! 0ri* uder +i! !wa& ,+e Tur#! of Tur#e!,a ad ,+e Ido1
Euro)ea oa!e! of ,+e Go0i> I +im a a!,oi!+ed 9!ia 0e+eld a u#ow$ e)i" '+ia> Dar from
"o"ilia,i* ,+e 0ar0aria! ad )ur"+a!i* ,+eir wi,+drawal wi,+ *old$ TCai1,!u* ,ured ,+e
,a0le! u)o ,+em ad made ,+em ,rem0le> T+rou*+ou, ,+ree "e,urie! of Tur#o18o*ol
i.a!io!$ ,+e '+ie!e )eo)le +ad a!!imila,ed ,+e .i",oriou! +orde!> Dor,ified 0& ,+e i@e",io of
,+i! fre!+ 0lood$ ,+e& ow ,ured u)o ,+e me of ,+e !,e))e from w+om ,+e& +ad deri.ed ,+eir
!,re*,+$ addi* ,o ,+a, !,re*,+ ,+e i"al"ula0le !u)eriori,& of a a*e1old "i.ili;a,io>
-ISSO/7TIO1 OF THE 2HA1ATE OF THE #ESTER1 T07%CHLEH
:a.i* reor*ai;ed ,+e ,erri,orie! of ,+e Ordo! ad Ier 8o*olia a! 0order mar"+e! i 650$
TCai1,!u* ,ured +i! a,,e,io ,o ,+e we!,er TCu1"+Ie+> T+e!e$ a! we +a.e !ee$ +ad reui,ed i
fa.or of ,+e #+a S+i+1#uei> 9f,er ,+e !u0mi!!io of ,+e S&r Tardu!+ of ,+e 9l,ai$ S+i+1#uei$ w+o
li.ed ear ,+e Te#e! ad ,+e u))er Yuldu;$ rei*ed 0e,wee 611 ad 612 from ,+e 9l,ai ,o ,+e
'a!)ia ad ,+e :idu <u!+> :i! 0ro,+er ad !u""e!!or$ TCu* S+i+1+u=,+a, i! ,o !a&$ TCu* ,+e
yabghu G0e,wee 612 ad 650H=fur,+er eA,eded ,+i! )ower> 9lread& "o?ueror of ,+e TJlK"+ i
,+e or,+ea!,$ +e reaffirmed +i! rule o.er To#+ari!,a or Ba",ria i ,+e !ou,+we!, ad a"+ie.ed
+e*emo& i )ar, of ,+e Tarim 0a!i>
9, ,+e ,ime of ,+e @oure& of ,+e '+ie!e )il*rim :!Ia1,!a*$ w+o me, +im ear To#ma# a, ,+e
0e*ii* of 650$ TCu* S+i+1+u wa! a, ,+e +ei*+, of +i! )ower> :e led a omadi" life *o.ered
0& ,+e !ea!o!$ 0e,wee ,+e .alle&! of ,+e u))er Yuldu;$ w+ere$ li#e +i! )rede"e!!or$ +e !)e, ,+e
!ummer$ ad ,+e !+ore! of ,+e I!!&# <ul$ M,+e +o, la#e$M ear w+i"+ were +i! wi,er ?uar,er!> :e
li#ed al!o ,o "am) far,+er ,o ,+e we!,$ 0& ,+e M,+ou!ad !)ri*!M ear Tala!$ ,+e (;+am0ul of ,+e
)re!e, da&> T+e #i* of Turfa wa! oe of +i! "lie,1ruler!$ ad +i! ow !o Tardu1!+ad wa!
#i* of To#+ari!,a$ wi,+ +i! re!ide"e a, <udu;> T+e T'ang
S95T
Shu !,a,e! ,+a, M+e +eld +e*emo& o.er ,+e we!,er lad!> Ne.er +ad ,+e 0ar0aria! of ,+e we!,
0ee !o )owerful>M
51
T+e em)eror TCai1,!u*$ w+o for ,+e mome, wa! "o"e,ra,i* o ,+e
de!,ru",io of ,+e ea!,er TCu1"+Ie+$ ,+ou*+, +e !+ould M@oi wi,+ ,+o!e w+o are far a*ai!, ,+o!e
w+o are earME "o!e?ue,l&$ +e ,rea,ed TCu* S+i+1+u a! a all&>
T+e de!"ri),io of TCu* S+i+1+u lef, 0& :!Ia1,!a* i! ,+a, of a 9,,ila or a %e*+i; <+a> MT+e
+or!e! of ,+e!e 0ar0aria! were eA"eedi*l& umerou!> T+e #+a wore a "oa, of *ree !a,i ad
allowed all +i! +air ,o 0e !ee$ +i! 0row aloe 0ei* 0oud 0& !e.eral ,ur! of a !il#e fille, ,e
fee, lo*$ of w+i"+ ,+e ed! +u* dow a, ,+e 0a"#> :e wa! a,,eded 0& !ome ,wo +udred
offi"er! weari* 0ro"ade "oa,!$ all wi,+ ,+eir +air 0raided> T+e re!, of ,+e ,roo)! "o!i!,ed of
rider! mou,ed o "amel! or +or!e!E ,+e& were "lad i fur! ad fie woole "lo,+$ ad "arried
lo* la"e!$ 0aer!$ ad !,rai*+, 0ow!> Su"+ wa! ,+eir mul,i,ude ,+a, ,+e e&e "ould di!"er o
limi, ,o i,>M
57

TCu* S+i+1+u *a.e a warm wel"ome ,o ,+e '+ie!e )il*rim> Ideed$ +e +ad alwa&! )ro.ed ,o 0e
?ui,e o)e ,o Budd+i!m> Some &ear! earlier +e +ad +ad a! a *ue!, a Idia mi!!ioar& amed
Pra0+a#arami,ra$ w+o +ad !e, +im!elf ,+e ,a!# of "o.er,i* ,+e TCu1"+Ie+ 0efore *oi* o i
676 ,o )rea"+ i '+ia>
55
TCu* S+i+1+u *a.e :!Ia1,!a* a !imilar re"e),io a, +i! To#ma#
+ead?uar,er!$ of w+i"+ ,+e )il*rim +a! lef, a "olorful a""ou,4 MT+e #+a dwel, i a lar*e ,e,
orame,ed wi,+ *olde flower! ,+a, da;;led ,+e e&e!> :i! offi"er! +ad !)read lo* ma,! o.er ,+e
e,ra"e ad !a, ,+ere i ,wo lie!$ all weari* !)ledid *arme,! of !il# 0ro"ade> Be+id ,+em
!,ood ,+e #i*C! 0od&*uard> 9l,+ou*+ ,+i! wa! a 0ar0aria ruler !+el,ered 0& a fel, ,e,$ oe "ould
o, 0e+old +im wi,+ou, e!,eem>M I, i! !,ra*e ,o re"all$ i readi* ,+e!e lie!$ ,+e almo!, ide,i"al
im)re!!io! )rodu"ed u)o ,ra.eler! from ,+e We!, 0& %e*+i;1<+ai,e "+ief!> 9o,+er !"ee$ ,o
0e foud al!o i Ru0ru"#C! de!"ri),io of ,+e ,+ir,ee,+"e,ur& 8o*ol!$ i! ,+a, of ,+e "arou!al!
+eld a, ,+e re"e),io of forei* am0a!!ador!> W+ile :!Ia1,!a* wa! !,a&i* wi,+ +im$ TCu*
S+i+1+u re"ei.ed e.o&! from '+ia ad from ,+e #i* of Turfa> M:e i.i,ed ,+e!e e.o&! ,o 0e
!ea,ed ad offered ,+em wie ,o ,+e a""om)aime, of mu!i"al i!,rume,!> T+e #+a dra# wi,+
,+em> T+e all were !ee ,o dri# oe wi,+ ao,+er$ wi,+ e.er1i"rea!i* li.elie!!$ "li#i* ,+eir
"u)! ,o*e,+er ad S9LT filli* ad em),&i* ,+em 0& ,ur!> 8eaw+ile ,+e mu!i" of ea!,er ad
we!,er 0ar0aria! !ouded i,! oi!& "+ord!> :alf!a.a*e ,+ou*+ ,+e!e air! were$ ,+e& "+armed
,+e ear ad re@oi"ed ,+e +ear,> S+or,l& af,erward$ fre!+ di!+e! were 0rou*+, i$ ?uar,er! of 0oiled
mu,,o ad .eal$ w+i"+ were )iled i a0uda"e 0efore ,+e re.eler!>M
Some mo,+! af,er :!Ia1,!a*C! .i!i,$ ,+i! mi*+,& em)ire of ,+e we!,er TCu1"+Ie+ "olla)!ed> I
,+a, !ame &ear$ 650$ oe of ,+e we!,er ,ri0e!$ ,+e omad \arlu?!$ w+o !eem ,o +a.e made ,+eir
!ea!oal mo.e! 0e,wee ,+e ea!,er )oi, of /a#e Bal#+a!+ ad ,+e '+u*u"0a# re*io of
Tar0a*a,ai$ re0elled a*ai!, TCu* S+i+1+u ad )u, +im ,o dea,+>
5L
T+e #+aa,e of ,+e we!,er
TCu1"+Ie+ wa! !)li, i,o ,wo *rou)!$ of w+i"+ ,+e ame! are #ow ol& i '+ie!e
,ra!"ri),io4 ,+e Nu1!+i+1)i ,ri0e! ,o ,+e we!, ad !ou,+we!, of ,+e I!!&# <ul$ ad ,+e Tu1lu
,ri0e! or,+ea!, of ,+a, la#e> Nu1!+i+1)i ad Tu1lu wore ,+em!el.e! ou, i o0!"ure 0a,,le!> 9 Tu1
lu #+a$ +im!elf amed Tu1lu G6521631H$ a,,em),ed a, oe !,a*e ,o reui,e ,+e ,wo *rou)!$ af,er
w+i"+ +e made 0old ,o a,,a"# ,+e '+ie!e mili,ar& "oloie! i ,+e :ami area> Bu, ,+e '+ie!e
*eeral <uo :iao1#Co defea,ed +im ear ,+e Bo*do Ola 8ou,ai!$ 0e,wee <u"+e* ad
moder Urum,!i G"a> 6L7H> 8oreo.er$ ,+e em)eror TCai1,!u* !u))or,ed ,+e Nu1!+i+1)i +orde!
a*ai!, Tu1lu ad ,+e +ara!!ed #+a +ad ,o ,a#e fli*+, ,o Ba",ria$ w+ere +e di!a))eared G631H>
53

THE I1-O%E7ROPEA1 OASES OF THE TARIM AT THE ACCESSIO1 OF THE
T0A1, -(1AST(
:a.i* ai+ila,ed ,+e TCu1"+Ie+$ Em)eror TCai1,!u* wa! a0le ,o re1e!,a0li!+ '+ie!e
+e*emo& i ,+e Tarim oa!e!$ w+i"+ were a, lea!, )ar,l& Ido1Euro)ea$ o,a0l& a, Turfa$ <ara
S+a+r$ <u"+a$ ad <a!+*ar i ,+e or,+$ ad S+a!+a$ <+o,a$ ad Yar#ad i ,+e !ou,+>
T+e!e a"ie, "ara.a "i,ie!$ im)or,a, a! rela& !,a,io! o ,+e Sil# Road 0e,wee '+ia$ Ira$
ad ,+e B&;a,ie world$ were o le!! !o a! !,a*e! o ,+e rou,e of Budd+i!, )il*rima*e from
'+ia ,o 9f*+ai!,a ad ,+e Idie!> T+i! a!)e", of ,+em +a! 0ee well de!"ri0ed 0& ,+e '+ie!e
)il*rim :!Ia1,!a*$ w+o$ lea.i* <a!u i 679$ o +i! ou,ward @oure& G6791650H ,oo# ,+e
or,+er rou,e .ia Turfa$ <ara S+a+r$ <u"+a$ ad 9#!u$ S93T ,ra.eli* ,+e"e ,o To#ma#$
Ta!+#e,$ ad Samar#ad> O +i! re,ur i 6LL$ +e @oure&ed 0& ,+e !ou,+er rou,e$ ,+rou*+ ,+e
Pamir!$ <a!+*ar$ Yar#ad$ <+o,a$ S+a!+a$ ad Tu+wa*> :i! re"ord !+ow! ,+a, ,+e!e )e,,&
#i*dom! of ,+e Tarim +ad 0ee e,irel& wo o.er ,o Budd+i!m$ w+i"+ 0rou*+, wi,+ i, !o mu"+
of Idia "ul,ure ,+a, Sa!#ri, +ad 0e"ome ,+e reli*iou! la*ua*e of ,+e re*io$ alo*!ide ,+e
lo"al Ido1Euro)ea ,o*ue!4 ,+a, i! ,o !a&$ Turfae!e$ <ara!+a+ri$ ad <u"+ea G,+e old
MTo#+ariaM 9 ad BH ad MEa!, Iraia$M ,+e la,,er +a.i* a))are,l& 0ee !)o#e i ,+e <+o,a
area>
56

T+e mau!"ri),! di!"o.ered 0& ,+e Pellio,$ 9urel S,ei$ ad /e 'o? eA)edi,io! al!o )ro.e ,+a,
Budd+i" ,eA,! were ,ra!la,ed from Sa!#ri, i,o ,+e!e .ariou! lo"al Ido1Euro)ea diale",! G,+e
,wo #id! of To#+aria$ or w+a, were #ow a! !u"+$ i ,+e or,+E MEa!, IraiaM i ,+e
!ou,+we!,H$ w+ile ao,+er Ido1 Euro)ea la*ua*e$ So*dia$ i,rodu"ed 0& "ara.a! from
Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad$ wa! !)o#e a, ,+e o.eri*+, "am)! from ,+e TCie S+a ,o ,+e /o0 Nor$
w+ere Pellio, di!"o.ered !e.e,+"e,ur& ,ra"e! of oe of ,+e!e So*dia "oloie!>
57
9! +a! 0ee
!ee$ "ara.aeer! ad mer"+a,! of ,+e Sil# Road a! well a! Budd+i!, mi!!ioarie!$ arri.i* from
,+e Ido1Iraia 0order!$ "om0ied ,o i,rodu"e ,+e ar,! of Ira ad Idia ,o ,+e Tarim oa!e!$
w+ere ,+e& were ,o 0e fu!ed i,o a "uriou! !&,+e!i! 0& ,+e wor#i*! of ,+e Budd+i!, fai,+> I
,+i! "oe",io +a! 0ee o,ed ,+e .ariou! 0orrowi*!=Gre"o1Budd+i"$ Ido1Ga*e,i"$ or
Irao1Budd+i"=w+i"+ ma& 0e di!"ered i ,+e <i;il fre!"oe! ear <u"+a$ ad 0elo* ei,+er ,o
w+a, :a"#i "all! ,+e fir!, <i;il !,&le G"a> L301630H or ,o ,+e !e"od G"a> 6301730H>
52
T+ere i! al!o
,+e )e"uliarl& Sa!!aia "+ara",er of ,+e Budd+i" )ai,i*! o woode )ael! a, (ada1Uili#$
ea!, of <+o,a G"a> 630H> /a!,l&$ ,+e !e"od Sa!!ao1Budd+i" !,&le of <i;il$ )arallel wi,+ Idia
iflue"e! remii!"e, of 9@a,a$ eA,eded e.e ,o ,+e fre!"oe! of ,+e Turfa *rou)4 a, Be;e#li#$
8ur,u#$ ad SK*im> I addi,io ,o ,+e!e Idia$ :ellei!,i" ad Iraia iflue"e!$ ,+a, of
'+ia$ a! :a"#i o0!er.e!$ wa! ma#i* i,!elf fel, a, <um,ura ear <u"+a$ ad a0o.e all of
"our!e a, Be;e#li# ad ,+e o,+er fre!"o !i,e! of ,+e Turfa *rou)$ ,+e *rou) eare!, ,o ,+e
'+ie!e fro,ier>
59

9, ,+e ,ime of :!Ia1,!a*C! @oure& G650H$ ,+e "ul,ure of ,+i! "ro!!road! of "i.ili;a,io wa! a, i,!
+ei*+,$ e!)e"iall& i <u"+a> Of S96T all ,+e Ido1Euro)ea oa!e! of ,+e Go0i$ <u"+a i!
udou0,edl& oe of ,+o!e i w+i"+ Ido1Euro)eai!m i! mo!, "learl& demo!,ra,ed$ ,+rou*+ ,+e
)le,iful Budd+i" li,era,ure i ,+e <u"+ea ,o*ue u"o.ered 0& ,+e Pellio,$ S,ei$ ad /e 'o?
eA)edi,io!> T+e .er& ,ra!"ri),io! of ,+e ame <u"+a i Sa!#ri, G<u"+iH ad i '+ie!e
G<u"+eH !eem .er& "lo!el& allied ,o ,+e )rou"ia,io <I,!i$ w+i"+ i! !u))o!ed ,o +a.e 0ee ,+a,
of ,+e a,i.e=or$ a! i, wa! u,il re"e,l& "alled$ ,+e To#+aria,o*ue>
L0
Uder Budd+i"
iflue"e$ ,+e <u"+a diale",=,+a, i! ,o !a&$ ,+e )ar,i"ular Ido1Euro)ea diale", de!i*a,ed for a
,ime 0& Orie,ali!,! a! To#+aria B$ ,oda& #ow !im)l& a! <u"+ea= +ad 0e"ome a li,erar&
la*ua*e$ i,o w+i"+$ from ,+e fif,+ ,o ,+e !e.e,+ "e,ur&$ )ar, of ,+e Sa!#ri, "ao +ad 0ee
,ra!la,ed> Beefi,i* ,+u! from i,! "o,a", wi,+ Budd+i!, "i.ili;a,io=,+e i,elle",ual +eri,a*e
of Idia=ad al!o 0& ,+e weal,+ a""rui* from i,! "ara.a li# wi,+ Ira$ w+o!e ma,erial
"i.ili;a,io i, "o)ied$ <u"+ea !o"ie,& a! re.ealed i ,+e ,eA,! ad fre!"oe! of <i;il ad <um,ura
a))ear! a )+eomeal a"+ie.eme,$ almo!, a )aradoA i ,ime ad !)a"e> I, i! li#e a re.erie w+e
oe refle",! ,+a, ,+i! ele*a, ad )oli!+ed !o"ie,&$ ,+e fie flower of 9r&ai!m i 'e,ral 9!ia$
0lo!!omed 0u, a few ride! awa& from all ,+e Tur#o18o*ol +orde!$ a, ,+e .er& fro,ier! of
0ar0aria world!$ o ,+e e.e of i,! eA,i",io 0& ,+e lea!, eli*+,eed "ommui,ie! of )rimi,i.e
ma> I, !eem! a mira"le ,+a, o ,+e ed*e of ,+e !,e))e!$ )ro,e",ed 0& de!er, aloe ad ,+rea,eed
dail& 0& ,+e fier"e!, o!lau*+,! of ,+e omad!$ ,+i! !o"ie,& wa! a0le ,o !ur.i.e !o lo*>
T+e *li,,eri* <u"+ea "+i.alr& re.i.ed i ,+e <i;il fre!"oe! !eem! ,o +a.e "ome$ i defia"e of
"+roolo*&$ from !ome Per!ia )a*e of miia,ure!> T+e )ure o.al! of ,+o!e deli"a,e fa"e!$
me,i"ulou!l& !+a.e eA"e), for ,+e !li*+,e!, of mu!,a"+e!$ wi,+ ,+eir lo*$ !,rai*+, o!e! ad
well1ar"+ed e&e0row!$ ,+o!e ,rim wai!,! ad lo*$ !leder 0odie! w+i"+ a))ear ,o +a.e e!"a)ed
from !ome Timurid S+a+ Nama+=all "om0ie ,o di!)la& a mar#edl& Iraia )+&!i"al ,&)e> T+e
!ame i! ,rue of ,+e "o!,ume> Dir!,$ "our, dre!!4 ,+e lo*$ !,rai*+, fro"# "oa,!$ draw i a, ,+e wai!,
0& a me,al 0el, ad rolled o)e a, ,+e 0rea!, 0& ,+e lar*e la)el! alread& o,ed i 9f*+ai!,a i
,+e Sa!!aia1li#e Bamia fre!"oe!$ ad ,+e ,rimmi*! of 0raid$ 0ead!$ ad flower! 0orrowed
from ,+e immemorial Iraia !,&le of adorme,> T+e ,+e mili,ar& dre!!4 S97T Sa!!aid Per!ia
ad a ele*a"e alread& MPer!iaM ,+a, e.o#e ,+e )roud la"er! of ,+e <i;il fre!"oe!$ wi,+ ,+eir
"oi"al +elme,!$ "oa,! of mail$ lo* la"e!$ ad *rea, "u,1ad1,+ru!, !word!> /a!,l&$ ,+e fair ladie!
ad 0eefa",re!!e! of <i;il ad <um,ura i ,+eir ,i*+,1wai!,ed 0odi"e! ad .olumiou! !#ir,!
re"all=o,wi,+!,adi* ,+e Budd+i" ,+eme=,+a, a, all ,+e +al,i* )la"e! alo* ,+e Sil# Road$ i
all ,+e ri"+ "ara.a ,ow! of ,+e Tarim$ <u"+a wa! reowed a! a "i,& of )lea!ure!$ ad ,+a, a!
far a! '+ia me ,al#ed of i,! mu!i"ia!$ i,! da"i* *irl!$ ad i,! "our,e!a!>
THE ESTA./ISHME1T OF THE TA1, PROTECTORATE I1 THE TARIM .ASI1
9l,+ou*+ uder ,+e uif&i* iflue"e of ,+e Budd+i!, reli*io ,+e ma,erial "i.ili;a,io of <u"+a
remaied "+iefl& Iraia$ Turfa G<ao"+a*H !+owed i,!elf more !,ro*l& affe",ed i ,+i! re!)e",
0& '+ia>
L1
9 "om)ari!o of ,+e fre!"oe! of ,+e <u"+a re*io G<i;ilH wi,+ ,+o!e of Turfa
G8ur,u#$ SK*im$ ad Be;e#li#H i! "o.i"i* i ,+i! re!)e",> :ere ,+e Ido1Iraia
"+ara",eri!,i"!$ )a!!ed o .ia <u"+a$ mer*e *raduall& i,o ,+e TCa* ae!,+e,i"> '+iaC! )roAimi,&$
a! well a! lo"al +i!,or&$ eA)lai! ,+i! "ul,ural !lide> T+e "ou,r& of Turfa wa! *o.ered af,er 307
0& ,+e <Ciu$ a d&a!,& of '+ie!e ori*i> I 609$ <Ciu Pai1&a we, ,o )a& +oma*e ,o ,+e em)eror
Ya*1,i of '+ia> :i! !u""e!!or <Ciu We1,Cai G"a> 67016L0H wel"omed ,+e '+ie!e )il*rim
:!Ia1,!a* wi,+ e,+u!ia!m=!o eA"e!!i.e a e,+u!ia!m ideed ,+a, +e almo!, refu!ed ,o le,
+i! *ue!, de)ar, Ged of 679 ,o ,+e 0e*ii* of 650H> T+i! well1#ow e)i!ode doe! a, lea!,
!+ow ,+e moar"+C! ,a!,e for '+ie!e "ul,ure ad Budd+i!, fer.or> I ,+e !ame &ear G650H$ <Ciu
We1,Cai we, ,o )a& +oma*e ,o ,+e em)eror TCai1,!u*$ 0u, ,oward ,+e ed of +i! rei* +e
re0elled a*ai!, TCa* !u;erai,& G6L0H> TCai1,!u* !e, *eeral :eu <iu,!i a*ai!, +im> 9, ,+e
a))roa"+ of ,+e '+ie!e arm&$ <Ciu We,Cai died of !+o"#> Turfa wa! o""u)ied ad aeAed$
ad 0e"ame ,+e !ea, of a '+ie!e )refe",ure ad la,er of ,+e '+ie!e *o.erme, of ,+e MPa"ified
We!,$M 9!i G6L0H>
T+e #i*dom of <ara S+a+r G9*i i Sa!#ri, ,ra!"ri),io$ Ye#i i '+ie!eH !eem! ,o +a.e
0ee almo!, a! lu!,rou! a Ido1Euro)ea "e,er a! <u"+a>
L7
9! i <u"+a$ ,+e reli*iou! "ul,ure=
,+a#! ,o Budd+i!m=wa! 0orrowed from Idia$ ,+e ma,erial S92T "i.ili;a,io wa! deri.ed )ar,l&
from Ira$ ad a lar*e )ro)or,io of ,+e ar, re"alled ,+a, of Gre"o1Budd+i" 9f*+ai!,a> T+e <ara
S+a+r !,u""oe! i Berli are ,+u! ama;i*l& !imilar ,o ,+o!e of :adda i ,+e Guime, 8u!eum>
Bu, ,+ere ,oo ,+e '+ia of ,+e TCa* eAer,ed i,! mili,ar& mi*+,> I 657$ <ara S+a+r re"o*i;ed ,+e
!u;erai,& of ,+e em)eror TCai1,!u*$ 0u, i 6L0 ,+e rei*i* !o.erei* G#ow i '+ie!e a! Tu1
#Ci1"+eH$ o dou0, u)!e, 0& ,+e aeAa,io of Turfa$ allied +im!elf wi,+ ,+e we!,er TCu"+Ie+
ad rai!ed ,+e fla* of re0ellio> TCai1,!u* !e, a*ai!, +im Geeral <uo :iao1#Co$ w+o$ 0& a
"le.er mar"+$ a))roa"+ed <ara S+a+r from ,+e dire",io of ,+e Yuldu;$ uder "o.er of i*+,$ ad
a, daw a,,a"#ed ad "a),ured ,+e !ur)ri!ed "i,&> T+ere +e e,+roed a 0ro,+er of ,+e de)o!ed
#i*$ a )ro1'+ie!e )ri"e amed /i1)Co1"+ue G6L0H> Some &ear! la,er /i1)Co1"+ue wa!
de)o!ed 0& +i! "ou!i Sie1)Co 91a1"+e$ w+o +ad ,+e !u))or, of ,+e <u"+ea! ad ,+e Yu1"+Ie+>
T+e im)erial *eeral 91!+i+1a S+J1eul Ga TCu1"+Ie+ )ri"e i Ta* !er.i"eH wa! "ommi!!ioed
0& Vai1,!u* ,o !u0due ,+e re0el "i,& for *ood> :e mar"+ed o <ara S+a+r$ 0e+eaded ,+e u!ur)er$
ad *a.e ,+e ,+roe ,o ao,+er mem0er of ,+e ro&al famil& G6L2H>
9f,er <ara S+a+r$ i, wa! <u"+aC! ,ur>
L5
<u"+a G<u"+eH wa! ruled 0& a d&a!,& "alled i
<u"+ea ,+e Swara famil& Gi Sa!#ri,$ Su.araE i '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io$ Su1faH$ ,+a, i! ,o !a&$
,+e Golde Damil&> I 612$ ,+e #i*$ #ow i '+ie!e a! Su1fa Pu1!+i+ Gi Sa!#ri,$ Su.ara
Pu!+)a4 Golde DlowerH$ +ad )aid +oma*e ,o Ya*1,i ,+e em)eror of '+ia> :i! !o$ ,+e Su1fa
Tie of '+ie!e aal! GSwara,e) i <u"+ea$ ad i Sa!#ri, Su.ara (e.a4 ,+e Golde GodH$ a
;ealou! Budd+i!,$ i 650 *a.e a ma*ifi"e, wel"ome ,o :!iia1,!a*$ ,+e '+ie!e )il*rim$
de!)i,e ,+e fa", ,+a, +e ad +i! )eo)le ad+ered ,o ,+a, form of Budd+i!m #ow a! ,+e /e!!er
Ve+i"le G:ia&aaH$ w+erea! :!iia1,!a* followed ,+a, of ,+e Grea,er Ve+i"le G8a+a&aaH>
LL
I
,+e !ame &ear$ Swara,e) a.owed +im!elf .a!!al of ,+e em)eror Tai1,!u*$ 0u, la,er$ di!)lea!ed
wi,+ ,+e Va* i,er.e,ioi!, )oli"&$ +e @oied wi,+ ,+e we!,er Tu1"+Ie+ i o))o!i,io ,o i,> I
6LL +e refu!ed ,o )a& ,ri0u,e$ ad +el)ed ,+e )eo)le of <ara S+a+r i ,+eir re.ol, a*ai!, '+ia>
:e died 0efore )ui!+me, "ould o.er,a#e +im$ ad wa! re)la"ed i 6L6 0& +i! 0ro,+er$ w+om
'+ie!e +i!,oria! "all :o1li Pu1!+i+1)i Gi Sa!#ri,$ :ari Pu!+)a4 (i.ie DlowerH>
L3
T+e ew
#i*$ aware of ,+e S99T a))roa"+i* !,orm$ +a!,eed ,o !ed )ro,e!,a,io! of lo&al,& ,o ,+e
'+ie!e "our, G6L7H> I, wa! ,oo la,e> 91!+i+1a S+J1eul$ ,+e TCu1"+Ie+ )ri"e i '+ie!e !er.i"e$
!e, off for ,+e we!, wi,+ a arm& of '+ie!e re*ular! ad Tu1"+Ie+ ad T0ld"+ auAiliarie!>
91!+i+1a S+J1eul 0e*a 0& de)ri.i* <u"+a of eA)e",ed !u))or, 0& "ru!+i* ,wo Tur#i" ,ri0e!$
allie! of ,+e re0el "i,&4 ,+e '+Cu1&ue+ ad ,+e '+u1mi$ ,+e former li.i* ,+e fife of omad! ear
<u"+e* ad ,+e Ia,,er o ,+e 8aa! Ri.er> Drom ,+ere +e de!"eded u)o <u"+a> <i* :o1li
Pu1!+i+1)i !allied for,+ wi,+ +i! arm&$ ad 91!+i+1a S+J1eul$ followi* ,+e old ,a",i" of ,+e
+orde!$ )re,eded ,o re,rea, ad lured +im i,o ,+e de!er,$ w+ere +e ifli",ed a "ru!+i* defea,>
T+i! 0a,,le ma& well +a.e 0ee ,+e 'rB"& ad ,+e 9*i"our, of ,+a, !)ledid "+i.alr& of Iraia
"ul,ure$ of ,+o!e )aladi! of ,+e <i;il fre!"oe!> T+e Tur#i" mer"ear& i ,+e )a& of '+ia e,ered
<u"+a a! i,! "o?ueror ad ,+e$ )ur!ui* <i* (i.ie Dlower ,o ,+e we!,er ou,)o!, of 9#!u
GPo+uaH$ +e laid !ie*e ,o ,+a, )la"e ad "a),ured +im> 8eaw+ile a <u"+ea lord Gamed Na1li
i '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),ioH$ w+o +ad *oe ,o fe,"+ reifor"eme,! from ,+e we!,er TCu1"+Ie+$
re,ured ueA)e",edl& ad$ uder ,+e ii,ial effe", of !ur)ri!e$ !lew ,+e '+ie!e *eeral <uo
:iao1#Co> I mer"ile!! re)ri!al$ 91!+i+1a S+J1eul 0e+eaded 11$000 )eo)le> M:e de!,ro&ed fi.e
*rea, ,ow! ad wi,+ ,+em ma& m&riad! of me ad wome> T+e lad! of ,+e we!, were !ei;ed
wi,+ ,errorM G6L716L2H> T+e ro&al )ri!oer :o1li Pu1!+i+1)i "ame ,o 0ea, +i! 0row o ,+e floor
0efore ,+e em)eror TCai1,!u* a, '+a*a> 9 yabghu 0ro,+er of ,+i! )ri"e wa! )la"ed 0& ,+e
'+ie!e o ,+e ,+roe of <u"+a$ 0u, #e), uder !,ri", ,u,ela*e>
T+e 0rillia, Ido1Euro)ea !o"ie,& of <u"+a ad <i;il e.er re"o.ered from ,+i! di!a!,er> 9f,er
a "e,ur& of '+ie!e domia,io$ w+e i ,+e !e"od +alf of ,+e ei*+,+ "e,ur& '+ia o"e more
lo!, i,ere!, i <u"+a$ i, wa! o, ,+e Ido1Euro)ea ari!,o"ra"& of 0&*oe da&! w+o a!!umed
)ower 0u,$ a! i Turfa$ ,+e Ui*ur Tur#!> T+i! a"ie, Ido1Euro)ea "ou,r&=,+i! Ou,er Ira1
0e"ame a Orie,al Tur#e!,a> We!, of ,+e Tarim la& ,+e #i*dom of <a!+*ar GS+ufu i
'+ie!eH$ i+a0i,ed o dou0, 0& ,+e de!"eda,! of ,+e a"ie, Sa#a ad )ro0a0l& !)ea#i* ,+eir
la*ua*e$ ea!,er Iraia> T+e '+ie!e )il*rim :!Ia1,!a* o,e! ,+a, ,+e <a!+*ari! +ad 0lue
e&e!$ or$ a! +e )u,! i,$ M*ree e&e0all!M=a )re"iou! )ie"e of e.ide"e of ,+e )er!i!,e"e amo*
,+i! S100T )eo)le of w+a, Germa wri,er! were ,o "all M9r&ai!m>M :!Ia,!a* al!o me,io!
,+a, ,+eir wri,i* wa! of Idia ori*i ad ,+e )redomia, reli*io :ia&aa Budd+i!m$
al,+ou*+ Sa!!aia 8a;dai!m +ad i,! ade),! al!o> I ,+e #i*dom of Yar#ad GSo"+e i
'+ie!eH$ o ,+e o,+er +ad$ ,+e )re.aili* form of Budd+i!m wa! 8a+a&aa> /a!,l&$ ,+e <+o,a
G:o,ieH oa!i!$ eri"+ed 0& i,! mul0err& )la,a,io! "ul,i.a,ed for !il#worm!$ i,! "ar)e,
maufa",ure!$ ad i,! @ade )rodu",!$ wa! al!o a im)or,a, Budd+i" "e,er w+ere Sa!#ri, wa!
;ealou!l& !,udied ad w+ere 8a+a&aa ,ea"+i*! )re.ailed> T+e ame of ,+e rei*i* d&a!,& i!
ow #ow ol& 0& i,! '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io$ Wei1"+CJ>
Si"e ,+e a""e!!io of ,+e em)eror TCai1,!u*$ ,+e ,+ree #i*dom! +ad )aid +oma*e ,o '+ia4
<a!+*ar ad <+o,a i 657$ Yar#ad i 653> I ,+i! la,,er &ear ,+e #i* of <+o,a !e, +i! !o ,o
,+e im)erial "our,> I 6L2$ w+e ,+e im)erial *eeral 91!+i+1a S+J1eul !u0@u*a,ed <u"+a$ +e
!e, +i! lieu,ea, Sie Wa1)ei ,o <+o,a$ wi,+ a e!"or, of li*+, "a.alr&> T+e ,errified #i* of
<+o,a$ "alled i '+ie!e Du1!+J Si$ wa! !ummoed ,o a))ear a, ,+e "our, of '+ia$ w+e"e +e
wa! !e, +ome wi,+ added ,i,le! ad )ri.ile*e!>
L6

T0A1, CHI1A3 /OR- OF CE1TRA/ ASIA
9, ,+e "o"lu!io of ,+e!e "o?ue!,!$ '+iaC! dire", au,+ori,& eA,eded ,o ,+e Pamir!> T+e )ride
of ,+e em)eror TCai1,!u*$ "o?ueror of 'e,ral 9!ia$ i! uder!,ada0le> MT+e ol& me w+o i
olde da&! !u0@u*a,ed ,+e 0ar0aria!$M ,+e Vang Shu re)or,! +im a! !a&i*$ Mwere '+Ci S+i+
:ua*1,i ad :a Wu1,i> Bu, 0& *ra!)i* m& ,+ree1foo, !word I +a.e !u0@u*a,ed ,+e Two
:udred <i*dom! ad !ile"ed ,+e Dour Sea!$ ad oe 0& oe ,+e di!,a, 0ar0aria! +a.e "ome
,o ma#e !u0mi!!io>M
L7
9mo* ,+e Tur#! ,oo$ +i! )re!,i*e wa! .er& *rea,> If +e +ad "o?uered
,+em$ +e +ad al!o rallied ,+em$ a,,a"+i* ,+em ,o +im!elf wi,+ a 0od of )er!oal lo&al,& i ,+e
Tur#o18o*ol maer> Ideed$ a! i! re"orded 0& ,+e Tur#i" i!"ri),io of <o!+o1T!aidam i ,+e
followi* "e,ur&$ +e #ew +ow ,o 0e"ome ,+e M'+ie!e #+a*a>M
T+e mo!, "+ara",eri!,i" eAam)le of +i! fa"ul,& for *a,+eri* Tur#! a0ou, +im i! !+ow i ,+e
!,or& of 91!+i+1a S+J1eul$ rela,ed i ,+e T'ang Shu6
78
T+i! #+a$ w+o 0elo*ed ,o ,+e ro&al
famil& of ,+e ea!,er TCu1"+Ie+ G+e wa! ,+e 0ro,+er of ,+e S101T #+a*a :ie1liH$ +ad !ided wi,+
'+ia i 656> :e 0e"ame oe of TCai1,!u*C! 0e!, *eeral!$ ad ,o reward +im ,+e em)eror *a.e
+im a Ta* )ri"e!! i marria*e> We +a.e !ee ,+e )ar, )la&ed 0& +im i ,+e '+ie!e "o?ue!,!
=,+e "a),ure of <ara S+a+r$ <u"+a$ ad !o o> Su"+ wa! +i! de.o,io ,+a, o ,+e dea,+ of TCai1
,!u*$ ,+e old mer"ear& de!ired ,o #ill +im!elf o +i! ,om0$ i ,+e omad maer$ M,o *uard ,+e
fuerar& "ou"+ of ,+e Em)eror>
To all ,+e!e .e,era! of ,+e 'e,ral 9!ia "am)ai*! ma& 0e a))lied ,+e "ele0ra,ed lie! of ,+e
)oe, /i Po i The 2an of the 2arches4 MT+rou*+ou, +i! life ,+e ma of ,+e mar"+e! e.er !o
mu"+ a! o)e! a 0oo#$ 0u, +e "a +u,$ +e i! !#illful$ !,ro*$ ad 0old> I au,um +i! +or!e i! fa,$
for ,+e !,e))e *ra!! !ui,! i, ,o )erfe",io> W+e +e *allo)!$ +ow !u)er0 ad +au*+,& i! +i! mie[
:i! !oudi* w+i) !la!+e! ,+e !ow or @i*le! i i,! *ilded !+ea,+> Ela,ed 0& !,ro* wie$ +e
"all! +i! fal"o ad ride! far afield> :i! 0ow$ 0e, wi,+ )ower$ i! e.er loo!ed i .ai> 8e ma#e
wa& for +im$ for +i! .alor ad +i! warli#e mood are well #ow i ,+e Go0i>M
(uri* ,+e earl& )ar, of +i! rei* ,+e em)eror <ao1,!u* G6301 625H$ !o ad !u""e!!or of TCai1
,!u*$ "om)le,ed +i! fa,+erC! wor#> :e dire",ed +i! effor,! a*ai!, ,+e TCu1"+Ie+ of ,+e we!,,+a,
i!$ a*ai!, ,+e ,wo *rou)! of ,ri0e! i,o w+i"+ ,+e we!,er TCu1"+Ie+ were ow di.ided4 ,+e Nu1
!+i+1)i !ou,+we!, of ,+e I!!&# <ul ad ,+e Tu1lu ,o ,+e or,+ea!,> T+i! di.i!io a,urall& !ui,ed
'+ie!e )oli"&> 9 Tu1lu #+a amed :o1lu G6311637H did o0,ai 0rief re"o*i,io from ,+e Nu1
!+i+1)i a! well$ ,+u! re!,ori* ,+e #+aa,e of ,+e we!,$ ad +e lo!, o ,ime i re0elli* a*ai!,
'+ie!e !u;erai,&> To "ou,er ,+i!$ ,+e '+ie!e formed a allia"e wi,+ ,+e Ui*ur Tur#!=,+e
former TJlJ! or TJlK"+=w+o ro.ed i ,+e ei*+0or+ood of ,+e <+a*ai 8ou,ai! ad w+o!e
#+a Yo1@ua a0l& !e"oded ,+e im)erial )oli"&> S,re*,+eed 0& ,+i! !u))or,$ ,+e '+ie!e
*eeral Su Ti*1fa* )lu*ed i,o ,+e 0lea# !oli,ude! of ,+e or,+we!,> Wi,er wa! a))roa"+i*
ad ,+e *roud wa! ,wo fee, dee) i !ow> Said ,+e '+ie!e *eeral ,o +i! ,roo)!4 MT+e fo* !+ed!
dar#e!! e.er&w+ere> T+e wid i! i"&> T+e 0ar0aria! do o, 0elie.e ,+a, we "a "am)ai* a,
,+i! !ea!o> /e, u! +a!,e ,o !ur)ri!e ,+em[M 9d !ur)ri!e ,+em 0e did$ mee,i* :o1lu o ,+e
Ri.er Boro,ala$ ear ,+e E0i Nor i (;u*ariaE ,+e 0e 0ea, +im a*ai o ,+e '+u$ we!, of ,+e
I!!&# <ul S107T G637H$ ad for"ed +im ,o flee ,o Ta!+#e,> T+i! wa! ,+e ed of :o1lu$ for ,+e
)eo)le of Ta!+#e, +aded +im o.er ,o '+ia>
L9
T+e im)erial "our, ,+e a))oi,ed 91!+i+1a 8i1
!la0$ a Tur# lo&al ,o '+ie!e !er.i"e$ a! ,+e ew Tu1lu #+a G6371667H$ w+ile ,+e Nu1!+i+1)i ,oo#
a! ,+eir #+a ao,+er "lie, of '+ia$ 91!+i+1a Pu1"+e G6391663H>
THE /AST ./A>E OF T07%CHLEM PO#ER6 MO%CH0O 2HA,A1
%u!, w+e Ta* '+ia !eemed ,o +a.e a"+ie.ed all +er aim! i 'e,ral 9!ia$ ,+e !i,ua,io
!uddel& al,ered> (uri* ,+e la,,er +alf of +i! rei*$ from 663 ,o 625$ Em)eror <ao1,!u*$ a
wea# ruler !wa&ed 0& +arem i,ri*ue!$ wi,e!!ed a *eeral de"lie of '+ie!e iflue"e i ,+o!e
re*io!> Drom 663 o$ ,+e ,wo *rou)! of we!,er TCu1"+Ie+$ Nu1!+i+1)i ad Tu1lu$ re.ol,ed
a*ai!, ,+e #+a! a))oi,ed 0& '+ia ad re*aied ,+eir ide)ede"e> NeA, ,+e Ti0e,a!$ a
)eo)le a, ,+a, ,ime li,,le more ,+a !a.a*e!$
30
0ur!, i,o ,+e Tarim 0a!i ad !ei;ed from '+ia
w+a, were "alled ,+e MDour Garri!o!M4 <ara S+a+r$ <u"+a$ <+o,a$ ad <a!+*ar G670H> 8ore
im)or,a, !,ill$ ,+e #+aa,e of ,+e ea!,er TCu1"+Ie+$ de!,ro&ed i 650 0& Em)eror Tai1,!u*$ wa!
re"o!,i,u,ed uder a de!"eda, of ,+e old ro&al famil&$ ,+e #+a*a \u,lu*+ GMT+e :a))&MHE +e
i! "ele0ra,ed i ,+e <o!+o1T!aidam i!"ri),io uder ,+e ame of El,eri!+ <+a*a>
T+i! i!"ri),io$ w+i"+ we owe ,o \u,lu*+C! !o$ !+ow! ,+a, ,+e re!,ora,io of ,+e Tur#i" #+aa,e
of ,+e Or#+o "ame i re!)o!e ,o a !ur*e of !ome,+i* li#e a,ioal !e,ime,>
31
MT+e w+ole
"ommoal,& of ,+e Tur#i" )eo)le !)o#e ,+u!4 CI wa! a )eo)le wi,+ m& ow em)ire> W+ere i! m&
em)ire owF I wa! a )eo)le wi,+ m& ow #+a*a> W+ere i! m& #+a*a owFC T+u! did ,+e&
!)ea#$ ad i !o !)ea#i* ,+e& 0e"ame eemie! of ,+e '+ie!e #+a*a ad 0e*a o"e more ,o
"+eri!+ ,+e +o)e of or*ai;i* ad e!,a0li!+i* ,+em!el.e! a! a )oli,i"al !,a,e> T+e !aid ,+e
'+ie!e4 CWe will ai+ila,e ,+e Tur#i" )eo)le ad "u, off ,+eir )o!,eri,&$C ad ,+e& !e, for,+ ,o
de!,ro& ,+em> Bu, ,+e *od of ,+e Tur#! i +ea.e a0o.e$ ad ,+eir re.ered ,erre!,rial ad a?ua,i"
!)ri,e!$ did ,+i!4 ,+a, ,+e Tur#i" )eo)le mi*+, o, 0e de!,ro&ed 0u, mi*+, 0e"ome o"e more a
)eo)le$ ,+e& rai!ed u) m& fa,+er ,+e #+a*a El,eri!+ ad m& mo,+er ,+e #+a,u Il0il*K$ +oldi*
,+em a, ,+e !ummi, of +ea.e>M 9! i! 0ore ou, 0& ,+e i!"ri),io$ ,+e re1
S105T
S10LT
S103T
!,orer of ,+e Or#+o Em)ire !,ar,ed a! leader of a !im)le 0ad> M8& fa,+er ,+e #+a*a !e, off
wi,+ ,we,&1!e.e meE ,+e ,+ere were !e.e,&> 9! Td*ri *a.e ,+em !,re*,+$ m& fa,+erC! arm&
wa! a! wol.e! ad +i! eemie! a! ewe!> W+e ,+e um0er of +i! me +ad *row ,o !e.e
+udred$ +e di!)o!!e!!ed ide)ede, )eo)le!$ de)o!ed #+a!$ redu"ed me ,o !la.er&$ *o.ered
,+em a""ordi* ,o ,+e law! of our a"e!,or!$ ad fired ,+eir +ear,!> To ,+e !ou,+ ,+e '+ie!e
)eo)le were our eemie!E ,o ,+e or,+ ,+e Nie O*+u; GTo?u; O*+u;H were our eemie!$ ,+e
<ir*+i; ad ,+e \uri?a$
37
,+e T+ir,& Ta,ar! ad ,+e <+i,ai$ were eemie!> 8& fa,+er ,+e #+a*a
made for,&1!e.e "am)ai*! ad fou*+, ,we,& 0a,,le!> 9! Td*ri fa.ored +im$ +e de)ri.ed of
,+eir em)ire ,+o!e w+o +ad a em)ire$ ad ,+o!e w+o +ad a #+a*a 0e de)ri.ed of ,+eir #+a*a>
:e )a"ified +i! eemie! ad made ,+em 0ed ,+e #ee ad 0ow ,+e 0ead>M
35

T+u! ,+e #+aa,e of ,+e ea!,er TCu1"+Ie+ wa! re!,ored i i,! ,radi,ioal u"leu!$ 0& ,+e
+eadwa,er! of ,+e Or#+o ad i ,+e R,I#K 8ou,ai! G)re!uma0l& ,+e <0a*ai ra*eH>
3L
I
,+i! a"+ie.eme, \u,lu*+ +ad 0ee "lo!el& !u))or,ed 0& a a!,u,e )oli,i"ia$ To&u?u? Gor
Tofiu?ou?H$ a Tur# w+o!e famil& +ad a, oe ,ime +eld a +eredi,ar& )o!, i ,+e '+ie!e
admii!,ra,io i ,+e fro,ier di!,ri", of Yu"+u*$ ear )re!e,1da& <wei+wa"+e*$ or,+ of
S+a!i> T+e i!"ri),io o To&u?u?C! fuerar& "olum$ w+i"+ wa! di!"o.ered i 1297 i ,+e
.alle& of ,+e u))er Tula$ i! of a!!i!,a"e i ,+e re"o!,ru",io of ,+i! "uriou! )er!oali,&$
)ar,i"ularl& w+e !u))leme,ed 0& da,a from ,+e Vang Shu6
33
/i#e ma& Tur#i" o0le! !i"e
TCai1,!u*C! rei*$ To&u?u? 0ad re"ei.ed a '+ie!e edu"a,io> Bu, w+e \u,lu*+ re!,ored
Tur#i" ide)ede"e$ To&u?u? @oied +im ad 0e"ame +i! ad.i!er ad 0e!, de)u,&$ )la"i* a,
,+e ew #0a*aC! !er.i"e ,+e #owled*e 0e +ad *aied of '+ie!e "u!,om!$ me,ali,&$ ad
)oli,i"!$ ad a0o.e all of ,+e fee0le !,a,e ,o w+i"+ "our, i,ri*ue! +ad redu"ed ,+e lame,a0le
em)eror <ao1,!u*> I 627$ ,+erefore$ \u,lu*+ ad To&u?u? o)eed +o!,ili,ie! a*ai!, '+ia 0&
ra.a*i* or,+er S+a!i> I 8ar"+$ 625$ \u,lu*+ laid wa!,e ,+e di!,ri", of <wei"0ow
G:!ailai0!ie$ or,+ of ,+e Na#ow Pa!!$ or,+we!, of Pe#i*H>
36
T+e"efor,+$ ea"+ !u""eedi*
&ear wa! mar#ed 0& a raid o ,+e 0order! of S+a!i or :o)ei> I 9)ril$ 625$ \u,lu*+ ad
To&u?u? de.a!,a,ed ,+e S+a&I di!,ri",$ ,+e Sui&ua of ,oda&> I %ue$ ,+e& #illed ,+e )refe", of
YI"+ow or S106T Wei"+ow G/i*#iu$ !ou,+we!, of Ta,u*H$ "a),ured ,+e *o.eror of Du*"+ow
GYIli i or,+er S+e!iH$ ad ra.a*ed ,+e /a"+ow area i or,+we!, S+a!i>
37
I ,+e au,um
of 62L ,+e& led raid! i ,+e dire",io of Su"+ow GS+o)i* Uow Yu&IV$ or,+ of S+a!iH> I ma&$
623$ ,+e& ,+ru!, a! far a! :i"+ow$ or,+ of Tai&Ia$ w+ere a '+ie!e "or)! wa! defea,ed> I
9)ril$ 627$ ,+e& raided a! far a! '+a*)i*$ or,+we!, of Pe#i*> I ,+e au,um of ,+a, &ear$
+owe.er$ ,+e Tur#!$ w+o were !,ill a,,a"#i* ear S+o)i*$ i S+a!i$ a, la!, !uffered a re.er!e>
8eaw+ile$ o ,+e dea,+ of ,+e em)eror <ao1,!u* G(e"em0er 76$ 625H$ +i! widow Wu :ou Gor
Wu T!J1,CieH !ei;ed )ower> S+e wa! a u!"ru)ulou!$ fier"el& ,&rai"al woma$ 0u, full of
eer*& ad wi,+ a *if, for *o.erme, G62L1703H> (e!)o,i" ,+ou*+ !+e ma& +a.e 0ee wi,+i +er
ow 0order!$ !+e re.i.ed ,+e former '+ie!e eA,eral )oli"&> I ,+e Tarim 0a!i$ for i!,a"e$ +er
*eeral! re"o.ered ,+e Dour Garri!o! from ,+e Ti0e,a!4 <ara S+a+r ad <u"+a i 697$ <a!+*ar
ad <+o,a i 69L>
32
S+e wa! le!! !u""e!!ful$ a! we !aw$ a*ai!, ,+e ea!,er TCu1"+Ie+$ w+o!e
#+a*a \u,lu*+ raided ad ra.a*ed ,+e fro,ier di!,ri",! of S+a!i ad :o)ei almo!, e.er& &ear>
S+e ,ried ,o ou,fla# +im 0& !u))or,i* ,+e TIr*i!+ GTIr*K"+H$
39
a Tur#i" ,ri0e ow re!ide, i
,+e Semire"+&e alo* ,+e lower rea"+e! of ,+e Ili> T+e a,,em), wa! frui,le!!$ for ,+e Tiir*i!+ #+a
Wu1"+e1lJ wa! defea,ed ad ,a#e )ri!oer 0& \u,lu*+$ w+o!e !u;erai,& +e wa! for"ed ,o
re"o*i;e G629H>
60

\u,lu*+ died 0e,wee 9u*u!, ad No.em0er 691>
61
:e wa! !u""eeded o, 0& oe of +i! !o! 0u,
0& +i! 0ro,+er 8o1"+Co$ or 8o1"+o G,+e '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io of ,+e Tur#i" BK#1"+or$ a! Pellio,
+a! e!,a0li!+edH> T+i! i! ,+e 8o1"+Co w+om ,+e Or#+o i!"ri),io! de!i*a,e 0& ,+e ame of
\a)a*a1#+a*a$ ,+e ruler w+o 0rou*+, ,+e for,ue! of ,+e ea!,er TCu1"+Ie+ ,o ,+eir )ea# G6911
716H>
67
9!!umi* ,+e role of ar0i,er i ,+e )ala"e drama! of ,+e TCa* "our,$ +e "o,ri.ed o,
u!#illfull& ,o fi*ure a! ,+e )ro,e",or of TCa* le*i,ima"& a*ai!, ,+e u!ur)i* em)re!! Wu :ou>
S+e o +er )ar, ,ried ,o "o"ilia,e +im 0& )ro)o!i* ,+e marria*e of +er e)+ew ,o +i! dau*+,er>
Bu, w+e ,+e &ou* ma )re!e,ed +im!elf a, ,+e #+a*aC! "our,$ ,+e e"am)ed a, ,+e Bla"#
Sad! G<ara1<umH$ !ou,+ of )re!e,1da& Sai No&a$ 8o1"+Co di!daifull& re@e",ed +im G692H>
:i! dau*+,er$ +e de"lared$ wa! de!,ied o, for Wu :ouC! e)+ew 0u, for ,+e ri*+,ful em)eror$
S107T w+o +ad 0ee !e, a!ide 0& ,+e u!ur)i* em)re!! dowa*er G705H> :e +ad alread&
)ro"laimed ,+a, if !+e de)o!ed ,+e TCa* famil& +e would i.ade ,+e em)ire wi,+ all +i! +orde!>
W+ile fei*i* ,o defed ,+e Ta* a*ai!, ,+e redou0,a0le widow$ 8o1"+Co e.er,+ele!!
"o,iued +i! raid! i,o '+ie!e ,erri,or&> I 69L +e de.a!,a,ed ,+e /i*e+ow area ear Ni*!ia$
ad i 692 ,+e di!,ri", of Wei"+ow$ i ,+e re*io 0e,wee SIa+wa ad /i*#iu$ we!, of Pe#i*>
I ,+e i,er.al +e wa! )er!uaded i,o a 0rief "olla0ora,io wi,+ ,+e "our, of '+ia a*ai!, ,+e
<+i,a$ 8o*ol omad! of /iao!i ad %e+ol$ w+o were 0e*ii* a !ou,+ward eA)a!io 0&
a,,a"#i* ,+e '+ie!e mar"+e! aroud Yu*)i*> I 696$ oe of ,+e <+i,a "+ief!$ #+a /i
T!i"+u*$ +ad 0ea,e a '+ie!e arm& i ,+i! re*io> T+i! "+ief wa! 8o1"+CoC! all&> O +i! dea,+
!+or,l& af,erward$ ,+e <+i,a dro.e ou, +i! !o ad 0ro#e awa& from ,+e Tur#i" allia"e> 8o1"+Co
e,ered <+i,a ,erri,or& wi,+ ,+e o0@e", of rei!,a,i* ,+e eAile$ 0u, failed ,o do !o> I, wa! ,+e
,+a, +e @oied '+ia i a "om0ied o)era,io a*ai!, ,+e <+i,a> Dor ,+i! +e re"ei.ed la.i!+
)a&me, i ,+e form of wo.e !il#$ ri"e$ arm!$ 0rea!,)la,e!$ ad !o o> 'au*+, 0e,wee 8o1"+Co
ad ,+e '+ie!e i.ader!$ ,+e <+i,a were "ru!+ed G6961697H>
T+e em)re!! Wu :ou$ 0elie.i* 8o1"+Co ,o +a.e 0ee )ermae,l& wo o.er ,o +er !ide$
"om)lime,ed +im o ,+e aid +e +ad *i.e +er> B& wa& of re)l&$ +e re!umed +i! raid! i ,+e
/i*wu di!,ri",$ ear Ni*!ia> T+e '+ie!e "our, re@e",ed +i! i!ole, demad!$ w+ereu)o +e
made a mer"ile!! eA)edi,io !ou,+ of Siia+wa$ !,ormed Wei"+ow Gi ,+i! "a!e )er+a)! /i*#iu
!ou,+ea!, of Ta,u*H$ !a"#ed Te*#ow i ,+e +ear, of :o)ei )ro.i"e 0e,wee Pao,i* ad
'+e*,i*$ ,oo# '+ao"+ow$ ad did o, wi,+draw u,il +e +ad remo.ed ,+ou!ad! of "a),i.e!$
w+om +e "au!ed ,o 0e )u, ,o dea,+ a, ,+e mome, of +i! de)ar,ure>
65
I 707 +e de.a!,a,ed ,+e
di!,ri", of Tai"+ow i or,+er S+a!i> I 706 +e "u, u) ,+e for"e! of ,+e '+ie!e *eeral S+a1
"+Ca '+u*1&i i ,+e 8i S+a ra*e$ ea!, of Tu+wa*$ ad laid !ie*e ,o ,+e fro,ier )o!, of
/i*"+ow ear moder Ni*!ia> T+e .i",or& of 8i S+a i! "ele0ra,ed i e)i" ,erm! o ,+e !,ele
of <o!+o1 T!aidam$ w+i"+ rela,e! ,+e )ar, )la&ed i i, 0& 8o1"+CoC! e)+ew <ul1,e*i4 MWe
fou*+, a*ai!, S+a1"+Casengun> Dir!, +e U <ul,e*iV mou,ed ,+e *ra& +or!e Tadi#i*1"+ur ad
"+ar*ed> T+e +or!e wa! !lai ,+ere> NeA, +e mou,ed ,+e *ra& +or!e I!+0ara1 S102T Yama,ar ad
"+ar*ed> T+a, +or!e wa! !lai ,+ere> T+ird$ +e mou,ed <edimli* ,+e 0a&$ ad "+ar*ed> 'lad i
+i! armor$ +e !,ru"# more ,+a a +udred foe! wi,+ +i! arrow!> :i! "+ar*e i! i ,+e memor& of
ma& of &ou$0 Tur#i" o0le!> Bu, ,+a, U'+ie!eV arm& we de!,ro&ed ,+ere[M
6L

9f,er ea"+ of ,+e!e raid! i,o '+ie!e ,erri,or&$ 8o1"+Co re,ured ,o 8o*olia wi,+ lo* "o.o&!
of "a),i.e! ad fa0ulou! 0oo,&> MI ,+o!e da&!$M !a&! ,+e <o!+o1T!aidam i!"ri),io$ M!la.e! +ad
0e"ome !la.eower!$ ad !erf! ,+e ower! of !erf!E !u"+ were our "o?ue!,! ad our *ood
order[M
63

8o1"+Co wa! o le!! !u""e!!ful a*ai!, ,+e Tur#i" )eo)le!> I ,+e ea!, +e .a?ui!+ed ,+e Ba&ir#u
fol# of ,+e u))er <erule$ ad i ,+e or,+ ,+e <ir*+i; of ,+e u))er Yei!ei> M'ro!!i* !ow ,+a,
la& ,o ,+e de),+ of our la"e!$ !a&! ,+e !,ele of +i! e)+ew <ul1,e*i$ Mwe "lim0ed ,+e wooded
mou,ai! of <J*mK Umoder Tau1OlaV$ we !woo)ed a! "o?ueror! u)o ,+e <ir*+i; )eo)le
ad fou*+, ,+eir #+a*a i ,+e fore!, 0e&od> <ul1,e*i "+ar*ed$ mou,ed u)o a w+i,e !,allio>
:e +i, oe ma wi,+ +i! arrow ad ,ra!fiAed ,wo i +ad1,o1+ad e"ou,er> I ,+i! "+ar*e ,+e
w+i,e !,allio foudered$ 0u, ,+e <ir*+i; #+a*a wa! !lai ad we !u0@u*a,ed ,+e )eo)le>M
66
I
,+e we!,$ 8o1"+Co for"ed i,o ,em)orar& !u0mi!!io ,+e ,wo !e",io! of ,+e we!,er Vu1"+Ie+4
,+e Tu1lu ad ,+e Nu1!+i+1)i G699H> Wi,+ ,+i!$ ,+e Tur#! were welded o"e more i,o a
formida0le uio$ ad ,+e *rea, TCu1"+Ie+ em)ire of 330 wa! almo!, "om)le,el& re1e!,a0li!+ed>
O ,+e lower Ili$ !ou,+ of /a#e Bal#+a!+$ ,+e TIr*i!+ #+a So1#o G7061711H$ !o ad !u""e!!or
of Wu1"+e1lJ$ a,,em),ed ,o re!i!, ad ,o rall& ,+e we!,er TCu1"+Ie+ a*ai!, 8o1"+Co$ 0u, i 711
+e wa! defea,ed ad #illed 0& ,+e la,,er$ w+o ,+u! remaied !ole !o.erei* of ,+e Tur#i" a,io!
from ,+e '+ie!e fro,ier ,o Tra!oAiaa>
67
MT+e #+a*a of ,+e Tiir*i!+$M <ul1,e*iC! !,ele
re"ou,!$ Mwa! of m& Tur#!$ of m& )eo)le> Be"au!e +e wa! wi,+ou, wi!dom$ ad failed u!$ +e
wa! !lai> > > > We mar"+ed a*ai!, ,+e Tiir*i!+$ "lim0i* ,+e wooded mou,ai! of 9l,u U,+e
9l,aiV ad "ro!!i* ,+e u))er Ir,&!+> We !woo)ed a! "o?ueror! u)o ,+e Tdr*i!+ )eo)le> T+e
arm& of ,+e TIr*i!+ #+a*a "ame u)o u! li#e fire ad ,em)e!,$ ad we fou*+,> <ul1,e*i
"+ar*ed$ mou,ed o ,+e *ra& +or!e Ba!+*u> We !lew ,+e Tfir*i!+ #+a*a ad !u0@u*a,ed ,+e
)eo)le>M T+e!e ,rium)+! were re)ea,ed a*ai!, ,+e \arlu?$ ao,+er Tur#i" ,ri0e of ,+e Ili re*io>
MWe S109T fou*+, a, <ara#ol> 8ou,ed o a w+i,e +or!e$ <ul1,e*i "+ar*ed> > > > We !u0@u*a,ed
,+e \arlu?>M
62

Bu, 8o1"+Co wa! *rowi* old$ ad ,+e Tur#! 0e*a ,o wear& of +i! "ruel,& ad ,&ra&> 8a&
"+ief! offered ,+eir alle*ia"e ,o '+ia$ ad ,+e Ba&ir#u of ,+e u))er <erule re.ol,ed> 8o1"+Co
"u, ,+em ,o )ie"e! o ,+e 0a#! of ,+e Tula$ 0u, w+ile )a!!i* ,+rou*+ a fore!, o +i! re,ur +e
wa! a,,a"#ed 0& a eem& for"e ad #illed G%ul& 77$ 716H> :i! +ead wa! )re!e,ed 0& ,+e Ba&ir#u
,o ,+e '+ie!e am0a!!ador$ w+o !e, i, ,o '+a*a>
27/%T#I1 A1- MO%2I%/IE1
8o1"+CoC! dea,+ wa! followed 0& !eriou! ure!, amo* ,+e Tur#!> :i! e)+ew$ ,+e eer*e,i" <ul1
,e*i$ !o of ,+e old <+a*a \u,lu*+$ i!,i*a,ed a re*ular )ala"e re.olu,io> S,re*,+eed 0& ,+e
)re!,i*e +e +ad a"?uired ,+rou*+ +i! .i",orie! ad o,a0l& 0& ,+e )ar, +e +ad )la&ed a! +i! u"leC!
lieu,ea,$ <ul1,e*i )u, 8o1"+CoC! !o B0*ii ,o dea,+$ wi,+ all +i! famil& ad ideeed all ,+e la,e
#+a*aC! ad.i!er!>
69
To&u?u? aloe wa! !)ared$ 0ei* ,+e fa,+er1i1law of <ul1,e*iC! 0ro,+er>
<ul1,e*i did o, !ei;e ,+e ,+roe +im!elf$ 0u, a))oi,ed +i! elder 0ro,+er 8o1#i1lie Gi '+ie!e
,ra!"ri),ioH a! #+a*a$ a ma w+om ,+e Or#+o i!"ri),io! "all bilg) khagan$ M,+e wi!e
em)eror$M w+o rei*ed o.er 8o*olia from 716 ,o 75L>
70

8eaw+ile$ e"oura*ed 0& 8o1"+CoC! dea,+ ad ,+e famil& u)roar ,+a, followed$ all ,+e .a!!al
+orde! +ad re.ol,ed a*ai!, ,+e Or#+o d&a!,&> <ul1,e*i ad 8o1#i1lie wore ,+em!el.e! ou,
i ,+e !,ru**le ,o re!,ore order ad o0edie"e amo* ,+em> T+e <o!+o1T!aidam !,ele$ rai!ed 0&
8o1#i1lie i +oor of <ul1,e*i$ eumera,e! a !erie! of 0lood& 0a,,le! a*ai!, ,+e Nie O*+u;
GTo?u; O*+u;H ad ,+e Nie Ta,ar GTo?u; Ta,arH$
71
w+o )ro0a0l& li.ed o ,+e middle ad lower
rea"+e! of ,+e <erule re!)e",i.el&$ ad a*ai!, ,+e Ui*ur ad \arlu?>
77
MT+e )eo)le of ,+e
To?u; O*+u; were m& ow )eo)le> B& a "o.ul!io i +ea.e ad o ear,+ ,+e& 0e"ame our
foe!> I oe &ear we fou*+, fi.e ,ime!> 8ou,ed o ,+e w+i,e +or!e 9;ma$ <ul1,e*i "+ar*ed>
:e ra !iA me ,+rou*+ ,+e 0od&> I ,+e melee +e dro.e +i! !a0er i,o a !e.e,+> We wo$ 0u, ,+e
Tur#i" )eo)le were falli* wi,+ wearie!! ad lo!i* +ear,>M Ye, if amid ,+e!e rele,le!! 0a,,le!
,+e ea!,er TCu1"+Ie+ were for"ed ,o reli?ui!+ ,+eir !u;erai,& S110T o.er ,+e TCu1"+Ie+ of ,+e
we!,$ ,+e& !u""eeded i +oldi* ,+e #i*dom of ,+e Or#+o> 8o1#i1lie "o*ra,ula,e! +im!elf$
o <ul,e*iC! !,ele$ M:ad I o, ,oiled !o mafull&$ ,o*e,+er wi,+ m& &ou*er 0ro,+er <ul1,e*i$
,+e Tur#i" )eo)le would +a.e 0ee lo!,>M
75

T+a, +e mi*+, 0id u) ,+e la!, remaii* woud! ifli",ed 0& "i.il war$ 8o1#i1lie ,oo# "ou!el
wi,+ old To&u?u?$ w+o wa! ,+e !e.e,&> 8o1#i1lie wi!+ed ,o iau*ura,e +i! rei* 0&
a,,a"#i* '+ia$ 0u, To&u?u? di!!uaded +im> 9 *rea, em)eror$ :!Ia1,!u* G7151733H$ +ad @u!,
a!"eded ,+e ,+roe of ,+e TCa*> /a"#i* ,+e )er!oal "oura*e of TCai1,!u* ,+e Grea,$ ad 0ei*
!eldom if e.er di!)o!ed ,o ,ear +im!elf awa& from "our, life Gfor ,+i! wa! ,+e *olde a*e$ a
e)o"+ u)aralleled a, ,+e "our, of '+a*aH$ ,+e ew So of :ea.e e.er,+ele!! di!)la&ed a
#ee a))e,i,e for *lor&$ ad +e wa! ea*er ,o re!,ore '+ie!e domiio i 'e,ral 9!ia> To&u?u?$
w+o wa! alwa&! well iformed o ,+e i,eral )oli,i"! of '+ia$ made i, "lear ,o +i! lord ,+a, ,+e
Tur#!$ eA+au!,ed a! ,+e& were 0& "i.il !,rife$ wi,+ ,+eir +erd! !"a,,ered$ ,+eir +or!e! ema"ia,ed$
ad ,+eir )eo)le fami!+ed$ would 0e ra!+ ideed ,o a,,a"# ,+e re.i.i* mi*+, of ,+e TCa*> Goi*
,+e ,o ,+e o))o!i,e eA,reme$ 8o1#ilie de!ired ,o !e,,le +i! Tur#! i a fiAed a0ode$ 0uild a
walled "i,& i ,+e '+ie!e maer o ,+e Or#+o$ ad foud Budd+i!, ad Taoi!, moa!,erie!>
To&u?u? !+owed +im ,+a, ,+i! ,oo would 0e a mi!,a#e> T+e "+ief ad.a,a*e )o!!e!!ed 0& ,+e
Tur#! wa! ,+eir mo0ili,& a! omad!$ w+i"+ ea0led ,+em ,o lau"+ !ur)ri!e a,,a"#! w+ee.er ,+e
o))or,ui,& aro!e$ ad elude "a),ure i ,+e e.e, of a re.er!e> MT+e TCu1"+Ie+$ !o ,+e '+ie!e
aali!, re)or,! ,+e Tur#i" .e,eraC! word!$ Mum0er 0u, oe ,o e.er& +udred of ,+e '+ie!e>
T+e& !ee# wa,er ad )a!,ure$ ,+e& +u,E ,+e& +a.e o fiAed a0ode ad ,+e& )ra",i"e warfare>
W+e ,+e& feel ,+a, ,+e& are !,ro*$ ,+e& ad.a"e> If ,+e& 0elie.e ,+em!el.e! wea#$ ,+e& re,rea,
ad +ide> I ,+i! wa& ,+e& "om)e!a,e for ,+e ad.a,a*e w+i"+ ,+e '+ie!e )o!!e!! i ,+eir
!u)erior um0er!$ a ad.a,a*e of w+i"+ ,+e& "a ma#e o u!e> If &ou e!,a0li!+ ,+e TCu1"+Ie+ i
a walled ,ow ad are 0ea,e$ ,+ou*+ i, were ol& o"e$ 0& ,+e '+ie!e$ &ou will 0e"ome ,+eir
)ri!oer> 9! for Budd+a ad /ao1,!e$ ,+e& ,ea"+ me *e,lee!! ad +umili,&$ ad !u"+ leari*
i! u!ui,ed ,o warrior!>M
7L

I, wa! ,+i! eA)o!i,io of ,+e !e"re, of Tur#i" !,re*,+ ,+a, S111T 8o1#i1lie +im!elf +aded dow
,o +i! de!"eda,! o ,+e <o!+o1T!aidam !,ele> :e re"alled ,+e demorali;i* effe", of '+ie!e
"u!,om! o ,+e ea!,er TCu1"+Ie+ of ,+e )re"edi* "e,ur&> MT+e e,i"eme,! of ,+e '+ie!e
)eo)le$ w+o wi,+ou, eAer,io *i.e u! !o mu"+ *old$ !o mu"+ !il.er$ !o mu"+ !il#$ are !wee,
ideed$ ad ,+eir ri"+e! eer.a,i*> B& ,+e!e !wee, e,i"eme,! ad 0& ,+eir weal,+$ ,+e '+ie!e
drew ,+e Tur#i" )eo)le ,o ,+em> T+rou*+ &ieldi* ,o ,+e lure$ ma& of &our fol# died$ O Tur#i"
)eo)le[ (e!er,i* ,+e dar# fore!,$ ma& loo#ed ,oward ,+e !ou,+$ !a&i*4 CI would !e,,le i ,+e
)lai>CM 8o1#i1lie *oe! o ,o ad@ure ,+e Tur#! ,o remai Tur#!4 MIf &ou *o i,o ,+a, "ou,r&$ O
Tur#i" )eo)le$ &ou will )eri!+[ Bu, if &ou remai i ,+e fore!, of R,I#K U,+e <+a*ai ad ,+e
Or#+oV$ w+ere ,+ere are ei,+er ri"+e! or "are!$ &ou will )re!er.e a e.erla!,i* em)ire$ O
Tur#i" )eo)le[ > > > 9ll ,+a, I +a.e ,o ,ell &ou I +a.e wri,,e o eduri* ro"#>M
73

O ,+e ad.i"e of To&u?u?$ 8o1#i1lie offered )ea"e ,o '+ia G712H> Em)eror :!Ia1,!u*
re@e",ed +i! 0id$ +owe.er$ ad *a.e ,+e order ,o a,,a"#> T+e Ba!mil$ a Tur#i" ,ri0e from ,+e
re*io of <u"+e* Gold Pei,i*H$ ad ,+e <+i,a of /iao!i ad %e+ol$ made "ommo "au!e wi,+
'+ia ad )re)ared ,o ,a#e ,+e TCu1"+Ie+ o ,+e fla#$ from !ou,+we!, ad !ou,+ea!,> <0a*a
8o1#i1lie wa! aAiou!$ 0u, To&u?u? rea!!ured +im$ )oi,i* ou, ,+a, ,+e Ba!mil$ ,+e '+ie!e$
ad ,+e <+i,a were ,oo far a)ar, ,o 0e a0le ,o !&"+roi;e ,+eir a,,a"#!> Ideed 8o1#i1lie foud
,ime ,o "u, ,+e Ba!mil ,o )ie"e! a, <u"+e* 0efore *oi* o ,o ra.a*e ,+e '+ie!e fro,ier of
moder <a!u$ ear <a"+ow ad /ia*"0ow G770H> Pea"e wa! a, la!, made i 7711777$ ad
friedl& rela,io! were e!,a0li!+ed 0e,wee ,+e TCu1"+Ie+ ad ,+e em)ire>
76

9f,er ,+e dea,+ i 751 of +i! 0ro,+er <ul1,e*i$ ,o w+om +e owed +i! ,+roe$ 8o1#i1lie "au!ed
a ele*& ,o 0e i!"ri0ed o +i! ,om0$ ,+e !i,e of w+i"+ la& 0e,wee ,+e la#e of <o!+o1 T!aidam
ad ,+e <J#!+I Or#+o$ a0ou, for,& mile! or,+ of <ara#orum> Se.eral )a!!a*e! of ,+i! ele*&
+a.e alread& 0ee ?uo,ed$ w+i"+ ma& 0e ,+ou*+, of a! ,+e a,ioal e)i" of ,+e a"ie, Tur#!> To
i, ,+e em)eror added i 757 a '+ie!e i!"ri),io i ,o#e of ,+e fried!+i) eAi!,i* 0e,wee ,+e
,wo "our,!>
77

T+e!e i!"ri),io!=,+e olde!, da,ed moume, of Tur#i" S117T li,era,ure=are wri,,e i w+a,
are erroeou!l& #ow a! Mrui"M "+ara",er!> 8ore )ro)erl&$ ,+i! wri,i* i! deri.ed from
9ramaea ,+rou*+ ,+e al)+a0e, of a"ie, So*dia Gal,+ou*+$ a! Bar,+old "o,ed!$ !ome of
,+e!e Mrue!M +a.e a !e)ara,e ori*i ad are of ,+e ideo*ra)+i" #idH> O,+er i!"ri),io! i
Mrui"M Tur#i" +a.e 0ee di!"o.ered i Si0eria$ i ,+e Yei!ei 0a!i> Bar,+old @ud*e! ,+a, ,+i!
fir!, Tur#i" !"ri), ma& da,e from ,+e !e.e,+ or e.e ,+e !iA,+ "e,ur& 9>(> 9! will 0e !ee$ i,
wa! ,o 0e re)la"ed i ,+e ei*+,+ "e,ur& 0& ,+e Ui*ur wri,i*$ !imilarl& deri.ed ,+rou*+ So*dia
from or,+er Semi,i" al)+a0e,!>
-ESTR7CTIO1 OF THE EMPIRE OF THE EASTER1 T7%CHLEH+ RISE OF THE
7I,7R EMPIRE
B& rea!o of ,+eir "ul,ure=,o w+i"+ ,+e al)+a0e, ad i!"ri),io! of ,+e Or#+o 0ear wi,e!!=
ad of ,+e rela,i.el& mild ,em)er of ,+eir #+a*a 8o1#i1lie$ ,+e ea!,er TCu1"+Ie+ !eem ,o +a.e
0ee o ,+e )oi, of e,eri* ,+e mai!,ream of ,+e *rea, "i.ili;a,io! w+e 8o1#i1lie wa!
)oi!oed i 75L 0& oe of +i! mii!,er!> :i! dea,+ *a.e ri!e ,o a !erie! of di!,ur0a"e! a, ,+e ed
of w+i"+ ,+e TCu1"+Ie+ em)ire would "olla)!e> Soo af,erward +i! !o Yi1@a G'+ie!e
,ra!"ri),ioH al!o died$ ad wa! !u""eeded 0& +i! 0ro,+er Td*ri #+a*a$ a &ou* ma w+o
*o.ered wi,+ 8o1#i1lieC! widow a! +i! ad.i!er> I 7L1$ +owe.er$ TK*ri #+a*a wa! )u, ,o
dea,+ 0& oe of +i! offi"er!$ ,+e shad of ,+e ea!,$ w+o i! 0elie.ed ,o +a.e )ro"laimed +im!elf
#i* uder ,+e ame of O;mi!+ #+a*a> T+i! !i*aled ,+e ed of ,+e Vu1"+Ie+ em)ire$ for
O;mi!+ wa! a, o"e fa"ed wi,+ ,+e re.ol, of ,+e ,+ree )ri"i)al .a!!al Tur#i" ,ri0e!$ ,+e Ba!mil$
Ui*ur$ ad \arlu?$ w+o re!)e",i.el& i+a0i,ed ,+e re*io aroud moder <u"+e*$ ,+e area
0e,wee <o0do ad ,+e Sele*a$ ad ,+e ea!,er ed of /a#e Bal#+a!+ ear ,+e Imil Ri.er>
O;mi!+ #+a*a wa! #illed i 7LL 0& ,+e Ba!mil$ w+o !e, +i! +ead ,o ,+e "our, of '+a*a> T+e
rema,! of ,+e ro&al "la of ,+e ea!,er TCu1"+Ie+ +ad alread& fled ,o '+ia i 7L5>
72

T+e em)ire of 8o*olia wa! ,+ere for ,+e ,a#i*> T+e Ba!mil a,,em),ed ,o !ei;e i,$ 0u, failed
G7LLH> T+e Ui*ur$ a))are,l& wi,+ \arlu? +el)$ !u""eeded> T+e Ui*ur #+a$ #ow i '+ie!e
,ra!"ri),io a! <u1li PCei1lo$ !e, +im!elf u) a! #+a*a i ,+e im)erial )ro.i"e of ,+e u))er
Or#+o uder ,+e ame of S115T \u,lu*+ Bil*K G<u1,o1lu Pei1#CiuH> :i! a""e!!io wa! a))ro.ed
0& ,+e TCa* "our,$ ad ,+e em)eror :!Ia1,!u* 0e!,owed u)o +im ,+e ,i,le of :uai1@e> TCa*
aal! ,ell u! ,+a, +i! domiio eA,eded from ,+e 9l,ai ,o /a#e Bai#al> :e died ,+e followi*
&ear G7L3H$ a""ordi* ,o !ome !our"e!=o,+er! *i.e ,+e da,e a! 736=0u, +i! wor# !ur.i.ed +im>
T+u! ,+e Ui*ur em)ire re)la"ed ,+a, of ,+e ea!,er TCu1"+Ie+> I, wa! ,o la!, for a "e,ur& G7LL1
2L0H> I fa",$ all ,+a, +ad +a))eed wa! ,+e !u0!,i,u,io of oe Tur#i" )eo)le for ao,+er$ "lo!el&
rela,ed$ ,+e +e*emo& of 8o*olia> Ne.er,+ele!!$ i "o,ra!, ,o ,+e TCu1"+Ie+$ w+o +ad of,e
)ro.ed da*erou! ei*+0or! for ,+e '+ie!e$ ,+e Ui*ur were a, fir!, fairl& lo&al "lie,!$ ,+e
u!eful allie!$ ad fiall& i.alua0le$ ,+ou*+ !ome,ime! eAa",i*$ defeder! of ,+e Va* d&a!,&>
T+e "a)i,al of ,+e Ui*ur #+a*a! wa! a, <ara0al*a!u$ a ,ow ,+e #ow a! Ordu0ali*+$ M,+e
"i,& of ,+e "our,$M o ,+e u))er Or#+o ear ,+e old re!ide"e! of ,+e :!iu*1u shan%y& ad ,+e
TCu1"+Ie+ #+a*a!$ i ,+e ei*+0or+ood of w+a, wa! la,er ,o 0e ,+e <ara#orum of ,+e %e*+i;1
<+ai,e!>
79

THE PEA2 OF T0A1, PO#ER+ THE S7.4ECTIO1 OF #ESTER1 T7R2ESTA1
I 71L ,+e *eeral 91!+i+1a :ie$ Tur#i" mer"ear& i '+ie!e !er.i"e$ +ad wo a re!oudi*
.i",or& a, To#ma#$ we!, of ,+e I!!&# <ul$ ,+u! addi* ,+e Tu1lu ,ri0e! of (;u*aria ad ,+e
\arlu? Tur#! of ,+e Imil ad Tar0a*a,ai ,o ,+e "lie,! of '+ia> T+e Tiir*i!+ Tur#!$ w+o
)re!uma0l& *ra;ed ,+eir +erd! i ,+e re*io of ,+e Ili del,a$ !ou,+ of /a#e Bal#+a!+ i
Semire"0&e$ !eem ,o +a.e 0ee made of !,erer !,uff> T+eir <+a Su1lu G7171752H foud allie!
a*ai!, '+ia i ,+e Ti0e,a! ad i a )eo)le w+o +ad ewl& !ur*ed forward a! a ueA)e",ed
i.ader o ,+e Irao1Tra!oAiaa 0order!4 ,+e 9ra0!> We !+all la,er re,ur ,o ,+i! ew fa",or i
'e,ral 9!ia +i!,or&> :ere le, u! merel& o,e ,+a, Su1lu$ eA)loi,i* ,+e di!,ur0a"e! "au!ed 0&
,+e o!e, of ,+e 8u!lim le*io!$ i.aded ,+e Tarim$ w+i"+ !i"e 697169L +ad 0ee uder a
'+ie!e )ro,e",ora,e$ 0e!ie*ed ,+e ,ow of 9#!u G717H$ ad for !ome mo,+! +ara!!ed ,+e Dour
'+ie!e Garri!o! of <ara S+a+r$ <u"+a$ <a!+*ar$ ad <+o,a> S11LT T+ou*+ +e "ould o,
redu"e ,+em$ +e wa! a0le$ de!)i,e a "am)ai* fou*+, i ,+a, re*io 0& ,+e im)erial *eeral 91
!+i+1a G719H$ ,o +old To#ma#$ we!, of ,+e I!!&# <ul$ lo* a ou,)o!, of '+ia i Tur#e!,a> T+e
'+ie!e "our,$ de!)airi* of +oldi* ,+e!e +a;ardou! !,ro* )oi,!$ a,,em),ed ,o "o"ilia,e Su1lu
0& "oferri* ,i,le! ad +oor! u)o +im G777H> I 776 ,+i! i.e,era,e )luderer wa! !,ill
ra.a*i* ,+e ,erri,or& of ,+e Dour Garri!o!> 9, la!, i 756 ,+e '+ie!e *eeral <ai <ia1&u$
*o.eror of Pei,i*$ or (;im!a$ ear <u"+e*$ ifli",ed a "ru!+i* defea, u)o Su1lu> S+or,l&
af,erward$ aroud 752$ Su1lu wa! a!!a!!ia,ed 0& Ba*a1,ar#+a$ ,+e kul%chur of ,+e '+Cu1mu1
#ue$ a !mall Tur#i" ,ri0e w+i"+ !eem! ,o +a.e roamed 0e,wee Tfir*i!+ ad \arlu? ,erri,orie!$
!ou,+ea!, of /a#e Bal#+a!+>
20

Ba*a1,ar#+a @oied wi,+ ,+e '+ie!e *eeral <ai <ia1&u i 759 ,o )re.e, ,+e re!,ora,io of
,+e TIr*i!+ )re,eder TCu1+o!ie$ Su1luC! !o> Bu, ,+e !,or& of all ,+e!e )e,,& Tur#i" #+a!$ all
!,ri.i* ,o reui,e ,+e we!,er TCu1"+Ie+ ,o ,+eir ow ad.a,a*e$ i! alwa&! ,+e !ame> Ba*a1
,ar#+a !oo 0ro#e wi,+ '+ia ad i 7L7 #illed 91!+J1a :i$ ,+e Sii"i;ed Tur# w+om ,+e
'+ie!e +ad !e, ,o ,+e Tiir*i!+ "ou,r& a! .i"ero&>
21
Ye, '+ia a! u!ual +ad ,+e la!, word> I 7LL
,+e im)erial *eeral Du1mu* /i*1"+a defea,ed ad 0e+eaded Ba*a1,ar#+a>
27
B& ,+i! .i",or&
'+ia re*aied ma!,er& of ,+e Ili .alle& ad of ,+e I!!&# <ul re*io> I 7L2 ,+e '+ie!e *eeral
Wa* '+e*#ie 0uil, a '+ie!e ,em)le a, To#ma#$ o ,+e u))er '+u$ or,+we!, of ,+e I!!&#
<ul>
25
I 731$ ao,+er im)erial *eeral$ ,+e famou! <ao Sie1"+i+$ wa! ,o )re!e, &e, ao,+er
"a),ured Tiir*i!+ "+ief ,o ,+e Va* "our,>
2L

I ,+e Tarim 0a!i$ ,+e )e,,& #i*dom! of <ara S+a+r$ <u"+a$ <+o,a$ ad <a!+*ar$ o""u)ied 0&
,+e '+ie!e "o,i*e,! #ow a! ,+e Dour Garri!o!$ were lo&al .a!!al!> I 772$ '+ie!e ,i,le!
were 0e!,owed u)o ,+e #i* of <a!+*ar$ of ,+e d&a!,& #ow i '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io a! PCei$
ad o ,+e #i* of <+o,a$ #ow Gal!o i '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),ioH a! Wei1"+CJ Du1!+J of ,+e Wei1
"+CJ d&a!,&>
23
T+e!e a"ie, Ido1Euro)ea i+a0i,a,! of ,+e Tarim$ o"e !o re0elliou! a*ai!,
'+ie!e !u;erai,&$ !eem ,+e ,o +a.e rallied ,o i, wi,+ ala"ri,&$ for ,+e '+ie!e )ro,e",ora,e wa!
a defe!e a*ai!, ,+e dual i"ur!io of 9ra0! ad Ti0e,a!>
S113T
CHI1ESE A1- ARA. RI*A/R( #EST OF THE PAMIRS
90ou, a "e,ur& +ad )a!!ed !i"e ,+e Sa!!aid Per!ia Em)ire +ad falle uder ,+e 0low! of ,+e
9ra0!> 9! a re!ul, of ,+e 0a,,le! of \adi!i&a G657H ad Ne+a.ed G6L7H$ ,+e mi*+,& Sa!!aid
moar"+& wa! o.er,+row ad we!,er Ira wa! "o?uered> I 631 :era, wa! o""u)ied 0& ,+e
9ra0!$ ad Ye;de*erd III$ ,+e la!, Sa!!aid$ died a, 8er.E i 637 ,+e 9ra0! )ee,ra,ed a! far a!
Bal#+> Sa,i!fied wi,+ ,+e "o?ue!, of ,+e w+ole of ,+e old em)ire$ i"ludi* <+ura!a$ ,+e
i.ader! for ,+e ,ime 0ei* ad.a"ed o far,+er> T+e& re!umed ,+eir forward mar"+ a, ,+e
0e*ii* of ,+e ei*+,+ "e,ur&$ uder ,+e leader!+i) of \u,ai0a i0 8u!lim$ w+o *o.ered
<+ura!a o 0e+alf of ,+e Umma&ad "ali)+a,e from 703 ,o 713>
26
I 703 \u,ai0a uder,oo# a
eA)edi,io a*ai!, To#0ari!,a$ ,+e former Ba",ria$ ,+e ruled 0& a d&a!,& of Tur#i" Budd+i!,
tegins fouded 0& a @uior 0ra"+ of ,+e old ro&al famil& of ,+e we!,er Tu1"+Ie+$ a d&a!,&
w+i"+ a""ordi* ,o :!Ia1,!a* wa! u!uall& re!ide, ear <udu;> \u,ai0a ,+e ,oo# ad.a,a*e
of lo"al ?uarrel! ,o i,er.ee i <0wari;m ad So*diaa> Drom 706 ,o 709 +e wa*ed war o ,+e
Irao1Tur#i" !,a,e of Bu#+ara$ ad i ,+e la,,er &ear redu"ed i, ,o .a!!ala*e> :e ,+e )la"ed o
,+e ,+roe of Bu#+ara ,+e lawful ro&al +eir$ Tu*!+ada$ w+o wa! ,o rei* from 710 ,o 759$ ad
w+o i ,+e 0e*ii* a, lea!, wa! a lo&al "lie, of ,+e 9ra0! ad=i a))eara"e=a follower of
,+e 8u!lim reli*io>
27

I 709 ,+e lo"al tarkhan of Samar#ad made )ea"e wi,+ \u,ai0a i eA"+a*e for ,ri0u,e ad ,+e
re,ur of +o!,a*e!$ 0u, 0e wa! ,+e o.er,+row 0& +i! !u0@e",!$ w+o were i"e!ed 0& +i!
"owardi"e$ ad wa! re)la"ed 0& I#0!+ed+ G+ure#> \u,ai0a$ af,er a )rolo*ed !ie*e of
Samar#ad$ for"ed G0ure# ,o !urreder$ de!)i,e ,+e i,er.e,io of ,+e Tur#! of Ta!+#e, ad of
,+e Der*ae!e$ w+o were 0ea,e G717H>
I 707 ,+e )eo)le of Bu#+ara$ ad i 717 ,+o!e of Samar#ad$ a))ealed ,o 8o1"+Co$ ,+e )owerful
#+a*a of ,+e ea!,er Tu"+Ie+$ w+o wa! ,+e lord of all 8o*olia> O ea"+ o""a!io 8o1"+Co
!e, a arm& ,o ,+e relief of ,+e So*dia!$ uder ,+e "ommad of oe of +i! e)+ew!$ o dou0,
,+e famou! <ul,e*i>
22
I 707 \u,ai0a !eem! ,o +a.e 0ea,e ad dri.e off ,+e #+a*aC! e)+ew
i a e*a*eme, fou*+, 0e,wee Bu#+ara S116T ad 8er.> I 717 ,+e Tu1"+Ie+ 0riefl&
o""u)ied ,+e w+ole of So*diaa$ ,+e 9ra0! re,aii* ol& ,+e "i,& of Samar#adE 0u, a, le*,+$ i
715$ \u,ai0a for"ed ,+em ,o re,rea,> T+e .i",oriou! \u,ai0a #e), G+ure# a! .a!!al #i* i
Samar#ad$ 0u, i!,alled a 9ra0 *arri!o i ,+e "i,&> 9f,er eA)elli* ,+e TCu1"+Ie+ i 7171715$
+e !e, a )ui,i.e eA)edi,io a*ai!, Ta!+#e, ad +im!elf ad.a"ed i,o Der*aa i ,+e dire",io
of <+od;+e,> I 71L +e wa! a, Ta!+#e,> I 713 +e +ad @u!, 0e*u a !e"od "am)ai* i
Der*aa w+e "i.il !,rife i ,+e "ali)+a,e re!ul,ed i +i! a!!a!!ia,io 0& +i! ow ,roo)!>
G9""ordi* ,o Ta0ari$ \u,ai0a +ad *o, a! far a! <a!+*ar$ 0u, ,+i! )oi, i! .er& dou0,ful>H
29

T+e dea,+ of \u,ai0a$ ,+e ol& 9ra0 *eeral of ,+a, da& w+o +ad a& real de!ire ,o "o?uer
'e,ral 9!ia$ "om0ied wi,+ ,+e "i.il war! ,+a, wea#eed ,+e "ali)+a,e of ,+e la!, Umma&ad!$
allowed ,+e So*dia! a "er,ai re!)i,e> 9, ,+e !ame ,ime$ ,+e re!,ora,io of '+ie!e )ower i
8o*olia$ o ,+e Ili ad i ,+e Tarim$ 0& ,+e em)eror :!Ia1,!u* e"oura*ed ,+em ,o +o)e for
!u))or, from ,+a, ?uar,er> I 717 ,+e #i* of Der*aa$
90
eA)elled 0& ,+e 9ra0!$ +ad ,a#e refu*e
i <u"+a$ w+e"e +e e,rea,ed '+iaC! aid i +i! re!,ora,io> I 713$ o dou0, immedia,el& af,er
\u,ai0aC! dea,+$ ,+e '+ie!e *eeral '+a* :iao1!u* did ideed rei!,a,e +im af,er dri.i* ou,
of Der*aa ,+e #i* a))oi,ed 0& ,+e 9ra0!>
91
I 7121719$ Tu*!+ada$ ,+e #i* of Bu#+ara$
al,+ou*+ "ofirmed o ,+e ,+roe 0& ,+e 9ra0!$ a"#owled*ed +im!elf a .a!!al of '+ia$
a))ealed for '+ie!e i,er.e,io$ ad$ ,o ,+i! ed$ !e, +i! 0ro,+er 9r!la GMT+e /ioM i Tur#i"H
,o ,+e "our, of ,+e em)eror :!Ia1,!u* i 776> G+ure#$ #i* of Samar#ad G"a> 7101759H$ al0ei,
li#ewi!e "om)elled ,o re"o*i;e 9ra0 !u;erai,&$ re)ea,edl& "alled for '+ie!e aid a*ai!, +i!
ew ma!,er! G719$ 751H>
97
Dar,+er !ou,+$ ,+e Tur#i" ruler or yabghu of To#+ari!,a G<udu; ad
Bal#+H made !imilar re?ue!,! for '+ie!e )ro,e",io from ,+e 9ra0! G719$ 777H>
95

(e!)i,e ,+e em)eror :!Ia1,!u*C! de!ire for ,erri,orial eA)a!io$ '+ia +e!i,a,ed ,o !ed a
eA)edi,ioar& for"e i,o So*diaa or Ba",ria ad ,o e,er i,o o)e warfare a*ai!, ,+e
Umma&ad "ali)+a,e> T+e ui.er!al "ofli", 0e,wee ,+e "our, of ,+e "ali)+! ad ,+e "our, of
'+a*a$ w+i"+ ,+e Tur#o1 Iraia! of Samar#ad$ Bu#+ara$ ad <udu; were e.ide,l& S117T
dreami* of a! ,+e !ole mea! of dri.i* 0a"# ,+e 8u!lim i.a!io$ did o, e.e,ua,e Ga, lea!,
0efore 731H> :!Ia1,!u* wa! "o,e, ,o !,iffe ,+e re!i!,a"e of ,+e So*dia! ad To#+aria! 0&
"oferri* o ,+em )a,e,! of o0ili,&> I, i! ,rue ,+a, a Tur#i" "+ief,ai$ ,+e Tfir*i!+ #i* Su1lu
G7171752H$ 0ei* earer ,o ,+e "ou,r&=+e ruled o.er ,+e Ili1al!o !u))or,ed lo"al re.ol,! a*ai!,
8u!lim domia,io> T+a#! ,o !u"+ !u))or, ad e"oura*eme,$ a *eeral u)ri!i* a*ai!, 9ra0
domia,io 0ro#e ou, i 772$ ad for a &ear G7721779H ,+e Bu#+ara )o)ula,io mai,aied i,!
re0ellio wi,+ ,+e +el) of ,+e Tiir*i!+ Tur#!> I 7501751$ G+ure#$ #i* of Samar#ad$ ro!e i
re0ellio$ li#ewi!e wi,+ Tiir*i!+ aid> Samar#ad wa! o, fiall& re"o?uered 0& ,+e 9ra0! u,il
a0ou, 757 or 752>
9L

THE CHI1ESE I1 THE PAMIRS3 898%8:;
I effe",$ ,+e em)eror :!Ia1,!u* +ad allowed Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad ,o rela)!e uder 9ra0
rule wi,+ou, i,er.ei*> T+e rea!o for ,+i! wa! ,+a, i <a!u ad ,+e Tarim ,+e '+ie!e were a,
*ri)! wi,+ more immedia,e ad.er!arie!$ ,+e Ti0e,a! or TCu1fa>
T+e Ti0e,a!$ defea,ed i 700 0& ,+e '+ie!e *eeral Va* :iu1&i*$ +ad !ued for )ea"e i 707$
0u, war 0ro#e ou, a*ai almo!, a, o"e> I 757 ,+e '+ie!e wo a *rea, .i",or& o.er ,+em we!,
of ,+e <o#o Nor$ ad i 7L6 ,+e '+ie!e *eeral Wa* '+u*1,!u defea,ed ,+em o"e more i
,+e !ame re*io> T+e )ri;e a, !,a#e wa! ,+e for,re!! of S+i+1)u1"+Ce*$ ear Sii* o ,+e <a!u
0order!4 a !,ro*+old w+i"+ +ad 0ee !a,"+ed from ,+e Ti0e,a! 0& ,+e '+ie!e *eeral /i Yi$
re"a),ured a li,,le la,er o$ ad o"e more re"o.ered 0& ao,+er im)erial *eeral$ <o S+u1+a$ i
7L9> 9, ,+e o,+er ed of Ti0e,$ ,+e i+a0i,a,! were ,+rea,ei* ,+e )e,,& #i*dom! of ,+e Pamir!4
Gil*i, Gi '+ie!e$ /i,,le PuluH$ Bai,i!,a GGrea, PuluH$ ad Wa#+a G:umiH$ ,+rou*+ w+i"+
)a!!ed ,+e road "oe",i* ,+e '+ie!e )ro,e",ora,e of ,+e Tarim wi,+ Idia> To ,+e '+ia of ,+e
TCa*$ li#ed ,o Idia 0& ,+e 0od! of ,rade ad Budd+i!, )il*rima*e$ i, wa! e!!e,ial ,o mai,ai
free )a!!a*e ,+rou*+ ,+e!e +i*+ .alle&! of ,+e Pamir!> T+e ruler! of <a!+mir$ '+adra)ida Gd>
755H ad 8u#,a)ida G7551769H$ o))o!ed ,+e Ti0e,a 0ad! a! lo&al allie! of ,+e "our, of '+ia$
w+i"+ "oferred i.e!,i,ure S112T )a,e,! u)o ,+em G770$ 755H> T+e !ame i! ,rue of ,+e Tur#i"
Budd+i!, d&a!,& of ,+e S+a+i$ w+i"+ rei*ed o.er <a)i!a G(i%pin in T'ang '+ie!eH i ,+e
<a0ul .alle&E '+ie!e )a,e,! were "oferred +ere i 703$ 770$ ad 7L3>
93
T+e Ti0e,a! +a.i*
a,,aied !u;erai,& o.er Gil*i,$ ,+e im)erial *eeral <ao Sie"+i+$ !e"od i "ommad ,o ,+e
*o.eror of <u"+a$ "ro!!ed ,+e Pamir! i 7L7 ad "ame dow i,o Gil*i, 0& ,+e Baro*+il Pa!!
ad im)ri!oed ,+e Ti0e,a .a!!al #i*> I 7L9 ,+e yabghu of To#+ari!,a=,+a, i!$ ,+e Tur#i"
Budd+i!, ruler of <udu;$ "alled 0& ,+e '+ie!e Shih%li%mang%kia%lo Gfrom ,+e Sa!#ri, Sri
8a*alaH=!ou*+, ,+e aid of ,+e em)ire a*ai!, a )e,,& mou,ai "+ief Ga all& of ,+e Ti0e,a!H
w+o wa! "u,,i* "ommui"a,io! 0e,wee Gil*i, ad <a!+mir> <ao Sie1"+i+ "ro!!ed ,+e Pamir!
o"e more wi,+ a '+ie!e eA)edi,ioar& for"e$ ad a*ai dro.e off ,+e Ti0e,a )ar,i!a! G730H>
96

<ao Sie1"+i+C! ,wo "am)ai*! we!, of ,+e Pamir! mar# ,+e )ea# of '+ie!e eA)a!io i
'e,ral 9!ia uder ,+e Ta*> '+ia a, ,+i! ,ime wa! mi!,re!! of ,+e Tarim ad Ili 0a!i! ad of
,+e I!!&# <ul re*io$ ad !u;erai of Ta!+#e,E !+e "ommaded ,+e Pamir .alle&! ad wa!
)ro,e",or of To#+ari!,a$ <a0ul$ ad <a!+mir> Drom +i! !ea, i <u"+a$ <ao Sie1"+i+ a",ed a!
.ir,ual '+ie!e .i"ero& i 'e,ral 9!ia>
Suddel& all ,+i! "olla)!ed$ ad ,+rou*+ ,+e a*e"& of ,+i! !ame <ao Sie1"+i+$ w+o +ad "arried
,+e arm! of '+ia ,o !u"+ di!,a, re*io!>
THE CO//APSE OF TMA1, -OMI1ATIO1 I1 CE1TRA/ ASIA
T+e Tur#i" #i* or tudun of Ta!+#e,$ "alled i '+ie!e <iu1)i!+J$ +ad re)ea,edl& )aid +oma*e
,o '+ia G7L5$ 7L7$ 7L9H> Ye, i 730$ <ao Sie1"+i+$ ,+e M)ro,e",orM=,+a, i!$ *o.eror or
im)erial "ommi!!ioer=of <u"+a$ re0u#ed +im for o, fulfilli* +i! o0li*a,io! a! *uardia of
,+e mar"+e!> <ao Sie1"+i+ arri.ed i Ta!+#e,$ 0e+eaded ,+e tudun$ ad a))ro)ria,ed +i!
,rea!ur&> T+i! a", of .iole"e )ro.o#ed ,+e re.ol, of ,+e we!,> T+e .i",imC! !o a))ealed for ,+e
!u))or, of ,+e \arlu? Tur#!$ w+o!e ,erri,orie! were i Tar0a*a,ai ad o ,+e Ri.er Uru*u ad
eA,eded from ,+e ea!,er ,i) of /a#e Bal#+a!+ ,o ,+e Ir,&!+E +e al!o im)lored ,+e aid of ,+e 9ra0
*arri!o! i So*diaa> T+e 9ra0 *eeral Xi&ad i01Sali+$ w+o +ad @u!, "ru!+ed a ew ri!i*
S119T i Bu#+ara$ +a!,eed from ,+e !ou,+$ w+ile ,+e \arlu? for"e! "ame dow from ,+e or,+>
I %ul&$ 731$ <ao Sie1"+i+ wa! "ru!+ed 0& ,+e!e "om0ied for"e! o ,+e 0a#! of ,+e Tala!$ ear
)re!e,1da& 9ulie19,a G(;+am0ulH> Tradi,io +a! i, ,+a, Xi&ad i01Sali+ 0rou*+, ,+ou!ad! of
"a),i.e! 0a"# ,o Samar#ad>
97
9""ordi* ,o Bar,+old$ ,+i! +i!,ori" da& de,ermied ,+e fa,e of
'e,ral 9!ia> I!,ead of 0e"omi* '+ie!e$ a! ,+e *eeral ,red of earlier e.e,! !eemed ,o
)re!a*e$ i, wa! ,o ,ur 8u!lim> T+e \arlu?$ af,er ,+eir .i",or&$ a))ear ,o +a.e eA,eded ,+eir
)o!!e!!io! ,o ,+e w+ole Ili re*io !ou,+ of Bal#+a!+ ad or,+ of ,+e I!!&# <ul> T+e old ro&al
re!ide"e! of ,+e we!,er TCu1"+Ie+ "ame uder ,+eir !wa&$ ad ,+eir "+ief wa! "o,e, ,o ,a#e
,+e le!!er ,i,le of yabghu$ o dou0, ,o a.oid offedi* ,+e #+a*a of ,+e Ui*ur>
92

T+e '+ie!e di!a!,er of ,+e Tala! mi*+, )o!!i0l& +a.e 0ee re)aired 0u, for ,+e i,eral !,rife ad
,+e re.olu,io! w+i"+ o""urred a, ,+e ed of :!Ia1,!u*C! rei*> '+ia$ .i",im of a "i.il war of
ei*+, &ear!C dura,io G7331765H$ lo!, a, oe !,ro#e ,+e em)ire of 'e,ral 9!ia>
THE 7I,7R T7R2IC EMPIRE
T+e re.ol, w+i"+ "ame ear 0ri*i* dow ,+e TCa* d&a!,& wa! led 0& a <+i,a mer"ear&$ a
8o*ol i '+ie!e !er.i"e amed 9 /u1!+a> T+i! ad.e,urer )o!!e!!ed +im!elf i !wif,
!u""e!!io of ,+e ,wo '+ie!e "a)i,al!$ /o&a* G733H ad '+a*aE ,+e em)eror :!Ia1,!u*
fled ,o S;e"+wa> :!Ia,!u*C! !o$ ,+e Em)eror Su1,!u* G7361767H$ uder,oo# ,+e ,a!# of
re"o?ueri* +i! !,a,e! ad ,+erefore a))ealed for aid ,o ,+e Ui*ur Tur#!$ a, ,+a, ,ime lord! of
8o*olia>
99

I 7LL$ a! +a! 0ee o,ed$ ,+e Ui*ur Tur#! +ad !u))la,ed ,+e ea!,er TCu1"+Ie+ i ,+e
8o*olia em)ire> T+e Ui*ur #+a*a$ "alled 2o%yen%cho
100
0& ,+e '+ie!e$ or <o1lo #+a*a
G7L31739H$ readil& wel"omed ,+e re?ue!, of ,+e em)eror Su,!u*$ ad i re,ur wa! *ra,ed ,+e
+ad of a '+ie!e )ri"e!! i marria*e> 9 Ui*ur arm&$ arri.i* from 8o*olia$ ,+ereu)o "o1
o)era,ed wi,+ ,+e im)erial for"e! ad afforded ,+em .i*orou! aid i re"a),uri* from ,+e re0el!
,+e "i,& of /o&a* G737H> T+e em)eror Su1,!u* loaded ,+e Ui*ur "+ief! wi,+ S170T
a"#owled*me,! ad ,i,le!$ ad 0efore ,+eir de)ar,ure )romi!ed ,+em a aual )re!e, of
70$000 )ie"e! of !il#>
Bu, "i.il war i '+ia wa! o, &e, !mo,+ered$ for o,+er re0el! im)eriled ,+e Ta* ,+roe> 8o1
&e1"+oC! !u""e!!or$ ,+e ew Ui*ur #+a*a$ "alled i '+ie!e Teng%li 2eu%yu G7391720H$
"ir"um.e,ed 0& ,+e e.o&! of ,+e re0el!$ ,+ou*+, a, fir!, ,o ,a#e ad.a,a*e of ,+e diffi"ul,ie! 0&
w+i"+ ,+e TCa* were 0e!e,>
101
:e e.e !,ar,ed for '+ia wi,+ +i! arm& wi,+ ,+e i,e,io of "o1
o)era,i* wi,+ ,+e re0el!$ 0u, o ,+e wa& a a!,u,e '+ie!e di)loma, idu"ed +im ,o "+a*e +i!
midE +e re.er,ed ,o ,+e im)erial allia"e ad o ,+e em)ireC! 0e+alf re"o.ered /o&a* from ,+e
re0el! GNo.em0er 70$ 767H> :e al!o "o!"ie,iou!l& )ludered ,+a, "i,&> 9l,+ou*+ ,+e udou0,ed
!a.ior of ,+e TCa* d&a!,&$ +e 0e"ame a !omew+a, 0urde!ome defeder ad a da*erou! all&>
I 8ar"+$ 765$ +owe.er$ +e fiall& ,oo# ,+e +omeward road ,o 8o*olia>
T+e Ui*ur #+a*aC! )rolo*ed !,a& i /o&a* +ad im)or,a, "o!e?ue"e! i ,+e !)iri,ual
!)+ere$ for i, wa! ,+ere ,+a, +e 0e"ame a"?uai,ed wi,+ 8ai"+aea mi!!ioarie!=o dou0, of
So*dia ori*i=w+om +e ,oo# 0a"# wi,+ +im ,o 8o*olia ad 0& w+om +e wa! "o.er,ed ,o
8ai"+aei!m> T+i! a"ie, Per!ia reli*io$ 0or of a "uriou! 8a;deo1'+ri!,ia !&"re,i!m ad
)er!e"u,ed 0o,+ i Ira? ad Ira 0& ,+e 9ra0!$ wa! ,+u! ,+e 0eefi"iar& of a ueA)e",ed !,ro#e
of lu"#4 ,+e "o.er!io ,o i,! do",rie of ,+e Ui*ur Em)ire$ ,+e a, ,+e +ei*+, of i,! )ower a! lord
of 8o*olia ad ,+e all& of '+ia> 8ai"+aei!m ideed 0e"ame ,+e !,a,e reli*io of ,+e Ui*ur>
T+i! !ame #+a*a i! referred ,o i ,+e <ara0al*a!u i!"ri),io a! ,+e Memaa,io of 8aiM
G!ahag i 2aniH> 9 eAal,ed 8ai"+aea di*i,ar&$ a mu%sh G'+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io of ,+e ,i,le
mo3ak i So*dia ad mo@e i Pa+la.iH$ ,oo# u) re!ide"e i Ui*ur ,erri,or& a! +ead of ,+e ew
!,a,e "+ur"+>
107
T+e 8ai"+aea "ler*& ?ui"#l& "ame ,o eAer, "o!idera0le )oli,i"al iflue"e> 9
'+ie!e Ta* ,eA, of ,+e )eriod rela,e! ,+a, M,+e Ui*ur alwa&! "ofer wi,+ ,+e 8ai"+aea! o
*o.erme, affair!>M
T+e Ui*ur Em)ire remaied ,+e domia, )ower i 'e,ral 9!ia uder !u""eedi* #+a*a!> 9l)
\u,lu*+$ w+om ,+e '+ie!e amed $o (o%tu%lu G7201729H$ a!#ed for ad o0,aied ,+e +ad of a
'+ie!e )ri"e!!> T+e TCa* "our, "ould refu!e o,+i* S171T ,o ,+e!e Tur#! w+o!e +o!,ili,&
mi*+, de!,ro& i,$ w+o!e allia"e +ad !a.ed i,$ ad w+o e*o,ia,ed wi,+ i, o e?ual ,erm!
105
!ome,+i* ew i Sio10ar0aria rela,io!+i)!>
T+e <ara0al*a!u i!"ri),io li!,! a um0er of o,+er #+a*a! de!i*a,ed 0& ,+e !ame e)i,+e,!4
T)ngrid) bulmysh k&l&g bilg) G7291790H$ T)ngrid) bulmysh alp 9utlugh ulugh bilg) G7931 203H$
T)ngri bilg) :8;<%8;8=/ > t)ngrid) 9ut bulmysh alp bilg) G2021271H> I, wa! duri* ,+e rei* of
,+i! la!, M"ele!,ial #+a*a$M ad a! a eulo*& ,o +im$ ,+a, ,+e "ele0ra,ed i!"ri),io wa! "ar.ed i
,+ree la*ua*e!='+ie!e$ Tur#i"$ ad So*dia ear <ara0al*a!u o ,+e lef, 0a# of ,+e
Or#+o>
10L
:e ,oo +ad a!#ed for ,+e +ad of a '+ie!e )ri"e!!$ 0u, 0e"au!e of dela&! !+e
married +i! !o ad !u""e!!or (&n t)ngrid) ulugh bulmysh k&tshl&g bilg) ch'ung%t$ w+o
rei*ed from 271 ,o 27L>
T+e )rea"+i* of 8ai"+aei!m$ wi,+ all ,+a, i, "o.e&ed of '+ri!,ia ad 8a;dea )+ilo!o)+i"
eleme,!$ ad Iraia ar,i!,i" eleme,!$ wa! 0oud ,o "o,ri0u,e ,oward ,+e "i.ili;i* of ,+e
Ui*ur> T+e <ara0al*a!u i!"ri),io eA)lai! ,+a, ,+i! M"ou,r& of 0ar0arou! "u!,om!$ full of ,+e
fume! of 0lood$ wa! "+a*ed i,o a lad w+ere ,+e )eo)le fi.e o .e*e,a0le!E from a lad of
#illi* ,o a lad w+ere *ood deed! are fo!,ered>
103
9, .ariou! ,ime! G770$ 771$ 207H Ui*ur
em0a!!ie! a, ,+e TCa* "our, "o!,i,u,ed ,+em!el.e! ,+e )ro,e",or! of 8ai"+aea "ommui,ie!
alread& e!,a0li!+ed i '+ia ad of ,+o!e &e, ,o 0e fouded> I 762 ,+e #+a*a o0,aied from ,+e
So of :ea.e a de"ree au,+ori;i* 8ai"+aea! ,o )rea"+ i '+iaE 8ai"+aea ,em)le! were
,+ereu)o 0uil, for Ui*ur di)loma,i" re!ide,! G771H a, <i*"+ow i :o)ei$ a, Ya*"+ow i
<ia*!u$ a, S+ao+i* i '+e#ia*$ ad a, Na"+a* i <ia*!i> T+e Ui*ur em0a!!& of 207
re?ue!,ed au,+ori,& ,o 0uild o,+er 8ai"+aea ,em)le! i /o&a* ad Taiy&an>
T+e lad of Turfa$
106
i"or)ora,ed wi,+ ,+e Ui*ur )o!!e!!io!$ "ould al!o 0oa!, of flouri!+i*
8ai"+aea "ommui,ie!$ a! i! 0ore ou, 0& ,+e fre!"oe! ad miia,ure! of ,+i! reli*io$
e!)e"iall& a, Idi*u,!"+ai$ di!"o.ered 0& ,+e /e 'o? mi!!io> I, i! i,ere!,i* ,o o,e i ,+e
miia,ure!$ alo*!ide li#ee!!e! of Ui*ur )a,ro!$ )or,rai,! of 8ai"+aea )rie!,! i w+i,e ro0e!$
all ,+e more !o 0e"au!e ,+e!e are ,+e earlie!,1#ow Per!ia miia,ure!>
107
I, wa! ideed from
Per!ia ,+a, ,+e!e 8ai"+aea )rea"+er! +ad 0rou*+,=,o*e,+er wi,+ ,+eir reli*io=,+i! )i",orial
S177T
S175T
,e"+i?ue w+i"+ ,+e& @u!,l& "o!idered a eA"elle, mea! of )ro)a*ada> Ui*ur )a,ro! al!o
fi*ure i !ome of ,+e Budd+i" fre!"oe! of ,+e Turfa *rou)$ o,a0l& a, 8ur,u#1Be;e#li#>
102
(e)i",ed i "eremoial dre!!$ i"ludi* +ad!ome "our,l& ro0e! ad a mi,er a! a +eaddre!!$
a""om)aied 0& ,+eir ladie! 0eari* flower! ad 0& !er.a,! ad mu!i"ia!$ ,+e& ,e!,if& ,o ,+e
ri"+e!! ad !)ledor of Ui*ur "ul,ure> Dar,+er o i ,+e!e !ame Budd+i" fre!"oe!$ o,+er 0earded
)a,ro!=of Tur#o1Iraia ,&)e$ remii!"e, of moder <a!+*ari!$ weari* a fla, +elme, ad
followed 0& "amel! ad mule! i ,+e maer of Budd+i!, ma*i =e.o#e ,+e So*dia "ara.aeer!
,+rou*+ w+om ,+e Ui*ur Em)ire made "o,a", wi,+ ,+e reli*io! of Ira>
109
/a!,l&$ i Ui*ur
Turfa$ oe ma& !,ill fid !ome fie Ne!,oria fre!"oe!> Bu, i, wa! a0o.e all i ,+e !u""eedi*
)eriod$ af,er 2L0$ i ,+e !e"od +alf of ,+e i,+ "e,ur& ad ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e ,e,+$ ,+a, ,+i!
Ui*ur Turfae!e ar, de.elo)ed$ o,a0l& a, Be;e#li#E for i, wa! ,+e ,+a, ,+e Ui*ur were dri.e
ou, of 8o*olia ad fled i *rea, um0er! ,o Turfa$ w+ere ,+e& fouded a ew )ri"i)ali,&> T+e
fie!, )a,ro! of ,+e re*io !eem ,o da,e from ,+i! !e"od )eriod>
110

W+ile 0orrowi* ,+eir 8ai"+aea reli*io from Ira or Ou,er Ira$ ,+e Ui*ur al!o ,oo# from ,+e
!ame area=)re"i!el&$ from Tra!oAiaa=,+e So*dia al)+a0e,$ w+i"+ deri.ed from S&ria" ad
from w+i"+ ,+e& e.ol.ed ,+eir ow Ui*ur !"ri),> I ,+e i,+ "e,ur&$ ,+i! !"ri), re)la"ed ,+e old
Tur#i" GT'u%ch&ehH al)+a0e, of ,+e Or#+o>
111
Wi,+ i,! +el) ,+e& "rea,ed a a,ioal li,era,ure4 ,+e
earlie!, of ,+e Tur#i" li,era,ure!$ oe i,o w+i"+ ,+e& ,ra!la,ed from Iraia !e.eral 8ai"+aea
,eA,!$ ad from Sa!#ri,$ <u"+ea$ ad '+ie!e umerou! Budd+i!, oe!>
117
T+u! ,+e Ui*ur "ame
,o 0e *rea,l& i ad.a"e of o,+er Tur#o18o*ol )eo)le!$ of w+om=u) ,o ,+e ,ime of %e*+i;
<+a=,+e& were ,o 0e ,+e me,or!>
Ne.er,+ele!!$ i ,+e )ro"e!! of a"?uiri* "i.ili;a,io$ ,+e Ui*ur mu!, +a.e *row wea#er> I 2L0
,+eir "a)i,al "i,& <ara0al*a!u wa! ,a#e$ ,+eir #+a*a !lai$ ad ,+eir em)ire o.er,+row 0&
,+o!e Tur#! w+o +ad remaied i a more !a.a*e !,a,e$ ,+e <ir*+i; of ,+e u))er Yei!ei G0e,wee
8iu!i!# ad /a#e <o!o*ol>
115
T+e "our, of '+ia$ w+i"+ for a +udred &ear! +ad ?uailed
0efore ,+e!e all ,oo )owerful allie!$ ,oo# ad.a,a*e of S17LT ,+eir fall ,o rid i,!elf 0& !&!,ema,i"
)er!e"u,io of ,+eir prot?g?s ,+e 8ai"+aea! G2L5H>
T+e <ir*+i; mo.ed i ,o !u))la, ,+e Ui*ur i Mim)erial 8o*oliaM o ,+e u))er Or#+o$ i ,+e
ei*+0or+ood of ,+e <ara0al*a!u ad <ara#orum of ,+e )re!e, da&> Bu, ,+e!e Si0eria ,ri0e!
"au!ed a re.er!io ,o 0ar0ari!m i 8o*olia> T+e <ir*+i; remaied lord! of ,+o!e ,erri,orie!
u,il a0ou, 970$ w+e ,+e& were .a?ui!+ed 0& ,+e 8o*ol <+i,a ad ,+ru!, 0a"# ,o ,+e !,e))e!
of ,+e Yei!ei>
T+e Ui*ur$ di!)o!!e!!ed of ,+e 8o*olia em)ire$ !e,,led i ,+e area of ,+e or,+er Tarim oa!e!$
a, <ara1#+o@a or <+o"+o= ,+e old Turfa=a, (;im!a$ w+i"+ 0e"ame ,+e Tur#i" Be!+0ali*+$ a,
<ara S+a+r$ ad a, <u"+a G2L5H>
11L
9o,+er Ui*ur *rou)$ !i"e #ow 0& ,+e ame of Sari1Ui*ur$
0e"ame e!,a0li!+ed i we!,er <a!u$ roud <a"+ow$
113
i a0ou, 260 or 266> T+e Ui*ur
)ri"i)ali,& of <a"+ow la!,ed u,il 1072$ w+e i, wa! "o?uered 0& ,+e Ta*u,> T+e flouri!+i*
!,a,e of Budd+i!m a, Tu+wa* i ,+e ,e,+ "e,ur& )ro.ide! e.ide"e ,+a, ,+i! Ui*ur *rou)
mu!, ?ui"#l& +a.e a0adoed 8ai"+aei!m i fa.or of ,+e lo"al Budd+i!, fai,+>
116
T+e Ui*ur
#i*dom of Be!+0ali*+1 <u"+a wa! ,o edure u,il ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e )eriod$ i ,+e ,+ir,ee,+
"e,ur&E ad ,+e a"ie, To#+aria=or more a""ura,el& <u"+ea G,+a, i!$ Ido1Euro)eaH=
fouda,io u)o w+i"+ ,+e& +ad im)o!ed ,+em!el.e!$ ,+e Ui*ur of ,+i! area )rodu"ed a
i,ere!,i* Budd+i"1Ne!,oria18ai"+aea "i.ili;a,io$ "o,iuou! wi,+ ,+e "ul,ure of <u"+a>
Ye, ,+ere ,oo 8ai"+aei!m wa! ,o de"lie fairl& ?ui"#l&$ ad duri* ,+e %e*+i;1 <+ai,e )eriod
,+e Ui*ur of Be!+0ali*+1<u"+a were ei,+er Budd+i!,! or Ne!,oria!>
I, i! ?ui,e )o!!i0le ,+a, ,+e !e,,leme, of ,+e Ui*ur i Turfae!e ad <u"+ea ,erri,or&=a
!e,,leme, w+i"+ "ulmia,ed i ,+e Tur#ifi"a,io of ,+e!e a"ie, Ido1Euro)ea lad!=
o""urred i !,a*e!$ ,+e 0led of Ui*ur ad a,i.e! +a.i* )er+a)! )rodu"ed a )o)ula,io w+i"+
for a ,ime wa! 0ili*ual> Su"+ i! ,+e a))are, im)li"a,io of 8u!lim !our"e!$ w+i"+ !,a,e ,+a,
0e!ide! ,+eir Tur#i" diale", ,+e i+a0i,a,! of Ui*uria +ad lo* )o!!e!!ed ao,+er la*ua*e
w+i"+ ,+e& !)o#e amo* ,+em!el.e!>
117
:owe.er ,+i! ma& 0e$ ,+e Ui*ur 0eefi,ed 0& li,erar&
a"?ui!i,io! from ,+e MTo#+ariaM of w+i"+ ,+e& were a )rolo*a,io> Ui*ur S173T li,era,ure=
e*ra.ed o wood a! of,e a! wri,,e=w+i"+ wa! di!"o.ered 0& ,+e Germa$ Dre"+$ ad
E*li!+ eA)edi,io! i moder Si#ia*$ !+ow! ,+a, w+ile uder*oi* a Tur#i" ,ra!forma,io
,+i! "ou,r& #e), ali.e i,! former i,elle",ual a",i.i,&>
112
T+u! ,+e Ui*ur @u!,l& de!er.ed ,+eir role
of M,ea"+er! of "i.ili;a,ioM ,o ,+e Tur#o18o*ol !,a,e! of ,+e 9l,ai ad ,+e Or#+o4 ,o ,+e
Naima of ,+e ,welf,+ "e,ur& ad ,o ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e! of ,+e ,+ir,ee,+$ w+om ,+e& )ro.ided
wi,+ !"ri0e!$ Moffi"e!$M ad a wri,,e la*ua*e>
THE SHA%T0O T7R2S
T+e '+ie!e TCa* d&a!,&$ w+i"+ wa! ,o 0e o.er,+row i 907$ "ame ear ,o falli* i 220 a! a
re!ul, of a )o)ular ri!i*=a !or, of Pea!a,!C Re.ol,=led 0& oe :ua* '+Cao> '+a*a$ ,+e
im)erial "a)i,al$ li#e ,+e *rea, "i,& of /o&a*$ fell i,o ,+e +ad! of ,+e re0el$ ad ,+e "our,
a))ealed for aid ,o a ew Tur#i" +orde$ ,+e 'hl.'h'u%yueh i '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io$ ad i
'+ie!e ,ra!la,io S+a1,Co4 M,+e )eo)le of ,+e de!er, of !ad>M
119

Bar,+old i! i"lied ,o ,ra"e ,+e!e 'hl/ 'h'u%yueh/ or Sha%t'o ,o ,+e ,ri0e! of ,+e To?u; O*+u;$
of w+i"+ a, lea!, a fra",io roamed or,+ of ,+e 9ral Sea from ,+e ,e,+ ,o ,+e ,welf,+ "e,ur&>
170
I fa",$ ,+e S+a1,Co +ad !)li, off from ,+e 0ul# of ,+e we!,er Vu1"+Ie+ ,o li.e from ,+e !e.e,+
"e,ur& oward ea!, of /a#e Bar <ol> I 717$ a! Ti0e,a 0ad! were ra.a*i* ,+e Bar#ol re*io$
,+e S+a1,Co mo.ed !li*+,l& ,o ,+e we!,$ i ,+e dire",io of <u"+e*> I 202$ dri.e al!o from
,+e!e e"am)me,! 0& Ti0e,a i"ur!io!$ ,+e& a))ealed ,o '+ia for )ro,e",io> T+e TCa* "our,
e!,a0li!+ed ,+em a! "ofedera,e! or,+ea!, of /i*"+ow Gear Ni*!iaH$ i ,+e or,+er )ar, of
,+e Ordo!>
T+e S+a1,Co remaied i ,+e Ordo! u,il 272> I ,+a, &ear$ aided 0& ,+e "i.il !,rife ,+e
de.a!,a,i* '+ia$ oe of ,+eir leader!1/i <Co1&u*=!ei;ed ,+e fro,ier lad of Ta,u* or,+ of
S+a!i$ w+ere +e wa! well )la"ed ,o ,a#e a +ad i ,+e *eeral aar"+&> I 220$ ideed$ w+e ,+e
fri*+,ful re0ellio led 0& :ua* '+Cao +ad wre!,ed ,+e "a)i,al$ '+a*a$ from ,+e TCa*$ ,+e
la,,er a))ealed ,o /i <Co1&u*> T+i! &ou* leader G+e wa! ,+e ,we,&1ei*+,H i! de!"ri0ed 0&
'+ie!e +i!,oria! a! .alia, ad lo&al> :e !eem! ,o +a.e ,a#e +i! role of !a.ior S176T of ,+e
TCa* !eriou!l&$ ad +i! fideli,& wa! e.er af,erward i ?ue!,io> :e dro.e ,+e re0el! from
'+a*a i 225 ad wa! rewarded 0& a a))oi,me, a! mii!,er ,o ,+e im)erial *o.erme,
w+i"+ +e +ad @u!, !a.ed> W+a, wa! )er+a)! more im)or,a, ,o +im wa! ,+a, a, ,+e !ame ,ime +e
wa! *i.e ,+e *o.eror!+i) of Tai&Ia$ ,+a, i!$ moder S+a!i> Dor a w+ile i, !eemed a! if ,+i!
Sii"i;ed Tur# would !u""eed ,o ,+e eA)iri* TCa* d&a!,& ad a!"ed ,+e ,+roe of '+iaE 0u,
from ,+i!$ a))are,l&$ +i! !e!e of lo&al,& de,erred +im> I!,ead$ a oe1,ime 0adi, "+ief$ '+Cu
We$ w+o +ad 0ee wo o.er ,o ,+e '+ie!e$ ,oo# )ower> (e)o!i* ,+e la!, of ,+e TCa*$ +e
)ro"laimed +im!elf em)eror$ ad fouder of ,+e :ou1/ia* d&a!,& G907H> Ne.er,+ele!!$ /i <Co1
&u* remaied lord of S+a!i$ ad af,er +i! dea,+ i 902 +i! !o /i T!Cu1+!I Gd> 976H !u""eeded
+im a! em)eror ,+ere uder ,+e ,i,le of #i* of '+i$ wi,+ Tai&Ia a! +i! "a)i,al> I 975$ /i T!Cu1
+!I maa*ed ,o o.er,+row ,+e :ou1/ia* d&a!,& ad 0e"ame em)eror of '+ia G+i! "a)i,al
0ei* /o&a*H a! fouder of ,+e e)+emeral :ou1TCa* d&a!,&$ w+i"+ edured for o more ,+a
,+ir,ee &ear! G9751956H> I 956$ ,+e la!, :ou1 TCa* wa! de)o!ed=,+a#! ,o ,+e +el) of ,+e
<+i,a +orde= 0& *eeral S+i+ <i*1,Ca*$ ao,+er S+a1,Co Tur#$ w+o )ro"laimed +im!elf
em)eror of '+ia ad fouded ,+e :ou1'+i d&a!,&$ wi,+ <aife* GYieH a! +i! "a)i,al> Bu, ,+i!
+ou!e wa! ,o )ro.e e.e more e.ae!"e, ,+a ,+e former$ la!,i* ol& ,e &ear! G95619L6H> I
9L6 ,+i! a"ie, 0u, o.er1Sii"i;ed !,o"# of Tur#! wa! o.er,+row 0& real 0ar0aria!$ ,+e <+i,a$
a 8o*ol )eo)le>
THE 2HITA1
T+e <+i,a Gi '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),ioH$ or <+i,ai Gi 9ra0o1 Per!iaH$ or <i,a, Gi 8o*olH are
o,ed i '+ie!e aal! from L0316$ a, w+i"+ ,ime ,+e& were e!,a0li!+ed we!, of ,+e /iao$
0e,wee ,+a, ri.er ad i,! 0ra"+ ,+e S+ara 8ure$ i )re!e,da& %e+ol>
171
T+e& 0elo*ed ,o ,+e
8o*ol famil&$ ,+eir la*ua*e 0ei* Ma 8o*ol diale",$ !,ro*l& )ala,ali;ed 0& "o,a", wi,+
Tu*u!i" form! of !)ee"+>M
177
I 696$ .ia ,+e )a!! of S+a+ai#wa$ ,+e& +ad raided :o)ei i ,+e
Yu*)i* re*io$ ad e.e rea"+ed ,+e )lai of Pe#i*E 0u, ,+e Ya* "our, Guder ,+e em)re!!
Wu :ouH !ummoed a*ai!, ,+em 8o1"+Co$ ,+e #+a*a of ,+e ea!,er Vu1"+Ie+$ ,+e a, ,+e
+ei*+, of +i! )ower$ w+o S177T ,oo# ,+em i ,+e rear ad ifli",ed u)o ,+em !o di!a!,rou! a
defea, i 697 ,+a,$ a! +a! 0ee o,ed$ ,+eir eA)a!io wa! +al,ed for ,+ree "e,urie!> 9 0order war
0e,wee <+i,a ad '+ie!e i 75L153 i o wa& al,ered ,+e !i,ua,io> I 731 ,+e <+i,a
defea,ed a '+ie!e arm& of i.a!io or,+ea!, of Pi*lu Gear moder Pi*"+IaH$ a arm&
w+i"+ i"ide,all& wa! "ommaded 0& a ma of ,+eir ow !,o"#$ ,+e o,oriou! 9 /u1!+all$ w+o
+ad e,ered '+ie!e !er.i"e ad 0e"ome ,+e fa.ori,e of ,+e TCa* Em)eror :!Ia1,!u*> I, wa!
,+i! !ame 9 /u1!+a w+o af,erward a,,em),ed ,o de)o!e :!Ia1,!u* ad di!)la"e +im a!
em)eror G733H>
T+e <+i,a !,ill o""u)ied ,+e or,+we!, 0a!i of ,+e /iao ad ,+e re*io of i,! ,ri0u,ar& ,+e S+ara
8ure w+e a, ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e ,e,+ "e,ur& ,+e& were ,a#e i +ad 0& a eer*e,i" "+ief
amed Gi '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),ioH Ye1lI G+i! "la ameH 91)ao1#i Gd> 976H$ w+o !u""eeded i
!e"uri* ,+e di*i,& of #+a for +i! ow "la$ ,+e Ye1liu> 9""ordi* ,o la,er aali!,!$ 91)ao1#i
+ad 0e*u ,o i,rodu"e !u)erfi"ial '+ie!e wa&! amo* +i! +orde$ ,o w+i"+ i 9L7 +i! !u""e!!or
wa! ,o *i.e ,+e d&a!,i" ame of /iao> I, i! ideed 0& ,+i! ame ,+a, ,+e <+i,a are #ow i ,+e
+i!,or& of '+ia> I 97L +e )ee,ra,ed 8o*olia$ ad.a"ed a! far a! ,+e u))er Or#+o$ e,ered
<ara0al*a!u$ ad dro.e ou, ,+e <ir*+i; Tur#! w+o +ad i+a0i,ed ,+a, re*io !i"e 2L0$
,+ru!,i* ,+em 0a"# ,oward ,+e u))er Yei!ei ad ,+e !,e))e! of ,+e we!,>
175
I, i! !,ra*e ,+a, +e
!+ould ,+e +a.e offered ,o re!,ore ,+e Or#+o "ou,r& ,o ,+e Ui*ur Tur#! of we!,er <a!u> T+e
old Ui*ur #+a*a! +ad )o!!e!!ed ,+o!e lad! from 7L5 ,o 2L0$ 0u, ,+eir de!"eda,!$ +a.i*
ado),ed !ede,ar& wa&!$ re@e",ed ,+e idea of a re,ur ,o omadi" life>
17L
I ,+e ea!,$ 91)ao1#i =
w+o died i ,+e "our!e of ,+i! eA)edi,io=de!,ro&ed i 976 ,+e Tu*u!1<orea #i*dom of
Po+ai$ w+i"+ "om)ri!ed or,+er <orea Gor,+ of ,+e L0,+ )arallelH ad ,+e )ar, of 8a"+uria
l&i* ea!, of /iao,u* Gfrom :ar0i ad Vladi.o!,o# ,o Por, 9r,+urH> T+e %ur"+id Tu*u! of ,+e
8a"+uria or,+ea!,$ i ,+e U!!uri fore!,!$ ,+em!el.e! 0e"ame .a!!al! of ,+e <+i,a>
91)ao1#i al!o ,ried ,o )rofi, from ,+e "i.il war! ,+e ra.a*i* '+ia 0& !ei;i* :o)ei$ 0u, +e
wa! dri.e 0a"# a, Wa*,u$ !ou,+ of Pao,i*$ 0& ,+e aforeme,ioed /i T!Cu1+!I$ fouder of ,+e
'+ie!e :ou1TCa* d&a!,& G977H>
O ,+e dea,+ of 91)ao1#i$ +i! widow$
173
a #+a,u of ,irele!! S172T eer*& li#e !o ma& Tur#o1
8o*ol dowa*er! Gi"ludi* ,+e mo,+er of %e*+i; <+aH$ "o,ri.ed ,o +a.e +er fa.ori,e !e"od
!o ele",ed #+a> MS+e *a,+ered ,o*e,+er ,+e (ie, of +er a,io U,+e 9uriltai of ,+e %e*+i;1
<+ai,e 8o*ol!V$ 0ade +er elde!, !o TCu1&u ad +er !e"od !o TJ1#ua* U'+ie!e
,ra!"ri),io!V mou, ,+eir +or!e!$ ad ,+e !aid ,o ,+e a!!em0led o0le!$ w+o +ad 0ee a))ri!ed
of +er wi!+e!4 CI lo.e ,+e!e ,wo !o! of mie e?uall& ad "ao, de"ide 0e,wee ,+em> Gra!) ,+e
0ridle of +im w+o !eem! ,o &ou ,+e wor,+ier[CM Na,urall& ,+e& *ra!)ed TJ1#ua*C! 0ridle$ ad TJ1
#ua* 0e"ame #+a G9771L7H> 9, fir!, +i! mo,+er *o.ered @oi,l& wi,+ +im$ ,+ou*+ a""ordi* ,o
+er ow idea!> E.er& ,ime a "+ief di!)lea!ed +er$ !+e !e, +im M,o ,a#e ew! of +er ,o +er la,e
+u!0ad>M Guard! )o!,ed a, 91)ao1#iC! ,om0 ,+e di!)a,"+ed !u"+ me!!e*er! from life ,o dea,+>
9 '+ie!e di*i,ar&$ '+ao S!u1we$ o 0ei* "+ar*ed wi,+ ,+i! errad$ de"lared ,+a, !u"+ a
+oor wa! due i ,+e fir!, )la"e ,o ,+e widow> T+e #+a,u re)lied ,+a, ufor,ua,el& +er
"o,iued fife wa! e"e!!ar& ,o ,+e +ordeE e.er,+ele!!$ !+e !)or,i*l& "u, off oe +ad ad 0ad
i, 0uried i ,+e ro&al ,om0>
176
T+i! i! a "uriou! !ur.i.al of a "u!,om followed a, famil& +e"a,om0!
o ,+e dea,+ of a "+ief$ a immemorial "u!,om of ,+e !,e))e$ w+e,+er amo* S"&,+ia!$ :u!$ or
8o*ol!> No,wi,+!,adi* ,+e!e 0ar0arou! wa&!$ ,+e #+a,u did o, +e!i,a,e ,o )u, +er ,ru!, i
,+e '+ie!e mii!,er :a Ye1+uei$ w+o 0e*a ,o "i.ili;e ,+e <+i,a>
T+e ew <+i,a #+a$ Ye1lI TJ1#ua*$ !oo foud a o))or,ui,& ,o i,er.ee i '+ie!e
affair!> I 956 +e ,oo# uder +i! )ro,e",io ,+e im)erial *eeral S+i+ '+i*1,Ca*$ w+o 0ad
re.ol,ed a*ai!, ,+e :ou1TCa* d&a!,&$ de!"eded o :o)ei 0& ,+e <u)e+#ow )a!! a, ,+e 0ead
of 30$000 me$ ad +el)ed S+i+ '+i*1,Ca* ,o "ru!+ ,+e im)erial for"e! ad a!"ed ,+e ,+roe of
'+ia a! fouder of ,+e :ou1'+i d&a!,&>
:a.i* ,+u! 0e"ome em)eror of '+ia 0& ,+e fa.or of ,+e <+i,a$ S+i+ '+i*1,Ca* "eded ,o
,+em i *ra,i,ude ,+e or,+er )ar, of :o)ei$ i"ludi* YI"+ow or Ye"+ow=moder Pe#i*=
ad ,+e eA,reme or,+ of S+a!i$ wi,+ YI"+ow$ ,+e Ta,u* of ,oda& G956H> I ,+i! wa& ,+e
0ar0aria! "ame ,o 0e i!,alled wi,+i ,+e Grea, Wall$ i ,+o!e or,+er mar"+e! from w+i"+ ,+e&
were ,+e"efor,+ a0le ,o #ee) wa,"+ o.er '+ie!e )oli"&> S+i+ '+i*1,Ca*C! ,rea"+er& made ,+e
fir!, 0rea"+ i ,+e i,e*ri,& of ,+e a"ie, em)ire$ a 0rea"+ de!,ied ,o *row wider ad ,o S179T
ea0le ,+e +orde! ,o "o?uer all or,+ '+ia i ,+e ,welf,+ "e,ur& ad ,+e w+ole of '+ia i ,+e
,+ir,ee,+> Pe#i*$ .a?ui!+ed 0& TJ1#ua*$ )a!!ed from ,+e <+i,a ,o ,+e %ur"+id$ from ,+e
%ur"+id ,o ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e!$ ad ,+u! remaied i ,+e )ower of ,+e omad! from 956 u,il
1562> I 952$ TJ1#ua* made i, +i! !ou,+er re!ide"e Gnanking i '+ie!eH$ +i! or,+er oe
0ei* a, /i+wa* o ,+e S+ara 8ure ad +i! ea!,er oe a, /iao&a*>
177

S+i+ '+i*1,Ca*$ em)eror of '+ia 0& ,+e *ra"e of ,+e <+i,a$ remaied ,+eir do"ile "lie, u,il
+i! dea,+ i 9L7$ 0u, +i! e)+ew ad !u""e!!or S+i+ '+u*1#uei G9L51L6H ,ried ,o 0rea# free
from ,+i! ,u,ela*e> I, wa! a .er& ra!+ mo.e> T+e <+i,a defea,ed +i! for"e! ear :o#ie$ "ro!!ed
,+e Yellow Ri.er$ ad a))eared 0efore <aife* G,+e Talia*H$ ,+e im)erial "a)i,al$ w+ere ,+eir
#+a TJ1#ua* made +i! e,r& o ,+e fir!, da& of ,+e &ear 9L7>
T+e <+i,a #+a o dou0, i,eded ,o )ro"laim +im!elf em)eror of '+ia$ ad ideed i
"o?uered <aife* +e ado),ed '+ie!e dre!!> Bu, 0e+id +im ,+e '+ie!e re.ol,ed$ ma!!a"ri*
i!ola,ed <+i,a *rou)!$ e!)e"iall& a, '+a*,e+> B& wa& of re)ri!al TJ1#ua* eA,ermia,ed ,+e
i+a0i,a,! of '+a*,e+$ ad ,+e$ fa"ed wi,+ a *eeral u)ri!i*$ a*ai ,oo# ,+e road ,o %e+ol$
"arr&i* wi,+ +im ,+e e,ire '+ie!e "our, a! )ri!oer!> 9f,er +a.i* "ome a! far a! '+e*,i*$
+e died> :i! ueA)e",ed dea,+ i 9L7 !)read "ofu!io amo* ,+e <+i,a ad !o dou0,le!!
de)ri.ed ,+em of ,+e o""a!io ,o "o?uer '+ia>
(uri* ,+e <+i,a re,rea,$ ,+e '+ie!e *eeral i "ommad of S+a!i )ro.i"e$ /iu '+i+1&Ia$
w+o fur,+ermore wa! 0& ori*i a S+a1,Co Tur#$ wa! )ro"laimed em)eror 0& +i! ,roo)! i
De0ruar&$ 9L7> 9",i.el& !u))or,ed 0& '+ie!e )u0li" o)iio$ +e a!"eded ,+e im)erial ,+roe a,
<aife* i 9)ril of ,+e !ame &ear a! fouder of ,+e :ou1:a d&a!,&>
TJ1#ua* wa! !u""eeded a! ruler of ,+e <+i,a 0& Ye1lI YIa G9L7131H ad Ye1lI <i* G931162H>
T+e <+i,a would +a.e lo!, all +o)e of i,er.ei* i '+ie!e affair! +ad o, ,+e '+ie!e
,+em!el.e! *i.e ,+em ,+e o))or,ui,& of doi* !o> I 931 ,+e im)erial :ou1:a famil&$ dri.e
from ,+e ,+roe 0& a ew d&a!,&=,+a, of ,+e :ou1'+ou=,oo# refu*e i "e,ral S+a!i$ w+ere
,+e& fouded a lo"al )ri"i)ali,& #ow a! Pei1:a$ w+i"+ la!,ed from 939 ,o 979$ wi,+ Tai&Ia
a! i,! "a)i,al> 'o,iuou! war ,+e 0ro#e ou, 0e,wee ,+e d&a!,ie! rei*i* !u""e!!i.el& i
<aife*$ S150T o ,+e oe +ad=,+e :ou1'+ou G931160H ad ,+e Su* G960H= ad$ o ,+e
o,+er$ ,+e Pei1:a ruler! of "e,ral S+a!i$ w+o ruled a, Tai&Ia> Drom ra"or a*ai!, ,+o!e w+o
+ad ro00ed ,+em of ,+e ,+roe$ ad i order ,o defed ,+eir li,,le realm i S+a!i$ ,+e Pei1:a
)la"ed ,+em!el.e! uder <+i,a )ro,e",io> T+e <+i,a$ of "our!e$ were willi* eou*+ ,o @oi i
,+e *ame a*ai$ ad ,+eir armie! +a!,eed ,o ,+e aid of ,+e Pei1:a w+ee.er ,+e im)erial for"e!
a,,em),ed ,o ,a#e Tai&Ia>
T+i! wa! ,+e !i,ua,io u,il a *rea, a,ioal d&a!,&$ ,+a, of ,+e Su*$ a!"eded ,+e ,+roe of
'+ia i 960 ad 0& 973 re!,ored ,+e ui,& of all ,+e '+ie!e !,a,e!$ wi,+ ,+e !ole eA"e),io of
,+e Pei1:a #i*dom of Tai&Ia>
T+e fouder of ,+e Su* d&a!,&$ ,+e *rea, em)eror TCai1,!u G+i! )er!oal ame wa! '+ao
<Cua*1&iH$ +ad alread& ,ried i 962 ,o re"o?uer Tai&Ia$ 0u, +ad 0ee )re.e,ed 0& ,+e
<+i,a$ w+o a! u!ual +ad +urried ,o i,! defe!e> T+e !e"od Su* em)eror$ TCai1,!u*$ wa! more
for,ua,e> I 979$ de!)i,e <+i,a i,er.e,io$ +e !u""eeded i for"i* Tai&Ia ,o "a)i,ula,e ad
aeAi* ,+e Pei1:a #i*dom of S+a!i> :e ,+e re!ol.ed ,o de)ri.e ,+e <+i,a of ,+e
,erri,orie! ,+a, ,+e& +ad o""u)ied !i"e 956 !ou,+ of ,+e Grea, Wall4 Ta,u* ad Pe#i*> Bu, ,+e
rei*i* <+i,a !o.erei* Ye1lI :!ie G962127H ad +i! *eeral! )u, u) !o !,ro* a re!i!,a"e a!
,o !+a,,er ,+i! a,,em), a, re"o?ue!,> T+e '+ie!e em)eror ad.a"ed a! far a! Pe#i* G,+e "alled
YI"+ow or Ye"+i*H ad laid !ie*e ,o i,$ 0u, wa! defea,ed 0& ,+e <+i,a *eeral Ye1lI :iou1#o
ear ,+e Ri.er <aolia*$ or,+we!, of Pe#i*$ ad +ad ,o re,rea, +a!,il& ,o '+o"+ow$ o ,+e
Pe#i*1Pao,i* road G979H> T+e <+i,a i ,+eir ,ur ,ried ,o i.ade ,+e '+ie!e )ar, of :o)ei$ 0u,
,+eir *eeral Ye1lI :iou1#o wa! defea,ed 0efore '+e*,i*>
I 926 ,+e em)eror TCai1,!u* made a fre!+ a,,em),> T+e <+i,a #+a Ye1lI :!ie +ad @u!, died
ad wa! !u""eeded 0& a 0o& of ,wel.e$ Ye1lI /u*1!I G92511051H$ uder ,+e re*e"& of ,+e
?uee mo,+er$ :!iao1!+i+> T+e mome, !eemed fa.ora0le> T+e '+ie!e arm&$ "ommaded 0&
*eeral! T!Cao Pi$ PCa 8ei$ ad Ya* Ye$ wa! di.ided i,o a um0er of "olum!$ of w+i"+ !ome
mar"+ed u)o Ta,u* ad ,+e o,+er! u)o Pe#i*> T+e "olum! o ,+e lef, !u""eeded i ,a#i*
)o!!e!!io of ,+e Ta,u* re*io$ 0u, ,+o!e o ,+e ri*+, "ould ad.a"e o far,+er ,+a '+o"+ow
ad were a, la!, defea,ed 0& ,+e <+i,a *eeral Ye1lI S151T :iou1#o a, <i1#ou1#ua$ !ou,+we!,
of '+o"+ow$ ear Yi"+ow$ ad dri.e 0a"# ,o ,+e Ri.er <iu1ma$ +alfwa& 0e,wee Pe#i* ad
Pao,i*>
172
T+e rema,! of ,+e '+ie!e for"e! fled !ou,+> Ye1lI :iou1#o "au*+, u) wi,+ ,+em$
rela,e! ,+e T'ung%chien%k'ang%mu$ a! ,+e& were "ro!!i* ,+e S+a Ri.er$ o dou0, ,+e ri.er of ,+a,
ame ,+a, ru! ,+rou*+ Silo$ or,+ of '+e*,i* ad :o#ie> :e +urled ,+e '+ie!e i,o ,+e
ri.er$ w+ere ,+e& )eri!+ed i *rea, um0er!> T+e <+i,a ,oo# S+e"+ow Gear '+e*,i*H$
TJ"+ow ad S+ue,J$ 0u, for,ua,el& for '+ia ,+e& did o, )re!! ,+eir ad.a,a*e far,+er !ou,+>
I, wa! o, u,il 929 ,+a, ,+e '+ie!e were a0le ,o re"o.er !uffi"ie,l& ,o defea, ,+em ear
Pao,i*>
'+iaC! ,rou0le! were i"rea!ed 0& ,+e Ta*u,$ a )eo)le of Ti0e,a !,o"#> 9, ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e
ele.e,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e Ta*u, fouded a ew !,a,e i ,+e Ordo! ad ,+e 9la!+a4 ,+e #i*dom of
:!i1:!ia$ w+i"+ 0e"ame a "o!,a, )eril ,o ,+e '+ie!e )ro.i"e of S+e!i> T+e fouder of ,+i!
!,a,e$ '+ao Pao1#i$ al!o de!i*a,ed 0& ,+e ame of /i <i1,!Cie Gd> 1005H$ wa! re"o*i;ed a! ruler
of :!i1:!ia i 990 0& ,+e <+i,a$ w+o were ,+e !u;erai! of all ,+e +orde! of ,+e ea!,er Go0i>
I 1001 0e ro00ed '+ia of ,+e im)or,a, !,ro*+old of /i*"+ow or /i*wu$ ear Ni*!ia> I,
wa! o, far from +ere$ a, :ala"+ar$ ,+a, ,+e #i*! of :!i1:!ia +ad ,+eir "a)i,al> T+e Su* Em)ire
,+u! foud i,!elf ,+rea,eed !imul,aeou!l& 0& ,+e <+i,a i ,+e or,+ea!, ad 0& ,+e :!i1:!ia i
,+e or,+we!,>
I 100L$ duri* ,+e rei* of ,+e ,+ird Su* em)eror '+e,!u*$ ,+e <+i,a #i* Ye1lI /u*1!I
led a mou,ed eA)edi,io ,+rou*+ !ou,+er :o)ei$ i ,+e "our!e of w+i"+ +e "a),ured Pao"+ow
Gmoder Pao,i*H$ <i"+ow GTami*H$ ad e.e TJ,!i*$ or moder T!i*fe*$ o))o!i,e <aife*
,+e '+ie!e "a)i,al$ from w+i"+ +e wa! !e)ara,ed ol& 0& ,+e Yellow Ri.er Ga! i, flowed i 1000E
i,! "our!e al,ered i 1007H> 9, <aife* ,imorou! "our,ier! ad.i!ed Em)eror '+e1,!u* ,o mo.e
+i! re!ide"e ,o Na#i* or i,o S;e"+wa> :e o, ol& refu!ed ,o do ,+i! 0u, ,oo# a "oura*eou!
!,e)> O ,+e or,+ 0a# of ,+e Yellow Ri.er$ ,+e for,ified )la"e of S+e"+ow or '+e"+ow G,+e
<ai"+ow of 8a"+uria ome"la,ure!$ ad ,+e Pu&a*+!ie of ,oda&H !,ill +eld fa!,>
179
9 0ra.e
'+ie!e "a),ai$ /i <i1lu*$ 0e!ie*ed i ,+i! )la"e 0& ,+e <+i,a$ +ad lured ,+em i,o a am0u!+
w+ere ,+e& !u!,aied +ea.& lo!!e!> 9 *la"e a, a ma) will !+ow ,+a, S157T S+e"+ow 0arred ,+e
road ,o <aife*> If /i <i1lu* +ad 0ee o.erw+elmed$ ,+e <+i,a would +a.e a,,aied ,+e
Yellow Ri.er$ o))o!i,e ,+e "a)i,al> T+e em)eror '+e1,!u* wa! 0old eou*+ ,o lea.e <aife*
ad 0ri* reifor"eme,! ,o S+e"+ow a, ,+e Mfro,>M :i! re!olu,e "odu", im)re!!ed ,+e <+i,a$
w+o i 100L !i*ed a )ea"e ,rea,& i ,+a, !ame "i,&> T+e fro,ier remaied a! laid dow i 9564
Pe#i* ad Ta,u* were allo,,ed ,o ,+e <+i,a$ Pao,i* ad Ni*wu ,o ,+e '+ie!e> T+i! fro,ier
"u, ,+rou*+ :o)ei alo* ,+e or,+er ou,!#ir,! of Pa"+ow Gw+i"+ remaied i '+ie!e
)o!!e!!ioH ad ,+rou*+ S+a!i or,+ of ,+e Wu,ai 8ou,ai!$ w+i"+ !imilarl& "o,iued ,o 0e
)ar, of '+ie!e ,erri,or&>
150

T+e )ea"e of 100L wa! )re!er.ed for a +udred &ear!> T+e <+i,a$ "o,e, ,o rule i Pe#i* ad
Ta,u*$ made o fur,+er demad!$ ad ,+e Su* d&a!,&$ w+i"+$ wi,+ @u!, a0ou, ,+i! eA"e),io$
)o!!e!!ed all '+ia$ *a.e u) ,+e idea of re"a),uri* ,+e!e ,wo "i,ie!> T+e <+i,a ,ra!ferred ,+eir
am0i,io! ,o <orea ad ,+e Go0i> Bu, ,+eir a,,a"#! o <orea were re)ul!ed !i"e i 101L ,+e
<orea! arra*ed for di.er!ioar& a",io ,o 0e ,a#e 0& ,+e %ur"+id$ a Tu*u! )eo)le of ,+e
U!!uri> I ,+e Go0i ,+e <+i,a de)ri.ed ,+e Ui*ur of <a"+ow ad Su"+ow$ ,ow! of we!,er
<a!u> 90ou, 1017 ,+e& !eem ,o +a.e a,,em),ed ,+e "o?ue!, of <a!+*aria ad of ,+e I!!&# <ul
re*io$ a "ou,r& w+i"+$ a! will 0e !ee$ 0elo*ed ,o ,+e I!lami;ed Tur#i" ruli* +ou!e of ,+e
<ara#+aid!> :a.i* ad.a"ed ,o wi,+i ei*+, da&!C mar"+ of oe of ,+e <ara#+aid "a)i,al!$
Bala!a*u o ,+e u))er '+u$ we!, of ,+e I!!&# <ul$ ,+e& were re)ul!ed 0& ,+e <ara#+aid #+a
of <a!+*ar$ Tu*+a>
151
T+e Ta*u, of :!i1:!ia were al!o ,uri* ,+eir e&e! we!,ward> T+eir #i*
'+ao TJ1mi* G1006157H i 1072 "a),ured ,+e ,ow of <a"+ow from ,+e Ui*ur> GT+e <+i,a$
af,er ,+eir 1009 eA)edi,io$ +ad failed ,o +old i,>H I 1056$ +i! !o '+ao YIa1+ao G10571L2H
!imilarl& ,oo# from ,+e Ti0e,a! ,+e ,ow! of Su"+ow ad Tu+wa*> I 10LL +e re)ul!ed a
a,,a"# 0& ,+e <+i,a ear ,+e Ordo!> (uri* +i! rei*$ ,+e Ta*u, a"?uired a wri,i* of ,+eir ow$
,+e :!i1:!ia !"ri),$ deri.ed from '+ie!e> 9 w+ole li0rar& of )ri,ed ad mau!"ri), wor#! i
:!i1 :!ia wa! di!"o.ered i 1902 0& ,+e <o;lo. mi!!io a, <ara#+o,o$ ,+e old Yi1,!i1ai$ 8ar"o
PoloC! E,;ia$ i or,+er <a!u>
157

T+e <+i,a +ad !imilarl& e.ol.ed a !"ri), of ,+eir ow$ 0u, u,il re"e,l& o ,ra"e "ould 0e foud
of i,>
155
9, la!,$ i 1977$ S155T ,wo i!"ri),io! i ,+i! <+i,a wri,i*$ da,i* from ,+e fir!, &ear!
of ,+e ,welf,+ "e,ur&$ were di!"o.ered i 8o*olia>
15L

THE 47RCHI-
T+e dream of re"o?ueri* from ,+e <+i,a ,+e re*io! of Pe#i* ad Ta,u* !,ill +au,ed ,+e
mid! of ,+e '+ie!e> Em)eror :ui,!u* G1101173H=oe of ,+e mo!, 0rillia, of ,+e Su* ruler!$
a lo.er of ar,$ ad +im!elf a )ai,er=made ,+e mi!,a#e of M!e,,i* 0ar0aria! a*ai!, 0ar0aria!$
ad ,+o!e w+o are far a*ai!, ,+o!e w+o are ear>M I ,+i! ma& 0e re"o*i;ed ,+e ,radi,ioal
'+ie!e ,a",i"!$ !o of,e )ra",i"ed wi,+ !u""e!!$ o,a0l& a, ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e Ya* )eriod 0&
TCai1,!u* ,+e Grea,> I ,+i! "a!e i, wa! a error> T+e <+i,a=,+o!e ow ,em)ered$ "i.ili;ed$ ad
fairl& Sii"i;ed 8o*ol!=+ad 0e"ome ,olera0l& *ood ei*+0or!> To ,+eir rear$ i ,+e U!!uri
fore!,!$ i ,+e 8a"+uria or,+ea!, ad i w+a, i! ,oda& Ru!!iaC! mari,ime )ro.i"e$ li.ed a
Tu*u!# )eo)le "alled %ur"+id G%u1"+e i '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io$ %ur"+e i 9ra0o1Per!iaH>
153
I
117L173$ ,+e '+ie!e am0a!!ador :iu <Ca*1,!u* de!"ri0e! ,+e!e %ur"+id a! !+eer 0ar0aria!$
156
for ,+e #+aC! +ead?uar,er! wa! !urrouded 0& )a!,ure lad ad *ra;i* +erd!> T+i! "lu!,er of
dwelli*! +ad o !,ree,! or e.e alle&!$ ad o defe!i.e wall! eA"e), for ,+e oe e"ir"li* ,+e
ro&al "am) or 0arra"#!> T+e #+a !a, o a ,+roe "o.ered wi,+ ,wel.e ,i*er !#i!> T+ere wa!
mu"+ 0ar0ari" re.elr&$ wi,+ "arou!i*$ mu!i"$ wild da"e!$ ad mimi* of +u,! ad 0a,,le!E al!o
= !u)reme luAur& for ,+e!e fore!, dweller!=)ai,ed wome @u**led wi,+ mirror! from w+i"+
,+e& )ro@e",ed fla!+e! of li*+, u)o ,+e !)e",a,or!> GT+i! wa! ,+e *ame of ,+e T+uder0ol,
Godde!!$ aalo*ou! ,o ,+e %a)ae!e !"ee of w+i"+ 9ma,era!u i! ,+e +eroie>H I, wa! wi,+ ,+e!e
0ar0aria!=Mwor!e ,+a wol.e! or ,i*er!$M a""ordi* ,o <orea am0a!!ador! a, ,+e "our, of
'+ia= ,+a, '+ia allied +er!elf i order ,o de!,ro& ,+e <+i,a$ w+o were +er defe!e a*ai!,
,+i! !ame +i,erlad of 0ar0ari!m>
%u!, a, ,+i! ,ime a eer*e,i" "+ief amed 91#u1,a$ of ,+e ro&al Wa1&e "la$ wa! 0u!&
or*ai;i* ,+e %ur"+id G1115175H>
157
I 111L$ +a.i* de,e",ed ,+e +idde wea#e!! of ,+e <+i,a
ruler!$ w+o +ad a0!or0ed ,oo mu"+ of ,+e '+ie!e wa& of life$ +e re0eled a*ai!, ,+eir !u;erai,&
ad led +i! +orde ,o "o?uer ,+eir domiio!> Wi,+i ie &ear! +e de)ri.ed ,+em of all ,+eir
S15LT
S153T
!,ro*+old!$ !ei;i* from or,+ ,o !ou,+ ,+e followi* "e,er!4 i 111L$ Ni*#ia* G!ou,+ of
moder :ar0i$ o a ,ri0u,ar& of ,+e Su*ariHE i 1116$ /iao&a*$ ,+e fall of w+i"+ 0rou*+, ,+e
w+ole of )re!e,1da& 8a"+uria i,o %ur"+id +ad!E i 1170$ /i+wa*$ ,+e or,+er "a)i,al of
,+e <+i,a Go ,+e S+ara 8ure i ,+e or,+ of moder %e+olHE i 1177$ Ta,i*$ ,+eir "e,ral
"a)i,al Gear T!ife*$ or,+er %e+olHE ad i ,+e !ame &ear$ Ta,u*$ i or,+er S+a!i> I ,+e
,rea,& of allia"e !o ra!+l& "o"luded 0& ,+e em)eror :ui1,!u* of '+ia wi,+ ,+e %ur"+id$ i, +ad
0ee !,i)ula,ed ,+a, i ,+e )ar,i,io of ,+e <+i,a realm Pe#i* !+ould re.er, ,o '+ia> Bu, ,+e
'+ie!e )ro.ed i"a)a0le of redu"i* ,+e "i,&$ ad i, wa! ,+e %ur"+id w+o +ad ,o !ei;e i, G1177H$
af,er w+i"+ ,+e& )re!e,ed i, !omew+a, "o,em),uou!l& ,o '+ia G1175H> T+e la!, <+i,a #i*$
Ye1lI Ye+!i$ w+o +ad fled i ,+e dire",io of <u#u :o,o$ a,,em),ed a fial !,ad aroud
Wu"+ow Gear S+o)i*$ 117LH u,il +i! "a),ure 0& %ur"+id ruer! G1173H>
:a.i* ,+u! "o?uered ,+e <+i,a #i*dom$ ,+e %ur"+id$ uder ,+e a!,u,e *uida"e of ,+e ro&al
Wa1&e "la$ !,ro.e ,o e!,a0li!+ a re*ular !,a,e wi,+ a '+ie!e fa]ade> I ,+i! effor, ,+e&
0e!,owed u)o ,+eir Wa1&e d&a!,& ,+e ame of Golde4 lchun i Tu*u!i"$ (in Gor 'hinH i
'+ie!e$ w+e"e ,+e de!i*a,io <i 0& w+i"+$ wi,+ ,+e '+ie!e +i!,oria!$ i, will +e"efor,+ 0e
"alled>
152

T+e re)la"eme, of ,+e 8o*ol <+i,a=a )eo)le *row modera,e ad !e"ured 0& )led*e!=0&
a Tu*u!i" !,o"# of fier&$ u,amed$ 0ar0ari" ,em)erame, !oo re"oiled u)o ,+e '+ie!e$ w+o
+ad !o ra!+l& fa.ored ,+i! re.er!al> T+e <i ruler 91#u1,a$ w+o died a, ,+e +ei*+, of +i! ,rium)+
G1175H$ +ad 0ee !u""eeded 0& +i! 0ro,+er Wu1#Ci1mai$ a !,ill more am0i,iou! ma$ w+o rei*ed
from 1175 u,il 1153> T+e "our, of '+ia wa! uwi!e eou*+ ,o 0i"#er o.er ,+e )o!!e!!io of
!ome fro,ier ,ow! or,+ of Pe#i*$ ad we, !o far a! ,o led !e"re, !u))or, ,o ri!i*! a*ai!,
,+e <i> T+i! led ,o war> Wi,+i a few mo,+! ,+e <i *eeral Nie1mo1+o !ei;ed Pe#i* ad ,+e
:o)ei )lai from ,+e '+ie!e$ ,+e Tai&Ia ad ,+e +ear, of S+e!i G1173$ 1176H> 9o,+er <i
*eeral$ Wa1li1)u$ re@oied 0& Nie1mo1+o$ "ro!!ed ,+e Yellow Ri.er ad a))eared 0efore
<aife*$ ,+e '+ie!e "a)i,al> I,! defeder!$ ,+e lame,a0le em)eror :ui1,!u* ad +i! !o <i1
,!u*$ !urredered Ged of 1176H> T+e ,wo S156T u+a))& ruler!$ wi,+ all ,+eir !ui,e$ ,+eir
0a**a*e$ ad ,+eir ,rea!ure$ were de)or,ed ,o ,+e <i M"a)i,alM a, Ni*#ia*$ !ou,+ of :ar0i$ i
,+e de),+! of 8a"+uria G0e*ii* of 1177H>
159

Oe mem0er of ,+e im)erial Su* famil&$ <ao1,!u*$ e!"a)ed ,+i! di!a!,er> :e wa! )ro"laimed
em)eror i ,+e !ou,+$ a, Na#i*$ 0e&od ,+e )ro,e",i* Ya*,;e G1177H> 8eaw+ile$ ,+e <i
were "om)le,i* ,+e redu",io of ,+e la!, !,ro*+old! i or,+er '+ia w+i"+ were !,ill i
im)erial +ad!4 :o#ie ad Tami* i :o)ei$ T!ia i S+a,u*$ '+a*,e+ i :oa$ ad
:o"+u* GPu"+owH i ,+e !ou,+we!, "orer of S+a!i=,o !a& o,+i* of <aife*$ w+i"+ ,+e
im)erial for"e!$ )rofi,i* 0& ,+e a0!e"e of a <i *arri!o$ +ad reo""u)ied ad w+i"+ ow +ad ,o
0e re,a#e> GWe !+all !ee more of ,+i! u"o1ordia,ed !ie*e warfare uder %e*+i; <+a$ ad i
,+e !ame area!>H
9f,er ,+e or,+$ i, wa! ,+e ,ur of "e,ral '+ia> I 1179 ,+e <i$ uder ,+e "ommad of Nie1
mo1+o$ !u0@u*a,ed ,+e "ou,r& 0e,wee ,+e lower :wai ad ,+e lower Ya*,;e> 9f,er a )au!e$
,+e& a,,a"#ed ,+e lie of ,+e lower Ya*,;e wi,+ ,wo armie!> T+e we!,er arm& "ro!!ed ,+e ri.er
a, :wa*"+ow i :u)e+$ de!"eded o <ia*"+ow G<iu#ia* i <ia*!iH or,+ of /a#e Po&a*$
ad o :u*"+ow GNa"+a*H !ou,+ of ,+e la#e> Drom ,+ere i, )re!!ed o a! far a! <ie"+ow
G<a"+ow i !ou,+er <ia*!iH$ ,+e limi, of ,+e ad.a"e> I, +ad ,+u! ,ra.er!ed$ a, a *allo)$
almo!, ,+e w+ole of !ou,+er '+ia> No, e.e ,+e 8o*ol! i ,+e followi* "e,ur& were ,o
mo.e !o ra)idl&> T+e !e"od <i arm&$ w+i"+ o)era,ed o ,+e lower Ya*,;e$ "ro!!ed ,+a, ri.er
ear Tai)i* ad for"ed Na#i* ,o "a)i,ula,e> T+e em)eror <ao1,!u* +ad ,a#e fli*+, ,o
Ni*)o G,+e #ow a! 8i*"+owH ad la,er ,o ,+e )or, of We"+ow$ !ou,+ of '+e#ia*> Drom
Na#i* ,+e <i *eeral Wu1"+u +a!,eed i )ur!ui, ad "a),ured :a*"+ow ad Ni*)o Ged
of 1179 ad 0e*ii* of 1150H>
:owe.er$ ,+e <i arm&$ "o!i!,i* e,irel& of "a.alr&$ +ad .e,ured ,oo far i,o ,+i! '+ia of ,+e
!ou,+ wi,+ i,! flooded lad!$ i,er!e",i* ri.er!$ )add& field! ad "aal!$ ad de!e )o)ula,io
w+i"+ +ara!!ed ad e"ir"led i,> Wu1"+u$ leader of ,+e <i ,roo)!$ !ou*+, ,o re,ur or,+ 0u, wa!
+al,ed 0& ,+e Ya*,;e$ ow wide a! a !ea ad )a,rolled 0& '+ie!e flo,illa!> 9, la!, a ,rai,or
!+owed +im +ow +e mi*+, "ro!! ,+e ri.er ear '+e#ia*$ ea!, of Na#i* G1150H> 9f,er ,+e
!ou,+ wa! free of S157T ,+e <i$ ,+e em)eror <ao1,!u* re,ured i 1150 ad !e,,led i
:a*"+ow$ ad ,+i! ,ow remaied ,+e "a)i,al of '+ie!e '+ia u,il ,+e 8o*ol "o?ue!,>
T+e <i were di!"o"er,ed 0& ,+i! !e,0a"#> T+e '+ie!e *eeral! 0e*a ,o re"o.er ,+eir 0a!e!
0e,wee ,+e Ya*,;e ad Yellow ri.er!$ ad ,+e 0ra.e!, of ,+em$ Yo Dei$ re"a),ured from ,+e <i
,+e im)or,a, ,ow of Sia*&a* G115LH> I 1152 +e wa! o ,+e )oi, of mar"+i* o <aife*
w+e Em)eror <ao1,!u*$ a wea# "+ara",er w+o wa! 0e"omi* wear& of ,+i! war$ made )ea"e
wi,+ ,+e <i> T+e <i #i*$ :o1lo1ma G11531L9H$ w+o +ad @u!, !u""eeded +i! "ou!i Wu1#Ci1mai$
al!o wa,ed of )ea"e 0e"au!e of a da*er ,+rea,ei* +im from ,+e or,+> T+e 8o*ol!$ w+o
ow a))ear o ,+e !"ee=a, lea!, uder ,+e ame 0& w+i"+ ,+e& are #ow ,o +i!,or&=+ad @u!,
formed a federa,io uder ,+eir #+a \a0ul ad were a,,a"#i* ,+e <i i ,+e rear$ i ,+e re*io
of ,+e ea!,er Go0i G1153$ 1159H> I 11L7 ,+e <i were for"ed ,o "ede ,o ,+em a um0er of
fro,ier di!,ri",!>
1L0

Uder ,+i! !i,ua,io )ea"e wa! readil& "o"luded 0e,wee ,+e <i realm ad ,+e '+ie!e em)ire
of ,+e Su* G1152H> T+e fro,ier followed ,+e "our!e of ,+e :wai ad ,+e +ei*+,! 0e,wee ,+e
0a!i of ,+e Yellow Ri.er Gad of ,+e WeiH ad ,+a, of ,+e u))er :a$ ,+e Yellow Ri.er ad ,+e
Wei 0a!i 0ei* re,aied 0& ,+e <i ad ,+e :a 0a!i 0& ,+e '+ie!e> T+u! ,+e <i #e), :o)ei$
S+a,u*$ S+a!i$ almo!, ,+e w+ole of S+e!i ad of :oa$ ad a um0er of di!,ri",! or,+ of
9+wei ad <ia*!u$ !o ,+a, ,+eir )o!!e!!io! i '+ia were "o!idera0l& more eA,e!i.e ,+a
,+o!e of ,+eir )rede"e!!or! ,+e <+i,a>
'+ia$ ,+erefore$ wa! ow di.ided 0e,wee a a,ioal '+ie!e em)ire i ,+e !ou,+$ ,+a, of ,+e
Su*$ w+o re,aied :a*"+ow a! ,+eir "a)i,al$ ad a %ur"+id=,+a, i!$ a Tu*u!i"=#i*dom i
,+e or,+$ ,+a, of ,+e <i> 9, fir!, ,+e <i #e), ,+eir or,+er "a)i,al Gpei%king i '+ie!eH a,
:waii* ear :ar0i$ i 8a"+uria$ w+i"+ remaied ,+e "+ief re!ide"e of ,+eir #i*! u,il
1135> Our Pe#i* wa! merel& ,+eir !e"odar&$ !ou,+er "a)i,al Gnan%king i '+ie!eHE ,+e& +ad
al!o a "e,ral "a)i,al Gchung%kingH a, Ta,i*$ or,+ of %e+ol> I 1135$ ,+e <i ruler Ti1#u1ai made
Pe#i* +i! )ri"i)al re!ide"e$ ad from ,+a, ,ime oward Ta,i* i %e+ol )ro.i"e wa! re*arded
a! ,+e "a)i,al of ,+e or,+$ /iao&a* a! ,+e "a)i,al of ,+e ea!,$ Ta,u* a! ,+e "a)i,al of ,+e we!,$
our Pe#i* a! ,+e "e,ral "a)i,al$ ad <aife* a! ,+a, of ,+e !ou,+>
S152T
I, i! i,ere!,i* ,o o,e ,+e )ar, )la&ed i ,+e foudi* of ,+e <i realm 0& a )ri"e of ,+e ro&al
famil&$ Wa1&e Wu1!+i+ Go dou0, Go!+i i ,+e Tu*u!i" la*ua*e of ,+e %ur"+id!H$ a a0le
!,a,e!ma$ w+o owed )ar, of +i! iflue"e ,o +i! )o!i,io a! !+ama>
1L1
I, wa! +e w+o$ ada),i*
'+ie!e "+ara",er! ,o Tu*u!i" !oud!$ i.e,ed ,+e @ur"+id M*rea, "+ara",er!>M :i! )re!,i*e
made +im !u!)e", i ,+e e&e! of <i* :o1lo1ma$ w+o +ad +im )u, ,o dea,+ i 1159>
<i* Ti1#u1ai$ w+o a!"eded ,+e <i ,+roe af,er a!!a!!ia,i* +i! )rede"e!!or :o1lo1ma ad
)ar, of ,+e ro&al "la G11L9H$ wa! a 0ar0aria w+om "i.ili;a,io +ad merel& )er.er,ed$ a !e!ual
0ru,e w+o!e ra*e! were remii!"e, of ,+e !a.a*e ,em)erame, of ,+e old %ur"+id ad w+o!e
,a!,e for )lea!ure led +im ,o for!a#e ,+e 8a"+uria !ea, of ,+e fir!, <i=+i! a,i.e fore!,=for
,+e )ala"e! of Pe#i*> T+i! wa! a *ra.e error$ amou,i* almo!, ,o de!er,io a, a ,ime w+e
Ta,ar! ad 8o*ol! !+owed a i"rea!i* ,ede"& ,o raid ,+e 8a"+uria re*io> Bu, Ti1#u1
aiC! am0i,io wa! ,o 0e"ome a ,rue em)eror of '+ia ad$ ,o ,+a, ed$ ,o wi !ou,+er '+ia
from ,+e Su*> I 1161$ ,+erefore$ +e a,,a"#ed ,+e Su*$ )ee,ra,ed ,o ,+e lower Ya*,;e$ ad
a,,em),ed ,o "ro!! ,+e ri.er a, ,+e +ead of ,+e e!,uar& o))o!i,e Ya*"+ow$ ear ,+e i!le, of
<i!+a ad ,+e moder ,ow of '+e#ia*> Bu, +e me, wi,+ di!a!,er> :i! ,roo)!$ maddeed 0&
+i! ,&ra&$ murdered +im$ ad ao,+er #i*$ Wu1lo$ wa! )ro"laimed a, /iao&a* G1161H>
T+e ew <i !o.erei* lo!, o ,ime i ma#i* )ea"e wi,+ ,+e Su*$ "o"luded a! ,+e re!ul, of
e*o,ia,io! "arried o 0e,wee 1165 ad 1163$ o ,+e 0a!i! of ,+e status 9uo ante> T+e aal!
de!"ri0e +im a! a wi!e ad modera,e )ri"e w+o from +i! ,+roe i Pe#i* &eared for ,+e
fore!,! of or,+er 8a"+uria$ +i! ow lad> :e died .er& old$ lea.i* ,+e ,+roe ,o +i! *rad!o
8a,a1#u G1129H>
8a1,a1#u G112911702H$ a! '+ie!e aal! rela,e$ allowed ,+e mili,ar& di!"i)lie of ,+e %ur"+id
)eo)le ,o relaAE ,+e "o!e?ue"e! of ,+i! were ,o 0e"ome e.ide, uder +i! !u""e!!or$ a, ,+e ,ime
of ,+e 8o*ol i.a!io> 8eaw+ile$ i 1706$ w+e ,+e Su* +ad im)rude,l& reo)eed
+o!,ili,ie!$ ,+e <i "ro!!ed ,+e :wai$ w+i"+ mar#ed ,+e fro,ier 0e,wee ,+e ,wo !,a,e!$ ad
ad.a"ed a! far a! ,+e Ya*,;e> 8a1,a1#u demaded ,+e +ead of ,+e '+ie!e mii!,er w+o +ad
wa,ed war$ 0u, i 1702 a*reed ,o S159T a re,ur ,o ,+e ,erri,orial status 9uo o "odi,io ,+a,
,+ere !+ould 0e a i"rea!e i ,+e )re!e,! of !il.er ad !il# w+i"+ ,+e '+ie!e "our, !e, ,o ,+e
<i auall&$ ad w+i"+ were o,+i* 0u, ,+il& di!*ui!ed ,ri0u,e> (uri* ,+e rei* of +i!
!u""e!!or '+u*1+ei G1709115H$ ,+e 8o*ol i.a!io 0e*a>
Before *oi* o ,o "o!ider 8o*ol +i!,or&$ w+i"+ +a! a! mu"+ 0eari* o ,+e 8u!lim Tur#i"
world a! o ,+e Dar Ea!,$ i, ma& 0e well ,o *la"e ra)idl& 0a"# a, ,+e +i!,or& of ,+e Tur#! w+o
+ad 0ee e!,a0li!+ed o I!lami" ,erri,or& !i"e ,+e ele.e,+ "e,ur&>
S1L0T
J The Tur&s and Isla" to the Thirteenth Century
THE IRA1IA1 .ARRIER A,AI1ST THE T7R2IC #OR/- I1 THE TE1TH
CE1T7R(6 THE SAMA1I-S
T+e "o!olida,io of 9ra0 domia,io o.er Tra!oAiaa af,er ,+e 0a,,le of Tala! i 731$ alread&
me,ioed$ )ro.ed af,er a "e,ur& ,o +a.e 0eefi,ed ,+e Iraia fol#> I remo.i* from
Tra!oAiaa ,+e dou0le Tur#i" G,+e )a*aH ad '+ie!e )eril$ ,+e 9ra0 *o.eror! ,+ou*+, ,+a,
,+e& were wor#i* !olel& i ,+eir ow i,ere!,$ i 0e+alf of ,+e "ali)+a,e> Bu, i ,+e ,+ird ?uar,er
of ,+e followi* "e,ur&$ )ower i Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad )a!!ed from ,+e 9ra0 "o?ueror! ,o
,+e a,i.e Iraia!$ de!"eda,! of ,+e old So*dia! of +i!,or&> T+e )urel& Iraia Samaid!$ a
ruli* +ou!e ori*ia,i* i Sama ear Bal#+$ ,+u! from 273 ,o 999 foud ,+em!el.e! ma!,er! of
Tra!oAiaa$ wi,+ Bu#+ara a! ,+eir "a)i,al> T+i! !+if, of )ower o""urred wi,+ou, re.olu,io or
.iole"e$ i ,+e .er& 0o!om of 8u!lim !o"ie,& ad wi,+i ,+e !,ill offi"iall& re!)e",ed framewor#
of ,+e "ali)+a,e> T+e Samaid! were !a,i!fied wi,+ ,+e mode!, ,i,le of emir$ ad )re,eded ,o 0e
o,+i* more ,+a ,+e re)re!e,a,i.e! of ,+e "ali)+ of Ba*+dad> I fa",$ e.er&,+i* we, o a! if
,+e& were "om)le,el& ide)ede,$ ad ,+eir "laim ,o 0e "oe",ed wi,+ Ba+ram '+o0i$ ,+e
a"ie, #i* of Per!ia$ !+owed ,+e ,rue "+ara",er of ,+i! a,ioal Iraia re!,ora,io$ 0rou*+,
a0ou, uder "o.er of ,+e mo!, or,+odoA I!lam>
1

T+e *rea, )eriod of ,+e Samaid d&a!,& da,e! from Na!r i01 S1L1T 9+med$ w+o i 27L173
re"ei.ed Tra!oAiaa i fief from ,+e "ali)+ 8uC,amid$ wi,+ Samar#ad a! +i! re!ide"e>
7
I ,+e
!ame &ear$ Na!r a))oi,ed +i! 0ro,+er I!maCil wali or *o.eror of Bu#+ara> 'ofli", !oo 0ro#e
ou, 0e,wee ,+e ,wo 0ro,+er!$ +owe.er G223$ 226H$ a )eri"iou! ,ede"& "ommo ,o ,+e
Tra!oAiaia d&a!,ie!> O ,+e dea,+ of Na!r i 297$ I!maCil remaied !ole lord of Tra!oAiaa$
ad from ,+a, ,ime oward +i! ro&al !ea, of Bu#+ara 0e"ame ,+e Samaid "a)i,al>
T+i! I!maCil GI!maCil i019+med 2971907H wa! a *rea, !o.erei*> (ou0li* ,+e eA,e, of +i!
Iraia )o!!e!!io! ,+rou*+ a .i",or& wo 0& +i! ,roo)! ear Bal#+ i ,+e !)ri* of 900 o.er ,+e
Saffarid ruler C 9mr i0 el1/ai,+$ lord of <+ura!a$ w+om +e ,oo# )ri!oer$
5
I!maCil followed u)
,+i! ,rium)+ 0& aeAi* <+ura!a> I 907 0e wo Ta0ari!,a from ao,+er ro&al +ou!e$
i"ludi* Rai G)re!e, Te+eraH ad <a;.i> I ,+e or,+ea!, 0e 0ad 0ee "odu",i* a "am)ai*
!i"e 295 a*ai!, ,+e Tur#i" re*io of Tala!> U)o "a),uri* ,+e ,ow GTala! or 9ulie19,aH$ +e
,ured ,+e "+ur"+ of ,+e '+ri!,ia "ommui,& e!,a0li!+ed ,+ere=)ro0a0l& Ne!,oria=i,o a
mo!?ue>
L
T+e Iraia )ri"e re,ured from ,+i! eA)edi,io i,o ,+e Tur#i" !,e))e wi,+ a +u*e
0oo,& of +or!e!$ !+ee)$ ad "amel! !ei;ed from ,+e omad!> I, i! i,ere!,i* ,o o,e ,+a, i !o
doi* +e wa! re.er,i* ,o ,+e )oli"& of )re.e,i.e "ou,erraid! followed 0& ,+e old Sa!!aid
#i*! o ,+e or,+ 0a# of ,+e OAu! G9mu (ar&aH> T+i! wa,"+ o ,+e S&r (ar&a G@aAar,e!H=,+e
MWa,"+ o ,+e R+ieM of ,+e a"ie, lord! of Ira=wa! ow "olored wi,+ a )iou! )re,eA,4
Per!ia I!lamC! war o ,+e Tur#i" world$ w+e,+er )a*a or Ne!,oria> T+e !i,ua,io wa! ,o 0e
modified w+e ,+e Tur#i" +orde! of ,+e fro,ier re*io were "o.er,ed ,o I!lam> T+i! "+a*e of
fai,+$ for w+i"+ ,+e Samaid d&a!,& +ad !o ;ealou!l& !,ri.e$ wa! ,o re"oil u)o i,! )romo,er!$
for i, ,+rew ,+e *a,e! of 8u!lim !o"ie,& wide o)e ,o ,+e Tur#!$ ad i ,+e mid of more ,+a
oe "+ief,ai ,+i! wa! ,+e !ole o0@e", of ,+e "o.er!io>
T+e )ea# of ,+e Samaid d&a!,& from a ,erri,orial )oi, of .iew wa! rea"+ed i ,+e rei* of
Na!r II i019+med G91L1L5H> Ta!+#e, GS+a!+H i ,+e or,+$ Der*aa i ,+e or,+ea!,$ Rai i ,+e
!ou,+we!, G,+i! la,,er "i,& u,il 972H$ all formed )ar, of ,+e Samaid !,a,e$ w+i"+ eAer"i!ed a
a))re"ia0le iflue"e a! far a! <a!+*aria> Bu, ,+e "o.er!io of Na!r ,o S+iCa I!lam *a.e ri!e ,o
!eriou! di!,ur0a"e! w+i"+ re!ul,ed i +i! a0di"a,io> 9, ,+a, S1L7T ,ime$ ,+e Iraia! of
Tra!oAiaa were alread& arde, Sui,e!$ ad were i"lied ,o ma#e u!e of ,+e reli*iou!
differe"e ,o !+ar)e ,+e di!,i",io 0e,wee ,+em!el.e! ad ,+e Per!ia! )ro)er>
3

T+e rei* of Nu+ I i01Na!r G9L513LH !aw ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e d&a!,&C! de"lie> T+e Iraia
mili,ar& ari!,o"ra"& ,oo# ,o fome,i* i"e!!a, re0ellio> I ,+e !ou,+we!,$ ,+e Samaid!
o)eed +o!,ili,ie! a*ai!, ao,+er Iraia d&a!,&$ ,+a, of ,+e Bu&id!$ w+o rei*ed o.er we!,er
Per!ia> T+e "ofli", wa! eAa"er0a,ed 0& reli*iou! rif,!$ ,+e Samaid! 0ei* Sui,e! ad ,+e
Bu&id! S+iCi,e!E ad i, +ad a! i,! )re,eA, ad aim ,+e )o!!e!!io of ,+e "i,& of Rai$ w+i"+ "+a*ed
+ad! !e.eral ,ime!> I, wa! a moo,oou! !,ru**le$ affe",i* ol& ,+e i,eral +i!,or& of Ira$
eA"e), i !o far a! i, da*erou!l& wea#eed ,+e Samaid d&a!,& i i,! !,ad a*ai!, ,+e Tur#i"
world> 9, ,+a, mome,$ +owe.er$ ,+e "o.er!io ,o I!lam of ma& Tur#i" 0ad! e,i,led ,+e
Tur#i!+ "o.er,! ,o ri*+,! of mem0er!+i) i ,+e "ommui,& of Tra!oAiaa$ ,o w+i"+ ,+e& were
admi,,ed a! mer"earie!$ ad ,+ere0& deli.ered i,o ,+eir +ad! ,+e #e&! of ,+e Iraia
!,ro*+old>
Su"+ wa! ,+e "a!e wi,+ ,+e fu,ure G+a;a.id!> I ,+e rei* of ,+e Samaid C 90d al18ali# I G93L1
61H$ a Tur#i" !la.e amed 9l),i*i$ w+o +ad a,,aied ,o ,+e "ommad of ,+e *uard!$ +ad +im!elf
a))oi,ed *o.eror of <+ura!a G%auar&1De0ruar&$ 961H> Uder ,+e !u""eedi* Samaid$
8a!ur I i01Nu+ G961176H$ +e wa! di!mi!!ed from +i! )o!, ad re,ired ,o Bal#+> T+e$ dri.e
from ,+i! "i,& 0& ,+e Samaid arm&$ +e ,oo# refu*e a, G+a;i$ i 9f*+ai!,a G967H>
6
:i! famil&
!u""eeded i e!,a0li!+i* ,+em!el.e! ,+ere 0& re"o*i;i* ,+e Samaid !u;erai,& i ,+i! ew
realm> I, i! e.er,+ele!! ,rue ,+a, ,+i! wa! ,+e fir!, !,a,e fouded o 8u!lim Iraia ,erri,or& 0&
,+e Tur#!> 9l),i*i died !+or,l& af,erward G"a> 965FH> T+e Tur#i" mer"ear& arm& w+i"+ +e +ad
rai!ed i G+a;i$ ad w+i"+ wa! alread& )rofoudl& iflue"ed 0& I!lam$ wa! from 977 oward
led 0& ao,+er Tur#i" eA1!la.e= ao,+er 8amelu#e=amed Se0I#,i*i$ w+o made +im!elf
ma!,er of To#+ari!,a GBal#+1<udu;H ad <ada+ar$ ad em0ar#ed u)o ,+e "o?ue!, of
<a0ul>
7

I ,+e rei* of ,+e Samaid ruler Nu+ II i018a!ur G977197H$ ,+e feudal aar"+& re!ul,i* from
,+e i!u0ordia,io of ,+e Iraia mili,ar& o0ili,& rea"+ed !u"+ a )i,"+ ,+a, i 997 oe of ,+e!e
0aro!$ 90u C9li$ a))ealed for +el) a*ai!, +i! ma!,er ,o ,+e S1L5T <ara#+aid Tur# Bu*+ra1
#+a :aru$ w+o rei*ed a, Bala!a*u$ o ,+e '+u> Bu*+ra1#+a made a mili,ar& eA)edi,io ,o
Bu#+ara$ w+i"+ +e e,ered i 8a&$ 997$ ,+ou*+ +e did o, a,,em), ,o remai ,+ere> To "ou,er all
,+e!e re.ol,! ad ,+e mea"e of ,+e <ara#+aid Tur#!$ Nu+ II a))ealed ,o ,+e G+a;a.id Tur#!$
w+o a, ,+a, ,ime were "ommaded 0& ,+e eer*e,i" Se0I#,i*i G993H> Se0I,i*i$ +a.i* +a!,eed
from G+a;i$ ,oo# ,+e Samaid d&a!,& uder +i! )ro,e",io$ 0u, a))ro)ria,ed <+ura!a>
2
T+u!
,+e Iraia )ri"i)ali,& wa! redu"ed ,o Tra!oAiaa$ fla#ed o ,+e oe !ide 0& ,+e G+a;a.id
Tur#!$ ma!,er! of 9f*+ai!,a ad <+ura!a$ ad o ,+e o,+er 0& ,+e <ara#+aid Tur#!$ w+o
+eld !wa& o.er ,+e !,e))e! of ,+e '+u ad ,+e Ili ad of <a!+*aria> T+e ol& ?ue!,io ow wa!
w+i"+ of ,+e!e ,wo Tur#i" *rou)! would !,ri#e ,+e fial 0low>
I, wa! duri* ,+e rei* of ,+e Samaid ruler C 90d al18ali# II GDe0ruar&1O",o0er$ 999H ,+a, ,+e
0low fell$ ad from 0o,+ !ide!> T+e G+a;a.id 8a+mud$ !o ad !u""e!!or ,o Se0I#,i*i$
defea,ed +im ear 8er. ad for"ed +im ,o a0ado <+ura!a for *ood G8a& 16H> T+a, au,um$
Tra!oAiaa i,!elf wa! i.aded 0& ,+e <ara#+aid 9r!la Ile# Na!r$ #i* of U;*e i Der*aa$
w+o e,ered Bu#+ara o O",o0er 75$ 999$ ,oo# C 90d al18ali# )ri!oer$ ad aeAed
Tra!oAiaa>C
9

T+u! ,+e Iraia realm of ea!,er Ira ad Tra!oAiaa wa! ow di.ided 0e,wee ,wo 8u!lim
Tur#i" )ower!4 ,+e <ara#+aid #+a! of <a!+*aria$ w+o ,oo# Tra!oAiaa$ ad ,+e G+a;a.id
!ul,a! of 9f*+ai!,a$ w+o ,oo# <+ura!a> 9 !ummar& of ,+e +i!,or& of ,+e!e ,wo *rou)!$
w+i"+ )la&ed !o lar*e a )ar, i ,+e )ermae, Tur#i"i;i* of ,+e ,wo re*io!$ i! ,+e !u0@e", of ,+e
eA, !e",io>
THE T7R2ICI>I1, OF 2ASH,ARIA A1- TRA1SONIA1A6 THE 2ARA2HA1I-S
T+e Ui*ur Tur#!$ w+o$ af,er lo!i* ,+eir a!"eda"& i 8o*olia$ +ad !e,,led i ,+e or,+er )ar,
of ,+e Tarim$ a, <+o"+o GTurfaH$ Be!+0ali*+ G,+e (;im!a of ,oda&H$ <ara S+a+r$ ad <u"+a$
,ured ,+i! old To#+aria "ou,r& i,o a Tur#i" oeE e.er,+ele!!$ ,+e& did re!)e", i,! Budd+i!,
ad Ne!,oria "+ara",er> Uli#e ,+em$ ,+e <ara#+aid Tur#!$ w+o i ,+e followi* "e,ur&
0e"ame e!,a0li!+ed i ,+e we!, ad !ou,+we!, of S1LLT <a!+*aria$ ad i ,+e re*io of ,+e Ili
ad ,+e I!!&# <ul$ fudame,all& al,ered ,+e "+ara",er of ,+e re*io 0e"au!e of ,+eir "o.er!io
,o I!lam> T+i! "om0ied 8u!lim ad Tur#i" iflue"e allowed o,+i* of ,+e )a!, ,o !ur.i.e i
,+i! )ar, of 'e,ral 9!ia>
/i,,le i! #ow a0ou, ,+e ori*i! of ,+e <ara#+aid ro&al +ou!e$ ,+ou*+ i, wa! de!,ied ,o
domia,e <a!+*aria from ,+e middle of ,+e ,e,+ "e,ur& ,o ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e ,+ir,ee,+> I, i!
)o!!i0le$ a! Bar,+old )oi,! ou,$ ,+a, ,+e <ara#+aid! were a To?u; O*+u; "la w+o "a),ured ,+e
Bala!a*u re*io Gwe!, of ,+e I!!&# <ulH from ,+e \arlu? Tur#!>
10
T+e fir!, <ara#+aid
me,ioed i 8u!lim li,era,ure i! Sa,o? Bu*+ra1#+a$ #i* of <a!+*ar$ w+o died a0ou, 933 ad
w+o !eem! ,o +a.e )romo,ed ,+e ado),io of ,+e 8u!lim fai,+ amo* +i! )eo)le> Dor ,+e re!, of
,+e ,e,+ "e,ur& ad ,+rou*+ou, ,+e ele.e,+$ ,+e oa!e! of ,+e we!,er Tarim ad ,+e '+u ad
Tala! )lai! were !+ared ou, amo* mem0er! of +i! famil&$ w+o 0& ,+e were all 8u!lim!>
(e!)i,e ,+eir fai,+$ +owe.er$ ,+e <ara#+aid! did o, for*e, ,+e +eredi,ar& !,ru**le 0e,wee Tur#
ad Iraia ad were o, 0a"#ward i wa*i* war a*ai!, ,+e Samaid emir! of Tra!oAiaa$
al,+ou*+ ,+e!e were$ a, ,+e *a,ewa& ,o 'e,ral 9!ia$ ,+e offi"ial "+am)io! of Sui,e I!lam or
8u!lim or,+odoA&> 9! +a! 0ee !ee$ ,+e <ara#+aid Bu*+ra1#+a :aru$ w+o rei*ed a,
Bala!a*u o ,+e '+u$ 0e*a ,+e !erie! of Tur#i" i.a!io! i ,+i! area 0& a raid a! far a!
Bu#+ara i 8a&$ 997$ a raid$ i"ide,all&$ wi,+ou, immedia,e re!ul,!>
11
9o,+er <ara#+aid ruler$
9r!la Ile# Gor Ili*H Na!r of U;*e i Der*aa Gd> 1017 or 1015H$ wa! more for,ua,e>
17
O
O",o0er 75$ 999$ a! o,ed$ +e e,ered Bu#+ara a! .i",or$ ,oo# ,+e la!, Samaid GC 90d al18ali# IIH
)ri!oer$ ad aeAed Tra!oAiaa>
Sou,+ of ,+e 9mu (ar&a$ <+ura!a$ ao,+er rema, of ,+e Samaid +eri,a*e$ +ad falle i,o ,+e
+ad! of a !e"od Tur#i" d&a!,&4 ,+a, of ,+e G+a;a.id!$ re)re!e,ed a, ,+a, ,ime 0& ,+e
illu!,riou! !ul,a 8a+mud G99211050H$ ,+e "o?ueror of or,+we!,er Idia> T+e rela,io!
0e,wee ,+e!e ,wo Tur#i" 8u!lim +ou!e! were a, fir!, "orre", ad e.e +armoiou!> 9r!la Ile#
Na!r$ ,+e .i",or of Bu#+ara$ *a.e 8a+mud +i! dau*+,er i marria*e$ 0u, ,+e "o"ord wa! !+or,1
li.ed> T+e <ara#+aid!$ a firml& e!,a0li!+ed d&a!,& w+i"+ ruled o, ol& <a!+*aria 0u, al!o ,+e
old Tu1"+Ie+ "ou,rie! of ,+e Ili ad ,+e '+u$ re*arded ,+e G+a;a.id!$ ,+o!e oe1,ime !la.e!$ a!
u)!,ar,!> 8a+mud of S1L3T G+a;i$ o ,+e o,+er +ad$ +ad @u!, added ,+e Pu@a0 G100L13H ,o +i!
9f*+a ad <+ura!ai domai! ad +ad eri"+ed +im!elf wi,+ ,+e ,rea!ure! of Idia> Now
,+orou*+l& Irai;ed ad a, ,+e +ei*+, of +i! )ower$ wi,+ ,+e world of ,+e ra@a! falle a, +i! fee,$
+e loo#ed u)o ,+e <ara#+aid Tur#!$ w+o +ad li*ered ,oo lo* i ,+e mea*er or,+er !,e))e!$
a! 0ar0aria "ou!i! ad a "o!,a, ,+rea, ,o +i! ma*ifi"e, Ido1Iraia em)ire> O ,+i! la!,
)oi, +e wa! o, mi!,a#e> I 1006$ w+ile 8a+mud wa! de,aied i Idia$ ,+e <ara#+aid 9r!la
Ile# Na!r i.aded <+ura!a ad !a"#ed Bal#+ ad Ni!+a)ur> O +i! re,ur ,o Ira$ 8a+mud
defea,ed Ile# Na!r a, S+ar#+i&a ear Bal#+ G%auar& L$ 1002H ad dro.e +im from ,+e
)ro.i"e>
15
I ,+i! 0a,,le$ Ile# Na!r +ad 0ee +el)ed 0& +i! "ou!i \adir1#+a Yu!uf$ )ri"e of
<+o,aE 0u, a ,+ird <ara#+aid$ Tu*+a1#+a$ Ile# Na!rC! 0ro,+er$ allowed +im!elf ,o 0e wo
o.er ,o 8a+mudC! !ide>
O.er ad a0o.e ,+e!e famil& rif,!$ ,+e <ara#+aid!$ w+ile fi*+,i* alo* ,+e lie of ,+e 9mu
(ar&a a*ai!, 8a+mud of G+a;i$ were ,a#e i ,+e rear 0& ,+e <+i,a #i*! of Pe#i*$ w+o i
1017 !e, a arm& i,o <a!+*aria> T+i! i.a!io wa! i"ide,all& re)ul!ed 0& ,+e rei*i*
<ara#+aid i <a!+*ar$ Tu*+a1#+a> 8ior!#& +a! foud e.ide"e of a em0a!!& !e, 0& ,+e
<+i,a "our, of Pe#i* ,o 8a+mud of G+a;i$ o dou0, ,o rea"+ a a*reeme, wi,+ +im i
o))o!i* ,+e <ara#+aid!>
1L
I, i! ,rue ,+a, 8a+mud wa! for a lo* ,ime e*a*ed a, ,+e o))o!i,e
ed of +i! em)ire 0& ,+e "o?ue!, of Idia G"a),ure of T+ae!ar$ 101LE !a"# of 8a,+ura$ 1019E
!ie*e of Gwalior$ 1070171E !a"# of Soma,+$ 1073H> I 1073$ af,er eA,edi* +i! domiio! a! far
a! ,+e Ga*e! ad ,+e 8alwa$ +e re,ured ,o !e,,le a""ou,! wi,+ C 9li,i*i$ ,+e <ara#+aid ,+e
rei*i* i Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad> Ua0le ,o re!i!,$ C 9li1,i*i 0ea, a re,rea, ad 8a+mud
e,ered Samar#ad> 9, ,+e !ame mome,$ ao,+er <ara#+aid$ \adir#+a Yu!uf$ #i* of
<a!+*ar$ e,ered Tra!oAiaa> :e ad 8a+mud +ad a "our,eou! mee,i* 0efore Samar#ad$ wi,+
a .iew ,o di.idi* ,+e "ou,r& 0e,wee ,+em G1073H> I fa",$ ei,+er of ,+em !u""eeded> 9! !oo
a! 8a+mud re,ured ,o <+ura!a$ C 9li,i*i re"o.ered 0o,+ Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad G1076H>
13
8a+mudC! !o ad !u""e!!or$ ,+e G+a;a.id !ul,a 8a!Cud G10501L0H$ !e, ao,+er arm& a*ai!,
C 9li1,i*i ad a*ai o""u)ied Bu#+ara$ 0u, wa! ua0le ,o #ee) i, G1057H> C 9li1,i*i wa! ,o
remai ma!,er of Tra!oAiaa u,il +i! dea,+ i ,+e !ame &ear> S+or,l& af,erward$ S1L6T ,+e
"ou,r& )a!!ed i,o ,+e +ad! of a <ara#+aid of a differe, 0ra"+4 Buri1,i*i$ #ow a!
Tam*a,"+1#+a$ w+o rei*ed i Bu#+ara from 10L1 Gor 10L7H ,o 1062>
16

8eaw+ile$ a! will 0e !ee$ a !eriou! re.olu,io +ad ,a#e )la"e i ,+e Iraia ea!,> O 8a& 77$
10L0$ ,+e G+a;a.id! +ad 0ee 0ea,e a, ,+e 0a,,le of (adaa?a$ ear 8er.$ 0& ao,+er Tur#i"
0ad$ ,+e Sel@u#!$ w+o +ad "a),ured <+ura!a from ,+em ad dri.e ,+em 0a"# i,o 9f*+ai!,a
ad Idia> T+e Sel@u# #+a To*rul10e*$ or To*+rul10e*$ .i",or of (adaa?a$ ,+e !u0@u*a,ed
,+e re!, of Per!ia$ ad i 1033 e,ered Ba*+dad$ w+ere +e wa! re"o*i;ed 0& ,+e 900a!id "ali)+
a! !ul,a$ #i* of Ea!, ad We!,> T+i! .a!, Tur#i" em)ire$ w+i"+ !oo eA,eded from ,+e 9mu
(ar&a ,o ,+e 8edi,erraea$ wa! li,,le i"lied ,o ,olera,e ,+e ide)ede"e of ,+e )e,,&
<ara#+aid #+a! i Tra!oAiaa> T+e <ara#+aid S+am! al18ul# Na!r$ BuriC! !o ad
!u""e!!or$ w+o rei*ed i Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad from 1062 ,o 1020$ !uffered ,+e i.a!io of
+i! domai! i 1077 0& ,+e !e"od Sel@u# !ul,a$ 9l) 9r!la> I ,+i! "am)ai* 9l) 9r!la wa!
#illed$ ad +i! !o$ ,+e *rea, !ul,a 8ali#!+a+$ mar"+ed o Samar#ad$ 0u, *ra,ed )ea"e ,o
S+am! al18ul#$ w+o 0e"ame +i! .a!!al G107LH> I 1029$ 8ali#!+a+ re,ured ,o ,+e "+ar*e$
o""u)ied Bu#+ara$ "a),ured Samar#ad$ ad im)ri!oed ,+e <ara#+aid 9+med$ e)+ew ad
!e"od !u""e!!or ,o S+am! al18ul#$ w+om +e la,er rei!,a,ed a! "lie,1ruler> Drom ,+a, ,ime
forward$ ,+e <ara#+aid! w+o rei*ed i Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad did !o a! lieu,ea,! of ,+e
Sel@u# !ul,a!> Tra!oAiaa wa! ow o more ,+a a de)ede"& of ,+e Sel@u# Em)ire>
W+ile ,+e <ara#+aid! of Tra!oAiaa were ,+u! !,ru**li* ad !u""um0i*$ ,+o!e of ,+e Ili ad
of <a!+*aria$ remo,e from !u"+ *rea, +i!,ori"al drama!$ were )ur!ui* a more o0!"ure de!,i&>
9! o,ed$ oe of ,+em$ \adir1#+a Yu!uf$ 0ad reui,ed +i! famil&C! domai! i ,+a, re*io4
Bala!a*u$ <a!+*ar$ ad <+o,a> 9, +i! dea,+$ Bala!a*u$ <a!+*ar$ ad <+o,a )a!!ed ,o oe of
+i! ,wo !o!$ 9r!la1#+a G"a> 1057133FH> T+e o,+er !o$ 8u+ammad Bu*+ra1#+a$ re"ei.ed
Tala! G"a> 1057137H> 90ou, 1033$ Bu*+ra1#+a o"e more uified ,+e "ou,r& 0& ,a#i*
<a!+*aria from 9r!la1#+a$ ,+ou*+ fur,+er )ar,i,io! followed> 9, ,+e ed of ,+e ele.e,+
"e,ur&$ Bala!a*u$ <a!+*ar$ ad <+o,a were )re!uma0l& o"e more ui,ed uder ,+e
<ara#+aid Bu*+ra1#+a :aru Gd> 1107H$ ,o w+om ,+e famou! S1L7T Tur#i" 0oo# @udat9u
bilig/ wri,,e a0ou, 1069 0& Yu!uf <+a!! :a@@i0 of Bala!a*u$ wa! a))are,l& dedi"a,ed>
T+a#! ,o ,+e <ara#+aid!$ 8u!lim Tur#i" domia,io +ad 0e"ome dee)l& roo,ed i <a!+*aria
ad i ,+e I!!&# <ul 0a!i w+e i 1150 ,+e!e re*io! were "o?uered 0& a 8o*ol$ M)a*aM
)eo)le$ ,+e <+i,a of Pe#i*> Bu, 0efore de!"ri0i* ,+i! re.olu,io of e.e,!$ we !+all re,ur
0riefl& ,o ,+e +i!,or& of ,+e Sel@u# Tur#! i We!,er 9!ia>
RO/E OF ME SE/472S I1 T7R2ISH HISTOR(
I ,+e ,e,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e Per!ia *eo*ra)+& of :udud al19lam ,ell! u!$ w+a, i! ow ,+e "ou,r& of
,+e <ir*+i;1<a;a#+!$ or,+ of /a#e Bal#+a!+=,+a, i! ,o !a&$ ,+e !,e))e of ,+e ri.er! Sar&1Su$
Tur*ai$ ad Em0a=wa! i+a0i,ed 0& Tur#i" )eo)le!4 ,+e O*+u; or G+u;;$ #ow ,o B&;a,ie
"+roi"ler! 0& ,+e ame of Ou;oi>
17
/i*ui!,! ra# ,+e!e G+u;;=,o*e,+er wi,+ ,+e old <imK#!
of ,+e middle Yei!ei of ,+e O0$ ,+e old <i)"+a#! w+o la,er emi*ra,ed ,o !ou,+er Ru!!ia$ ad
,+e moder <ir*+i;=i oe )ar,i"ular Tur#i" *rou)$ di!,i*ui!+ed from ,+e re!, 0& ,+e mu,a,io
of ,+e ii,ial & !oud ,o @ Gd@H>
12
T+e!e are ,+e !ame G+u;; w+o +a.e 0ee #ow !i"e ,+e
%e*0i; <+a era a! Tur#me4 our Tur#oma!>
19

T+e G+u;; of ,+e ele.e,+ "e,ur&$ li#e ,+e moder Tur#me$ formed a *rou) of loo!el& li#ed
,ri0e! w+i"+ were of,e a, war amo* ,+em!el.e!> I ,+e !e"od ?uar,er of ,+e ele.e,+ "e,ur&$
,+e& !ou*+, ,+eir for,ue i !ou,+er Ru!!ia ad i Ira> Ru!!ia "+roi"le! fir!, o,e ,+eir
a))eara"e i !ou,+er Ru!!ia a0ou, 103L> :arried 0& ao,+er Tur#i" +orde$ ,+e <i)"+a#!=a
0ra"+ of ,+e <imK#! of ,+e middle Ir,&!+ or of ,+e O0=,+e!e U;e!$ a! ,+e B&;a,ie! "alled
,+em GOu;oiH$ )ee,ra,ed a! far a! ,+e lower (au0e$ "ro!!ed i,$ ad i.aded ,+e Bal#a!$ w+ere
,+e& were fiall& "ru!+ed G1063H> 9o,+er G+u;; "la$ ,+a, of ,+e Sel@u#!$ mo.i* i ao,+er
dire",io$ me, wi,+ a more 0rillia, for,ue4 i, "o?uered Per!ia ad 9!ia 8ior>
T+e e)o&mou! +ero of ,+e Sel@u#!$ a))ro)ria,el& Sel@u#
70
Gor Sal@I#H$ wa! ,+e !o of a "er,ai
(u?a? !uramed Timur&ali*+ =Mof ,+e iro 0owM=ad ei,+er ,+e "+ief or a emie, mem0er
of ,+e G+u;; ,ri0e of ,+e \ii?!> Before 923$ +e ad +i! "la !)li, off from ,+e 0ul# of ,+e G+u;;
ad !e, u) "am) o ,+e S1L2T ri*+, 0a# of ,+e lower S&r (ar&a$ i ,+e dire",io of %ed$ ear
moder Pero.!# Gow <;&l1OrdaH> T+e ame! of +i! !o! =8i#aCil$ 8u!a$ I!raCil=+a.e led
!ome ,o "o"lude ,+a, +e )rofe!!ed ,+e Ne!,oria fai,+> T+ere are o *roud! for ,+i! a!!um),io$
for ,+e!e Bi0li"al ame! are al!o 8u!lim oe!E ad i, i! li#el& ,+a, i !e,,li* o ,+e 0order! of
Samaid Tra!oAiaa$ ,+e Sel@u# "la wa! "om)elled ,o a0ado i,! a"ie, Tur#o1 8o*ol
!+amai!m for I!lam>
I ,+i! )eriod$ ,+e Iraia Samaid d&a!,& of Tra!oAiaa wa! eA)erie"i* *rea, diffi"ul,& i
defedi* i,!elf a*ai!, ,+e Tur#i" <ara#+aid d&a!,& of ,+e I!!&# <ul ad <a!+*aria> 9!,u,el&$
,+e Sel@u#! !ided wi,+ ,+e Iraia )ri"e a*ai!, ,+eir ow #i> Ne.er,+ele!!$ a! Bar,+old )oi,!
ou,$ ,+e!e G+u;;= w+o +ad 0arel& emer*ed from ,+e !,e))e! of ,+e Sar&1Su ad ,+e Ir*i;$ ad
from )a*ai!m=mu!, +a.e 0ee far *rea,er 0ar0aria! ,+a ,+e <ara#+aid!$ w+o +ad 0ee
follower! of I!lam for o.er a "e,ur& ad +ad 0e"ome rela,i.el& "i.ili;ed uder ,+e dual
iflue"e of ,+e Samaid! i ,+e we!, ad ,+e Ui*ur i ,+e ea!,>
9f,er ,+e fall of ,+e Samaid!$ w+e ,+eir +eri,a*e wa! 0ei* di!)u,ed 0e,wee ,+e <ara#+aid
Tur#!$ lord! of Tra!oAiaa$ ad ,+e G+a;a.id!$ w+o ruled i <+ura!a$ ,+e Sel@u# Tur#!
ad.a"ed !,a*e 0& !,a*e$ i ,+e maer of moder Tur#oma ,ri0e!$ )rofi,i* 0& ,+e *eeral
di!order$ ad "am)ed i ,+e +ear, of Tra!oAiaa$ w+ere i 923 ,+e& )i,"+ed ,+eir ,e,! or,+ea!,
of Bu#+ara>
71
90ou, 1073$ oe of ,+eir "+ief!$ 9r!la GMT+e /io$M +i! Tur#i!+ ameH I!raCil G+i!
8u!lim oeH$ di!,i*ui!+ed 0& ,+e ,i,le of yabghu$ a",ed a! auAiliar& ,o ,+e lo"al <ara#+aid$
C9li1,i*i$ a*ai!, 8a+mud ,+e G+a;a.id> 8a+mud ,oo# 9r!la )ri!oer$ "arried +im off ,o
G+a;i$ ad a,,em),ed 0& !,er re)re!!i.e mea!ure! ,o !u0due ,+e re!, of ,+e ,ri0e> Bu, ,+eir
maer of life ea0led ,+e!e omad! ,o e!"a)e a& a",io 0& ,+e !ede,ar& )eo)le!> T+e
G+a;a.id wa! "om)elled i ,+e ed ,o lea.e C9li1,i*i ma!,er of Tra!oAiaa> O ,+e la,,erC!
dea,+ G1057H$ ,+e Sel@u#!$ w+o !eem ,o +a.e 0ee lo&al ,o +im u,il ,+e ed$ re0elled a*ai!, +i!
!o! ad from ,+e oward wa*ed war o ,+eir ow a""ou,> T+eir "+ief! To*rul0e*$ (aud$ ad
Pai*+u GM,+e yabghuFMH a!#ed ,+e G+a;a.id !ul,a 8a!Cud for lad! i <+ura!a> O ,+e
!ul,aC! refu!al$ To*rul10e* !ei;ed Ni!+a)ur G9u*u!,$ 1052H ad ifli",ed u)o S1L9T +im ,+e
di!a!,rou! defea, of (adaa?a ear 8er. G8a& 77$ 10L0H$ af,er w+i"+ ,+e G+a;a.id! were
,+row 0a"# i,o 9f*+ai!,a ad 0ad ,o a0ado ,+e w+ole of <+ura!a ,o Sel@u#C!
de!"eda,!>
77

T+e Sel@u#!=a +orde wi,+ou, ,radi,io$ ad ,+e lea!, "i.ili;ed of all ,+e omad "la! ,+a, +ad
re"e,l& em0ra"ed I!lam= foud ,+em!el.e!$ a, a !,ro#e$ ma!,er! of ea!,er Ira> T+eir
ueA)e",ed *ood for,ue mi*+, +a.e "ulmia,ed i di!a!,er for "i.ili;a,io 0ad ,+e "la o, 0ee
led 0& a few i,elli*e, "+ief! w+o i!,i",i.el& a))re"ia,ed ,+e !u)eriori,& of 9ra0o1Per!ia
"ul,ure ad$ i!,ead of de!,ro&i* i,$ "o!,i,u,ed ,+em!el.e! i,! *uardia!> O e,eri* Ni!+a)ur$
To*rul10e* "au!ed ,+e khutba ,o 0e )roou"ed i +i! ame$ ,+u! )ro"laimi* ,+a, +e i,eded ,o
a0ide 0& 8u!lim i!,i,u,io!> T+e "o?ue!, )ro"eeded i ,+e maer of ,+e !,e))e!$ ea"+
mem0er of ,+e famil& !,ri.i* ,o wi !ome,+i* o +i! ow a""ou,> To*rul10e*C! 0ro,+er
'+a*ri0e*$ +i! )a,eral "ou!i \u,ulmi!+ or \u,lumi!+$ ad +i! ma,eral "ou!i I0ra+im i01
Ial all a",ed i ,+i! wa&$ w+ile !,ill re"o*i;i* ,+e !u)reme au,+ori,& of To*rul10e* +im!elf>
'+a*ri0e*$ for eAam)le$ i 10L71L5 !ei;ed <+wari;m G<+i.aH> I0ra+im i01Ial !e,,led i ,+e
Rai di!,ri",$ 0u, ,+e omad ,em)erame, o"e more *aied ,+e u))er +ad$ ad +i! for"e!
"ommi,,ed !u"+ eA"e!!e! ,+ere ,+a, To*rul10e* +ad ,o i,er.ee ad re!,ore order> 9! To*rul10e*
)ee,ra,ed far,+er i,o ,+e 9ra0o1Per!ia world$ +e deri.ed more ad more 0eefi, from ,+e
admii!,ra,i.e idea! of ,+e!e a"ie, "i.ili;ed "ou,rie!E ,+e& ,ured +im from a leader of a 0ad
i,o a leader of a !,a,e$ made of +im a re*ular ad a0!olu,e ruler wi,+ a!!ura"e of a!"eda"&
o.er ,+e o,+er "a),ai!$ +i! #i!me>
We!,er Per!ia +ad lo* 0ee ruled 0& a )urel& Per!ia +ou!e4 ,+a, of ,+e Bu&id! G95711033H> So
Per!ia wa! ,+e d&a!,&$ ideed$ ,+a, i, +ad "o,iued ,o )rofe!! ,+e di!!ide, 8u!lim do",rie of
,+e "ou,r&$ S+iCa$ o,wi,+!,adi* ,+e fa", ,+a, ,+e Bu&id )ri"e! )re!ided a! emir! el%omara
0e!ide ,+e Sui,e "ali)+! of Ba*+dad$ w+om ,+e& +ad redu"ed ,o idlee!! ad for w+om ,+e&
a",ed a! ma&or! of ,+e )ala"e> Bu, i ,+e ele.e,+ "e,ur& ,+e Bu&id! were i de"lie> I 1079$
8a+mud of G+a;i +ad de)ri.ed ,+em of ,+e *rea,er )ar, of Ira? C9@ami> 9, ,+e ,ime of ,+e
Sel@u# i.a!io$ ,+e la!, of ,+em$ <+o!rau Diru; S130T ar1Ra+im G10L2133H$ !,ill +eld=uder ,+e
,i,le of emir el%omara =Ba*+dad ad Ira? C9ra0i$ S+ira;$ ad Dar!$ w+ile oe of +i! 0ro,+er! +ad
<erma> I, i! "uriou! ,+a, ,+i! la!, Per!ia )ri"e of ,+e ele.e,+ "e,ur&$ o ,+e e.e of ,+e Tur#i"
i.a!io$ !+ould +a.e 0ore ,+e ame of ,wo of ,+e *rea,e!, #i*! of Sa!!aid Per!ia>
To*rul10e* wa! !ome ,ime i "o?ueri* Ira? C9@ami$ for de!)i,e ,+e aar"+& )re.aili* i ,+e
"ou,r&$ +i! 0ad! of O*+u; omad! did o, #ow +ow ,o ,a#e "i,ie!> I!)a+a did o, "a)i,ula,e
for a &ear$ ad ,+e ol& 0e"au!e i, wa! !,ar.ed ou, G1031H> To*rul10e*$ a,,ra",ed 0& ,+e
!ede,ar& life$ made i, +i! "a)i,al> 9mid ,+e )re.aili* )oli,i"al di!ru),io$ feudal di!i,e*ra,io$
ad i,elle",ual aar"+&$ ,+e Tur#=rou*+ ad rude ,+ou*+ +e wa!=re)re!e,ed !ome )ri"i)le
of order$ ,o w+i"+ ,+e )eo)le !u0mi,,ed o dou0, wi,+ li,,le re*re,> I 103L$ To*rul10e* re"ei.ed
,+e +oma*e of ,+e lord! of 9;er0ai@a GTa0ri;$ Ga@a$ e,">H> :e wa! !ummoed ,o Ba*+dad 0& al1
\aCim +im!elf$ ,+e 900a!id "ali)+$ ad 0& ,+e "ali)+C! "ommader of ,+e *uard$ Be!a!iri$ 0o,+ of
w+om wi!+ed ,o ,+row off ,+e &o#e of ,+e Bu&id!> 9ided 0& all ,+e!e "ofli",!$ To*rul10e*
e,ered Ba*+dad ad de)o!ed ,+e la!, Bu&id$ <+o!rau Diru; G1033H>
I 1032 ,+e "ali)+ !a",ioed ,+i! fait accompli 0& re"o*i;i* To*rul10e* a! +i! ,em)oral
de)u,&$ wi,+ ,+e ,i,le of <i* of Ea!, ad We!,> 9, ,+e mome, of a,,aii* ,o ,+i! u)re"ede,ed
+oor$ To*rul +ad ,o deal wi,+ ,+e re.ol, of +i! "ou!i I0ra+im i01Ial$ w+o allied +im!elf wi,+
Be!a!iri> Profi,i* 0& ,+i! war 0e,wee Sel@u#!$ Be!a!iri 0riefl& reo""u)ied Ba*+dad$ w+ere +e
)ro"laimed ,+e fall of ,+e "ali)+ al1\aCim=w+o wa! "o!idered ,oo well1di!)o!ed ,oward ,+e
Sel@u#!=ad 0e"ame a !u))or,er of S+Cia I!lam G(e"em0er$ 1032H> Da"ed 0& ,+i! da*er$
To*rul0e* !+owed +im!elf ,o 0e le.el+eaded ad re!olu,e> :e ,ured fir!, a*ai!, I0ra+im i01
Ial$ defea,ed +im ear Rai$ ad 0ad +im eAe"u,edE ,+e +e 0ea, ad #illed Be!a!iri 0efore
Ba*+dad ad 0rou*+, 0a"# ,+e "ali)+ i ,rium)+ ,o +i! "a)i,al G0e*ii* of 1060H> T+u! ,+e
)e,,& "+ief,ai of ,+e O*+u; 0ad +ad !u""eeded o, ol& i di!"i)lii* +i! +orde$ +i! "la$ ad
+i! famil& ad i a!!umi* leader!+i) of a re*ular *o.erme, 0u, al!o i wii* re"o*i,io a!
,+e offi"ial re)re!e,a,i.e of ,+e S131T 9ra0 "ali)+a,e> Be,,er &e,$ +e wo ,+e a""laim of ,+e
Sui,e world=,+a, i! ,o !a&$ of or,+odoA I!lam=a! ,+e !a.ior ad re!,orer of ,+a, "ali)+a,e>
T+e Tur#i!+ !ul,aa,e ,+u! re)la"ed ,+e Per!ia emira,e a! ,+e ,em)oral "ou,er)ar, of ,+e 9ra0
"ali)+a,e$ a !u0!,i,u,io ,+a, wa! ,+e more la!,i* i ,+a, ,+e Tur#!$ ewl& "o.er,ed ,+ou*+ ,+e&
were$ +ad$ uli#e ,+e M+ere,i"M Iraia!$ ,+e *ood for,ue ,o )rofe!! or,+odoA&> No, ,+a, ,+e&
were faa,i"!> T+e fir!, Sel@u# !ul,a!$ de!"eded from a lie of )a*a yabghu$ were ,oo rou*+
ad for,+ri*+, ,o !+are ,+e!e ideolo*ie!> Bu, ,+e& foud i, "o.eie,$ w+e !ee#i* "o?ue!, i
,+e We!,$ ,o @u!,if& ,+e old Tur#i" eA)a!io uder ,+e *ui!e of ,+e :ol& War of I!lam>
9lmo!, wi,+ou, a !,ru**le$ ad "er,ail& wi,+ou, eA"e!!i.e .iole"e$ 0e"au!e of ,+e eA+au!,ed
!,a,e of We!,er 9!ia,i" !o"ie,&$ ,+e Tur#! im)o!ed ,+eir em)ire u)o ,+a, of ,+e 9ra0!$
reifor"i* wi,+ou, de!,ro&i* i,$ ledi* i, ew .i*or$ ad !o @u!,if&i* ad le*i,imi;i* ,+eir
ow im)erial eAi!,e"e>
9l) 9r!la i0 '+a*ri10e* G1065177H$ To*rul10e*C! e)+ew ad !u""e!!or$ wa! from ,+e ,ime of
+i! a""e!!io fa"ed wi,+ ,+e ,a!# of a0oli!+i* ,+e aar"+i"al "u!,om! of +i! famil& "la$ ,+e
mem0er! of w+i"+ were e.ide,l& mo!, uwilli* ,o form ,+em!el.e! i,o a re*ular !,a,e> 9l)
9r!la ,+erefore +ad ,o defea, +i! "ou!i \u,ulmi!+$ w+o wa! #illed G106516LH$ ad +i! u"le
\awurd$ w+o wa,ed ,o rai!e a re.ol, i <erma$ ad w+om +e )ardoed G106LH> I ,+e We!, +e
made ,+e 8irda!id d&a!,& of 9le))o +i! .a!!al G1070H> :i! *rea,e!, ,i,le ,o fame i 8u!lim
+i!,or& i! +i! .i",or& ad +i! "a),ure of ,+e B&;a,ie em)eror Romau! (io*ee! a, ,+e 0a,,le
of 8ala;*ir, G8a;i#er,H$ i 9rmeia$ o 9u*u!, 19$ 1071>
75
T+i! wa! a +i!,ori" e.e, w+i"+
a!!ured i ,+e lo* ru ,+e "o?ue!, of 9a,olia 0& ,+e Tur#!> 9, ,+e ,ime$ +owe.er$ ,+e 0a,,le did
o more ,+a !e, ,+e !eal o ,+e "o?ue!, of 9rmeia 0& ,+e Sel@u#!> 9l) 9r!la a""orded
"+i.alrou! ,rea,me, ,o ,+e 0a!ileu! +i! )ri!oer$ ad !oo *a.e +im +i! freedom> I +ome affair!$
,+i! Mui!,ru",ed ad )ro0a0l& illi,era,eM O*+u; "+ief wa! wi!e eou*+ ,o lea.e admii!,ra,io
,o +i! Per!ia "+ief mii!,er Ni;am al18ul#>
9l) 9r!laC! !o ad !u""e!!or$ Sul,a 8ali#!+a+ G1077197H$ wa! ol& !e.e,ee w+e +i! fa,+er
died> :i! fir!, "am)ai* wa! a*ai!, S+am! al18ul#$ ,+e <ara#+aid ruler of Tra!oAiaa$ S137T
w+o +ad )rofi,ed 0& ,+e "+a*e of rei* ,o i.ade ea!,er <+ura!a ad ,o o""u)& Bal#+> 9!
8ali#!+a+ wa! a))roa"+i* Samar#ad$ ,+e <ara#+aid !ued for )ea"e ad 0e"ame +i! .a!!al>
8ali#!+a+ made ,+e u!ual O*+u; mi!,a#e of *i.i* Bal#+ ,o +i! ow 0ro,+er Ta#a!+$ w+o i due
"our!e ro!e i re.ol,> T+e !ul,a wa! "om)elled ,o lead ,wo eA)edi,io! a*ai!, +im$ ad i ,+e
ed +e +ad +i! 0ro,+erC! e&e! )u, ou, G102LH> 8ali#!+a+C! u"le \awurd al!o re.ol,ed i <erma>
8ali#!+a+ made war u)o +im ,oo ad$ u)o "a),uri* +im$ +ad +im !,ra*led G1072H>
Su"+ i"ide,! !+ow ,+a, i !)i,e of Ni;am al18ul#C! wi!e admii!,ra,io$ 8ali#!+a+ +ad
diffi"ul,& i idu"i* ,+e O*+u; +orde of w+i"+ +e wa! ,+e mili,ar& "ommader ,o a""e), ,+e
framewor# of ,+e 9ra0o1Per!ia !,a,e of w+i"+ +e wa! !ul,a> Ni;am al18ul# ad Per!ia
0ureau"ra"& !,ro.e ,o redu"e ,+e role of ,+e Tur#oma 0ad! ,o ,+a, formerl& )la&ed 0& ,+e
Tur#i!+ *uard$ ,+e 8amelu#e! of ,+e ,e,+ "e,ur& uder ,+e old "ali)+! ad Bu&id emir!$ 0u, i,
wa! of,e a mo!, deli"a,e ,a!# ,o im)o!e o0edie"e o ,+e!e ,ur0ule, "om)a,rio,! of ,+e ew
!ul,a ad ,o ,e,+er !u"+ i.e,era,e omad! ,o ,+e !oil>
7L
T+e !ul,a aloe !aw e&e ,o e&e wi,+ +i!
mii!,er i ,+e ma,,er of )u,,i* ,+e Sel@u# ad.e,ure o a re*ular 0a!i! ad$ 0& im)o!i* a
!ede,ar& ad Iraia wa& of life o ,+i! oe,ime +orde$ of ,uri* i, i,o a Per!ia em)ire of
,radi,ioal ,&)e> 9, ,+e luAuriou! "our, of I!)a+a$ +i! "a)i,al$ +e +im!elf ,oo# deli*+, i
o!,e!i0l& "o,iui* ,+e lie of ,+e !+a+1i1!+a+! of a"ie, Ira>
I ,+e or,+ea!,$ a! +a! 0ee o0!er.ed$ 8ali#!+a+ led a !e"od eA)edi,io i,o Tra!oAiaa
a*ai!, ,+e <ara#+aid 9+med$ S+am! al18ul#C! e)+ew ad !u""e!!or G1029H> :e ,oo# 9+med
)ri!oer$ 0u, la,er !e, +im ,o Samar#ad a! +i! .a!!al> I ,+e we!,$ al!o duri* 8ali#!+a+C!
rei*$ 0u, ide)ede,l& of +im$ +i! "ou!i$ ,+e &ou*er Sel@u#id Suleima i0 \u,ulmi!+$
!e,,led i 9!ia 8ior a, Ni"aea$ a0ou, 1021$ ,o ,+e de,rime, of ,+e B&;a,ie!$ w+o +ad 0ee
ra!+ eou*+ ,o a))eal ,o +im for aid i ,+eir "i.il war!> T+i! wa! ,+e ori*i of ,+e Sel@u#
!ul,aa,e of Rum G,+e Roma ladH$ w+i"+ wa! ,o edure from 1021 ,o 1507$ wi,+ i,! "a)i,al fir!,
a, Ni"aea G1021197H ad ,+e a, I"oium G109711507H>
73

T+e Sel@u# !,a,e$ a! a !ede,ar& )ower$ "o,rolled ol& Per!ia> S135T I ,+e old B&;a,ie
,erri,or& of 9!ia 8ior$ w+i"+ +ad 0ee i.aded i 1020$ ide)ede, G+u;; 0ad! were a",i.eE
,+e& were led ei,+er 0& &ou*er Sel@u#! li#e Suleima or 0& Tur#i!+ "a),ai! of o0!"ure ori*i$
!u"+ a!=a))are,l& from 102L=,+e (ai!+medid emir! of 'a))ado"ia$ w+o *o.ered i
Si.a! ad 'ae!area> T+e!e a"ie, "i.ili;ed lad! were a))or,ioed a""ordi* ,o ,+e mo.eme,!
of ,+e ro.i* 0ad!$ i ,+e maer of ,+e <ir*+i; !,e))e> 9! Bar,+old !o well )u,! i,$ i
!ummari;i* ,+i! !,or&4 MT+e G+u;; or Tur#oma!$ a",i* )ar,l& a! ide)ede, 0adi,! ad
)ar,l& uder ,+e "ommad of ,+eir )ri"e! U,+e Sel@u#!V$ ,ra.er!ed all ,+e "ou,rie! l&i* 0e,wee
'+ie!e Tur#e!,a ad ,+e E*&),ia fro,ier ad B&;a,ie fro,ier!>M
76
Bar,+old add! ,+a,$ ,o 0e
rid of M,+eir ro.i* 0ro,+er!M=,+e udi!"i)lied 0ad! of G+u;;=ad ,o )re.e, ,+em from
ra.a*i* ,+eir fie Iraia domai$ ,+e Sel@u# !ul,a! a))are,l& e!,a0li!+ed ,+em 0& )refere"e
i ,+e mar"+e! of ,+e !ul,aa,e$ i 9!ia 8ior> T+i! fa", eA)lai! w+& Per!ia )ro)er e!"a)ed
Tur#ifi"a,io$ w+ile 9a,olia 0e"ame a !e"od Tur#e!,a>
T+e "+ief,ai! fou*+, o.er ,+eir !)oil!> 9f,er "o?ueri* a *ood )ar, of 9!ia 8ior$ Suleima i0
\u,ulmi!+ de!"eded u)o S&ria G1026H> T+ere +e "la!+ed wi,+ 8ali#!+a+C! &ou*er 0ro,+er$
Tu,u!+$ w+o i 1079 +ad "ar.ed +im!elf a fief i (ama!"u!> T+e ,wo fou*+, a *rea, 0a,,le ear
9le))o for )o!!e!!io of ,+a, "i,&> Suleima wa! #illed ad Tu,u!+ added 9le))o ,o (ama!"u!
G1026H> Tu,u!+ wa! o ,+e )oi, of foudi* a !e)ara,e Sel@u# #i*dom ,+ere w+e +i! 0ro,+er$
Sul,a 8ali#!+a+$ a))eared i S&ria ,+a, !ame &ear$ for"ed +im ,o re,ur ,o (ama!"u!$ +eld "our,
a, 9le))o$ ad made a *eeral redi!,ri0u,io of fief! amo* +i! "a),ai! G1027H>
77

O ,+e w+ole$ 8ali#!+a+$ li#e +i! )rede"e!!or!$ !)e, +i! life ,r&i* ,o re*ulari;e ,+e Tur#i!+
"o?ue!, of ,+e we!,er area!> T+i! "o?ue!, ,oo# ,+e form of a !ur*e of !mall O*+u; 0ad! i,o
O?a&lid or Da,imid ,erri,or& roud S&ria$ or i,o Gree# ,erri,or& i 9!ia 8ior=a! ,+eir omadi"
@oure&! "+a"ed ,o lead ,+em=ad of ,+e eA)loi,a,io of B&;a,ie ad 9ra0 i,eral 0roil!> I
Per!ia ,+e a))eara"e of ui,& wa! mai,aied e,irel& 0& ,+e 9ra0o1Per!ia admii!,ra,io of
,+e .i;ier Ni;am al18ul#E i ,+e ea!, ad i S&ria$ ol& 0& ,+e !a0er of 8ali#!+al> I 9!ia 8ior$
w+ere ei,+er i,er.eed$ O*+u; aar"+& )re.ailed> S13LT 9, 8ali#!+a+C! dea,+ i 1097 G+i!
.i;ier +ad )rede"ea!ed +imH$ aar"+& !)read e.er&w+ere> 8ali#!+a+C! elde!, !o$ Bar#i&aru#
G10951110LH$ wa! fa"ed 0& ,+e re0ellio of all +i! #i!me> :i! u"le Tu,u!+$ w+o i ,+e
mea,ime +ad added 9le))o ,o +i! )o!!e!!io of (ama!"u!$ a,,em),ed ,o !ei;e Per!ia from +im$
0u, wa! defea,ed ad #illed ear Rai$ De0ruar& 76$ 1093> T+e remaider of Bar#i&aru#C! rei*
wa! !)e, i 0a,,le! a*ai!, +i! ow 0ro,+er!$ wi,+ w+om +e wa! for"ed a, la!, ,o di.ide Per!ia>
Drom ,+a, ,ime oward$ ,+e Sel@u# )o!!e!!io! remaied )ermae,l& !)li, i,o ,+ree *rou)!4 ,+e
!ul,aa,e of Per!ia we, ,o Bar#i&aru# ad +i! 0ro,+er!$ ,+e #i*dom! of 9le))o ad (ama!"u!
,o ,+e !o! of Tu,u!+$ ad ,+e !ul,aa,e of 9!ia 8ior ,o \&;&l 9r!la$ !o of Suleima>
T+e de!,iie! of ,+e!e ,+ree *rou)! were ,o 0e .er& differe,> T+e Sel@u# #i*dom! of S&ria
G9le))o ad (ama!"u!H ra)idl& a!!umed a 9ra0 "+ara",er> T+e ,wo Sel@u# +ou!e! of ,+e Tu,u!+
famil& were .er& !oo elimia,ed 0& ,+eir ow 8amelu#e!= Tur#! al!o=w+o!e +i!,or& "ao,
0e rela,ed +ere>
72
T+e Sel@u# !ul,aa,e of 9!ia 8ior$ o ,+e o,+er +ad$ edured for ,wo full
"e,urie!> I,! a"+ie.eme, wa! of a la!,i* order$ for i, wa! from ,+i! realm ,+a, ,+e Tur#e& of
+i!,or& wa! oe da& ,o emer*e> I Per!ia$ de!)i,e ,+e foudi* of Tur#i" u"lei Gi <+ura!a$
9;er0ai@a$ ad ear :amadaH$ ,+e )o)ula,io remaied 0a!i"all& Iraia$ a! will 0e !ee> I
S&ria$ ,+e Tur#i" eleme,! were ,oo !"a,,ered e.er ,o e"roa"+ o ,+e 9ra0 ma!!$ eA"e), roud
9,io"+ ad 9leAadre,,a>
I 9!ia 8ior$ +owe.er$ o, ol& ,+e )oli,i"al "o?ue!, of ,+e "ou,r& ma& 0e followed 0u, al!o
,+e effe",i.e a))ro)ria,io of i,! !oil 0& ,+e Tur#i" ra"e> :ere ,+e Tur#oma +erd!ma re)la"ed
,+e B&;a,ie )ea!a,E for ,+e 9a,olia )la,eau$ 0& i,! al,i,ude$ "lima,e$ ad .e*e,a,io$ form! a
"o,iua,io of ,+e !,e))e ;oe of 'e,ral 9!ia> S,ra0o de!"ri0e! /&"aoia=,+e moder re*io
of <o&a=a! a *ra!!lad>
79
T+ere wa! a a,ural affii,& 0e,wee ,+i! lad ad ,+e omad! from
,+e <ir*+i; !,e))e> T+e& !e,,led ,+ere 0e"au!e ,+e& fel, a, +ome> S+ould oe *o fur,+er ad
a""u!e ,+em$ a! !ome +a.e doe$ of u"o!"iou!l& +el)i* ,+e "ul,i.a,ed lad ,o re.er, ,o
)a!,ureF O""u)a,io of ,+e!e a"ie, )ro.i"e! of 'a))ado"ia ad P+r&*ia 0& ,+e G+u;;$ w+o
"ame from ,+e !oli,ude! of ,+e 9ral$ ma& +a.e *i.e ,+e "ou,r& o, ol& i,! Tur#i" 0u, al!o i,!
!,e))eli#e
S133T
S136T
"+ara",er> 9d w+e wi,+ ,+e O,,oma! ,+e Tur#! eA,eded ,+eir "o?ue!, ,o T+ra"e$ did ,+e
!,e))e o, follow ,+emF (o we o, fid ,+ere i,! "+ara",eri!,i" fea,ure!=fallow lad! ad !,ri*!
of "amel!=a, ,+e .er& *a,e! of 9driao)leF I fa",$ S,ra0oC! ,e!,imo&$ @u!, "i,ed$ )ro.e! ,+a, ,+e
/a#e Ta,,a 0a!i wa! alread& a !emide!er, !,e))e a, ,+e ,ime of ,+e Seleu"id!$ ,+e 9,,ali$ ad ,+e
Roma!> T+e de!ola,e "+ara",er of T+ra"e$ +owe.er$ re!ul,! "+iefl& from i,! +a.i* 0ee a
)er)e,ual 0a,,lefield>
To "om)le,e ,+e )i",ure$ le, u! add ,+a, ,+e Tur#i"i;i* of 9a,olia wa! le!! ,+e wor# of ,+e
Sel@u# d&a!,& i,!elf ,+a of ,+e re*ioal emir! ad ,+e Tur#oma "la!$ w+o!e o0edie"e ,o i,
wa! of,e far from )erfe",> Drom ,+e "ul,ural )oi, of .iew$ for i!,a"e$ ,+e Sel@u#! of 9a,olia
+ad a! "learl& defied a de!ire ,o Irai;e ,+em!el.e! a! ,+eir "ou!i! of Per!ia> 9! o li,erar&
Tur#i!+ eAi!,ed i We!,er 9!ia a, ,+a, ,ime$ ,+e Sel@u# "our, of <o&a ado),ed Per!ia a! i,!
offi"ial la*ua*e> GI, remaied !o u,il 1773>H Sel@u# Tur#e& of ,+e ,welf,+ ad ,+ir,ee,+
"e,urie! ,+erefore !+ow! a la&er of Per!ia "ul,ure !u)erim)o!ed o Tur#oma fouda,io!>
Per!ia wa! !)o#e ad a0o.e all wri,,e amo* ,+e <ai1<+o!rau! ad ,+e <ai1\o0ad!$ a! /a,i
wa! !)o#e i Polad ad :u*ar&> Bu, ,+i! !omew+a, ar,ifi"ial .eeer !+ould o, de"ei.e u!$
or "o"eal from u! ,+e fudame,al Tur#i" ,ra!forma,io 0rou*+, a0ou, 0& ,+e G+u;; 0ad! i
'a))ado"ia$ P+r&*ia$ ad Gala,ia>
I Ira$ a! we !aid$ ,+e "a!e wa! differe,$ for ,+e Iraia "i.ili;a,io ad e,+i" "+ara",er were
,oo !,ro* ,o allow of ,+e "ou,r& re"ei.i* a& !eriou! Tur#i" iflue"e> O ,+e "o,rar&$ i, wa!
,+e Tur#i" i.ader! w+o were )ro*re!!i.el& Irai;ed4 ,+eir ruli* +ou!e! almo!, a, o"e$ ,+eir
,roo)! ol& af,er !ome *eera,io!> Bu, )oli,i"all& Ira wa! ,+e"efor,+ defe!ele!!$ ad ,+e
w+ole !,e))e flooded i> T+e Sel@u# "o?ue!, of 10L0133 +ad o)eed ,+e "ou,r&C! *a,e! ,o ,+e
omad!> I, wa! i .ai ,+a, ,+e leader! of ,+e !,o"# of Sel@u#$ +a.i* 0e"ome )a1 I!lami" !ul,a!
=9ra0 mali#! ad Per!ia !+a+!=!ou*+, ,o "lo!e ,+o!e *a,e! 0e+id ,+em$ draw ,+e 0ol,!$ ad
0ar ,+e road ,o all ,+e Tur#o18o*ol "la! of 'e,ral 9!ia w+o$ ,em),ed 0& ,+eir eAam)le$
de!ired ,o ma#e ,+e !ame .e,ure> T+e Sel@u#! w+o 0e"ame Per!ia! were o, ,o !u""eed i
defedi* Per!ia a*ai!, ,+e Tur#! w+o remaied Tur#!> No,wi,+!,adi* ,+eir S137T will ,o
a"+ie.e ,+i!$ ad de!)i,e ,+eir MWa,"+ o ,+e R+ieM o ,+e 0a#! of ,+e 9mu (ar&a$ ,+e& were
e.er a&,+i* 0u, ,+e uwi,,i* ?uar,erma!,er! of all ,+e <+wari;mia$ %e*+i;1 <+ai,e$ ad
Timurid i.a!io!>
T+e "au!e of ,+eir failure ,o re!,ore ,+e !,ou, framewor# of ,+e Sa!!aid Per!ia !,a,e$ or of ,+e
Meo1Sa!!aiai!mM of w+i"+ ,+e i,+ "e,ur& 900a!id Em)ire 0ad "o!i!,ed$ mu!, 0e !ou*+, i
,+e i"ura0le aar"+& wi,+i ,+e ruli* familie!$ a le*a"& from ,+eir Tur#me )a!,> (e!)i,e ,+e
idi.idual !u""e!!e! of a To*rul10e* or a 8ali#!+a+$ ,+e& )ro.ed i"a)a0le of ri!i*
)ermae,l& ,o ,+e 9ra0o1Per!ia "o"e), of a !,a,eE @u!, a!$ for all ,+e 0rillia, *eiu! of
'+arlema*e$ ,+e 'aroli*ia! were i ,+e ed i"a)a0le of ri!i* ,o ,+e "o"e), of ,+e Roma
!,a,e>
50

Bar#i&aru#C! 0ro,+er ad !u""e!!or$ Sul,a 8u+ammad G11031 12H$ foud +im!elf a, *ri)! wi,+
,+e !,eal,+& re.ol, of ,+e 9ra0 "ali)+a,e> Rela,io! 0e,wee ,+e Sel@u# "our, of I!)a+a ad ,+e
900a!id "our, of Ba*+dad$ offi"iall& "lo!e$ ow 0e"ame ,ar,$ a! ,+e "ali)+! )er!i!,ed i ,r&i* ,o
free ,+em!el.e! from ,+e )oli,i"al ,u,ela*e of ,+e !ul,a!> I ,+i! ,+e& !u""eeded i ,+e !e"od
+alf of ,+e ,welf,+ "e,ur&$ a, lea!, i ,+eir li,,le ,em)oral domai of Ira? C9ra0i wa! "o"ered>
T+i! mar#! a widei* 0rea"+ 0e,wee ,+e Tur#i!+ !ul,aa,e ad ,+e 9ra0 "ali)+a,e$ w+i"+
To*rul10e* "laimed ,o +a.e ui,ed idi!!olu0l&> T+e de"lie 0e"ame more a"u,e uder ,+e
!u""eedi* Sel@u# !ul,a!$ 8a+mud i0 8u+ammad G1112151H ad 8a!Cud G1155137H$ w+o
rei*ed amid "i.il !,rife>
51
T+e!e !ul,a!$ w+o ordiaril& re!ided a, :amada$ +ad almo!, o
)o!!e!!io! eA"e), Ira? C9@ami> T+e o,+er )ro.i"e!=9;er0ai@a$ 8o!ul$ Dar!$ ad !o o =+ad
falle uder ,+e !wa& of Tur#i!+ mili,ar& ad +eredi,ar& feudal lord! #ow a! a,a0e*!> 9mo*
,+e!e a,a0e*!$ ,+o!e of 9;er0ai@a eded 0& 0e"omi* ma&or! of ,+e )ala"e ,o ,+e la!, of ,+e
Sel@u#!> Su"+ wa! ,+e "a!e of ,+e a,a0e* of 9;er0ai@a$ Ilde*i; Gd> 1077H$ w+o !er.ed Sul,a
9r!la1!+a+ G1161173H$ ad of Ilde*i;C !o a,a0e* Pe+lewa Gd> 1126H$ w+o !er.ed Sul,a To*rul
III G117319LH> :a.i* ,ried ,o *ai ide)ede"e$ To*rul III wa! im)ri!oed 0& ,+e a,a0e* \&;&l
9r!la$ Pe+lewaC! 0ro,+er ad !u""e!!or G1190H> I, wa! o, u,il af,er \&;&l 9r!laC! dea,+
G1191H ,+a, To*rul III$ i w+om 0ured !ome,+i* of ,+e fire of ,+e *rea, Sel@u#! of ,+e ele.e,+
"e,ur&$ S132T a, la!, re*aied ide)ede"e i +i! ro&al domai of Ira? C9@ami> Bu, ,+i! 0ela,ed
ad ?ui,e lo"al Sel@u# re!,ora,io wa! ,o 0e of .er& 0rief dura,io> I 119L$ To*rul III would
!u""um0 ,o ,+e o!lau*+, of ,+e <+wari;mia Tur#!$ w+o were de!,ied a, la!, ,o !u""eed ,+e
Sel@u#! ,o ,+e em)ire of ,+e 8iddle Ea!,>
57

S7/TA1 SA14AR A1- THE6 #ATCH O1 THE ON7S
Oe la!, *rea, Sel@u#$ Sa@ar$ 8ali#!+a+C! &ou*e!, !o$ +ad !,ri.e ,o +al, ,+e de"a& of +i!
+ou!e> :e wa! 0ra.e$ *eerou!$ ad "+i.alrou!$ a )erfe", eAam)le of a Irai;ed Tur#$ defeder
of Per!ia "i.ili;a,io> :e e.e 0e"ame oe of i,! le*edar& +eroe!$ li#e !ome "+ara",er from ,+e
Shah Aamah>
9, ,+e ,ime of ,+e di.i!io of ,+e i+eri,a"e amo* ,+e !o! of 8ali#!+a+$ Sa@ar=w+o wa!
,+e o more ,+a ,e or ,wel.e &ear! old=wa! *i.e <+ura!a ,o *o.er$ +i! )ri"i)al
re!ide"e 0ei* a, 8er. G1096H> I 1107 +e +ad ,o defed +i! fief a*ai!, a i.a!io 0& ,+e
<ara#+aid #+a of <a!+*aria$ \adir1#+a %i0raCil$ w+om +e 0ea, ad #illed ear Terme;> :e
,+e i!,alled a! .a!!al ruler of Tra!oAiaa ,+e lo"al <ara#+aid$ 9r!la1#+a$ w+o +ad fled
0efore ,+e i.a!io>
55
I 1150 +e ?uarreled wi,+ +i! )ro,B*B 9r!la1#+a$ ,oo# Samar#ad$
de)o!ed ,+e #+a$ ad re)la"ed +im 0& o,+er <ara#0aid )ri"e!4 fir!, :a!a1,i*i$ ,+e Ru#
ad1(i 8a+mud G,+e la,,er from 1157 ,o 11L1H>
5L
Sa@ar al!o i,er.eed i 9f*+ai!,a i 0a,,le!
0e,wee ,+e G+a;a.id )ri"e! of ,+a, "ou,r&> I 1117$ ,a#i* u) arm! a*ai!, ,+e G+a;a.id
9r!la1!+a+$ +e !ei;ed G+a;i ad e,+roed ao,+er )ri"e of ,+e !ame lie$ Ba+ram1!+a+> 9,
,+a, ,ime$ ,+erefore$ +e wa! !u;erai of G+a;a.id 9f*+ai!,a ad <ara#+aid Tra!oAiaa$
lord of a .a!, !ul,aa,e of ,+e Iraia Ea!,>
9mo* Sa@arC! .a!!al! wa! ,+e !+a+ of <+wari;m$ ,+e Tur# 9,!i; G1177136H> 9f,er a a,,em), ,o
*ai ide)ede"e$ 9,!i; wa! 0ea,e i 1152 a, :e;ara!) 0& Sa@ar$ w+o )u, +im ,o fli*+,> 9,!i;
re,ured i 11L1$ +owe.er$ ad 0& ,+e *eero!i,& of ,+e !ul,a re"ei.ed a )ardo> Bu, ow Sa@ar
i +i! ,ur wa! ,o e"ou,er re.er!e!> I ,+a, !ame &ear$ Tra!oAiaa wa! i.aded 0& ,+e <ara1
<+i,ai$ w+o +ad mi*ra,ed from '+ia ,o ,+e I!!&# <ul> T+e!e 8o*ol! were ,+e more formida0le
a! ei*+0or! i ,+a, ,+e& +ad remaied M)a*a$M ,+a, i! ,o !a&$ Budd+i!,$ S139T ad were
,+erefore re*arded wi,+ +orror 0& ,+e 8u!lim world> Sa@ar wi,+ +i! u!ual dari* ad.a"ed ,o
mee, ,+e <ara1<+i,ai$ 0u, o Se),em0er 9$ 11L1$ +e !u!,aied a !eriou! defea, a, \a,wa ear
Samar#ad$ ad +ad ,o flee i,o <+ura!a>
53
T+e w+ole of Tra!oAiaa fell i,o ,+e +ad! of ,+e
<ara1<+i,ai> 9,!i;$ ,+e !+a+ of <+wari;m$ !ei;ed ,+e o))or,ui,& ,o ri!e u) i re.ol,> E,eri*
<+ura!a$ +e o""u)ied 8er. ad Ni!+a)ur$ 0u, wa! ua0le ,o +old ,+em a*ai!, Sa@arC!
"ou,era,,a"#> Sa@ar ,wi"e i.aded <+wari;m G11L51LL ad 11L7HE ,+e !e"od ,ime$ uder ,+e
wall! of Ur*e"+$ +e !u""eeded i for"i* 9,!i; 0a"# i,o .a!!ala*e> Bu, ,+e +eroi!m of ,+e *rea,
!ul,a wa! wor dow uder ,+e!e e.er1re"urri* ,rial!> Soo a ueA)e",ed )eril aro!e> Tri0e!
of O*+u; or G+u;;=,+i! i! ,o !a&$ )eo)le of ,+e !ame e,+i" !,o"# a! ,+e Sel@u#!=from ear
Bal#+ re0elled a*ai!, Sa@ar w+e +e ,ried ,o !u0@e", ,+em ,o admii!,ra,i.e ad fi!"al
re*ula,io! of Per!ia ,&)e$ ,oo# +im )ri!oer$ ad )ludered 8er.$ Ni!+a)ur$ ad ,+e o,+er
,ow! of <+ura!a G1135H> Sa@ar wa! ua0le ,o free +im!elf u,il 1136$ ad died ,+e followi*
&ear$ o ,+e e.e of ,+e ,o,al rui of +i! wor#>
56

Sa@ar +ad failed i +i! effor,! ,o foud^a la!,i* Sel@u# !,a,e i ,+e Iraia ea!,> T+e G+u;;
re0ellio demo!,ra,ed ,+e diffi"ul,& of 0ri*i* i,o ,+e 9ra0o1Per!ia admii!,ra,i.e
framewor# ,+o!e omad ,ri0e! w+i"+ +ad 0ee a!!o"ia,ed wi,+ ,+e Sel@u# "o?ue!, of Ira> T+a,
,radi,ioall& Per!ia framewor#$ ado),ed ad mai,aied 0& ,+e Sel@u#!$ wa! o, ,o !ur.i.e ,+e
fall of ,+e .ariou! 0ra"+e! of ,+e d&a!,& G1137 i ,+e Iraia ea!,$ 119L i Ira? C9@ami$ 1507 i
9!ia 8iorH> W+e ,+e !e,,i* "+a*ed ad ,+e eo1Per!ia !ul,aa,e di!a))eared$ o,+i* wa!
lef, of ,+e "o?ue!,! of Ira G10L0H ad of 9!ia 8ior G1077 ,o 1020H 0u, a mo.eme, of
Tur#oma ,ri0e!> 9ll of ,+e!e$ from ,+e G+u;; of 1035 ,o ,+e \ara1\o&ulu ad 9?1\o&ulu
0ad! of ,+e fif,ee,+ "e,ur&$ from ,+e <arama! ,o ,+e O,,oma!$ would wa*e war o ea"+
o,+er for )o!!e!!io of Ira ad 9!ia 8ior$ i ,+e maer of all ,+e a"e!,ral +orde! i ,+e +ear,
of ,+e 'e,ral 9!ia !,e))e!>
(e!)i,e ,+e "ul,ural i"lia,io! of ,+e Sel@u#!=,+o!e Tur#! w+o +ad !o !wif,l& ad
fudame,all& 0e"ome Irai;ed=,+eir ,rium)+ 0o,+ i Ira ad i 9!ia 8ior re!ul,ed
e"oomi"all& ad !o"iall& i ,+e ,ra!forma,io of 0o,+ re*io! i,o a eA,e!io of ,+e !,e))e>
:ere ideed$ +uma *eo*ra)+& +ad a S160T di!a!,rou! effe", o ,+e *eo*ra)+& of .e*e,a,io>
Nomadi!m de!,ro&! "ul,i.a,io ad ,ra!form! ,+e fa"e of ,+e ear,+> W+a, +a! 0ee !aid of 9!ia
8ior i! e.e ,ruer of Ira> I ,+e oa!e! !urroudi* +i! "i,ie!$ ,+e Tad;+i# "ould "o,iue ,o
"ul,i.a,e ,+e deli*+,ful *arde! of "&)re!! ad ro!e! !u* 0& Omar <+a&&am ad SaCadi> Bu, a,
,+e *a,e! of ,+o!e "i,ie!$ w+e ,+e la!, of ,+e *arde! wa! lef, 0e+id$ ,+e !,e))e! ,oo# o.erE +ere
mi*ra, ,ri0e! dro.e ,+eir 0la"# +erd! ad rai!ed ,+eir 0la"# ,e,! 0& ,+e wa,eri* )oi,!>
Some e!)e"iall& a!,u,e ,ri0al "+ief=for all ,+e!e Tur#! +ad a ia,e !e!e of *o.erme,=
mi*+, from ,ime ,o ,ime wi re"o*i,io ad 0e +ailed a! #i* 0& ,+e !ede,ar& )eo)le! w+o!e
i,eral !?ua00le! +e wa! a0le ,o ?uell> Dor !ome de"ade! ,+e!e ,wo !o"ie,ie!=,+e ur0a
Tad;+i# !o"ie,& ad ,+e omad !o"ie,& of ,+e 0la"# ,e,!=would a))ear ,o "om)leme, ea"+
o,+er ad )ull ,o*e,+er$ 0u, ,+e "ame di!!olu,io> T+e ,ri0al mi*ra,io! re!umed ad ,+e "o"e),
of !,a,e wa! for*o,,e$ u,il ,+e !,or& 0e*a all o.er a*ai wi,+ ,+e !ede,ari;i* of !ome omad
"la w+i"+ +ad a,,aied ,o #i*!+i)> T+e "&"le wa! e.er "lo!ed$ for i, *o, ew life from ou,!ide>
T+u! from ,+e ele.e,+ ,o ,+e !e.e,ee,+ "e,ur&$ fre!+ omad! a))eared o ,+e ,+re!+old of ,+e
<ir*+i; or Tur#oma !,e))e$ a, ,+e fri*e of "ul,i.a,io$ "laimi* ,+eir )la"e i ordered
)ar,er!+i) wi,+ ,+e Tad;+i#!>
T+i! dual )+eomeo o""urred e.e wi,+i ,+e life,ime of Sul,a Sa@ar> 9f,er +im$ ,+e !+a+! of
<+wari;m$ w+o$ li#e ,+e Sel@u#!$ were of Tur#i" !,o"#$ reewed ,+e Sel@u# a,,em), ,o foud a
*rea, Tur#o1Per!ia em)ire i ea!,er Ira4 Tur#i" i i,! mili,ar& !,ru",ure$ Per!ia i i,! !&!,em
of admii!,ra,io> 9, ,+e !ame ,ime$ a )eo)le from ,+e Dar Ea!,$ ,+e <ara1<+i,ai= a 8o*ol
ra,+er ,+a a Tur#i" )eo)le=!ei;ed ea!,er Tur#e!,aE ad ,+eir "omi* )re!a*ed$ a +udred
&ear! i ad.a"e$ ,+e arri.al of ,+e mai 0od& of ,+e !,e))e for"e!4 ,+e %e*+i;1 <+ai,e 8o*ol!
,+em!el.e!>
Before )a!!i* o ,o ,+i! ew )+a!e i ,+e +i!,or& of 9!ia$ le, u! draw u) ,+e e,+i" 0ala"e !+ee,
of ,+e Sel@u# ad.e,ure> T+i! 0ala"e !+ee, i!$ o ,+e w+ole$ !omew+a, )aradoAi"al> I, i! ,o 0e
o,ed ,+a, ,+e Sel@u#!$ ,+o!e Tur#oma! w+o 0e"ame !ul,a! of Per!ia$ did o, Tur#if& Per!ia=
o dou0, 0e"au!e ,+e& did o, wi!+ ,o do !o> O ,+e "o,rar&$ i, wa! ,+e& w+o .olu1
S161T
S167T
S165T
,aril& 0e"ame Per!ia! ad w+o$ i ,+e maer of ,+e *rea, old Sa!!aid #i*!$ !,ro.e ,o )ro,e",
,+e Iraia )o)ula,io! from ,+e )luderi* of G+u;; 0ad! ad !a.e Iraia "ul,ure from ,+e
Tur#oma mea"e>
57
Ne.er,+ele!!=ad ,+i! i! )er+a)! oe of ,+e la!,i* re!ul,! of Sa@arC!
defea, 0& ,+e G+u;; i 1135= ,+e& were ua0le ,o )re.e, ,+o!e Tur#me from e!,a0li!+i*
,+em!el.e! i a de!e ma!! !ou,+ of ,+e lower 9mu (ar&a$ 0e,wee ,+e U!,1Ur, )la,eau ad
8er.$ i ,+e e,+i"all& de1Irai;ed re*io w+i"+ la,er 0e"ame Tur#mei!,a> 9, ,+e !ame ,ime
,+e Tur#oma 0ad! led 0& @uior Sel@u#! o ,+e 9a,olia )la,eau u?ue!,ioa0l& ,ra!formed
,+o!e a"ie, B&;a,ie lad! i,o Tur#i" oe!$ ad ,o !u"+ effe", a! ,o ma#e of ,+em=uder ,+e
rule of ,+e <o&a !ul,a!$ ,+e O,,oma!$ ad of 8u!,afa <emal 9,a,Ir#=,+e Tur#e& of moder
+i!,or&>
THE 2ARA%2HITAI EMPIRE
To uder!,ad ,+e "o.ul!io ,+a, o""urred i ea!,er Tur#e!,a i ,+e !e"od ?uar,er of ,+e
,welf,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e "o,em)orar& re.olu,io! of or,+er '+ia mu!, 0e "o!idered> Drom 956
u,il 1177 G!ee )> 179H a 8o*ol ra"e$ ,+e <+i,a$ ori*ia,i* o ,+e we!, 0a# of ,+e /iao Ri.er$
+ad rei*ed a, Pe#i* i ,+e or,+er di!,ri",! of :o)ei ad S+a!i$ a! well a! i %e+ol ad
'+a+ar$ ,erri,orie! of ,+eir! !i"e a earlier )eriod> Be,wee 1116 ad 1177$ ,+e <+i,a +ad 0ee
di!)o!!e!!ed 0& ,+e %ur"+id$ or <i$ a )eo)le of Tu*u!i" !,o"# ad !u""eeded ,+em i ,+e
domia,io of or,+er '+ia>
T+e 0ul# of ,+e <+i,a "o,iued ,o li.e a! .a!!al! of ,+e <i i ,+eir ow a"ie, domai!
0e,wee ,+e 8a"+uria !ou,+we!, ad ,+e ea!,er )or,io of moder %e+ol> Bu, a )or,io of ,+e
<+i,a !ou*+, ,+eir for,ue i ,+e we!,$ or,+ of ,+e Tarim$ w+ere ,+e Ui*ur Tur#! of Turfa$
Be!+0ali*+$ ad <u"+a re"o*i;ed ,+eir !u;erai,&> I, !eem! ,+a, from ,+ere oe *rou) of <+i,a
!,ar,ed i 1172 ,o )ee,ra,e <a!+*aria$ ol& ,o 0e re)ul!ed 0& ,+e <ara#+aid #+a of <a!+*ar$
9r!la 9+med> <+i,a Bmi*rB! ,o ,+e or,+we!,$ led 0& a )ri"e of ,+eir ro&al famil& amed i
'+ie!e Ye1lI Ta1!+i+$ were more for,ua,e> I Tar0a*a,ai$ ear ,+e '+u*u"+a# of ,oda&$ ,+e&
fouded Imil>
52
We!, of ,+e I!!&# <ul$ ,+e <ara#+aid rei*i* a, Bala!a*u
59
wa! ,+rea,eed i
,+i! )eriod 0o,+ 0& ,+e \arlu? S16LT of ,+e lower Ili ad ,+e <a#+li Tur#! !i,ua,ed or,+ of ,+e
9ral Sea> :e a))ealed ,o ,+e <+i,a "+ief Ye1lI Ta1!+i+$ w+o "ame$ de)o!ed ,+e ra!+
<ara#+aid$ ad ,oo# +i! )la"e> T+u! Bala!a*u 0e"ame Ye1lI Ta1!+i+C! "a)i,al$ ad +e +im!elf
a!!umed ,+e ,i,le of gur%khan$ or #i* of ,+e world$ w+i"+ +i! de!"eda,! 0ore af,er +im>
L0
No,
lo* af,erward$ ,+e ew gur%khan !u0@u*a,ed ,+e lo"al <ara#+aid! ruli* a, <a!+*ar ad
<+o,a> T+e ew <+i,a em)ire ,+u! fouded i ea!,er Tur#e!,a i! #ow i 8u!lim +i!,or&
0& ,+e ame of M,+e <ara1<+i,ai em)ireM GMBla"# <+i,aM or MBla"# <+i,a&MH$ ad i! !o referred
,o +ere>
T+e <+i,a were of ,+e 8o*ol ra"e$ 0u, i ,wo "e,urie! of rule a, Pe#i* ,+e& +ad 0e"ome
mar#edl& Sii"i;ed>
L1
T+eir de!"eda,!$ al0ei, !e,,led ,+e"efor,+ i Tur#e!,a amo* 8u!lim
Tur#!$ remaied +o!,ile ,o I!lam ad ,o 9ra0o1Per!ia "ul,ure$ for ,+eir orie,a,io wa! ,oward
'+ie!e "i.ili;a,io$ w+e,+er Budd+i!, or 'ofu"iaE ,+e& were w+a, ,+e 8u!lim! "alled
M)a*a!>M TaAa,io wa! a!!e!!ed$ a! i '+ia$ o ,+e im)or,a"e of ,+e +ou!e+old> I "o,ra!, ,o
o,+er omad!$ ,+e gur%khans did o, "rea,e fief! ad a))aa*e! i fa.or of ,+eir #i!me=)lai
e.ide"e$ i, would !eem$ of ,+e )er!i!,e"e of '+ie!e admii!,ra,i.e idea!> Bar,+old e.e
0elie.e! ,+a, ,+e admii!,ra,i.e la*ua*e ma& +a.e 0ee '+ie!e> I, !+ould 0e o,ed al!o ,+a,
'+ri!,iai,& flouri!+ed i ,+e <ara1<+i,ai em)ire$ !ide 0& !ide wi,+ Budd+i!m> MI <a!+*ar a,
,+i! )eriod we fid a '+ri!,ia 0i!+o)$ ad i, i! ,o ,+i! !ame )eriod ,+a, ,+e mo!, a"ie,
'+ri!,ia i!"ri),io! of ,+e '+u 0elo*>M
L7

T+e fouda,io of ,+e <ara1<+i,ai em)ire a))ear!$ ,+e$ a! a rea",io a*ai!, ,+e wor# of
I!lami;a,io a"+ie.ed 0& ,+e <ara#+aid!>
T+e fir!, <ara1<+i,ai gur%khan$ Ye1lI Ta1!+i+ G"a> 11501L7H$ +a.i* "o!olida,ed +i! )ower o.er
,+e I!!&# <ul re*io ad i <a!+*aria a, ,+e eA)e!e of ,+e ea!,er <ara#+aid!$ a,,a"#ed ,+e
we!,er <ara#+aid! e!,a0li!+ed i Tra!oAiaa ad$ 0e&od ,+e!e$ ,+e Sel@u# !ul,aa,e of
ea!,er Ira o.er w+i"+ Sa@ar wa! !,ill rei*i*> I 8a& ad %ue of 1157$ +e defea,ed ,+e
<ara#+aid of Samar#ad$ Ru# ad1(i 8a+mud$ a, <+od;+e,$ i Der*aa> Sul,a Sa@ar$ o
"omi* ,o ,+e re!"ue of +i! Tra!oAiaia .a!!al!$ wa! +im!elf 0ea,e 0& ,+e <ara1<+i,ai a,
\a,wa$ or,+ of Samar#ad GSe),em0er 9$ 11L1H> Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad )a!!ed from Sel@u#
!u;erai,& ,o ,+a, of ,+e gur%khan$ S163T w+o$ +owe.er$ allowed ,+e lo"al <ara#+aid! ,o remai
a! .a!!al! i ,+e !e"od of ,+e!e "i,ie!>
L5
I ,+e !ame &ear$ 11L1$ ,+e <ara1 <+i,ai i.aded
<+wari;m> T+e !+a+ of <+wari;m$ 9,!i;$ wa! li#ewi!e "om)elled ,o a"#owled*e +im!elf a
,ri0u,ar&> :i! !u""e!!or$ 9r!la G1136177H$ al,+ou*+ +e "+eri!+ed ,+e am0i,io of !u""eedi* ,o
,+e Sel@u#! i ea!,er Ira$ wa! for"ed ,o remai ,ri0u,ar& ,o ,+e gur%khan for almo!, all +i! life>
LL
T+e <ara1<+i,ai em)ire ow eA,eded from :ami ,o ,+e 9ral Sea ad ,o <+od;+e,$ i,!
!u;erai,& from ,+e u))er Yei!ei ,o ,+e 9mu (ar&a> Drom a 8u!lim )oi, of .iew$ ,+i!
+e*emo& of a )a*a 8o*ol lie i 8u!lim Tur#i" ,erri,or& wa! a !eriou! !e,0a"# ad a
!"adal> T+e!e )eo)leC! e&e! were fiAed o, u)o ,+e 8u!lim world 0u, u)o ,+e '+ia from
w+i"+ ,+e& deri.ed ,+eir "ul,ure> Ye1lI Ta1!+i+$ ,+e mo!, emie, amo* ,+em$ wa! #ow a! a
eA"elle, '+ie!e !"+olar> '+ia i ,ur "o,iued ,o ,a#e a i,ere!, i ,+e!e de!"eda,! of ,+e
a"ie, #i*! of Pe#i*$ w+erea! 9ra0o1Per!ia +i!,orio*ra)+& allude! ,o ,+em i !omew+a,
"o,em),uou! ,erm!> 9! a re!ul,$ ,+e& are #ow ol& 0& ,+e '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io of ,+eir
ame!> 9f,er ,+e dea,+ of ,+e gur%khan Ye1lI Ta1!+i+ Ga0ou, De0ruar&$ 11L7H$ +i! widow Ta1)u1
&e 0e"ame re*e, of ,+e em)ire G11L7130H> T+e followed ,+e rei* of ,+eir !o Ye1lI Yi1lie
G1130165H> 9f,er Yi1lieC! dea,+$ +i! !i!,er Ye1lI S+i+ Gor Pu1!u1waH a!!umed ,+e re*e"& G11651
72H$ duri* w+i"+ a <ara1<+i,ai arm& e,ered <+ura!a ,o )luder Bal#+ G1163H> Diall&$ Ye1lI
'+e1lu1#u$ !o of Yi1lie$ ruled i +i! ow ri*+, from 1172 ,o 1711> (uri* +i! rei* ,+e <ara1
<+i,ai em)ire wa! ,o fall foul of i,! ow .a!!al!$ ,+e !+a+! of <+wari;mE ad ,+i! "ofli",$ w+i"+
0ro#e ou, a, ,+e ,ime of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e "o?ue!,!$ wa! !+or,l& ,o 0ri* a0ou, ,+e dowfall
of 0o,+ ad.er!arie!$ ,o ,+e ad.a,a*e of ,+e 8o*ol! aloe>
L3

THE 2H#ARI>MIA1 EMPIRE
I o))o!i,io ,o ,+e M)a*aM ad Sii"i;ed 8o*ol world of ,+e <ara1<+i,ai$ ,+e !+a+! of
<+wari;m Gi moder <+i.aH re)re!e,ed ,+e 8u!lim Tur#i" world$ e!)e"iall& af,er ,+e dea,+ i
1137 of ,+e Sel@u# Sa@ar wi,+ou, a !u""e!!or> T+e )rimar& )o!i,io of *o.erme, i ,+e Iraia
ea!, wa! ,+u! lef, .a"a,> I fa",$ Sa@arC! old #i*dom of <+ura!a wa! a ma!,erle!! S166T
realm i w+i"+ ,+e O*+u; "+ief!$ !i"e ,+eir u+o)ed1for .i",or& i 1135$ +ad 0ee a law u,o
,+em!el.e!$ w+ile !,ill a""ordi* re"o*i,io more or le!! ,o ,+e !u;erai,& of ,+e !+a+! of
<+wari;m>
L6

O ,+e dea,+ of 9r!la G1177H$ ,+e !+a+C! ,wo !o!$ Ta#a!+ ad Sul,a1!+a+$ "om)e,ed for ,+e
,+roe>
L7
Ta#a!+$ ,+e lo!er$ !ou*+, refu*e wi,+ ,+e <ara1<+i,ai> T+e ?uee re*e, of ,+e <ara1
<+i,ai$ Ye1lI S+i+$ "+ar*ed +er +u!0ad wi,+ ,+e ,a!# of leadi* a arm& i,o <+wari;m i order
,o rei!,a,e Ta#a!+ ad dri.e ou, Sul,a1!+a+> T+i! wa! doe G(e"em0er$ 1177H> Bu, al,+ou*+ +e
owed +i! ,+roe ,o ,+e <ara1<+i,ai$ Ta#a!+ lo!, o ,ime i re0elli* a*ai!, ,+em 0e"au!e of ,+e
eAa",i* "odi,io! ,+e& im)o!ed for ,+e )a&me, of ,ri0u,eE ad ,+e <ara1<+i,ai$ re.er!i* ,+eir
)oli"&$ !u))or,ed +i! 0ro,+er Sul,a!+a+ a*ai!, +im> T+ou*+ ,+e& were ua0le ,o re)la"e
Sul,a!+a+ o ,+e ,+roe of <+wari;m$ ,+e& le, +im a arm& wi,+ w+i"+ +e uder,oo# ,+e
"o?ue!, of <+ura!a G+e "a),ured 8er.$ Sara#+!$ ad Tu! i 1121H> T+u! Sul,a1!+a+ rei*ed
o.er <+ura!a u,il +i! dea,+ i 1195$ af,er w+i"+ Ta#a!+ reui,ed all <+ura!a wi,+ +i!
<+wari;mia )o!!e!!io! G1195H>
:ardl& +ad Ta#a!+ 0e"ome ma!,er of <+ura!a w+e +e i.aded Ira? C9@ami> T+i! )ro.i"e$ i,
+a! 0ee o,ed$ "o!,i,u,ed ,+e ro&al domai of ,+e la!, Sel@u# !ul,a$ To*rul III> I a de"i!i.e
0a,,le fou*+, ear Rai o 8ar"+ 19$ 119L$ Ta#a!+ defea,ed ad !lew To*rul>
L2
T+e .i",or&$ w+i"+
)u, a ed ,o Sel@u# domia,io i Per!ia$ *a.e Ira? C9@ami wi,+ Rai ad :amada ,o ,+e !+a+ of
<+wari;m>
T+e !o of Ta#a!+$ C 9la ad1(i 8u+ammad$ !u""eeded +im G1700170H> C 9la ad1(i 8u+ammad
0rou*+, ,+e <+wari;mia em)ire ,o i,! )ea#$ ad duri* +i! rei* i, 0e"ame ,+e domia, !,a,e i
'e,ral 9!ia> :i! fir!, a", wa! ,o "a),ure 9f*+ai!,a from ,+e G+orid!>
9, ,+e ,ime w+e 8u+ammadC! ,wo )rede"e!!or! were la&i* ,+e fouda,io! of ,+e
<+wari;mia em)ire o ,+e lower 9mu (ar&a$ ao,+er *rea, 8u!lim )ower +ad @u!, ari!e i
9f*+ai!,a> T+i! "ou,r& +ad u,il ,+e 0elo*ed ,o ,+e Tur#i" G+a;a.id lie$ w+o owed al!o
,+e Pu@a0 i Idia> 90ou, 1130 a "la of Suri 9f*+a! re0elled a*ai!, ,+e G+a;a.id !ul,a! i
,+e G+or 8ou,ai! 0e,wee :era, ad Bamia> T+a, &ear ,+e G+orid "+ief %a+a So; )ludered
G+a;i$ ,+e "a)i,al of S167T ,+e !ul,a!$ w+i"+ i 1175 wa! o""u)ied )ermae,l& 0& +i!
!u""e!!or G+i&a,+ ad1(i> T+e G+a;a.id !ul,a! ,oo# refu*e i /a+ore$ i ,+e Pu@a0$
a0adoi* 9f*+ai!,a ,o ,+e G+orid!> (uri* ,+e rei* of ,+e famou! S+i+a0 ad1(i
8u+ammad of G+or G116511706H$ ,+e G+orid em)ire made a remar#a0le ea!,ward eA)a!io>
8u+ammad de,+roed ,+e la!, G+a;a.id! of ,+e Pu@a0$ aeAed ,+e )ro.i"e G1126H$ ad
!ei;ed ,+e Ga*e! 0a!i from ,+e :idu ra@a! G119711705H> :e +ad rea"+ed ,+i! )oi, i +i!
a"+ie.eme,! w+e +e wa! a,,a"#ed 0& +i! ame!a#e$ S+a+ 8u+ammad of <+wari;m>
L9

T+e fir!, 0a,,le 0e,wee ,+e ,wo 8u+ammad!$ o ,+e 9mu (ar&a$ wa! wo 0& ,+e G+orid$ w+o
!e, for,+ ,o )luder <+wari;m )ro)er G170LH> 8u+ammad of <+wari;m a))ealed for +el) ,o +i!
!u;erai$ ,+e <ara1<+i,ai gur%khan$ w+o !e, +im a arm& led 0& a "er,ai Ta&a#u1Tara; ad 0&
+i! o,+er .a!!al$ U,+ma$ ,+e <ara#+aid )ri"e of Samar#ad> T+a#! ,o ,+e!e reifor"eme,!$
,+e !+a+ of <+wari;m defea,ed ,+e G+orid! a, :e;ara!) ad dro.e ,+em ou, of ,+e "ou,r&
G170LH> T+e <ara1<+i,ai )ur!ued 8u+ammad of G+or ad deal, +im a di!a!,rou! 0low a,
9d#+oi we!, of Bal#+ GSe),em0er1O",o0er$ 170LH> T+i! .i",or& "o"lu!i.el& demo!,ra,ed ,+e
ul,ima,e !u)eriori,& of ,+e <+wari;mia! o.er ,+e G+orid!>
30
Ye, i, wa! o, u,il af,er ,+e dea,+
of 8u+ammad of G+or G8ar"+ 15$ 1706H ,+a, 8u+ammad of <+wari;m !ei;ed :era, ad G+or
i,!elf from ,+e G+orid! G(e"em0er$ 1706H>
31
I 1713 ,+e !+a+ of <+wari;m would "om)le,e ,+e
"o?ue!, of 9f*+ai!,a 0& !ei;i* G+a;i>
8u+ammad of <+wari;m owed +i! .i",or& o.er ,+e G+orid! ,o ,+e <ara1<+i,ai gur%khan$ +i!
!u;erai> Bu, +i! *ra,i,ude wa! !+or,1li.ed> :a.i* arri.ed a, ,+i! )ea# of )ower$ +e$ a 8u!lim
em)eror Gfor a, a0ou, ,+i! ,ime +e a!!umed ,+e ,i,le of !ul,aH ad lord of ,wo1,+ird! of Ira$ fel,
i, i,olera0le ,+a, +e !+ould remai ,+e .a!!al ad ,ri0u,ar& of ,+e!e M)a*aM 8o*ol!> T+e
<ara#+aid )ri"e of Samar#ad$ U,+ma i0 I0ra+im G17001 17H$ !imilarl& a .a!!al of ,+e <ara1
<+i,ai$ !+ared ,+e!e !e,ime,!> I 1707$ 8u+ammad of <+wari;m$ +a.i* "ome ,o a
a*reeme, wi,+ +im$ o""u)ied Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad$ w+ere +e !u0!,i,u,ed +i! ow !u;erai,&
for ,+a, of ,+e <ara1<+i,ai> T+e <+wari;mia em)ire ,+u! em0ra"ed all Tra!oAiaa> T+e <ara1
<+i,ai rea",ed$ a""ordi* ,o %u.aii$ 0& e,eri* Samar#ad$ 0u, ,+eir *eeral Ta&a#u wa! ,a#e
)ri!oer 0& ,+e <+wari;mia! i a S162T 0a,,le fou*+, ei,+er o ,+e Ilami!+ !,e))e$ ear
9di;+a i Der*aa$ or i ,+e Tala! !,e))e G1710H>M
37

8u+ammad +ad re)ul!ed ,+e <ara1<+i,ai wi,+ ,+e "o1o)era,io of ,+e )ri"e of Samar#ad$ ,+e
<ara#+aid U,+ma$ w+o +ad ,ra!ferred +i! alle*ia"e from ,+e *ur1#+a ,o +im> Bu, i 1717$
U,+ma$ ,ired of o0e&i* ,+e <+wari;mia!$ re.ol,ed> 8u+ammad mar"+ed o Samar#ad$ ,oo#
i,$ !a"#ed i,$ ad eAe"u,ed U,+ma G1717H> T+u! )eri!+ed ,+e la!, re)re!e,a,i.e of ,+e
<ara#+aid lie$ w+i"+ +ad *o.ered ,+e Tur#e!,a! for o.er ,wo "e,urie!>
35

/a!,l&$ i 1717$ 8u+ammad of <+wari;m made a ,rium)+al )ro*re!! o +or!e ,+rou*+ Per!ia$ i
,+e "our!e of w+i"+ +e re"ei.ed ,+e +oma*e of ,+e a,a0e*!$ or ide)ede, ad +eredi,ar&
Tur#i!+ *o.eror! of ,+e Per!ia )ro.i"e!$ o,a0l& ,+e Sal*+urid! of Dar!> :e ad.a"ed a! far
a! :olwa i Xa*ro!$ o ,+e 0order! of ,+e 900a!id domai of Ira? C9ra0i> :a.i* ?uarreled
wi,+ ,+e "ali)+$ +e wa! o ,+e )oi, of mar"+i* o Ba*+dad>
3L
E.e ,+e a,a0e* of 9;er0ai@a
GTa0ri;H$ a "ou,r& o, i"luded i +i! ,our$ !)o,aeou!l& a"#owled*ed +im!elf 8u+ammadC!
,ri0u,ar&> 9, ,+i! ,ime$ 1717$ ,+e <+wari;mia Tur#i" em)ire$ 0ouded i ,+e or,+ 0& ,+e lie of
,+e S&r (ar&a$ i ,+e ea!, 0& ,+e Pamir! ad ,+e mou,ai! of Wa;iri!,a$ ad i ,+e we!, 0&
9;er0ai@a ad ,+e mou,ai! of /uri!,a ad <+u;i!,a$ "om)ri!ed Tra!oAiaa$ earl& all
9f*+ai!,a$ ad almo!, ,+e w+ole of Per!ia>
I, wa! ,+e ,+a, +e "la!+ed wi,+ %e*+i; <+a>
Of ,+e fore*oi* i, !+ould 0e 0ore i mid ,+a,$ a, ,+e mome, of ,+e 8o*ol a,,a"#$ ,+e
<+wari;mia em)ire wa! ewl& "rea,ed ad +ad eAi!,ed i i,! fial form for o more ,+a a few
&ear!> I, +ad o, +ad ,ime ,o !,a0ili;e i,!elf ad wa! !,iff wi,+ou, a& !e, or*ai;a,io> T+e
"olla)!e of ,+i! im)ro.i!ed !,ru",ure a, ,+e fir!, !+o"# *i.e! o rea!o ,o mar.el a, %e*+i;
<+aC! !,ra,e*&> T+e ol& "o+e!i.e eleme, 0e,wee ,+e .ariou! )ar,! of ,+e !o1"alled
<+wari;mia em)ire wa! Sul,a 8u+ammad +im!elf> 9d +e$ al,+ou*+ +e +ad 0ee fa.ored 0&
,+e wid! of for,ue for lo*er ,+a a& o,+er ea!,er ruler$ wa! i fa", a! !u!"e),i0le ,o
di!"oura*eme, a! ,o e,+u!ia!m> I, mu!, 0e remem0ered ,+a, w+e %e*+i; <+a em0ar#ed
u)o ,+e "o?ue!, of ,+i! em)ire$ Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad +ad 0elo*ed ,o ,+e <+wari;mia!
for o more ,+a ei*+, &ear!$ ,+e la,,er "i,& ol& af,er "a),ure 0& !,orm S169T ad a ma!!a"re>
9f*+ai!,a +ad o, 0ee "om)le,el& a,,a"+ed ,o <+wari;m for more ,+a four &ear! 0efore ,+e
%e*+i;1<+ai,e i.a!io GG+a;i i 1716HE we!,er Per!ia +ad 0ee i"o,e!,a0l& <+wari;mia
for a mere ,+ree &ear! G1717H> I fa",$ ,+e$ "o,rar& ,o ,+e !,a,eme,! of +i!,oria!$ ,+ere wa! a,
,+e ,ime of %e*+i; <+aC! i.a!io o real <+wari;mia em)ire a, all$ 0u, !im)l& a em0r&o$ a
ou,lie of a em)ire$ !,ill de.oid of ,+e 0o& !,ru",ure of !,a,e+ood> %e*+i; <+a wa! ,o +a.e a
,a!# of a .er& differe, order w+e "ofro,ed 0& a ,rue !,a,e$ !u"+ a! ,+e <i realm of or,+er
'+ia>
S170T
9 The Russian Steppe fro" the Si<th to the Thirteenth Century
THE A*ARS
To ,+e e&e! of a *eo*ra)+er$ ,+e !,e))e! of !ou,+er Ru!!ia are merel& a eA,e!io of ,+e
9!ia,i" !,e))e> T+e +i!,oria ,a#e! ,+e !ame .iewE we +a.e !ee ,+e ,ru,+ of i, i a,i?ui,&$ i
"oe",io wi,+ ,+e S"&,+ia!$ Sarma,ia!$ ad :u!$ ad i, i! o le!! .alid i ,+e "a!e of ,+e
earl& 8iddle 9*e!$ from ,+e 9.ar! ,o ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e!>
T+e mi*ra,io of ,+e 9.ar! from 'e,ral 9!ia i,o !ou,+er Ru!!ia i! #ow ,+rou*+ ,+e
B&;a,ie +i!,oria T+eo)+&la",u! Simo"a,,e!> T+eo)+&la",u! di!,i*ui!+e! 0e,wee ,rue 9.ar!
ad fal!e 9.ar! G,seudavaroiH> I ,+e former +e !ee!$ a! i! o,ed 0& 8ar?uar,$ ,+e %ua1@ua4 a
)eo)le of 8o*ol !,o"# w+o +ad 0ee ma!,er! of 8o*olia ,+rou*+ou, ,+e fif,+ "e,ur&$ u,il
"ru!+ed ad !u)er!eded 0& ,+e TCu1"+Ie+ Tur#! i 337> B& Mfal!e 9.ar!M +e deo,e! ,+e 9.ar! of
Euro)ea medie.al +i!,or&$ w+o u!ur)ed ,+a, formida0le ame> T+e!e are !aid ,o +a.e "om)ri!ed
,wo ui,ed +orde!4 ,+a, of ,+e Uar Gor VarH$ w+e"e ,+e ame 9.ar$ ad ,+a, of ,+e <ui or
:uiE ,+e !e"od ,erm !u**e!,! a :ui" ori*i>
1
T+e ,wo li#ed ame! of Uar ad :ui would
,+u! !,ad for 9.ar ad :u> I, i! al!o "laimed$ +owe.er$ ,+a, ,+e!e Uar! ad :ui$ from w+om
,+e B&;a,ie! "oied ,+eir word 5uarkhonitai$ were ,wo ,ri0e! of O*orE ,+a, i! ,o !a&$ a""ordi*
,o !ome Orie,ali!,!$ Ui*ur> Bu, ,+e Ui*ur of +i!,or& were Tur#!$ w+erea! ,+e 9.ar! of Euro)e
!eem ,o +a.e 0ee 8o*ol!> S171T 8oreo.er$ 9l0er, :errma$ i oe of ,+e ma)! i +i! a,la!$
"o,iue! ,o ide,if& ,+e Uar ad ,+e :ui wi,+ ,+e %ua1@ua$ w+o were ?ui,e "er,ail&
8o*ol!>
7
Be!ide!$ a! 8ior!#&
5
)oi,! ou,$ ,+e di!,i",io 0e,wee M,rue 9.ar!M ad
CMP!euda.ar!$M 0a!ed a! i, i! o a !i*le B&;a,ie !our"e$ a))ear! !omew+a, !leder> 9*ai$ a!
:errma !u**e!,!$
L
if ,+e 9.ar! w+o emi*ra,ed ,o Euro)e i ,+e !e"od +alf of ,+e !iA,+ "e,ur&
were o, %ua@ua$
3
,+e& mu!, +a.e 0ee E)+,+ali,e :u!> I, ma& 0e re"alled ,+a, ,+e E)+,+ali,e!$
w+o )o!!e!!ed Ili$ Tra!oAiaa$ ad Ba",ria i ,+e fif,+ "e,ur& ad w+o were$ li#e ,+e %ua1@ua$
of 8o*ol !,o"#$ were o.er"ome ad di!)o!!e!!ed !+or,l& af,er ,+e %ua@ua$ a0ou, 363$ 0& ,+e
!ame ad.er!arie!$ ,+e TCu1"+Ie+$ w+o +ad allied ,+em!el.e! wi,+ Sa!!aid Per!ia a*ai!, ,+em
G!ee )a*e 27H>
6

W+a,e.er ,+e ri*+,! ad wro*! of ,+i! ar*ume, ma& 0e$ i, wa! ,oward ,+e ed of %u!,iiaC!
rei* Gd> 363H ,+a, ,+e 9.ar!= bares/ baroi i Gree#E vari/ vares i /a,i=mo.ed i,o
Euro)e$ @o!,li* ad !+o.i* a+ead of ,+em$ a! T+eo)+&la",u! Simo"a,,e! !a&!$ M,+e :uu*ur
ad Sa0ir ad o,+er :ui" +orde!>M T+e #i* of ,+e 9la!$ "alled Saro!io! 0& ,+e B&;a,ie!$
"o,ri.ed ,o remai o *ood ,erm! wi,+ ,+em> T+eir a))eara"e remided ,+e B&;a,ie! of ,+e
:u! of old eA"e), ,+a,$ uli#e ,+e :u!$ ,+e 9.ar! wore ,+eir +air i ,wo lo* )lai,! dow ,+eir
0a"#!> T+e& were !+amai!,!E T+eo)+&la",u! me,io! oe of ,+eir !or"erer! or bocolabras
Gfrom ,+e 8o*ol bg)$ !or"ererH>
7
T+eir am0a!!ador <adi#+$ w+e re"ei.ed i audie"e 0&
%u!,iia$ demaded lad! ad ,ri0u,e from +im G337H> %u!,iia ,+e !e, ,+em +i! e.o&
Vale,io! G,+e !ame w+o la,er .i!i,ed ,+e TCu1"+Ie+H ad ur*ed ,+eir #+a*a
2
,o do 0a,,le wi,+
,+e o,+er +orde!$ ,+e :uu*ur ad Sa0ir or Viguri ad Sabiri$ w+o were "ru!+ed> T+e 9.ar!
defea,ed al!o ,+e <u,ri*ur ad U,ur*ur :u!$ w+o were 0o,+ de!"eda,! of 9,,ilaC! )eo)le$ ad
w+o roamed a! omad! or,+we!, of ,+e Sea of 9;o. ad ear ,+e mou,+ of ,+e (o$
re!)e",i.el& G!ee )a*e 79H> T+e& a!!imila,ed ,+e!e :u! i,o ,+eir ow +orde> 9! ,+e :u! i
?ue!,io mu!, +a.e 0ee Tur#! ad our 9.ar! !eem ,o +a.e 0ee 8o*ol!$ we !ee o"e a*ai
+ow ea"+ of ,+e ,wo *rea, Tur#o18o*ol *rou)! i"or)ora,ed wi,+i i,! ow em)ire ,+e
re)re!e,a,i.e! of ,+e o,+er> T+e 9.ar!$ w+e a",i* a! "ofedera,e! of ,+e B&;a,ie Em)ire$
+ad de!,ro&ed ,+e!e :ui" #i*dom!> I 360 ,+eir S177T domiio alread& eA,eded from ,+e
Vol*a ,o ,+e mou,+ of ,+e (au0e> T+eir #+a*a )i,"+ed +i! "am) of "+ario,! o ,+e or,+ 0a#
of ,+e la,,er ri.er> I ,+e or,+ +e "ru!+ed ,+e Sla. ,ri0e! G9,e!$ Slo.ee!$ ad Wed!HE i ,+e
we!, +e )ee,ra,ed Germaia ad wa! 0ea,e a, la!, a, a *rea, 0a,,le i T+uri*ia 0& ,+e Dra#i!+
#i* Si*e0er, of 9u!,ra!ia$ *rad!o of 'lo.i! G367H>
9
T+e 9.ar! !ur*ed 0a"# a*ai ,oward ,+e
Bla"# Sea>
S+or,l& af,erward Ga0ou, 363H$ a .er& a0le #+a*a amed Ba&a a!"eded ,+e 9.ar ,+roeE +i!
ame$ a! Pellio, o,e!$ !eem! !)e"ifi"all& 8o*ol>
10
/i#e 9,,ila 0efore +im ad %e*+i; <+a
af,er +im$ +e !eem! ,o +a.e 0ee a "al"ula,i* ad a!,u,e )oli,i"ia ra,+er ,+a a !,ra,e*i!,> I
367$ i allia"e wi,+ ,+e /om0ard!=a Germai" ra"e !e,,led i Paoia=+e de!,ro&ed ,+e
Ge)idae$ ao,+er Germai" ra"e Gof Go,+i" !,o"#H$ w+o were e!,a0li!+ed i :u*ar& ad
Tra!&l.aia>
11
:u*ar& wa! o""u)ied 0& ,+e 9.ar!$ ad Ba&a !e, u) +i! ro&al e"am)me,
ear 9,,ilaC! old "a)i,al> T+u!$ i ,+i! :u*aria )lai w+i"+ ,+rou*+ou, +i!,or& +a! fi*ured a!
,+e eA,reme )rolo*a,io of ,+e 9!ia !,e))e$ ,+e "+ai of Tur#o18o*ol em)ire! wa! re.i.ed>
T+e 9.ar! ow rei*ed from ,+e Vol*a ,o 9u!,ria> T+i! uloo#ed1for eA)a!io of ,+e %ua1@ua
or E)+,+ali,e 0ad! w+i"+ +ad e!"a)ed ,+e armie! of ,+e TCu1"+Ie+ *rea,l& di!)lea!ed ,+e la,,erE
,+e& ,+erefore "om)laied ,o ,+e B&;a,ie! a0ou, ,+e ,rea,& made 0e,wee %u!,iia ad ,+e
9.ar!> W+e Tardu$ ,+e #i* of ,+e we!,er TCu1"+Ie+$ re"ei.ed ,+e B&;a,ie am0a!!ador
Vale,io! i 373176 o ,+e u))er Yuldu; or,+ of <u"+a$ +e re)roa"+ed +im 0i,,erl& for ,+i!
)a",> 8eader
17
?uo,e! +im a! +a.i* !aid4 M/e, ,+o!e Uar#+ui UVar"+oi,aeV 0u, dare ,o awai,
m& "a.alr&$ ad ,+e mere !i*+, of our w+i)! will !ed ,+em fleei* i,o ,+e 0owel! of ,+e ear,+[
No, wi,+ our !word! !+all we eA,ermia,e ,+a, ra"e of !la.e!E we !+all "ru!+ ,+em li#e ,+e
meae!, of a,! 0eea,+ our +or!e!C +oof!>M
15

I 376$ ,o )ui!+ ,+e B&;a,ie! for ,+eir rela,io! wi,+ ,+e 9.ar!$ ,+e TCu1"+Ie+ !e, a
de,a"+me, of "a.alr& uder ,+e "ommad of a "er,ai Bo#+a i,o ,+e Ru!!ia !,e))e$ w+ere$
,o*e,+er wi,+ ,+e la!, "+ief of ,+e U,ur*ur :u!$ 9a*ai$ ,+e& a,,a"#ed ,+e B&;a,ie "i,& of
Bo!)oru! or Pa,i"a)aeum$ ear moder <er"+ i ,+e 'rimea$ a, ,+e e,ra"e of ,+e Sea of
9;o.>
1L

I 327$ ,+e #+a*a Ba&a o)eed +o!,ili,ie! a*ai!, ,+e B&;a,ie! ad !ei;ed Sirmium
G8i,ro.i"aH$ a 0rid*e+ead o ,+e S175T Sa.a> Uder )re!!ure from ,+e 9.ar!$ !ome of ,+e
Bul*ar!=a )eo)le of a))are,l& Tur#i" !,o"#$ w+o ma& +a.e de!"eded from ,+e <u,ri*ur :u!
=!e,,led i Be!!ara0ia ad Walla"+ia$ w+e"e ,+e arri.al of ,+e 8a*&ar! would la,er "au!e ,+em
,o emi*ra,e ,o 8oe!ia$ w+i"+ ,+e& would ma#e i,o a Bul*aria> I ,+e we!,$ Ba&a=,+e
gaganus$ a! Gre*or& of Tour! reder! +i! 8o*ol ,i,le=re!umed +i! !,ru**le wi,+ ,+e Dra#!
a0ou, 370$ ad ,+i! ,ime 0ea, Si*e0er,$ ,+e #i* of 9u!,ra!ia> Ba&a ,+e a,,a"#ed ,+e B&;a,ie
Em)ire o"e more$ ,oo# Si*iduum GBel*radeH$ ad !a"#ed 8oe!ia a! far a! 9"+ialu! Gear
Bur*a!H>
13
I 327 +e wa! defea,ed 0& ,+e B&;a,ie! ear 9driao)le$ ad for a ,ime remaied
ia",i.e> I 397 Ba&a made a fre!+ raid$ "a),ured 9"+ialu!$ ad ra.a*ed T+ra"e a! far a!
Xurulum G'orluH> 9 a0le B&;a,ie *eeral amed Pri!"u! ,+e !u""eeded i +oldi* ,+e
#+a*a i "+e"#E +e e.e "ro!!ed ,+e (au0e$ a,,a"#ed +im i ,+e +ear, of +i! em)ire$ i
:u*ar&$ ad "o"lu!i.el& defea,ed +im o ,+e 0a#! of ,+e Ti!;a$ #illi* four of +i! !o! G601H>
S+or,l& af,er ,+i! di!a!,er$ Ba&a died G607H>
T+e 9.ar #+a*a w+o followed ,ured a*ai!, I,al&$ ,+e i ,+e )ower of ,+e /om0ard!> T+e
9.ar! +ad alread& ,a#e ad.a,a*e of ,+e /om0ard!C mi*ra,io from Paoia ,o /om0ard& ,o
o""u)& Paoia> I 610 ,+eir #+a*a !ei;ed ad !a"#ed Driuli> I 619$
16
o ,+e o""a!io of a
i,er.iew a, :era"lea Po,i"a GEre*liH i T+ra"e$ +e re!or,ed ,o ,rea"+er&4 a )er!oal a!!aul, o
Em)eror :era"liu!$ followed 0& a a,,a"# o 'o!,a,io)le> Bo,+ am0u!+ ad a,,a"# failed>
:owe.er$ ,+e +o!,ili,ie! uder,a#e 0& '+o!roe! II$ ,+e #i* of Per!ia$ a*ai!, ,+e B&;a,ie
Em)ire !oo )ro.ided ,+e 9.ar! wi,+ a uloo#ed1for o))or,ui,&> Per!ia! ad 9.ar! "om0ied
,o 0e!ie*e 'o!,a,io)le$ ,+e former ,+rou*+ 9!ia 8ior$ ,+e la,,er ,+rou*+ T+ra"e> I %ue ad
%ul&$ 676$ a! ,+e Per!ia *eeral S+a+r0ara;$ +a.i* "ro!!ed 9!ia 8ior from ed ,o ed$ )i,"+ed
+i! "am) a, '+al"edo a, ,+e e,ra"e ,o ,+e Bo!)oru!$ ,+e 9.ar #+a*a !a, dow 0efore ,+e
wall! of 'o!,a,io)le> Em)eror :era"+u! wa! ,+e a, ,+e 'au"a!ia fro,$ ad i +i! a0!e"e
'o!,a,io)le wa! defeded 0& ,+e )a,ri"ia Bou!> Drom %ul&51 u,il 9u*u!, L$ 676$ ,+e 9.ar!
lau"+ed a!!aul, af,er a!!aul, u)o ,+e "i,&> T+i! wa! ,+e *ra.e!, )eril ,+a, we!,er "i.ili;a,io
+ad fa"ed for a .er& lo* ,ime> W+a, would +a.e 0e"ome of ,+a, "i.ili;a,io if ,+e 8o*ol +orde
+ad mo.ed i,o ,+e "a)i,al of '+ri!,edom a, ,+a, ,imeF S17LT Bu, ,+e B&;a,ie flee,$ mi!,re!!
of ,+e Bo!)oru!$ )re.e,ed ,+e Per!ia! ad 9.ar! from "o1ordia,i* ,+eir effor,!> Re)ul!ed
wi,+ a))alli* lo!!e! a, ea"+ of +i! a,,a"#!$ ,+e #+a*a rai!ed ,+e !ie*e ad re,ured ,o :u*ar&>
T+i! re.er!e !eriou!l& im)aired ,+e )re!,i*e of ,+e 9.ar!> O ,+e dea,+ of ,+e #+a*a w+o +ad
!uffered i, G650H$ ,+e Bul*ar!,+e Tur#i" )eo)le w+o +ad u,il ,+e +el)ed ,+e 9.ar! a! allie!
ra,+er ,+a a! !u0@e",!=demaded ,+a, ,+e di*i,& of #+a*a !+ould )a!! ,o ,+eir ow #+a$
<u.ra,E ad ,+e 9.ar! +ad ,o re)re!! ,+i! "laim ,o +e*emo& 0& for"e> Ne.er,+ele!!$ ,+e& were
"om)elled ,o lea.e ,+e Bul*ar! lord! of moder Walla"+ia ad of MBul*ariaM or,+ of ,+e Bal#a
8ou,ai!$ @u!, a! ,+e& +ad ,o allow ,+e Sla.! G'roa,!$ e,">H ,o o""u)& ,+e ,erri,or& 0e,wee ,+e
(au0e ad ,+e Sa.a> T+e& ,+em!el.e! remaied i ,+e :u*aria )lai u,il ,+e ed of ,+e
ei*+,+ "e,ur&>
I, wa! lef, ,o '+arlema*e ,o deal fiall& wi,+ ,+e 8o*ol +orde> I 9u*u!,$ 791$ i ,+e "our!e of
+i! fir!, "am)ai*$ +e )er!oall& i.aded ,+e 9.ar #+aa,e ad )ee,ra,ed a! far a! ,+e
"oflue"e of ,+e (au0e ad ,+e Raa0> I 793 +i! !o Pe)i$ a!!i!,ed 0& Eri"$ du#e of Driuli$
a,,a"#ed ,+e Ri*=,+e walled "i,adel of ,+e 9.ar!=ad "a),ured )ar, of ,+e 9.ar ,rea!ure$ ,+e
!)oil! of ,wo "e,urie! of raid! ,+rou*+ ,+e B&;a,ie world> I 796$ i a ,+ird "am)ai*$ Pe)i
demoli!+ed ,+e Ri* ad remo.ed ,+e re!, of ,+e ,rea!ure> Oe of ,+e 9.ar "+ief!$ w+o 0ore ,+e
a"ie, Tur#o18o*ol ,i,le of ,udu$ +ad "ome ,+e &ear 0efore ,o re"ei.e 0a),i!m a, 9iA1la1
'+a)elle G9a"+eH>
17
I 799 +e re0elled a*ai!, Dra#i!+ rule$ 0u, ,+i! wa! ,+e fial !,ru**le>
9f,er +i! "+a!,i!eme,$ a ew 9.ar "+ief amed Xoda "ame i 205 ,o ma#e )ermae,
!u0mi!!io> I 203$ a #+a*a 0a),i;ed wi,+ ,+e ame of T+eodore ruled ,+e 9.ar! a! a !u0@e", of
'+arlema*e>
Bu, af,er !o ma& di!a!,er! ,+e 9.ar! were ua0le ,o defed ,+em!el.e! a*ai!, ,+e dual )re!!ure
of Sla.! ad Bul*ar!> 9, ,+e ed of '+arlema*eC! rei*$ ad wi,+ +i! au,+ori,&$ ,+e& ad ,+eir
#+a*a T+eodore a0adoed ,+e or,+ 0a# of ,+e (au0e for we!,er Paoia$ 0e,wee
'amu,um ad Sa0aria> 9, ,+e ed of ,+e i,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e old 9.aria wa! di.ided 0e,wee G1H
,+e Sla.i" em)ire of S.ia,o)ol# Gd> 293H$ #ow a! Grea, 8ora.ia$ w+i"+ eA,eded from
Bo+emia ,o Paoia$ i"lu!i.el&$ ad G7H ,+e Tur#i" #+aa,e of ,+e Bul*ar!$ w+i"+ i"luded
S173T !ou,+er :u*ar&$ Walla"+ia$ ad Bul*aria or,+ of ,+e Bal#a ra*e> T+e Bul*aria ,ri0e
of ,+e Oo*+udur or Oo*ur$ de!,ied )er+a)! ,o *i.e i,! ame ,o :u*ar&$ o""u)ied i
)ar,i"ular ,+e re*io ea!, ad !ou,+ of ,+e 'ar)a,+ia!>
12

T+e 9.ar! were o, wi,+ou, a im)or,a, ar, of ,+eir ow$ a! a,,e!,ed 0& ar"+aeolo*i"al fid! i
:u*ar&> I, i! a 0ra"+ of !,e))e ar,$ wi,+ di!,or,ed mo,if! of aimal! ad a0o.e all of !)irali*
*eome,ri" or )la, mo,if! *ra"efull& i,erwo.e$ )rodu"i* a !olid de"ora,i.e effe",> T+e o0@e",!$
u!uall& i 0ro;e$ "o!i!,$ li#e ,+o!e of ,+e ,radi,ioal !,e))e$ of 0el, )la?ue! ad 0u"#le!$
orame,! of e?ui)me, or +are!!$ 0oo#! ad fi0ulae> I, i! )ar,i"ularl& i,ere!,i* ,o o,e ,+e
"lo!e "o,iui,& of ,+e!e 9.ar fid! of :u*ar& wi,+ !imilar 0ro;e! di!"o.ered i ,+e Ordo!$ i
,+e *rea, loo) of ,+e Yellow Ri.er$ ad da,i* from ,+e )eriod of ,+e :!iu*1u$ %ua1@ua$ ad
TCu1"+Ie+> 9mo* ,+e ri"+e!, of ,+e :u*aria !i,e! ma& 0e o,ed ,+o!e of <e!;,0el&$ '!u& ad
Neme!.ol*&$ Pa+i)u!;,a$ '!o*rad ad S;e,e!$ S;ila*&i1 Somlio$ (ua)e,ele$ _llJ$ ad
<i!#JrJ!>
19
9.ar ar,$ a! Nador De,,i"+ o0!er.e!$ 0ear! a )ar,i"ular affii,& ,o ,+e la!, Si0eria
!,&le of 8iu!i!#$ #ow a! ,+a, of ,+e Nomad :or!eme> T+e "om)ari!o! made 0& De,,i"0
0e,wee ,+i! !,&le ad ,+a, of ,+e fid! of 8id!;e,$ Dee#$ ad Pu!;,a,o,i are illumia,i*> /e,
u! al!o o,e ,+e !,ro* )o!!i0ili,& ,+a, ,+e 9.ar! i,rodu"ed ,+e u!e of ,+e !,irru) i,o ,+e We!,>
.7/,ARS A1- MA,(ARS
9f,er ,+e de"lie of ,+e 9.ar!$ ,+e "+ief role i Tur#o18o*ol Euro)e 0elo*ed for a ,ime ,o ,+e
Bul*ar!>
70
T+e!e )eo)le$ w+o a))ear ,o +a.e 0ee of Tur#i" ori*i ad rela,ed ,o ,+e <u,ri*ur
:u!$ +ad$ duri* ,+e !e"od ?uar,er of ,+e !e.e,+ "e,ur&$ 0uil, u) a )owerful realm or,+we!,
of ,+e 'au"a!u!$ 0e,wee ,+e <u0a .alle& ad ,+e Sea of 9;o.$ uder ,+e #+a <u.ra, Gd> 6L7H$
leader of ,+e Bul*ar ,ri0e of ,+e Oo*+udur> 9f,er <u.ra,C! dea,+$ ,+e <+a;ar ad.a"e "u, ,+e
Bul*ar ,ri0e! i ,wo> Oe )or,io$ led 0& Ba&a$ oe of <u.ra,C! !o!$ remaied i ,+e ,erri,or&
uder <+a;ar !u;erai,&> GT+e de!"eda,! of ,+i! 0ra"+ are 0elie.ed la,er ,o +a.e mo.ed
or,+ward i ,+e dire",io of ,+e <ama ad <a;a$ ad ,+ere fouded Grea, Bul*aria$ w+i"+ i
,+e ,+ir,ee,+ "e,ur& wa! de!,ro&ed 0& ,+e S176T %e*+i;1<+ai,e 8o*ol!E ,+eir la,e!,
de!"eda,! are ,+ou*+, ,o 0e ,+e '+u.a!+ of ,oda&>H T+e !e"od Bul*ar *rou)$ led 0& ,+e #+a
9!)aru#+=ao,+er of <u.ra,C! !o!=mo.ed we!,ward$ "ro!!ed ,+e (au0e i 679$ ad !e,,led
i a"ie, 8oe!ia> Em)eror %u!,iia II G703111H$ )ro,e",ed amid ,+e B&;a,ie "i.il war! 0& ,+e
#+a Ter.el G701112H$ 9!)aru#+C! !u""e!!or$ offi"iall& re"o*i;ed ,+i! a))ro)ria,io> 9 "e,ur&
la,er$ ,+e Bul*ar! of 8oe!ia$ uder ,+eir #+a Tele,; G"a> 76716LH$ mar"+ed o 'o!,a,io)leE
0u, ,+e B&;a,ie em)eror 'o!,a,ie V "ru!+ed ,+em a, 9"+ialu!$ ear moder Bur*a! G%ue
50$ 767H> I 211 ao,+er Bul*ar #+a$ <rum$ 0ea, ad #illed ,+e em)eror Ni"e)+oru! I ad +ad a
dri#i* "u) made of +i! !#ull i ,+e a"ie, :ui" maerE 0u, i 215$ w+e +e laid !ie*e ,o
'o!,a,io)le$ +e failed li#e ,+e 9.ar! 0efore +im> :i! !u""e!!or$ ,+e #+a Omur,a* G21L151H$
made )ea"e wi,+ ,+e B&;a,ie!> T+e "o.er!io of ';ar Bori! G237129H i ,+e middle of ,+e
i,+ "e,ur& ad ,+e i"rea!i* Sla.i" iflue"e ,o w+i"+ ,+e Bul*ar!4 were !u0@e",ed were ,o
!e)ara,e ,+e!e )eo)le from ,+e 0ul# of ,+e Tur#i" a,io! ad i,e*ra,e ,+em wi,+ '+ri!,ia
Euro)e>
T+e a"ie, ,erri,or& of ,+e 9.ar! wa! o""u)ied a, ,+e ed of ,+e i,+ "e,ur& 0& ,+e 8a*&ar! or
:u*aria!> T+e :u*aria la*ua*e 0elo*! o, ,o ,+e Tur#o18o*ol 0u, ,o ,+e O01U*ria
!e",io of ,+e Dio1U*ria *rou)$ ad 0e,wee ,+e!e ,wo li*ui!,i" *rou)! o i,ima,e
"oe",io +a! &e, 0ee foud>
71
Ne.er,+ele!!$ i, i! )o!!i0le ,+a, a, ,+e )eriod i ?ue!,io$ ,+e
:u*aria! were )oli,i"all& or*ai;ed 0& a Tur#i" ari!,o"ra"&> 9ra0 *eo*ra)+er! !u"+ a! ,+e
au,+or of $udud al%lam G927H ad Gardi;i G102LH !eem ,o di!,i*ui!+ Gor "ofu!eH ,wo 8a*&ar
*rou)!$ oe of w+i"+ remaied i ,+e Ural 8ou,ai!$ w+ere ,+e Vo*ul !,ill li.e ,oda&$
77
w+ile
,+e o,+er emi*ra,ed fir!, ,o M/e.ediaM or,+ of ,+e Sea of 9;o. ad la,er ,o M9,el#u;u$M w+i"+ i!
,+e )lai 0e,wee ,+e lower (ie)er$ ,+e 'ar)a,+ia!$ ,+e Sere,$ ,+e (au0e del,a$ ad ,+e Bla"#
Sea> 9, ,+i! ,ime$ ,+e !ame 9ra0 *eo*ra)+er! Ga! al!o 'o!,a,ie Por)+&ro*ei,u!H !)ea# of ,+e
M8a@*+ariM a! Tur#!$ o dou0, 0e"au!e 0o,+ *rou)! of ,+e!e Dio1U*ria! +ad 0ee or*ai;ed
0& Bul*ar!4 ,+o!e of ,+e Ural! 0& ,+e Bul*ar! of <ama$ ,+o!e of 9,el#u;u 0& ,+e Oo*+udur or
Oo*ur$ w+o i ,+e i,+ "e,ur& o""u)ied ,+e !ou,+ea!,er re*io of ,+e 'ar)a,+ia!>
75
T+e
ame of :u*aria!$ ,o deo,e ,+e 8a*&ar!$ ma& +a.e ori*ia,ed wi,+ ,+e!e Oo*ur w+o S177T
mi*led wi,+ ,+em i ,+e !e"od +alf of ,+e i,+ "e,ur&> O,+er !our"e! li# ,+e!e Dio1U*ria
8a*&ar! wi,+ ao,+er Tur#i" ,ri0e$ ,+e <a0ar!$ w+o are a!!o"ia,ed wi,+ ,+e <+a;ar! ad w+o are
0elie.ed ,o +a.e *i.e ,+e 8a*&ar! ,+eir ro&al famil&$ ,+e 9r)ad!> T+e )re!e"e of a Oo*ur or
<a0ar Tur#i" ari!,o"ra"& amo* ,+e 8a*&ar! would eA)lai ,+e B&;a,ie )ro,o"ol 0& w+i"+$ i
,+e eA"+a*e of am0a!!ador! uder 'o!,a,ie Por)+&ro*ei,u!$ 8a*&ar "+ief! were alwa&!
refered ,o a! MPri"e! of ,+e Tur#!$ BCDEFG ED HCIJD>M
7L

9roud 255 ,+e 8a*&ar! were li.i* i /e.edia$ 0e,wee ,+e (o ad ,+e (ie)er$ wi,+i ,+e
"lie,ele of ,+e *rea, Tur#i" em)ire of ,+e <+a;ar!> Toward 230 or 260$ dri.e from /e.edia 0&
,+e Pe,"+ee* Tur#!$ ,+e& e,ered 9,el#u;u> T+e& rea"+ed ,+e (au0e del,a aroud 220> I ,+eir
ew (au0ia domai$ ,+e :u*aria! "o,iued ,o 0e "lie,! of ,+e Tur#i" #i*dom of ,+e
<+a;ar! G!ee 0elowH$ ad i, i! 0elie.ed ,o +a.e 0ee a <+a;ar #+a w+o$ a! !u;erai$ a))oi,ed a
&ou* o0le of ,+e <a0ar ,ri0e$ amed 9r)ad$ ,o 0e )ri"e amo* ,+e :u*aria!> S+or,l&
af,erward$ ,+e B&;a,ie em)eror /eo VI$ 0ei* ,+e a, war wi,+ Simeo$ ,+e Bul*aria ";ar$
"alled ,+e :u*aria! ,o +i! aid> T+e :u*aria!$ led 0& 9r)ad$ "ro!!ed ,+e (au0e ad )u,
Bul*aria ,o fire ad ,+e !word> Bu, ,+e Bul*aria! ,+e a))ealed ,o ,+e Pe,"+ee*!$ ow ma!,er!
of ,+e Ru!!ia !,e))e$ w+o a,,a"#ed ,+e :u*aria! i ,+e rear ad for"ed 9r)ad ad +i! )eo)le
,o ,a#e refu*e i ,+e mou,ai! of Tra!&l.aia> 9, ,+a, mome,$ 9rulf$ #i* of Germaia$ a,
war wi,+ ,+e Sla. ruler S.ia,o)ol#$ #i* of Grea, 8ora.ia G';e"+o!lo.a#ia$ 9u!,ria$ ad we!,er
:u*ar&H$ de"ided li#e ,+e B&;a,ie ,o a))eal ,o ,+e :u*aria!> 9r)ad "ame i 0a!,e ad
o.er"ame S.ia,o)ol#$ w+o di!a))eared i ,+e "ofli", G293H> Grea, 8ora.ia "olla)!ed$ ad ,+e
:u*aria! ,oo# u) )ermae, a0ode i ,+e "ou,r& w+i"+ wa! !u0!e?ue,l& amed af,er ,+em
G299H> Drom ,+ere$ ,+eir 0ad! !allied for,+ ,o ra.a*e ,+e We!,> T+e& i.aded I,al& a! far a! Pa.ia
G900H> I Germa& ,+e& "ru!+ed ,+e la!, 'aroli*ia #i*$ /oui! ,+e '+ild G910H> T+e& lau"+ed
a raid i,o /orraie G919H$ !e, fire ,o Pa.ia$ )a!!ed 0e&od ,+e 9l)! ,o ,+e Dra#i!+ #i*dom of
Bur*ud& ad Pro.e"e G97LHE ao,+er raid followed$ ,o 9,,i*& i '+am)a*e G976HE ,+e&
)ludered ,+e re*io of R+eim! ad Se! a! far a! Berr& G957H$ ad de.a!,a,ed /orraie$
'+am)a*e$ ad Bur*ud& G93LH> T+e da&! of 9,,ila S172T +ad "ome a*ai$ e.er$ i, !eemed$ ,o
ed> 9, la!,$ o 9u*u!, 10$ 933$ O,,o I$ #i* of Germaia$ o.er"ame ,+e :u*aria! ear
9u*!0ur*$ a .i",or& ,+a, )u, a ed ,o ,+e i.a!io!> O ,+a, o""a!io ,+e Germai" world !a.ed
Euro)e>
T+e "o.er!io ,o '+ri!,iai,& of ,+e :u*aria #i* Vai#$ 0a),i;ed a! S,e)+e$ wa! ,o "+a*e
,+e de!,i& of +i! )eo)le> I ,+e rei* of MS,> S,e)+e$M fir!, a! du#e ad ,+e a! #i* G9971
1052H$ :u*ar& e,ered u)o a ew .o"a,io> :a.i* 0ee u,il ,+e ,+e ,error of Euro)e$ !+e
wa! ,o 0e"ome i,! !ure!, defe!e a*ai!, ,+e a!!aul,! of 9!ia,i" 0ar0ari!m4 M,+e !+ield of
'+ri!,edom>M Drom ,+e 8o*ol i.a!io of ,+e ,+ir,ee,+ "e,ur& ,o ,+e eA)ul!io of ,+e
O,,oma! i ,+e !e.e,ee,+$ ,+e life of ,+e 8a*&ar )eo)le wa! ,o 0e oe lo*$ +eroi"$ ad
*loriou! "ru!ade>
THE 2HA>ARS
9, ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e !e.e,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e !ou,+we!,er )ar, of ,+e Ru!!ia !,e))e ad
(a*e!,a +ad wi,e!!ed ,+e ri!e of ,+e <+a;ar em)ire>
T+e <+a;ar! were a Tur#i" )eo)le w+o wor!+i)ed Td*ri ad were *o.ered 0& #+a*a! ad
tarkhans> Bar,+old !u**e!,! ,+a, ,+e& re)re!e, a 0ra"+ of ,+e we!,er Tur#!$ or$ )er+a)! more
a""ura,el&$ ,+e we!,er :u!>
73
T+e& were alread& a )owerful a,io w+e i 676 ,+eir #+a
Xie0il$ a, ,+e re?ue!, of :era"liu! a, a mee,i* i Tifli!$ le, ,+e B&;a,ie em)eror L0$000 me
,o ma#e war o Per!ia$ a reifor"eme, wi,+ w+i"+ :era"liu! laid wa!,e ,+e Sa!!aid )ro.i"e of
9;er0ai@a> T+e allia"e ,+u! formed 0e,wee B&;a,ium ad ,+e <+a;ar! wa! reewed ma&
,ime! 0& ro&al marria*e!> Em)eror %u!,iia II$ a, ,+e ,ime of +i! eAile G6931703H$ ,oo# refu*e
wi,+ ,+e <+a;ar! ad married oe of ,+e #+a*aC! !i!,er!$ w+o 0e"ame ,+e basilissa T+eodora>
'o!,a,ie V i +i! ,ur i 757 married a <+a;ar #+a*aC! dau*+,er w+o 0e"ame ,+e basilissa
Iree> T+eir !o$ Em)eror /eo IV$ i! #ow 0& ,+e "o*ome of /eo ,+e <+a;ar G7731720H> T+i!
!&!,em of allia"e arra*eme,! wa! mo!, u!eful ,o ,+e B&;a,ie! i ,+eir 0a,,le! a*ai!, ,+e
9ra0!$ w+om ,+e <+a;ar! would ,a#e i ,+e rear i Tra!"au"a!ia Gfor eAam)le$ i 76LH w+ile ,+e
B&;a,ie armie! a,,a"#ed i 9!ia 8ior>
T+e "ordial a,,i,ude of ,+e B&;a,ie "our, ,oward ,+e <+a;ar! ma& 0e a""ou,ed for i o,+er
wa&!> T+e <+a;ar! were 0& far S179T ,+e mo!, "i.ili;ed )eo)le of Tur#i" Euro)e$ a! ,+e Ui*ur
were ,o 0e of ,+e Tur#! of 'e,ral 9!ia> 9l,+ou*+ ,+e& +ad e.er ado),ed a !ede,ar& or
a*ri"ul,ural wa& of fife$ a! i! !ome,ime! !aid$ ,+e& +ad 0uil, u) a "o+ere, !,a,e$ eri"+ed 0&
,rade ad wi,+ a rela,i.el& +i*+ "ul,ure$ ,+a#! ,o ,+eir "o,a", wi,+ B&;a,ium ad wi,+ ,+e 9ra0
world> T+i! !,a,e a))ear! ,o +a.e 0ee "e,ered a, fir!, i ,+e area of ,+e Tere# !,e))e!> T+e fir!,
<+a;ar M"a)i,al$M Bala@ar$ +a! 0ee lo"a,ed 0& 8ar?uar, a, ,+e !our"e of ,+e Sula#$ a !ou,+er
,ri0u,ar& of ,+e Tere#> 9f,er i,! de!,ru",io 0& ,+e 9ra0! i 777175$ ,+e ro&al re!ide"e wa!
,ra!ferred ,o ,+e ,ow #ow ,o ,+e 9ra0! a! al1Baida$ ,+e W+i,e 'i,&$ a ame w+i"+ 8ar?uar,
!ee#! ,o amed ,o Sari*!+ar$ ,+e Tur#i" ,erm for Yellow 'i,& Gor 0e,,er !,ill$ a! 8ior!#& ,+i#!$
Sari*+1!+i$ ,+a, i! ,o !a&$ Sa?!iH> 8ar?uar, lo"a,e! ,+i! "i,& a, ,+e !ame !i,e a! ,+a, o""u)ied 0&
,+e la,er "a)i,al of I,il$ a, ,+e mou,+ of ,+e Vol*a> I,il$ i"ide,all&$ wa! ol& ,+e wi,er re!ide"e
of ,+e <+a;ar #+a*a!> I !ummer ,+e& roamed$ li#e ,+eir omadi" a"e!,or! ,+e :!iu*1u$
a"ro!! ,+e !,e))e$ mo!, li#el& i ,+e dire",io of ,+e <u0a> I 255$ de!iri* ,o )o!!e!! a
+ead?uar,er! le!! eA)o!ed ,o ro.i* +orde!$ ,+e& a))ealed ,o ,+e B&;a,ie em)eror> T+eo)+ilu!
for e*ieer! ,o 0uild ,+em a for,ified "a)i,al> T+eo)+ilu! !e, ,+em ,+e protospathaire G"+ief
e*ieerH Pe,roa!$ w+o +el)ed ,+em ,o "o!,ru", ,+i! ,+ird "a)i,al$ Sar#el$ w+i"+ !,ood ei,+er a,
,+e mou,+ or$ more )ro0a0l&$ a, ,+e *rea, 0ed of ,+e (o>M
76
O ,+e rui! of old P0aa*oria i
,+e Tama Pei!ula$ o))o!i,e ,+e 'rimea$ ,+e <+a;ar! fur,+er ere",ed ,+e ,radi* )o!, of
8a,ar#a>
T+e <+a;ar em)ire wa! ,+e "e,er of a 0ri!# ,rade> B&;a,ie$ 9ra0$ ad %ewi!+ mer"+a,!
flo"#ed ,o I,il ad Sar#el i ?ue!, of )el,! from ,+e or,+> Wi,+ ,+em$ '+ri!,iai,&$ I!lam$ ad
%udai!m foud foo,+old i ,+e "ou,r&> Be,wee 231 ad 265$ B&;a,ium !e, ,o ,+e <+a;ar! ,+e
a)o!,le Sai, '&ril$ w+o wa! warml& wel"omed> Bio*ra)+ie! of Sai, '&ril !+ow +im de0a,i*
wi,+ %ewi!+ ra00i! a, ,+e #+a*aC! ,a0le> I ,+e rei* of /eo VI$ 8a,ar#a wa! ,+e !ea, of a
B&;a,ie 0i!+o)ri"$ fouded for ,+e di!!emia,io of ,+e Go!)el ,+rou*+ou, <+a;aria> I!lam
,oo$ re)re!e,ed 0& umerou! 9ra0 re!ide,!$ made ma& "o.er,! from 690 oward ad$ from
262 ad a0o.e all af,er 963$ wa! ,o 0e"ome oe of ,+e ma@or reli*io! of ,+e re*io> %udai!m wa!
i e.e *rea,er fa.or> I 767$ I!aa" Sa*ari 0e*a +i! mii!,r& amo* S120T ,+e <+a;ar!>
8a!Cudi de"lare! ,+a, uder ,+e "ali)+a,e of :aru ar1Ra!+id G7261209H ,+e <+a;ar #+a*a ad
o0ili,& em0ra"ed ,+i! reli*io> T+e )er!e"u,io of ,+e %ew! i!,i*a,ed 0& ,+e B&;a,ie em)eror
Romau! /e"a)eu! G9191LLH drew a *rea, um0er of I!raeli,e refu*ee! i,o ,+e "ou,r&>
9 #+a*a w+o +ad a!!umed ,+e Bi0li"al ame of %o!e)+ i! !aid ,o +a.e wri,,e i 9L2 ,o ,+e
ra00i S+i!dai ,o de!"ri0e ,+e ,+ri.i* !,a,e of <+a;ar %udai!mE 0u, 8ar?uar, dou0,! ,+e
au,+e,i"i,& of ,+i! famou! le,,er$ w+i"+ !eem! ,o da,e from o earlier ,+a ,+e ele.e,+ "e,ur&>
77
9""ordi* ,o ,+e Ri!ala of I01Dad+a$ ,+e #+a*a$ ,+e .i"ero&$ ,+e )ri"e of Samadar Gi
(a*e!,aH$
72
ad o,+er di*i,arie! )rofe!!ed %udai!m> B& wa& of re)ri!al! for ,+e de!,ru",io of
!&a*o*ue! o I!lami" ,erri,or&$ oe of ,+e #+a*a! demoli!+ed a miare,> Ne.er,+ele!!$ amo*
,+e )eo)le$ 8u!lim! ad '+ri!,ia! !eem ,o +a.e ou,um0ered ,+e %ew!> 9roud 963 a #+a*a i!
!aid ,o +a.e em0ra"ed I!lam for )oli,i"al rea!o!$ 0u, i 1016 ,+e #+a of ,+e Tama Pei!ula
wa! a '+ri!,ia <+a;ar 0& ,+e ame of MGeor*io! T;oulo!>M
I ,+e i,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e <+a;ar! 0e*a ,o de"lie )oli,i"all&> T+e!e "i.ili;ed Tur#! of %udai"
fai,+ were ,o 0e !we), awa& 0& +orde! of ,+eir ow ra"e w+o +ad remaied u,amed )a*a!>
O"e more ,+e !,e))e wa! i a !,a,e of fluA> T+e O*+u; Tur#! from ,+e 9ral !,e))e! G,+e Ou;oi
of B&;a,ie wri,er!H dro.e ,+e Pe,"+ee* Tur#! of ,+e Em0a re*io ad ,+e Ri.er Ural ,oward
,+e we!,> 9roud 230160 ,+e Pe,"+ee*!$ "ro!!i* ,erri,orie! ,+a, were !u0@e", ,o ,+e <+a;ar
em)ire$ di!lod*ed ,+e 8a*&ar!$ w+o were "lie,! of ,+e <+a;ar!$ from ,+e or,+er "oa!,! of ,+e
Sea of 9;o.> 9! +a! 0ee !ee$ ,+e 8a*&ar! ,+e wi,+drew ,o 9,el#u;u$ 0e,wee ,+e (ie)er ad
,+e lower (au0e> Soo$ 0e,wee 229 ad 295$ ,+e Pe,"+ee*! reewed ,+eir )ur!ui, of ,+e
8a*&ar!$ di!lod*ed ,+em from ,+eir ew area$ ad fiall& !e,,led ,+ere ,+em!el.e!$ ,+u!
o""u)&i* all ,+a, )ar, of ,+e Ru!!ia !,e))e l&i* 0e,wee ,+e mou,+ of ,+e (o ad 8olda.ia>
T+e <+a;ar! re,aied ol& ,+e "ou,r& 0e,wee ,+e lower rea"+e! of ,+e (o$ ,+e lower Vol*a$
ad ,+e 'au"a!u!>
I 963 ,+e Ru!!ia )ri"e of <ie.$ S.ia,o!la.$ a,,a"#ed ,+e <+a;ar! ad ,oo# )o!!e!!io of ,+eir
"a)i,al$ Sar#el$ o ,+e *rea, 0ed of ,+e (o> :owe.er$ a! Bar,+old o0!er.e!$ ,+e S121T <+a;ar
#+aa,e !ur.i.ed ,+i! di!a!,er$ or a, lea!, i, re,aied ,+e ,erri,orie! of ,+e lower Vol*a ad of ,+e
<u0a ad (a*e!,a !,e))e> I 1016 ,+e B&;a,ie em)eror Ba!il II !e, a flee,$ !u))or,ed 0& a
Ru!!ia arm&$ a*ai!, ,+e la!, of ,+e <+a;ar!> T+e!e "om0ied for"e! !ei;ed ,+e Tama Pei!ula
ad ,+e <+a;ar de)ede"ie! i ,+e 'rimea> B& 1050 ,+e <+a;ar! +ad di!a))eared a! a )oli,i"al
)ower> T+e B&;a,ie! +ad mi!"al"ula,ed 0adl&$ +owe.er$ i +el)i* ,+e Ru!!ia! ,o "ru!+ ,+e!e
"i.ili;ed Tur#!$ ,+e olde!, ad mo!, fai,+ful allie! of ,+e em)ire> I )la"e of ,+e <+a;ar!$ wild
+orde! were ,o !ei;e "o,rol of ,+e Po,i" !,e))e!>
PETCHE1E,S A1- 2IPCHA2S
T+e Pe,"+ee*! G,+e Pa,;aa#i,ai of 'o!,a,ie Por)+&ro*ei,u!$ ad I!+,+a#riC! Ba"+aa#H
were$ a! we +a.e !ee$ a Tur#i" ,ri0e w+i"+$ a""ordi* ,o 8ar?uar,$ +ad o"e formed )ar, of ,+e
"ofedera,io of we!,er TCu1"+Ie+ 0u, +ad 0ee dri.e 0a"# ,oward ,+e lower S&r (ar&a ad
,+e 9ral Sea 0& ,+e \arlu? Tur#!>
79
Pur!ui* ,+eir we!,ward mi*ra,io$ ,+e& were *ra;i* ,+eir
+erd! 0e,wee ,+e Ural GYai#H ad Vol*a GI,ilH ri.er! w+e$ aroud 915 Ga""ordi* ,o 'o!,a,ie
Por)+&ro*ei,u!H$ ,+e& were dri.e from ,+e re*io 0& a "om0ied a,,a"# of <+a;ar! ad O*+u;>
Dar,+er we!,$ ,+e Pe,"+ee*! +ad o""u)ied M/e.edia$M or,+ of ,+e Sea of 9;o.$ +a.i* wre!,ed i,
from ,+e 8a*&ar!> S+or,l& af,erward$ ,+e Pe,"+ee*!$ re!umi* ,+eir we!,ward dri.e$ eA)elled
,+e 8a*&ar! from 9,el#u;u$ ,+a, i! ,o !a&$ ,+e we!,er )ar, of ,+e Ru!!ia !,e))e$ 0e,wee ,+e
(ie)er ad ,+e lower (au0e> T+u! a0ou, 900 ,+e Pe,"+ee*! u,ili;ed ,+e )a!,ure! 0e,wee ,+e
mou,+ of ,+e (ie)er ad ,+a, of ,+e (au0e> I 95L ,+e& @oied i ,+e :u*aria i.a!io of ,+e
B&;a,ie Em)ire i T+ra"eE i 9LL ,+e& were wi,+ Pri"e I*or o +i! de!"e, u)o B&;a,ium
i,!elf> I 1076 ,+e& "ro!!ed ,+e (au0e$ 0u, were re)ul!ed 0& ,+e a0le 'o!,a,ie (io*ee!> I
1056 ,+e Ru!!ia )ri"e Yaro!la. of <ie. ifli",ed u)o ,+em a 0lood& defea, w+i"+ )u, a ed
,o ,+eir domiio o.er ,+e !,e))e ad for"ed ,+em ,o aim o"e more a, ,+e B&;a,ie Em)ire> I
1031$ uder ,+e im)e,u! of ,+eir ow am0i,io! ad i rea",io ,o ,+e dri.e of ,+e O*+u;$ ,+e&
a*ai i.aded ,+e em)ire> T+ere wa! a fur,+er
S127T
S125T
i"ur!io i 106L$ a"ro!! T+ra"e ,o ,+e *a,e! of 'o!,a,io)le> T+e drama for B&;a,ium la& i
,+e fa", ,+a, w+e i, re"rui,ed mer"earie! from amo* ,+e )a*a Tur#! of Euro)e ,o fi*+, ,+e
8u!lim Tur#! of 9!ia$ ,+e !e!e of Tur#i!+ #i!+i) of ,+e )a*a! wa! of,e !,ro*er ,+a ,+eir
lo&al,& ,o ,+e 0a!ileu!> T+i! wa! !ee i 1071$ o ,+e e.e of ,+e 0a,,le of 8ala;*ir, U8a;i#er,V$
w+e ,+e Pe,"+ee* "or)! de!er,ed ,+e !er.i"e of Em)eror Romau! (io*ee! for ,+a, of Sul,a
9l) 9r!la> I 1027 i Euro)e$ duri* ,+e rei* of 9leAiu! 'omeu!$ ,+e Pe,"+ee*! o"e more
i.aded T+ra"e a! far a! <ule G0e,wee Eo! ad 'o!,a,io)leH$ w+ere a, la!, ,+e& were )u, ,o
fli*+,$ lea.i* ,+eir leader T;el*u o ,+e 0a,,lefield> 9leAiu! 'omeu! made ,+e mi!,a#e of
)ur!ui* ,+em$ ad wa! 0ea,e a, (ri!,ra G(uro!,orum$ Sili!,raH i ,+e au,um of 1027> T+e
em)ire wa! !a.ed 0& ,+e arri.al of ao,+er Tur#i" +orde$ ,+e <i)"+a#! or Polo.,!&$ w+o emer*ed
from ,+e Ru!!ia !,e))e 0e+id ,+e Pe,"+ee*! ad defea,ed ,+em o ,+e (au0e> Bu, o !ooer
+ad all ,+e!e +orde! wi,+draw i,o Ru!!ia a*ai ,+a ,+e Pe,"+ee*!$ uder )re!!ure from ,+e
<i)"+a#!$ i.aded T+ra"e o"e more i 1022129$ *oi* a! far a! I)!ala$ !ou,+ of 9driao)le$
w+ere 9leAiu! +ad ,o 0u& ,+em off> I 1090 ,+e Pe,"+ee*! @oied wi,+ ,+e Seliu#! of 9!ia 8ior
,o a,,a"# 'o!,a,io)le 0& ,+e .alle& of ,+e 8ari,!a$ from 9driao)le ,o Eo!$ w+ile ,+e Sel@u#
flee,$ mi!,re!! of Sm&ra$ a,,a"#ed ,+e "oa!,! ad from Ni"aea ,+e Sel@u# arm& ,+rea,eed
Ni"omedia GI;mi,H>
I, wa! a re)e,i,io of ,+e !i,ua,io a, ,+e ,ime of :era"+u! ad ,+e 9.ar!$ 0u, ow i 0o,+ 9!ia
ad Euro)e B&;a,ium wa! "ofro,ed 0& Tur#!4 )a*a Tur#! i Euro)e$ 8u!lim Tur#! i 9!ia$
ui,ed a*ai!, ,+e em)ire 0& ,ie! of #i!+i)> T+e Pe,"+ee*! wi,ered ear /ule0ur*a;$ o))o!i,e
,+e B&;a,ie lie!$ w+i"+ +ad 0ee wi,+draw ,o 'orlu> O"e more 9leAiu! 'omeu!
a))ealed ,o ,+e <i)"+a#!$ w+o$ "ommaded 0& To*or,a# ad 8aia#$ "ame dow i,o T+ra"e
from Ru!!ia ad ,oo# ,+e Pe,"+ee*! i ,+e rear> O 9)ril 79$ 1091$ ,+e "om0ied B&;a,ie ad
<i)"0a# for"e! "ru!+ed ,+e Pe,"+ee* arm& a, 8ou, /e.uio> I, wa! ,+e de"ima,io of a
w+ole )eo)le>
50
T+e rema,! of ,+e Pe,"+ee*!$ +a.i* reformed i Walla"+ia$ made a fre!+
a,,em), i ,+e !u""eedi* *eera,io$ i 1171=a a,,em), w+i"+ wa! "ofied ,o Bul*aria$ or,+
of ,+e Bal#a S12LT ra*e> Bu, ,+e& were !ur)ri!ed ad ma!!a"red 0& Em)eror %o+ 'omeu!
i ,+e !)ri* of 1177>
T+e Pe,"+ee*! +ad *i.e )la"e i ,+e Ru!!ia !,e))e ,o ,+e O*+u; ad ,+e <i)"+a#>
T+e O*+u;$ w+o!e 9!ia,i" de!"eda,! are ow #ow a! Tur#me ad w+o were #ow ,o ,+e
9ra0! a! G+u;;$ were i ,+e +a0i, of ro.i* or,+ea!, of ,+e 'a!)ia ad or,+ of ,+e 9ral Sea>
51
9 "la of ,+i! a,io$ ,+e Sel@u#!$ em0ra"ed I!lam ad i ,+e ele.e,+ "e,ur& we, ,o !ee# i,!
for,ue i Per!ia$ w+ere i, fouded ,+e *rea, Tur#i" 8u!lim em)ire of To*rul0e*$ 9l) 9r!la$
ad 8ali#!+a+ G!ee )a*e 1L2H> Similarl& i ,+e ele.e,+ "e,ur&$ ao,+er O*+u; "la$ )a*a i
,+i! "a!e=,+e Ou;oi of B&;a,ie +i!,oria!=o.er,+rew Pe,"+ee* !u)rema"& i ,+e Ru!!ia
!,e))e> Ru!!ia "+roi"le! fir!, me,io ,+e!e O*+u;=uder ,+e !im)le ame of Tor#!=i
103L$ a, ,+e !ame ,ime a! ,+e a))eara"e of ,+e Polo.,!& or <i)"+a#!>
57
B&;a,ie +i!,oria!
re)or, ,+a, i 1063$ duri* ,+e rei* of ,+e B&;a,ie em)eror 'o!,a,ie Z (u"a!$ ,+e!e Ou;oi
"ro!!ed ,+e (au0e ,o ,+e um0er of 600$000 ad de.a!,a,ed ,+e Bal#a )ei!ula a! far a!
T+e!!aloi"a ad or,+er Gree"e$ 0u, ,+a, !oo af,erward ,+e& were ai+ila,ed 0& ,+e
Pe,"+ee*! ad ,+e Bul*ar!> T+e la!, of ,+e O*+u; 0ad! w+o 0ad )a!!ed we!, of ,+e Vol*a were
fiall& !u0@u*a,ed$ elimia,ed$ or a!!imila,ed 0& ,+e <i)"+a#!>
T+e )eo)le #ow i Tur#i" a! <i)"+a#! were ,+e !ame a! ,+e Polo.,!& of ,+e Ru!!ia!$ ,+e
<omaoi of ,+e B&;a,ie!$ ,+e \umai G'uma!H of ,+e 9ra0 *eo*ra)+er Idri!i$ ad ,+e <u
G\ouH of ,+e :u*aria!>
55
9""ordi* ,o Gardi;i$ ,+e& ori*iall& formed )ar, of ,+e *rou) of
<imd# Tur#! w+o li.ed i Si0eria alo* ,+e middle rea"+e! of ,+e Ir,&!+$ or )er+a)!a! 8ior!#&
0elie.e!1alo* ,+e O0>
5L
T+e <imd#! ad O*+u; were i a& e.e, "lo!el& rela,ed> G<a!+*ari +a!
remar#ed ,+a, ,+e ,wo differed from ,+e re!, of ,+e Tur#i" a,io! 0& ,+e mu,a,io of ,+e ii,ial y
,o i Ud3V>H 9roud ,+e middle of ,+e ele.e,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e <i)"+a#!$ !)li,,i* off from ,+e 0ul# of
,+e <imK#!$ de)ar,ed i ,+e dire",io of Euro)e> I 103L$ ,+e Ru!!ia "+roi"le! fir!, o,e ,+eir
)re!e"e i ,+e !,e))e or,+ of ,+e Bla"# Sea$ a! well a! ,+a, of ,+e O*+u;$ w+om ,+e <i)"+a#!
)u!+ed ad dro.e a+ead> T+e <i)"+a#! )rofi,ed 0& ,+e O*0u;C S123T .i",or& o.er ,+e Pe,"+ee*!
ad$ w+e ,+e O*+u; were "u, ,o )ie"e! 0& B&;a,ie! ad Bul*ar!E i ,+e "our!e of ill1fa,ed
eA)edi,io! i,o ,+e Bal#a! G1063 ad !u""eedi* &ear!H$ ,+e <i)"+a#! remaied !ole ma!,er!
of ,+e Ru!!ia !,e))e> I 11701 71$ I0 al19,+ir allude! ,o ,+em a! !u"+$ ad a! allie! of ,+e
Geor*ia!> 9, a0ou, ,+i! ,ime$ !e.eral 8o*ol "la!$ "lo!el& rela,ed ,o ,+e <+i,a ad mi*li*
,o !ome eA,e, wi,+ ,+e we!,ward mi*ra,io of ,+e <ara1<+i,ai$ are 0elie.ed ,o +a.e "ome from
,+e Sio18a"+uria 0order! ,o ,+e re*io of ,+e Ural ad Vol*a ri.er!$ ,+ere ,o @oi ,+e mai
0od& of ,+e <i)"+a#!$ amo* w+om ,+e& ma& +a.e a!!umed ,+e !,a,u! ad fu",io of ruli*
"la!!> Ye, ,+e& mu!, .er& !oo +a.e 0ee a!!imila,ed$ mer*i* a! ,+e& a0!or0ed ,+e Tur#i" wa&
of fife wi,+ ,+e )urel& <i)"+a# eleme,>
53
T+e <i)"+a#! remaied ma!,er! of ,+e Ru!!ia !,e))e
u,il ,+e i.a!io 0& %e*+i; <+aC! lieu,ea,! i 1777>
56
T+e$ uder Ru!!ia iflue"e$ "er,ai
<i)"+a# "+ief! 0e*a ,o ado), '+ri!,iai,&> 9l!o$ ,+e <i)"+a#! were ,o 0e?uea,+ ,+eir ame
)o!,+umou!l& ,o 8o*olia Ru!!ia$ !i"e ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e realm fouded i ,+a, ,erri,or&
0e"ame #ow a! ,+e #+aa,e of <i)"+a#>
W+a, !+ould 0e 0ore i mid of ,+i! !ummar& i! ,+e a"+ie.eme, of ,+e B&;a,ie Em)ire i
re!i!,i*$ ,+rou*+ou, !o ma& "e,urie!$ ,+e !u""e!!io of +orde! ,+a, 0ea, u)o i,! fro,ier!>
Drom 9,,ila ,o ,+e O*+u;$ all ,+e!e u)oli!+ed Tur#! ad 8o*ol! re)re!e,ed a far more
formida0le da*er ,o '+ri!,ia "i.ili;a,io ,+a ,+e "ri!i! of 1L35>
S126T
II The 4en'hi!%2hanite Mon'ols
S127T
[This page intentionally left blank.]
S122T
: 4en'hi! 2han
MO1,O/IA I1 THE T#E/FTH CE1T7R(
9, ,+e ed of ,+e ,welf,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e ma) of 9!ia wa! draw ,+u!4 '+ia wa! di.ided 0e,wee
,+e a,ioal em)ire of ,+e Su* i ,+e !ou,+$ wi,+ i,! "a)i,al a, :a*"+ow$ ad=i ,+e or,+=
,+e Tu*u!i" #i*dom of ,+e %ur"+id!$ %u1"+e$ or <i$ of w+i"+ ,+e "a)i,al wa! Pe#i*> I ,+e
or,+we!,er )ar, of '+ia$ ,+e Ordo! ad <a!u of ,oda&$ ,+ere +ad ari!e ,+e Ta*u, #i*dom
of :!i1:!ia$ w+i"+ +ad Ti0e,a affii,ie!> I ,+e or,+we!, of ,+e Tarim$ from Turfa ,o <u"+a$
li.ed ,+e Ui*ur Tur#!$ "i.ili;ed Tur#! wi,+ a Budd+i!, ad Ne!,oria "ul,ure> T+e I!!&# <ul
re*io of ,+e '+u$ ad <a!+*aria$ formed ,+e em)ire of ,+e <ara1<+i,ai$ a )eo)le of 8o*ol
!,o"# ad '+ie!e "ul,ure> Tra!oAiaa ad almo!, ,+e w+ole of Ira 0elo*ed ,o ,+e !ul,a! of
<+wari;m$ w+o were of Tur#i" !,o"# 0u, of ,+e 8u!lim fai,+ ad of 9ra0o1Per!ia "ul,ure>
Be+id ,+em$ ,+e re!, of 8u!lim 9!ia wa! di.ided 0e,wee ,+e 900a!id "ali)+! a, Ba*+dad$ ,+e
9&&u0id !ul,a!=of <urdi" !,o"# ad 9ra0 "ul,ure=i S&ria ad E*&),$ ad ,+e Sel@u# !ul,a!$
of Tur#i" ra"e ad mar#edl& Iraia "ul,ure$ i 9!ia 8ior>
T+i! wa! !ede,ar& 9!ia> Be&od ,o ,+e or,+$ o ,+e Si0ero1 8o*ol 0order!$ i ,+e !,e))e!
or,+ of ,+e Go0i ,oward ,+e 9l,ai$ <+a*ai$ ad <e,ei mou,ai!$ ro.ed umerou! ,ri0e! w+i"+
+ad remaied omadi" ad w+i"+ 0elo*ed ,o ,+e ,+ree 0ra"+e! of ,+e 9l,ai" ra"e4 Tur#i"$
8o*ol$ ad Tu*u!i"> (e!)i,e ,+i! li*ui!,i" di.i!io$ mo!, of ,+e omad! of 'e,ral 9!ia$
leadi* ,+e !ame life i ,+e !ame "lima,e$ +ad a e,+i"al S129T re!em0la"e w+i"+ +a! !,ru"#
all ,ra.eler! i ,+o!e )ar,!> T+e )or,rai, draw of ,+em 0& Greard +ardl& differ! from ,+e
de!"ri),io! of 9mmiau! 8ar"elliu!$ William of Ru0ru"#$ or of ,+e '+ie!e aali!,!4 MT+e&
+ad 0road fa"e!$ fla, o!e!$ )romie, "+ee#0oe!$ !li, e&e!$ ,+i"# li)!$ !)ar!e 0eard!$ ad
!,rai*+, 0la"# +airE !war,+& !#i!$ ,aed 0& !u$ wid$ ad fro!,E ,+e& were !+or, of !,a,ure ad
,+eir !,o"#&$ +ea.& 0odie! were !u))or,ed 0& 0owle*!>M T+i! )or,rai, of ,+e e,eral :u or
8o*ol i! o, uli#e ,+a, of ,+e E!#imo or of ,+e )ea!a, of ,+e 'au!!e! of Dra"eE for life o
,+o!e .a!, wid1!we), eA)a!e!$ fro;e i wi,er ad !"or"+ed for a few wee# of !ummer$
im)o!e! o a& ra"e !,ro* eou*+ ,o wi,+!,ad !u"+ "odi,io! ,+e !ame *arled ad !,u,ed
!,re*,+>
T+e eAa", lo"a,io of ma& of ,+e!e ,ri0e! i! diffi"ul, ,o e!,a0li!+ wi,+ a& a""ura"&$ ad ,+eir
)ro0a0le )o!i,io "a ol& 0e e!,ima,ed>
Oe of ,+e )ri"i)al Tur#o18o*ol )eo)le!$ ,+e Naima$ !eem! ,o +a.e i+a0i,ed w+a, i! ow
,+e di!,ri", of <o0do ad ,+e .i"ii,& of U0!a Nor$ eA,edi* a! far a! ,+e Bla"# Ir,&!+ ad /a#e
Xai!a i oe dire",io ad ,+e u))er Sele*a i ,+e o,+er> M9l,+ou*+ ,+eir ame !eem! 8o*ol
Gnaiman mea! ei*+, i 8o*oliaH$ ,+eir !&!,em of ,i,le! i! Tur#i"$ ad ,+e Naima ma& well 0e
8o*oli;ed Tur#!>M
1
Ne!,oriai!m 0ad made ma& "o.er,! amo* ,+em> T+e Ta'rikh%i Kahan%
gusha e.e ,ell! u! ,+a, Ne!,oria! were i ,+e ma@ori,&$ ad ,+a, a, ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e
,+ir,ee,+ "e,ur& ,+e +eir of ,+eir #i*!=,+e famou! <I"+lI*=+ad 0ee 0rou*+, u) i ,+a,
reli*io>
7
Ne.er,+ele!!$ ,+e Secret $istory !+ow! ,+a, ,+e !+ama! e@o&ed a e?ual iflue"e
amo* ,+e Naima$ for i war ,+e& were a0le ,o i.o#e ,+e aid of !,orm! ad of ,+e eleme,!>
T+e Naima 0orrowed ,+e )ri"i)le! of ,+eir "ul,ure from ,+e Ui*ur$ ,+eir ei*+0or! ,o ,+e !ou,+>
9, ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e ,+ir,ee,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e Naima #i* +ad a! +i! #ee)er of ,+e !eal ad
amaue!i! a Ui*ur !"+olar amed Gi '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),ioH TCa1,Ca1,Cu*1a$ for Ui*ur Tur#i"
!er.ed a! ,+eir "+a"eller& la*ua*e> Na,urall& '+ia ,oo Gi ,+e !+a)e of %ur"+id or <i '+iaH
eAer,ed i,! )re!,i*e amo* ,+em$ a! i! "learl& )ro.ed 0& ,+e ,i,le of tayang$ 0ore duri* ,+e
)eriod of %e*+i; <+a 0& ,+eir #i*4 a ,i,le rela,ed ,o ,+e word! M*rea, #i*M Gta%wangH i
'+ie!e> I ,+e )re.iou! *eera,io$ ,+e Naima #i* S190T Ia"+0il*K$ ,+e fa,+er of our
tayang$ lef, 0e+id +im ,+e re)u,a,io of a redou0,a0le "+ief>
Nor,+ of ,+e Naima$ o ,+e u))er Yei!ei$ were ,+e <ir*+i;$ Tur#i" ,ri0e! w+o!e leader! 0ore
,+e ,i,le of inal> 9f,er ,+e& +ad 0ee dri.e from ,+e re*io of ,+e u))er Or#+o aroud 970 0& a
<+i,a raid$ ,+e& +ad )la&ed o fur,+er )ar, i +i!,or&>
T+e <era&i, )eo)le .ied wi,+ ,+e Naima )eo)le for )ower>
5
T+eir eAa", a0ode i! ol& .a*uel&
ide,ified>
L
9 um0er of Orie,ali!,! +a.e lo"a,ed i, !ou,+ of ,+e Sele*a$ o ,+e u))er Or#0o
ad o ,+e Tula ad O*#i$ i ,+e moder ,erri,or& of Sai No&a> 9""ordi* ,o o,+er!$ ,+e
Naima mo.ed far,+er ea!,$ ,o ,+e re*io of <ara#orum$ w+ere ,+e <era&i, ;oe i! !u))o!ed ,o
+a.e 0e*u> T+e <era&i, )eo)le are u!uall& "o!idered a! Tur#!> MT+e le*ed of 8o*ol ori*i!
lea.e! o room for ,+em$ ad i, i! +ard ,o !a& w+e,+er ,+e <era&i, were 8o*ol! w+o +ad 0ee
!,ro*l& iflue"ed 0& ,+e Tur#!$ or Tur#! w+o were 0e"omi* 8o*oli;ed> I a& e.e,$ ma&
<era&i, ,i,le! were Tur#i"$ ad To*rul i! a Tur#i" ra,+er ,+a a 8o*ol ame>M
3
T+e <era&i, are
,+ou*+, ,o +a.e 0ee "o.er,ed ,o Ne!,oriai!m !oo af,er ,+e &ear 1000$ uder "ir"um!,a"e!
rela,ed 0& ,+e S&ria" "+roi"ler Bar :e0raeu!> T+e <era&i, #+a$
6
w+o +ad *oe a!,ra& i ,+e
!,e))e$ i! !aid ,o +a.e 0ee !a.ed 0& ,+e a))ari,io of Sai, SKr*i! GSer*iu!H> 9, ,+e i!,i*a,io of
,+e '+ri!,ia mer"+a,! w+o "+a"ed ,o 0e i ,+e "ou,r& a, ,+e ,ime$ +e a!#ed E0e@e!u$ ,+e
Ne!,oria me,ro)oli,a of 8er.$ i <+ura!a$ ei,+er ,o "ome +im!elf or ,o !ed a )rie!, ,o
0a),i;e +im$ ,o*e,+er wi,+ +i! ,ri0e> E0e@e!uC! le,,er ,o ,+e Ne!,oria )a,riar"+ Gof Ba*+dadH$ %o+
VI Gd> 1011H=a le,,er da,ed from 1009 ad ?uo,ed 0& Bar :e0raeu!F7=!,a,e! ,+a, 700$000
<era&i, Tur#! were 0a),i;ed wi,+ ,+eir #+a>
7
I ,+e ,welf,+ "e,ur& ,+e mem0er! of ,+e <era&i,
ro&al famil& "o,iued ,o 0ear '+ri!,ia ame!> T+i! fa", wa! ,o 0e oe of ,+e !our"e! i ,+e
We!, of ,+e le*ed of MPre!,er %o+$M ,+e o,+er !our"e rela,i* ,o ,+e e*u! of E,+io)ia>
2
Two
*eera,io! 0efore ,+e era of %e*+i; <+a$ ,+eir #+a$ w+o "alled +im!elf 8ar*u; G,+a, i!$
8ar"u!H Bu&iru?$ !eem! ,o +a.e a!)ired ,o ,+e +e*emo& of ,+e ea!,er Go0i$ a! did ,+e Ta,ar!
ad$ of "our!e$ ,+e <i #i*! of Pe#i*> Bu,$ "o?uered 0& ,+e Ta,ar!$ +e wa! deli.ered 0& ,+em
i,o ,+e +ad! of ,+e <i$ ad ailed u)o a woode do#e&> :i! widow i! !aid ,o +a.e a.e*ed
+im 0& arra*i* S191T for ,+e a!!a!!ia,io of ,+e Ta,ar #+a> 8ar*u; +ad lef, ,wo !o!$
\ur@a?u; G'&ria"u!H$ wi,+ a ame a! '+ri!,ia a! +i! ow$ ad Gur1#+a> \ur@a?u; !u""eeded
+im> 9f,er \ur@a?u;C dea,+$ +i! !o ad !u""e!!or To*rul a!"eded ,+e <era&i, ,+roe> :e wa!
fa"ed 0& ,+e e"e!!i,& of !,ru**li* a*ai!, +i! u"le Gur1#+a$ w+o wa! !u))or,ed 0& Ia"+$
#i* of ,+e Naima$ ad w+o dro.e +im ,em)oraril& from ,+e "ou,r&> Bu, ,rium)+i* i ,+i!
"o,e!,$ +e i +i! ,ur dro.e ou, Gur1#+a$ ,+a#! ,o ,+e !u))or, of ,+e 8o*ol "+ief Ye!u*ei$
fa,+er of %e*+i; <+a>
9

W+e i 1199 +e +ad 0ea,e ,+e Ta,ar! wi,+ ,+e +el) ad o 0e+alf of ,+e <i "our, of Pe#i*$
To*rul wa! ,o 0e for a !+or, ,ime ,+e mo!, )owerful ruler i 8o*olia> T+e "our, of Pe#i* !e, i,!
!eal o ,+e au,+ori,& of ,+e <era&i, leader 0& "oferri* u)o +im ,+e '+ie!e ,i,le of #i*4
wang> I, wa! uder +i! dual #i*l& ,i,le='+ie!e ad Tur#i"=of wang%khan ,+a, +e wa! ,o 0e
#ow ,o +i!,or&> %e*+i; <+a made +i! de0u, a! "lie, ad .a!!al of ,+i! ruler>
Nor,+ of ,+e <era&i,$ o ,+e lower rea"+e! of ,+e Sele*a$ !ou,+ of /a#e Bai#al$ li.ed ,+e 8Kr#i,$
a Tur#i" or 8o*ol ra"e amo* w+om$ i ,+e "our!e of ,+i! !,or&$ '+ri!,ia eleme,! will 0e
foud>
10
S,ill far,+er or,+ ,+a ,+e 8Kr#i,$ we!, of /a#e Bai#al$ li.ed ,+e O&irad or Oira,$ a
)eo)le of 8o*ol !,o"#> GT+eir ame i 8o*ol mea! M,+e 'ofedera,e!>MH
11

9, ,+e or,+er ed of 8a"+uria$ i ,+e M)o"#e,M 0e,wee ,+e 9r*u ad ,+e 9mur$ dwel, ,+e
Sola* )eo)le$ w+o were of Tu*u!i" !,o"# ad w+o!e de!"eda,!$ ,+e Solo$ !,ill li.e ,+ere
,oda&> Dar,+er !ou,+$ o ,+e !ou,+ 0a# of ,+e <erule$ ear ,+e Bor Nor ad a! far a! ,+e
<+i*a ra*e$ ro.ed Ta,ar! w+om Pellio, 0elie.e! ,o +a.e 0ee o, Tu*u! Ga! +a! lo* 0ee
,+ou*+,H 0u, Ma))are,l& 8o*olia1!)ea#i*>M Ta,ar!$ "ofedera,ed !ome,ime! a! ,+e MNie
Ta,ar!M GTo9u! TatarH ad !ome,ime! a! ,+e MT+ir,& Ta,ar!M G5tu! TatarH$ were alread& me,ioed
i ,+e ei*+,+1"e,ur& Tur#i" i!"ri),io! of <o!+o1 T!aidam> E.e a, ,+a, ,ime ,+e& ma& +a.e
0ee li.i* i ,+e re*io of ,+e lower <erule>
17
T+e ,welf,+1"e,ur& Ta,ar! were redou0,a0le
warrior! ad ra#ed amo* ,+e fier"e!, of all ,+e!e )eo)le!> I ,+e dire",io of 8a"+uria ,+e&
"o!,i,u,ed a !eriou! da*er ,o ,+e Sio1Tu*u!i" #i*dom of ,+e <i> I, wa! wi,+ a .iew ,o
deli.eri* a fla# a,,a"# u)o ,+em from ,+e or,+we!, S197T ,+a, ,+e "our, of Pe#i* *a.e i,!
!u))or, ,o ,+e earl& a",i.i,ie! of %e*+i; <+a>
T+e 8o*ol! )ro)er$ i ,+e re!,ri",ed$ +i!,ori"al !e!e of ,+e word$
15
of w+om %e*+i; <+a wa!
oe$ made ,+eir !ea!oal mi*ra,io! i ,+e or,+we!, of moder Ou,er 8o*olia$ 0e,wee ,+e
Oo ad ,+e <erule> 9! we +a.e !ee$ +i!,or& re"ord! ,+e eAi!,e"e of )eo)le! w+o almo!,
"er,ail& !)o#e 8o*ol ,o*ue! well 0efore ,+e a))eara"e of ,ri0e! w+i"+$ wi,+ %e*+i; <+a$
were ,o *i.e ,+eir ame ,o ,+e w+ole *rou)$ @u!, a! we foud Tur#i" )eo)le! 0efore ,+e ri!e of ,+e
TCu1"+Ie+ )ro)er> I, i! ,+u! !u**e!,ed ,+a, we !+ould re"#o amo* ,+e 8o*olia!)ea#i*
)eo)le! ,+e :!ie1)i of ,+e ,+ird "e,ur&$ ,+e %ua@ua ad ,+e E)+,+ali,e! of ,+e fif,+$ ad ,+e
9.ar! of Euro)e G!iA,+ ,o i,+ "e,ur&H> I, +a! al!o 0ee re"o*i;ed ,+a, ,+e <+i,a$ w+o )la&ed
!o *rea, a )ar, from ,+e ei*+,+ ,o ,+e ,welf,+ "e,ur&$ !)o#e a 8o*ol diale", w+i"+$ +owe.er$ 0&
"o,a", wi,+ ,+e Tu*u!i" la*ua*e!$ +ad 0e"ome !,ro*l& )ala,ali;ed>
1L
Ye, al,+ou*+ ma& of
,+e!e M)ro,o18o*olM )eo)le! fouded .a!, domiio!$ o, oe a"+ie.ed !u"+ worldwide fame
a! ,+e 8o*ol! )ro)er$ or %e*+i;1<+ai,e!>
9""ordi* ,o ,+e 8o*ol le*ed! "olle",ed 0& Ra!+id ad1(i$ ,+e 8o*ol )eo)le$ "o?uered i
,+e .er& earlie!, ,ime! 0& ,+e Tur#!$ +ad ,o ,a#e refu*e i ,+e mou,ai! of Er#ee1?u> 9, a ,ime
w+i"+ Per!ia +i!,oria! e!,ima,e a! a0ou, ,+e i,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e!e fore0ear! of ,+e 8o*ol! are
,+ou*+, ,o +a.e "ome dow from ,+e Er#ee1?u i,o ,+e )lai! of ,+e Sele*a ad ,+e Oo>
T+e !ame le*ed! rela,e ,+e !,or& of ,+e m&,+i"al a"e!,re!! 9la1?oCa$ w+o$ af,er ,+e dea,+ of
+er +u!0ad (o0u1mer*e$ i! !aid ,o +a.e "o"ei.ed ,+e )ro*ei,or! of ,+e Niru 8o*ol!
,+rou*+ ,+e i,er.e,io of a ra& of li*+,> Diall&$ i, i! added ,+a, ,+e Niru 8o*ol Bodu"+ar
wa! ,+e a"e!,or =ei*+, *eera,io! 0a"#=of %e*+i; <+a>
I ,+e ,welf,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e 8o*ol! )ro)er were di.ided i,o a *rea, um0er of ulus$ a word
w+i"+$ a""ordi* ,o Vladimir,!o.$ !i*ifie! 0o,+ ,ri0e ad !mall a,io>
13
T+e!e ide)ede,
,ri0e! fou*+, amo* ,+em!el.e! a! well a! wi,+ ,+eir ei*+0or!$ o,a0l& wi,+ ,+e Ta,ar!> T+e
famil& i,o w+i"+ %e*+i; <+a wa! ,o 0e 0or 0elo*ed ,o ,+e "la Gobo9H of ,+e Bor@i*i ad
,+e !u0"la GyasunH of ,+e <i&a,> /a,er$ af,er %e*+i; <+aC! ,rium)+$ i, S195T 0e"ame ,+e
"u!,om ,o di.ide ,+e 8o*ol ,ri0e! i,o ,wo "a,e*orie!$ a""ordi* ,o w+e,+er or o, ,+e& were
rela,ed ,o ,+e <i&a,> T+e former "o!,i,u,ed ,+e Niru$ ,+e !o! of li*+,$ or ,+e )ure oe!E ,+e
la,,er fell i,o ,+e "a,e*or& of ,+e (IrlI#i$ w+o were +eld ,o 0e of le!!er liea*e> 9mo* ,+e
Niru were i"luded ,+e Tai@i*o,$ Ta&i"+iCu,$ or Tai@iCu,
16
Gw+o !eem ,o +a.e li.ed !omew+a, a)ar,
from ,+e 0ul# of ,+e a,io$ far,+er or,+$ ad ea!, of /a#e Bai#alHE ,+e UruCud ad 8a?udE ,+e
%a@ira, or %uira,E ,+e Barula or BarlaE ,+e BaCariE ,+e (Jr0e G,oda& (Jr0J,HE ,+e Sal@i*u, or
Sal@iCu,E ad ,+e \ada*i$ \a,a*i$ or \a,a#i> 9mo* ,+e (iirlfi#i were um0ered ,+e 9rula, or
9rlad$ ,+e Ba&aCu,$ ,+e \orola or \orla$ ,+e Suldu$ ,+e I#irK$ ad ,+e \o*ira,$ O*ira,$
\o?ara,$ or \o*rad> T+e!e la!, !eem ,o +a.e ro.ed far,+er ,o ,+e !ou,+we!,$ i ,+e dire",io of
,+e or,+er <+i*a$ ear ,+e Ta,ar "ou,r&>
17
T+e %elair ,ri0e$ of,e ra#ed amo* ,+e 8o*ol!
ad 0elie.ed ,o +a.e 0ee !i,ua,ed ei,+er !ou,+ of ,+e "oflue"e of ,+e <+ilo# ad ,+e Sele*a
or earer ,o ,+e Oo$ ma& +a.e 0ee a Tur#i" ,ri0e redu"ed ,o .a!!ala*e ad a!!imila,ed 0& ,+e
8o*ol! a, ,+e ,ime of ,+e le*edar& 8o*ol +ero \aidu>
12

Drom ,+e )oi, of .iew of ,+eir wa& of life$ ,+e 8o*ol! a, ,+e ed of ,+e ,welf,+ "e,ur& ma& 0e
,+eore,i"all& di.ided i,o ,+e )a!,oral ,ri0e! of ,+e !,e))e ad ,+e +u,i* ad fi!+i* ,ri0e! of
,+e fore!,> Ideed$ o ,+e 8o*ol1Si0eria 0order!$ ,+e +ome of ,+e 8o*ol! wa! o +or!e0a"#
0e,wee ,+e !,e))e G!oo ,o 0e ,+e de!er,H ;oe i ,+e !ou,+ ad ,+a, of ,+e fore!, ,o ,+e or,+>
Greard 0elie.e! ,+a, ori*iall& ,+e 8o*ol! were o, a !,e))e ra"e 0u, ra,+er a )eo)le ,+a, "ame
from ,+e wooded +ill!> MT+eir fore!, ori*i i! !ee i ,+e *rea, u!e ,+e& ma#e of woode "ar,!>
E.e ,oda& ,+e 8o*ol!$ uli#e ,+e <a;a#+! of ,+e !,e))e$ u!e woode #e*! i!,ead of lea,+er
0o,,le!>M T+e !,e))e ,ri0e!$ w+o were more e!)e"iall& omadi"$ made )eriodi" ,ra!+uma"e i
!ear"+ of )a!,ure$ ad a, ,+e !,o))i* )la"e! ,+e& would ere", ,+eir fel, ,e,! w+i"+ ,+e Dre"+
"all Gi"orre",l&$ 0& ,+e wa&H yourtes> Dore!, ,ri0e! li.ed i +u,! made of 0ir"+0ar#>
Bar,+old ad Vladimir,!o. fid ,+a, ,+e )a!,oral ,ri0e!=,+e ri"+er of ,+e ,wo "a,e*orie!=were
led 0& a .er& iflue,ial ari!,o"ra"&$ w+o!e leader! 0ore ,+e ,i,le! of baghatur or ba'atur G.alia,H
ad noyan G"+iefH$ ad of sechen or setsen Gwi!e$ i S19LT 8o*oliaH$ bilg) G,+e !ame$ i
Tur#i"H$ ad t'ai%tsi or taishi G)ri"e$ i '+ie!eH> MT+e "+ief "o"er of ,+i! ari!,o"ra"& of
0a*a,ur! ad o&a!$M wri,e! Vladimir,!o.$ M"o!i!,ed i fidi* *ra;i* lad! Gnutu9H$ ad i
!e"uri* ,+e re?ui!i,e um0er of "lie,! ad !la.e! ,o ,a#e "are of ,+eir +erd! ad ,e,!>M
19
T+i!
ari!,o"ra"& wielded au,+ori,& o.er ,+e o,+er !o"ial "la!!e!4 ,+e warrior! or fai,+ful$ w+o were 0&
defii,io free me or o#Id$ ,+e "ommoer! G9arachu/ aradH$ ad fiall& ,+e !la.e! G0o*+ulH>
T+i! la!, "a,e*or& "om)ri!ed o, ol& idi.idual !la.e! 0u, al!o "o?uered ,ri0e! w+o +ad
0e"ome ,+e .a!!al! or !erf! of .i",oriou! oe!$ ad w+o loo#ed af,er ,+eir li.e!,o"#$ fou*+, a!
auAiliarie! i ,+eir war!$ ad !o for,+>
9mo* ,+e ,ri0e! of fore!, +u,er! Ghoyin%irgenH$ a*ai a""ordi* ,o ,+e Ru!!ia eA)er,! o
8o*olia$ Bar,+old ad Vladimir,!o.$ ,+e ari!,o"ra"& +eld a le!! im)or,a, )la"e ,+a amo* ,+e
omad +erd!me of ,+e !,e))e Gke'er%un irgenH> T+e!e !"+olar! !+ow ,+a, ,+e fore!, ,ri0e! "ame
)ar,i"ularl& uder ,+e !wa& of a !+ama> Vladimir,!o. 0elie.e! ,+a, w+e ,+e !+ama! "om0ied
ro&al !,a,u! wi,+ ma*i"al )ower!$ ,+e& ,oo# ,+e ,i,le of b)ki or b)gi$ ad ideed ,+e "+ief! of ,+e
Oira, ad 8Kr#i,
70
a, ,+e ,ime of %e*+i; <+a were !o de!i*a,ed> Bu, amo* all Tur#o18o*ol
)eo)le! a im)or,a, )ar, wa! )la&ed 0& ,+e !+ama! or !or"erer! G9am i old Tur#i"$ bg) ad
shaman i 8o*olia$ shan%man i ,+e '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io of Tu*u!i" %u"+eH>
71
T+e role of
,+e !+ama <J#"+I i ,+e fouda,io of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e em)ire will 0e o,ed la,er>
I fa", ,+e di.i!io wa! far le!! !+ar) ,+a mi*+, 0e dedu"ed from ,+e ,erm! +erd!me ad
wood!me> 9mo* ,+e 8o*ol! )ro)er$ ,+e Tai@iCu, for i!,a"e 0elo*ed ,o ,+e +u,er! of ,+e
fore!,$ w+erea! %e*+i; <+a i! !u))o!ed ,o +a.e 0ee 0or i a ,ri0e of +erd!me> Be!ide!$ all
,+e!e Tur#o18o*ol! were +u,er! of oe #id or ao,+erE ,+e wood!me$ e.e i ,+e de),+! of
wi,er$ w+e ,+e& wore ,+eir woode or 0oe !#a,e!$
77
+u,ed mar,e ad Si0eria !?uirrel$
w+i"+ ,+e& ,raded$ w+ile ,+e li.e!,o"# 0reeder! "+a!ed a,elo)e or fallow deer wi,+ la!!o or 0ow
o.er ,+e 0oudle!! !,e))e> T+e M!,e))e ari!,o"ra"&M +u,ed wi,+ fal"o!> 9 "la mi*+, eA"+a*e
oe wa& of life for ao,+er a""ordi* ,o ,+e .i"i!!i,ude! of i,! omadi" eAi!,e"e> (uri* +i!
&ou,+$ %e*+i; <+a$ de)ri.ed of +i! fa,+erC! +erd 0& +i! )a,eral #i!me$ wa! redu"ed wi,+ +i!
mo,+er ad 0ro,+er! ,o S193T leadi* a mi!era0le life of +u,er ad fi!+erma 0efore 0e wa! a0le
,o 0uild u) +i! for,ue i +or!e! ad !+ee)>
O ,+e w+ole$ ,+e fore!, ,ri0e! !eem ,o +a.e 0ee more !a.a*e$ wi,+ou, "o,a", wi,+ "i.ili;ed
life eA"e), ,+rou*+ ,+e !"ree of ,+e omad!$ w+o 0eefi,ed 0& ,+eir )roAimi,& ,o ,+e Ui*ur of
,+e "e,ral Go0i$ ,+e <+i,a of ,+e /iao Ri.er$ or ,+e %ur"+id! of Pe#i*> T+e& 0ad o "i,ie!$ 0u,
i ,+e "our!e of ,+eir mi*ra,io! *rou)! of "am)! GayilH aro!e> Del, ,e,! GgerH mou,ed o
w+eeled wa*o! G9ara'utai tergen/ 9asa9%tergenH were draw u) i "ir"le! GkuriyenH or
,em)orar& "lu!,er!=a fore!+adowi* of fu,ure ,ow!>
75
E,+o*ra)+er! o,e ,+e ad.a"e !+ow
0& ,+e !+if, from ,+e rude "a0i of ,+e fore!, 8o*ol ,o ,+e *er or fel, ,e, of ,+e omad!$ w+i"+
wa! ea!& ,o fold ad re1ere",$ ad w+i"+ amo* ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e *rad #+a! of ,+e
,+ir,ee,+ "e,ur& wa! ,o 0e"ome !o !)a"iou! ad "omfor,a0le$ wi,+ i,! )ile! of fur! ad "ar)e,!$
,+a, i, would 0e a real ,ra.eli* )ala"e> :owe.er$ !i"e ,+e de"lie of ,+e 8o*ol! i moder
,ime!$ ,+e *er +a! de*eera,ed$ ad i, o lo*er +a! ,+e li,,le )i)e ,+a, i ,+e ,+ir,ee,+ "e,ur&
!er.ed ,o .e,ila,e i, ad le, ou, ,+e !mo#e>
7L

/a!,l&$ ,+e di.i!io of ,+e 8o*ol )eo)le! 0e,wee ,+e fore!, +u,er! ad ,+e omadi" +erd!me
of ,+e !,e))e ma& 0e !ee i ,+e ,wo mai "la!!e! of ,e,!4 G1H ,+e ger$ or roud fel, ,e, @u!,
de!"ri0ed$ w+i"+ re?uired a fairl& lar*e um0er of )ole! ad la,+!$ deo,i* a )eo)le li.i*
wi,+i rea"+ of ,+e fore!, ;oeE G7H a low$ wide$ woole ,e,$ ,+e maikhan$ ea!ier of "o!,ru",io
for omad! li.i* i ,+e ,reele!! !,e))e> I ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e )eriod$ ,+e fel, ,e,! were of,e
mou,ed o wa*o!$ w+i"+ fa"ili,a,ed ,ra!)or,=a, lea!, o ,+e )lai!=ad made )o!!i0le ,+e
mo.i* of real Momadi" ,ow!$M a mode of "o.e&a"e w+i"+ +a! !i"e 0ee lo!,>
73

Ne.er,+ele!!$ i, i! "er,ai ,+a, 0& ,+e ,welf,+ "e,ur& 8o*olia +ad re,ro*re!!ed "ul,urall& if oe
"om)are! i, wi,+ ,+e i,+> 9, ,+e ,ime of ,+eir domiio o ,+e Or#0o$ ,+e TCu1"+Ie+ ad a0o.e
all ,+e Ui*ur +ad 0e*u ,o de.elo) farmi* "e,er!>
76
Wi,+ ,+eir re)la"eme, 0& ,+e <ir*+i;$ af,er
2L0$ ,+e "ou,r& re.er,ed ,o !,e))e life> T+e Tu1"+Ie+ or Ui*ur i!"ri),io! of ,+e Or#+o *i.e
a im)re!!io of rela,i.e "i.ili;a,io ,+a, i! o lo*er foud i ,+e +i!,or& of %e*+i; <+a>
77
T+e
o""u)a,io of ,+e "ou,r& 0& ,+e <ir*+i; i 2L0 +ad !,ifled ,+e S&ro1So*dia S196T "i.ili;a,io
i,rodu"ed 0& ,+e 8ai"+aea!> T+e eA)ul!io of ,+e <ir*+i; i 970 0ad lef, ,+e lad i a !,a,e of
aar"+&$ for ,+e Ui*ur$ a! +a! 0ee o,ed$ refu!ed ,o re,ur ,o ,+e Or#+o> W+a, li,,le "i.ili;a,io
!,ill fil,ered ,+rou*+ "ame from ,+e!e !ame Ui*ur$ w+o +ad e!,a0li!+ed ,+em!el.e! far,+er ,o ,+e
!ou,+$ a, Be!+0ali*+ G,+e (;im!a of ,oda&H ad a, TurfaE 0& ,+a, rou,e al!o "ame Ne!,oria
)ro)a*ada> Ye, i 8o*olia ,+a, .er& Ne!,oriai!m$ a! Ru0ru"#C! a""ou, !+ow!$ +ad de"lied
almo!, ,o ,+e le.el of ,+e !+amai!m wi,+ w+i"+ i, "om)e,ed for ,+e mid! of ,+e "+ief!>
FIRST ATTEMPS AT 71IT( AMO1, THE MO1,O/S
Tradi,io +old! ,+a, ,+ere wa!$ )er+a)! e.e 0efore ,+e ,welf,+ "e,ur&$ a fir!, a,,em), amo* ,+e
8o*ol! )ro)er ,o form a or*ai;ed a,io Gulus%irgenH> 9 8o*ol "+ief amed \aidu i! !aid ,o
+a.e di!,i*ui!+ed +im!elf 0& 0ea,i* ,+e ri.al %elair ,ri0e$ ad ,o +a.e 0e*u ,o re"#o amo*
+i! "lie,ele a "er,ai um0er of familie! 0elo*i* ,o differe, ,ri0e!> I, wa! +i! *rea,*rad!o
\a0ul$ alread& +oored wi,+ ,+e ro&al ,i,le of \a0ul#+a ad$ ra,+er )o!,+umou!l&$ i ,+e Secret
$istory$ wi,+ ,+e im)erial oe of \a0ul1#+a*a$
72
w+o fir!, dared ,o o))o!e ,+e )owerful %ur"+id
!o.erei*!$ ,+e <i ruler!$ ma!,er! of or,+er '+ia> T+e 8o*ol le*ed !+ow! +im fir!, a! a
.a!!al of ,+e <i$ re"ei.ed a, Pe#i* 0& ,+e <i em)eror ad 0e+a.i* i +i! )re!e"e li#e a
!a.a*e i a "i.ili;ed "ou,r&> :e a!,ouded ,+i! )o,e,a,e 0& +i! Pa,a*ruelia a))e,i,e ad
,+ir!,$ ad$ w+e dru#$ 0& )ulli* +i! +o!,C! 0eard> T+e em)eror for*a.e +im$ ad o +i!
de)ar,ure 0e!,owed la.i!+ *if,! u)o +im> Bu, ,+e rela,io! 0e,wee ,+em !oo de,eriora,ed>
\a0ul1#+a$ im)ri!oed 0& ,+e <i$ e!"a)ed$ !la&i* ,+e offi"er! !e, i )ur!ui, of +im> I, i!
)o!!i0le ,+a, ,+e!e ae"do,e! are fi*ura,i.e of ,+e 0a,,le! w+i"+ ,+e <i +ad ,o fi*+, a*ai!, ,+e
omad! of 8o*olia i 1153159> I ,+e "our!e of ,+e!e 0a,,le!$ ,+e <i *eeral :u1!+a1+u$
+a.i* ad.a"ed i,o ,+e !,e))e$ wa! 0ea,e 0& ,+e M8o*1#u$M ad ,o !u"+ )ur)o!e ,+a, i 11L7
,+e "our, of Pe#i* +ad ,o ma#e )ea"e$ offeri* ,o ,+e 8o*ol! a um0er of "a,,le ad !+ee) ad
"er,ai ?ua,i,ie! of *rai> Sio1%u1"+e !our"e! *i.e ,+e ame of 9o1lo )o1#i1lie ,o ,+e leader
w+o o0,aied ,+e!e ,erm!$ a ame w+i"+$ a""ordi* ,o Pellio,$ mi*+, S197T well 0e re"o!,i,u,ed
a! Oro 0J*ilK>
79
Bar,+old +a! !ou*+, ,o rela,e ,+i! ame ,o ,+a, of \u,ula1#+a*a$ ,+e four,+ !o
of \a0ul ad a "ele0ra,ed fi*ure i 8o*ol ,radi,io>
50

\u,ula1#+a*a Go,e ,+e ,erm #+a*a$ or em)eror$ e.e ,+ou*+ i, ma& +a.e 0ee "oferred lo*
af,er dea,+ a, ,+e ,ime of ,+e "om)ila,io of ,+e Secret $istory$ a0ou, 17L0H i! al!o a le*edar&
+ero> M:i! .oi"e re!ouded li#e ,+uder i ,+e mou,ai!E +i! +ad! were li#e ,+e )aw! of a 0ear
ad "ould !a) a ma i ,wo a! ,+e& would !a) a arrow> O wi,er i*+,! 0e !le), a#ed 0& a
fire 0uil, of *rea, ,ree!$ ad fel, ei,+er ,+e !)ar#! or ,+e 0rad! ,+a, fell u)o +i! 0od&E a, +i!
awa#ei*$ +e ,oo# +i! 0ur! for ,+e !,i*! of i!e",!>M
51
Bu, ,o*e,+er wi,+ ,+i! fa0led a""ou,$
,radi,io mai,ai! ,+a, oe of +i! 0ro,+er!$ O#i10ar?a?$ ad a "ou!i$ 9m0a?ai$ +a.i* 0ee
,a#e )ri!oer 0& ,+e Ta,ar!$ were deli.ered 0& ,+em i,o ,+e 0ad! of ,+e <i$ w+o +ad ,+em
ailed ,o a woode do#e&$ Ma ,or,ure re!er.ed for re0el omad!>M To a.e*e ,+em$ \u,ula raided
ad )ludered <i ,erri,or&> '+ie!e aal! rela,e ,+a, i 1161$ followi* ,+e!e de.a!,a,io! 0&
,+e 8o*ol!$ ,+e <i em)eror !e, a eA)edi,io a*ai!, ,+em> 8o*ol ,radi,io$ o i,! )ar,$
!)ea#! of a di!a!,er !u!,aied 0& ,+e 8o*ol! i a 0a,,le a*ai!, "om0ied <i ad Ta,ar for"e!
ear Bor Nor> I, !eem! ,+a, i order ,o 0rea# ,+e )ower of ,+e 8o*ol!$ ,+e "our, of Pe#i* 0ad
a))ealed ,o ,+e Ta,ar!$ ad ,+a, ,+eir "om0ied arm! a"+ie.ed ,+eir o0@e",> I "o!e?ue"e$
\u,ulaC! !o!$ %J"+i ad 9l,a$ !eem ,o +a.e +eld o ,rul& ro&al ra#$ ad ,+e Secret $istory$
al,+ou*+ "o"ered wi,+ d&a!,i" "o,iui,&$ e.er 0e!,ow! o 9l,a ,+e ,i,le of #+a*a> 9f,er
,+e fir!, 8o*ol ro&al,& +ad 0ee de!,ro&ed 0& ,+e <i ad Ta,ar!$ ,+e )eo)le re.er,ed ,o ,+e old
order of ,ri0e!$ "la!$ ad !u0"la!>
I, i! ,rue ,+a, %e*+i;1<+ai,e ,radi,io li#! Ye!u*ei$ %e*+i; <+aC! fa,+er$ wi,+ ,+e lie of ,+e
a"ie, #i*!> I, +old! i )ar,i"ular ,+a, +e wa! ,+e !o of Bar,a10aCa,ur$ +im!elf ,+e !e"od !o
of \a0ul1#+a*a> Bar,+old i! !#e),i"al of ,+i! *eealo*&$ )er+a)! wro*l& !o$ for ,+e e.ide"e of
,+e Secret $istory$ of ,+e +&an Shih$ ad of Ra!+id ad1(i "a +ardl& +a.e 0ee )ure i.e,io
w+ere !u"+ re"e, fa",! are "o"ered> W+a, i! "er,ai i! ,+a, Ye!u*ei e.er fi*ured a! #+a*a$ or
e.e a! #+a$ 0u, ol& a! "+ief,ai of ,+e <i&a, "la wi,+ ,+e mode!, ,i,le of ba'atur or baghatur>
:e fou*+,$ li#e all +i! )eo)le$ a*ai!, S192T ,+e Ta,ar!$ w+o +ad 0e"ome +eredi,ar& eemie! of
,+e 8o*ol!> :i! ad.e,ure! are ,+o!e of a .alia, "la "+ief,ai ad o more> :e +el)ed oe of
,+e <era&i, )re,eder!$ To*rul$ ,o ,rium)+ o.er a ri.al$ Gur1#+a$ To*rulC! u"le$ a a", w+i"+
wa! la,er ,o afford %e*+i; <+a a .alua0le fried!+i)> :e a0du",ed Oelu$ ,+e &ou* wife of a
8Kr#i, "+ief$ ad married +erE !+e 0e"ame ,+e mo,+er of Temu@i$ our %e*+i; <+a> Before +e
died$ +e 0e,ro,+ed &ou* Temu@i ,o ,+e li,,le dau*+,er of a \o*ira, "+ief Gfor 8o*ol! were
eAo*amou!H> 9roud 1167$ ,+e Ta,ar! !u""eeded i )oi!oi* Ye!u*ei a, a meal i ,+e !,e))e>
THE (O7TH OF 4E1,HI> 2HA1
Ye!u*eiC! elde!, !o Temu@i$ w+o wa! oe da& ,o 0e "alled %e*+i; <+a$ wa! 0or a0ou, 1167
Mo ,+e ri*+, 0a# of ,+e Oo$ i ,+e re*io of (IlI1Bolda?$
57
i w+a, ,oda& i! Ru!!ia Ura,+er
Ou,er 8o*oliaV ,erri,or&$ a, a))roAima,el& lo*i,ude 113 de*ree! ea!, of Greewi"+>M
55
We
#ow !ome,+i* a0ou, +i! )+&!i"al a))eara"e from ,+e '+ie!e '+ao :u* ad ,+e Per!ia
%u;@ai4 +e wa! ,all$ wi,+ a !,urd& frame$ 0road fore+ead$ M"a,C! e&e!$M ad=a, ,+e ed of +i! life
=a lo* 0eard> T+e waderi*! of +i! &ou,+$ +i! re!i!,a"e ,o 0o,+ fri*+,ful "old ad !,ifli*
+ea,$ +i! eA,raordiar& edura"e$ +i! idiffere"e ,o woud! ad ,o ill1,rea,me, i defea,$
re,rea,$ or "a),i.i,&$ all ,e!,if& ,o +i! a!,oudi* .i,ali,&> :i! 0od& wa! iured from adole!"e"e ,o
,+e !,ere!, )ri.a,io!$ uder ,+e di!"i)lie of ,+e 0lea#e!, of "lima,e! ad i ,+e mo!, )re"ariou!
of "ir"um!,a"e!> :i! !)iri, wa! ,em)ered from ,+e 0e*ii* 0& +i! ordeal!> T+e!e eA)erie"e!
were ,o ma#e of +im a ma of iro$ a ma ,o ama;e ,+e world>
W+e +e wa! lef, a or)+a$ aroud 1179$ +e wa! ol& ,wel.e or !o$ ad +i! "la$ deemi* +im
,oo wea# ,o rule$ refu!ed ,o o0e& +im> (e!)i,e ,+e eer*& of +i! mo,+er$ Oelu1e#e$ ,+e la!, of
+i! fa,+erC! lo&al ad+ere,! for!oo# +im$ ,a#i* ,+e +erd! wi,+ ,+em>
5L
Ro00ed ,+u! 0& +i!
#i!me$ ,+e 0o& remaied aloe wi,+ +i! mo,+er$ +i! ,+ree 0ro,+er! \a!ar$
53
\a"+iCu$ ad
Temu*e$ ad +i! ,wo +alf10ro,+er! Be#,er ad Bel*u,ai G!o! of ao,+er wifeH> T+i! li,,le )ar,&$
ow falle o e.il ,ime!$ wa! redu"ed ,o li.i* 0& +u,i* ad fi!+i* i ,+e <e,ei 8ou,ai!
G,+e #ow a! ,+e Bur?a \alduH 0& ,+e +eadwa,er! of ,+e Oo> Temu@iC! )o!i,io a! +ead of
,+e Bor@i*i "la +ad 0ee "laimed S199T ad !ei;ed 0& ,+e leader! of ,+e Ta&ie+iCu, "la$
Tar*+u,ai <iril,u?
56
ad +i! 0ro,+er TJdJ&K1Gir,e$ !o! of 9m0a?ai> T+e& ,oo$ ,+erefore$
0elo*ed=)er+a)! wi,+ more "er,ai,&=,o ,+e lie of ,+e 8o*ol #+a \aidu$ w+o +ad falle
from +i! ro&al e!,a,e af,er ,+e di!a!,er of 1161>
8eaw+ile$ i ,+e <e,ei 8ou,ai!$ Temu@i ad +i! 0ro,+er! !u))lied ,+eir ow eed! 0&
+u,i* ad fi!+i*> W+e +i! +alf0ro,+er Be#,er !,ole a lar# ad a fi!+ from +im$ Temu@i
o0,aied ,+e +el) of +i! &ou*er 0ro,+er \a!ar ad !+o, Be#,er dead wi,+ arrow!> /eadi* ,+i!
rou*+ life$ &ou* Temu@i ad \a!ar *rew +ard& ad fearle!!> T+e Ta&i"+iCu, "+ief Tar*+u,ai
<iril,u?$ w+o 0elie.ed ,+em ,o +a.e )eri!+ed$ 0e"ame uea!& ad idi*a, a, ,+eir !,u00or
!ur.i.alE )ur!ui* Temu@i i,o ,+e wood! of ,+e <e,ei$ +e !u""eeded i ,a#i* +im )ri!oer
ad !u0@e",ed +im ,o ,+e "a*ue> Temu@i e!"a)ed$ ,+a#! ,o ,+e "ollu!io of ,+e Suldu "+ief
Sor?a1!+ira ad +i! !o! '+ilaCu ad '+im0ai> 9ided 0& +i! !#ill wi,+ ,+e 0ow ad ,+e e.e
*rea,er !#ill of +i! 0ro,+er \a!ar$ +e 0e*a ,o re!,ore ,+e for,ue! of +i! +ou!e> M:e +ad ow ie
+or!e![M Ei*+, of ,+e!e were !,ole 0& ro00er! of ,+e !,e))e$ 0u, +e re"o.ered ,+em wi,+ ,+e aid
of ,+e !o of a 9rula, "+ief$ &ou* BoCor"+u Gor Bo*+or"+uH$ w+o from ,+a, ,ime 0e"ame +i!
mo!, lo&al lieu,ea, ad la,er$ i ,+e da&! of +i! *rea,e!!$ oe of +i! 0e!, *eeral!> :a.i* ,+u!
emer*ed from a life of wa,$ +e "alled u)o (ai1Se"+e$ ,+e \o*ira, "+ief$ ,o a!# +im for ,+e
+ad of +i! dau*+,er$ &ou* BJr,e$ w+o +ad 0ee )romi!ed ,o +im !i"e "+ild+ood>
57
(ai1
Se"+e "o!e,ed$ ad *a.e a! +er dowr& a "loa# of 0la"# !a0le!> Soo af,erward Temu@i
mo.ed +i! "am) from ,+e +eadwa,er! of ,+e Oo ,o ,+o!e of ,+e <erule>
4E1CHI> 2HA13 *ASSA/ OF THE 2ERA(IT
Beari* *if,! of !a0le!$ Temu@i we, ,o ,+e Tula ,o )a& +oma*e ad "our, ,o ,+e )owerful ruler
of ,+e <era&i,$ To*rul G"a> 1173FH> To*rul$ midful ,+a, 0e +ad o"e 0ee !u""ored 0& Temu@iC!
fa,+er$ wel"omed ,+e &ou* ma ad added +im ,o ,+e um0er of +i! "lie,!> T+e"efor,+ To*rul
ad Temu@i were allie!$ ,+ou*+ ,+e la,,er remaied "learl& ,+e .a!!al> T+i! i! e.ide, from ,+e
,i,le of M#+a$ m& fa,+er$M 0& w+i"+ Temu@i addre!!ed ,+e S700T <era&i, #i* i ,+e famou!
me!!a*e "i,ed 0elow G!ee ,+e followi* !e",ioH>
S+or,l& af,er ,+i!$ Temu@i wa! !ur)ri!ed 0& a 0ad of 8Kr#i,$ led 0& ,+eir "+ief To?,oCa10K#i>
52
Ol& 0& lea.i* +i! wife BJr,e a )ri!oer i ,+eir +ad! "ould +e ma#e +i! e!"a)e G,o ,+e
<e,eiH>
59
Temu@i !e"ured ,+e +el) of ao,+er 8o*ol "+ief of +i! ow a*e$ %amu?a$ of ,+e
%a@ira, ,ri0e$ a! well a! ,+a, of ,+e <era&i, ruler To*rul> T+e ,+ree ,o*e,+er 0ea, ,+e 8Kr#i, o ,+e
BuCura$ a ,ri0u,ar& of ,+e Sele*a$ ad re!"ued ,+e "a),i.e> T+e la,,er wa! re!,ored ,o +er +oored
)la"e i ,+e +ou!e+old$ ad Temu@i e.er eAamied ,+e ?ue!,io of w+e,+er ,+e "+ild 0or ,o
+er !oo af,erward$ %J"+i=offi"iall& +i! elde!, !o=wa! i fa", +i! or ,+a, of oe of ,+e 8Kr#i,
a0du",or!$ '+il*er0J#J> Ne.er,+ele!!$ ,+i! u!)o#e dou0, a0ou, %J"+iC! 0ir,+ ma& well +a.e
0ee ,+e fa",or ,+a, )re.e,ed ,+e +ead of ,+e M!eior 0ra"+M=or ra,+er +i! de!"eda,!=from
)la&i* a ma@or )ar, i ,+e affair! of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e !u""e!!io>
8eaw+ile Temu@i ad %amu?a$ al,+ou*+ ,+e& were anda or !wor 0ro,+er!$ !oo ?uarreled>
Ea"+ aimed a, re!,ori* ,+e a"ie, ro&al +ou!e of ,+e 8o*ol! ,o +i! ow ad.a,a*e ad 0ei*
re"o*i;ed a! #+a>
T+e Secret $istory rela,e! +ow$ af,er waderi* ,o*e,+er for a &ear ad a +alf i ,+e re*io of
\or?oa? %u0ur
L0
o ,+e Oo$ ,+e& )ar,ed> T+i! wa! ,+e )la"e w+ere ,+e la!, 8o*ol #+a$
\u,ula$ +ad "ele0ra,ed +i! ele",io$ ad i, ma& well +a.e fired ,+e am0i,io! of ,+e ,wo &ou*
"+ief!> Temu@i "am)ed i ,+e mou,ai!$ %amu?a 0& ,+e ri.er> MO ,+e !lo)e! of ,+e mou,ai$M
%amu?a i! alle*ed ,o +a.e !aid$ M,+e ,e,! of ,+e +or!e 0reeder!E 0e!ide ,+e ri.er$ ,+e )a!,ure lad
of ,+e !+e)+erd!>M Bar,+old ad Vladimir,!o. "o"lude from ,+i! ,+a, Temu@i wa! !u))or,ed 0&
+or!eme$ ,+e M!,e))e ari!,o"ra"&$M ad %amu?a 0& )oor +erd!me$ ,+e "ommo )eo)le or
9arachu>
L1
Dar,+er o$ ,+e Secret $istory ,ell! ,+a, %amu?a Me@o&ed o.el,& ad de!)i!ed
,radi,io>M Vladimir,!o. ifer! ,+erefrom ,+a, +e wa! ,+e re)re!e,a,i.e of a !or, of demo"ra,i"
)ar,&$ w+ile %e*+i; <+a !,ood for ,+e o0ili,&$ a i,er)re,a,io w+i"+ !eem! !i*ularl& ra!+>
W+a,e.er ,+e .alidi,& of ,+e Ru!!ia !"+olarC! ar*ume,$ ,+e fa", remai! ,+a, af,er Temu@i ad
%amu?a +ad !e)ara,ed$ Temu@i wa! followed 0& Mme of ,+e %elair "la$ ,+e "la of ,+e <i&a,$
ad S701T ,+e "la of ,+e BaCari>M T+e mo!, eAal,ed re)re!e,i.e! of 8o*ol ari!,o"ra"& rallied
,o +i! !ide4 +i! )a,eral u"le (ari,ai1o"+i*i ad ,+e !eior 0ra"+ of ,+e de!"eda,! of ,+e
famou! \a0ul#+a*a$ amo* ,+em SK"+K10K#i$ *rea,1*rad!o of \a0ul Gad *rad!o of O#i1
0ar?a?H ad "+ief of ,+e %ur#i "la$
L7
ad 9l,a1o"+i*i$ !o of \u,ula1#+a*a> I o,+er word!$
+e wo ,+e !u))or, of ,+e +eir! of ,+e la!, ,wo 8o*ol #i*!> Vladimir,!o.$ i,er)re,i* a
)a!!a*e of ,+e Secret $istory$ 0elie.e! ,+a, of ,+e ,wo )re,eder! ,o a ew ro&al +ou!e$ ,+e
re)re!e,a,i.e! of a"ie, ro&al,& )referred Temu@i 0e"au!e ,+e& @ud*ed +im ,o 0e ,+e more
,radi,ioal i ou,loo#$ ad more do"ile$ w+erea! ,+e li.el& "+ara",er ad io.a,i* ,ede"ie! of
%amu?a arou!ed ,+eir mi!*i.i*!> 9l,a$ ,+e le*i,ima,e +eir ,o ,+e a"ie, #i*!+i)$ de"lied ,+e
,i,le of #+a=o dou0, for o))or,ui!, rea!o!=ad !omew+a, +e!i,a,l& dele*a,ed ,+e .o,e! of
w+a, we mi*+, "all ,+e le*i,imi!, )ar,& ,o Temu@i$ w+o wa! ele",ed >
L5
9l,a ad SK"+K10K#i
were ,+e fir!, ,o )ro"laim Temu@i #+a=,+a, i! ,o !a&$ #i*$ #i* of ,+e 8o*ol! )ro)er=i
,+i! ele",io$ w+i"+ )re"eded 0& ,e &ear! +i! ele",io$ i 1706$ a! !u)reme #+a or em)eror of
all ,+e Tur#o18o*ol a,io! of 'e,ral 9!ia> 9! #i*$ Temu@i ,oo# ,+e ame of '+i**i!1#+a$
,ra!formed i our more u!ual +i!,orie! ,o %e*+i; <+a> T+e eAa", meai* of ,+i! i! !,ill
de0a,ed amo* !"+olar!>
LL

9)ar, from )oli,i"al "al"ula,io!$ ad !er.i* ,o "loa# ,+em$ a "er,ai Mreli*iou!M fa",or fa.ored
,+i! ele",io> Some ,ime earlier ,+e BaCari "+ief \or"+i +ad de"lared4 M:ea.e GTK*riH +a!
ordaied ,+a, Temu@i !+ould 0e our #+a> T+i! i! w+a, ,+e S)iri, +a! re.ealed ,o me$ ad I re.eal
i, ,o &ou>M 9o,+er aou"eme,$ of ,+e !ame order$ wa! w+a, oe ma& "all ,+e M)redi",io of
8u?ali>M Oe da&$ w+e Temu@i wa! e"am)ed a, \or*oa? %u0ur$ ,+e %elair 8u?ali remided
+im ,+a, a, ,+i! !ame )la"e$ uder ,+e !ame ,ree$ \u,ula$ ,+e la!, 8o*ol "+ief ,o 0ear ,+e ,i,le of
#+a$ +ad o"e da"ed ad fea!,ed ,o "ele0ra,e +i! a""e!!io> MSi"e ,+e ,+e 8o*ol! +a.e
#ow 0ad da&! ad ,+ere wa! o lo*er a #+a amo* ,+em> Bu, ,+e E,eral Blue :ea.e did
o, for*e, i,! )eo)le$ ,+e famil& of \u,ula> 9 +ero !+ould ri!e amo* ,+e 8o*ol!$ ,o 0e a
dreaded #+a ad a.e*e ,+eir wro*!> > > >M
L3
9)ar, from ,+e reli*iou! a!)e", "o.e&ed 0& ,+e!e
,eA,!$ %e*+i; <+aC! ele",io !,ri#e! u! a! ,+a, of a leader i war ad +u,i*> T+e oa,+ !wor 0&
+i! Mele",or!M=9l,a$ S707T \u"+ar$ ad SK"+K10K#i=a! re)or,ed 0& ,+e Secret $istory i!
!i*ifi"a,4 MWe +a.e re!ol.ed ,o )ro"laim ,+ee #+a> We will mar"+ i ,+e .a i,o 0a,,leE if we
"arr& off wome ad *irl!$ ,will 0e ,o *i.e ,+em ,o ,+ee> We will 0e foremo!, i ,+e +u,E if we
"a,"+ *ame$ M,will 0e ,o *i.e i, ,o ,+ee>M
L6

T+ere wa! oe w+o mi*+, +a.e=w+o ou*+, ,o +a.e=0ee di!?uie,ed 0& ,+i! ew )ower4
To*rul$ ,+e ruler of ,+e <era&i,$ w+o !aw +i! "lie, of &e!,erda& o ,+e wa& ,o 0e"omi* +i!
e?ual> Bu, To*rul wa! a uima*ia,i.e$ .a"illa,i*$ !e"od1ra,e leader ad failed ,o )er"ei.e ,+e
im)li"a,io! of ,+i! e.e,> 8oreo.er$ ,+e ew %e*+i; <+a wa! .er& "areful ,o de"lare +im!elf
more ,+a e.er ,+e fai,+ful ad "o!"ie,iou! .a!!al> I addi,io$ a! a "ir"um!,a"e o dou0,
rea!!uri* ,o To*rul$ a! &e, %e*+i; <+a wa! far from +a.i* uified ,+e 8o*ol! )ro)er>
O))o!i,e +im$ a*ai!, +im$ +i! ri.al %amu?a +ad +i! ow )ar,i!a!> 8oreo.er$ ,+e <era&i, #i*
+ad ,+e !ame eA,eral eemie! a! %e*+i; <+a +im!elf=,+e Ta,ar!>
We +a.e !ee ,+a, oe of ,+e lo&al ad+ere,! of %e*+i; <+a$ ,+e %elair 8u?ali$
L7
w+o +ad
)er!uaded +im ,o "all +im!elf #+a$ did !o=a""ordi* ,o ,+e Secret $istory=0& remidi* +im
of ,+e old feud 0e,wee 8o*ol! ad Ta,ar!> I, wa! ,+e Ta,ar! w+o +ad +aded o.er ,wo
mem0er! of ,+e old 8o*ol ro&al famil& ,o ,+e <i ,o 0e i*omiiou!l& ,or,uredE ,+e Ta,ar! w+o$
i 1161$ i "o@u",io wi,+ ,+e <i$ +ad de!,ro&ed ,+e fir!, 8o*ol ro&al,&E ad ,+e Ta,ar! w+o$
a0ou, 1167$ +ad ,rea"+erou!l& "au!ed ,+e dea,+ of Ye!u*ei$ %e*+i; <+aC! fa,+er$ a, a friedl&
meal i ,+e !,e))e$ 0& *i.i* +im )oi!oed food> MT+ou !+al, 0e #+a$ O Temu@i$ ,o a.e*e u!
of our eemie! ,+e Ta,ar!$ ad ,+ou !+al, rai!e u) ,+e *lor& of ,+e 8o*ol![M
T+e o))or,ui,& "ame> T+e Ta,ar! !eem ,o +a.e "o?uered ,+e 8o*ol! ol& wi,+ ,+e aid of
Pe#i*> Bu, o"e ,+a, .i",or& made ,+em ma!,er! of ,+e ea!,er Go0i$ ,+e& i"e!!a,l& +ara!!ed
,+e fro,ier! of ,+e <i realm> T+e "our, of Pe#i*$ re.er!i* i,! !&!,em of allia"e!$ de"ided ,o
!u0!idi;e ad ,o !)ur a*ai!, ,+em ,+e <era&i, #i* To*rul> 9! +i! fai,+ful "lie,$ %e*+i;$ <+a
a""om)aied To*rul i,o war G"a> 1192H$ +a))& ,o 0e a0le ,o re.e*e +im!elf u)o ,+e +eredi,ar&
eem&> 'au*+, 0& ,+e <i i ,+e !ou,+ea!, ad ,+e <era&i, ad %e*+i; <+a i ,+e or,+we!,$
,+e Ta,ar! of Bor Nor were 0adl& 0ea,e> T+e <era&i, #i* ad %e*+i; <+a ad.a"ed alo* ,+e
Ri.er Ul@a$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e Secret$istory
S705T
:i!,or&$ ,o #ill ,+e Ta,ar "+ief 8e*u@i !eCul,u> T+e "our, of Pe#i* rewarded To*rul wi,+ ,+e
'+ie!e ,i,le of wa* G#i* or )ri"eH$ +e"e ,+e ame Wa*1#+a 0& w+i"+ +e i! #ow ,o
+i!,or&> %e*+i; <+a ,oo re"ei.ed a '+ie!e ,i,le$ 0u, a far more mode!, oe$ w+i"+ )ro.e! ,+a,
a, ,+i! da,e ,+e "our, of Pe#i* !aw i +im o more ,+a a o0!"ure .a!!al of ,+e <era&i,>
Vladimir,!o. 0elie.e! ,+a, i, wa! af,er ,+i! "am)ai* ,+a, %e*+i; <+a "a!,i*a,ed a um0er of
8o*ol )ri"e!$ de!"eda,! of ,+e old ro&al +ou!e$ for +a.i* refu!ed ,o follow +im ad ,+e
Wa*1#+a a*ai!, ,+e Ta,ar!$ SK"+K10K#i$ *rea,1*rad!o of ,+e illu!,riou! \a0ul ad "+ief of
,+e %ur#i or %ur#i "la$ ad ,wo o,+er )ri"e!$ Tai"+u ad Buri10J#J$ were )u, ,o dea,+> I +i!
famou! "om)lai, ,o ,+e Wa*1#+a$ ,+e 'o?ueror "laim! ,o +a.e !a"rifi"ed M,+e!e well1lo.ed
0ro,+er!M ,o ,+e .idi",i.ee!! of ,+e <era&i,> I fa",$ +e mu!, +a.e 0ee .er& *lad ,o fid !o
eA"elle, a eA"u!e for riddi* +im!elf of ,+e re)re!e,a,i.e! of w+a, oe ma& ,erm M8o*ol
le*i,ima"&>M
If we are ,o *o 0& offi"ial %e*+i;1<+ai,e +i!,or&$ ,+e allia"e 0e,wee %e*+i; <+a ad ,+e
Wa*1#+a !eem! ,o +a.e 0ee "+iefl& ,o ,+e la,,erC! ad.a,a*e> I a& e.e,$ if a, fir!, ,+e
Wa*1#+aC! )ro,e",io ea0led %e*+i; <+a ,o e!"a)e +i! eemie!$ ,+e 8o*ol +ero wa! !oo
a0le ,o reder !imilar !er.i"e ,o +i! !u;erai> 9, a ill1de,ermied da,e
L2
,+e Wa*1#+a foud
+im!elf di!)o!!e!!ed 0& +i! ow 0ro,+er$ Er#e1?ara$
L9
w+o wa! !u))or,ed 0& Ia"+10il*K$ #i*
of ,+e Naima>
30
:e fled ,o ,+e !ou,+we!,$ a! far a! ,+e Ri.er '+u$ amo* ,+e <ara1<+i,ai$ w+o!e
aid +e !ou*+, i .ai> :a.i* ?uarreled wi,+ ,+e gur%khan or #i* of ,+e <ara1<+i,ai$ +e
wadered mi!era0l& a0ou, ,+e Go0i ad$ de!)airi* of +i! "au!e$ !ou*+, refu*e wi,+ %e*+i;
<+a> %e*+i; <+a !u""ored +i! fami!+ed li,,le ,roo) ad +el)ed +im ,o re"o?uer ,+e <era&i,
"ou,r&> I, wa! of ,+i! ,+a, ,+e 'o?ueror wa! la,er ,o remid +im$ i +i! rou*+$ Ki.e ,ur of
!)ee"+4 MWea#eed 0& +u*er$ &ou "ame o li#e a d&i* fire> I *a.e &ou !+ee)$ +or!e!$ *ood!>
You were ,+i> Wi,+i fif,ee da&! I +ad fa,,eed &ou a*ai>M
T+e Wa*1#+aC! o,+er 0ro,+er$ %a*am0u$
31
+ad !ou*+, a!&lum i ,+e <i em)ire> %e*+i; <+a
0rou*+, +im 0a"#$ +a.i* !e, a ,roo) ,o defed +im a*ai!, ,+e 8Kr#i,$ w+o were l&i* i wai,
for +im> M9d ,+a, wa! ,+e !e"od !er.i"e I redered &ou$M %e*+i; <+a ,old ,+e Wa*1#+a>
37
S70LT Now$ a""ordi* ,o %e*+i;1<+ai,e ,radi,io$ ,+e de,ail! of w+i"+ are !o )re"i!e i ,+i!
ma,,er ,+a, ,+e& mu!, "o,ai !ome #erel of ,ru,+$ e.e ,+ou*+ )re!e,ed from oe !ide ol&$ ,+e
Wa*1#+a !ome,ime! !+owed li,,le *ra,i,ude for all ,+e!e !er.i"e!> :e 0ro#e ,+e mili,ar& )a", of
allia"e a! ad w+e +e "+o!e> Wi,+ou, iformi* %e*+i; <+a$ +e uder,oo# a )rofi,a0le fora&
a*ai!, ,+e 8Kr#i,$ for"ed ,+eir "+ief To?,oCa ,o flee 0& wa& of ,+e mou,+ of ,+e Sele*a ,o ,+e
!ou,+ea!, !+ore of /a#e Bai#al G,+e "ou,r& of Bar*+u$ ,+e Bar?u@i or Bar*+u"+i of ,+e Secret
$istoryH$ #illed oe of To?,oCaC! !o!$ "a),ured ao,+er$ ad ama!!ed a *rea, ?ua,i,& of
)ri!oer!$ li.e!,o"#$ ad 0oo,&$ of w+i"+=i fur,+er .iola,io of mili,ar& a*reeme,!=+e
omi,,ed ,o *i.e %e*+i; <+a a& !+are>
%e*+i; <+a$ a! a lo&al .a!!al$ e.er,+ele!! a""om)aied ,+e Wa*1#+a o a "om0ied
eA)edi,io a*ai!, ,+e Naima> I, !eemed a *ood o))or,ui,&> 9f,er ,+e dea,+ of ,+e Naima #i*
Ia"+10il*K$ a ?uarrel aro!e=o.er ,+e )o!!e!!io of a "o"u0ie=0e,wee +i! ,wo !o!>
Tai0u?a GTai0u*+a or Bai0u?aH$ 0e,,er #ow 0& +i! '+ie!e ,i,le of t'ai%wang or t'ai%yang Gi
8o*ol tayangH$ ad Bu&iru?> T+e tayang ruled ,+e "la! of ,+e )lai=)ro0a0l& ear ,+e la#e!
i ,+e )ro.i"e of <o0do=ad Bu&iru? ,+o!e of ,+e mou,aiou! area! ear ,+e 9l,ai> Ta#i*
ad.a,a*e of ,+i! di.i!io$ ,+e Wa*1#+a ad %e*+i; <+a "ame ,o raid Bu&iru?C! domai ad
for"ed +im ,o re,rea, ,o ,+e Uru*u> Pur!ued$ rela,e! ,+e Secret $istory$ a! far a! /a#e \&;&l0a!+
=o dou0, ,+e Ul&u*ur Nor$ i,o w+i"+ ,+e Uru*u ru!= +e wa! a, la!, #illed> G:owe.er$
Ra!+id ad1(i$ "orro0ora,ed 0& ,+e +&an Shih$ !,a,e! ,+a, +e fir!, ,oo# refu*e ear ,+e u))er
Yei!ei$ i <ir*+i; "ou,r&>H Bu, ,+e followi* wi,er ,+e Naima *eeral <J#!e*u Gor <J#!eCuH
Sa0ra?$ oe of Bu&iru?C! me$ lau"+ed a !udde "ou,era,,a"# a*ai!, ,+e ,wo allie!>
35
T+e "la!+
wa! .er& .iole,> (uri* ,+e i*+, ,+e Wa*1#+a de"am)ed wi,+ou, o,if&i* %e*+i; <+a$
w+o +ad ,o a"+ie.e a )erilou! wi,+drawal aloe> No,wi,+!,adi* ,+i! a", of ear ,rea"+er&$
%e*+i; <+a=if we are ,o 0elie.e ,+e offi"ial %e*+i;1 <+ai,e +i!,or&=e.er fli"+ed i +i!
lo&al,& ,o +i! !u;erai> T+e Naima i ,+eir ,ur "ame ,o )luder <era&i, ,erri,or& ad )u, ,o
fli*+, fir!, ,+e 0ro,+er G%a*am0uH ad ,+e ,+e !o GS)ng&nH of ,+e Wa*1#+a> T+e la,,er
a))ealed )i,eou!l& ,o ,+e all& w+om +e 0ad wro*ed> %e*+i; <+a a, o"e !e, +im +i! Mfour
S703T *rea, warrior!M Gdrben kulu'udH4 BoCor"+u$ 8u?ali$ Boro?ul$ ad '+ilaCu$ w+o @u!,
0arel& !a.ed ,+e S)ng&n 0u, dro.e ,+e Naima from <era&i, "ou,r& ad re,rie.ed ,+e "a),ured
li.e!,o"#>
3L
\a!ar$ %e*+i; <+aC! 0ro,+er$ eded ,+e "am)ai* wi,+ a *rea, .i",or& o.er ,+e
Naima>
T+e +&an Shih re"ord! af,er ,+i! war a "am)ai* fou*+, 0& %e*+i; <+a ad ,+e Wa*1#+a
a*ai!, ,+e Ta&i"+iCu,$ w+o were defea,ed o ,+e u))er Oo> I, mu!, +a.e 0ee ,+e ,+a, %e*+i;
<+aC! 0i,,er eem& ad )er!e"u,or of +i! "+ild+ood$ ,+e Ta&i"+iCu, "+ief Tar*+u,ai <iril,u?$ wa!
#illed 0& ,+e +ad of ,+e *alla, '+ilaCu>
33
T+ere followed$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e +&an Shih$ a
"oali,io$ or ra,+er "o!)ira"&$ 0e,wee a um0er of "la! ,+a, +ad 0ee a))alled 0& ,+e defea, of
,+e Naima ad ,+e Ta&i"+iCu,> I, wa! @oied 0& ,+e \a,a#i$ ,+e Sal@iCu,$ ,+e (Jr0e$ ,+e
\o*ira,$ ad 0& Ta,ar rema,!> 9f,er !a"rifi"i* a w+i,e !,allio$ ,+e& all !wore ,o ,a#e %e*+i;
<+a ad ,+e Wa*1#+a 0& !ur)ri!e> Bu, %e*+i; <+a$ wared i ,ime 0& +i! fa,+er1ilaw$ ,+e
\o*ira, (ai1Se"+e$ ifli",ed a "ru!+i* defea, u)o ,+e lea*ue of eemie! ear /a#e Bu&ur> I,
wa! o dou0, ,o ,+i! a",io ,+a, ,+e 'o?ueror la,er alluded i +i! famou! )oe,i"al me!!a*e ,o ,+e
Wa*1#+a4 M/i#e a fal"o I flew u)o ,+e mou,ai ad "ro!!ed /a#e Bu&urE for &ou I "au*+,
,+e 0lue1foo,ed "rae! wi,+ ,+e a!+e )luma*e$ ,+a, i!$ ,+e (Jr0e ad ,+e Ta,ar!E )a!!i* ,+e ,o
/a#e <JlJ$ I o"e more "au*+, 0luefoo,ed "rae! for &ou4 ,+e \a,a#i$ ,+e Sal@iCu,$ ad ,+e
\o*ira,>M
36

Offi"iall& ,+e Wa*1#+a wa! ,+e mo!, )owerful )ri"e i 8o*olia$ 0u, +i! )ower !,ood u)o
!+a#& fouda,io!> Be,ra&ed 0& +i! ow famil&$ a! +a! 0ee !ee$ +e +ad ,o !a,"+ ,+e <era&i,
,+roe from +i! u"le Gur1#+a> :e ,+e +ad ,o "o,ed for i, wi,+ +i! 0ro,+er Er#e1?ara> T+e
+an Shih add! ,+a, af,er +i! .i",or& o.er ,+e "oali,io referred ,o a0o.e$ ,+e Wa*1#+a wa!
earl& de)o!ed 0& +i! o,+er 0ro,+er$ %a*am0u$ w+o$ fidi* +i! )lo, di!"o.ered$ ,oo# refu*e wi,+
,+e Naima>
37

8o*olia wa! !ee,+i*> T+e %a@ira, "+ief %amu?a formed a "ou,erlea*ue a*ai!, ,+e +e*emo&
,+a, ,+e Wa*1#+a ad %e*0i; <+a were !,ri.i* ,o e!,a0li!+> :e wa! a a",i.e ad
redou0,a0le ad.er!ar&$ ad !u""eeded i *a,+eri* a0ou, +im o, ol& ,+e "la! of ,rue 8o*ol!
,+a, +ad re0elled a*ai!, S706T %e*+i; <+a1,+e %a@ira,$ Ta&i"+iCu,$ \o*ira,$ I#irK$ \orla$
(Jr0e$ \a,a#i$ ad Sal@iCu,=0u, al!o ,+e 8Kr#i,$ ,+e Oira,$ ,+e Naima$ ad ,+e Ta,ar!> 9, a
*rea, a!!em0l& +eld i 1701 a, 9l?ui0ulaCa$ o ,+e 0a#! of ,+e 9r*u Glower "our!e of ,+e
<eruleH$ +e +ad +im!elf )ro"laimed gut%khan$ Mui.er!al #+a$M ,+a, i!$ em)eror of 8o*olia>
T+e 8o*ol Em)ire wa! ow o ,+e wa& ,o 0e"omi* a reali,&> T+e ?ue!,io wa! w+i"+ of ,+e
,wo ri.al!$ %e*+i; <+a or %amu?a$ would wi i,> I ,+i! duel$ %e*+i; <+a +ad ,+e ad.a,a*e!
of ,ea"i,&$ )oli,i"al a!,u,ee!!$ ,+e ar, of *e,,i* ri*+, o +i! !ide$ ad$ i ,+e 0e*ii*$ ,+e firm
!u))or, of ,+e <era&i, Wa*1#+a> %amu?a +ad$ i, !eem!$ remar#a0le if !omew+a, i"o+ere,
eer*&$ a li.el& mid$ ad a *if, for i,ri*ue> Bu, if %e*+i;1<+ai,e !our"e! are ,o 0e 0elie.ed$
%amu?a wa! a urelia0le all& ad did o, +e!i,a,e ,o )luder ,+e ,ri0e! of +i! ow )ar,&$ w+erea!
%e*+i; <+a !eem! ,o +a.e 0ee a u!wer.i*l& lo&al )ro,e",or of ,+o!e w+o +ad *i.e +im
,+eir fai,+>
Be,wee ,+e!e ,wo i, wa! ,+e Wa*1#+a w+o ,i))ed ,+e !"ale> :e "ame ,o ,+e aid of @e*+i;
<+a ad wi,+ +im defea,ed %amu?a a, <J&i,K$
32
i !)i,e of a !,orm rai!ed 0& Oira, ad Naima
ma*i"ia!$ ad for"ed +im ,o wi,+draw ,o ,+e lower 9r*u> I, i! af,er ,+i! eA)edi,io ,+a,
Vladimir,!o. da,e! oe la!, "am)ai* of %e*+i; <+aC! a*ai!, ,+e Ta&i"+iCu,$ +i! eem&
0re,+re$ a! well a! ,+e famou! e)i!ode of M%elmeC! de.o,io>M Re)ul!ed i a fir!, a,,a"# ad
wouded$ %e*+i; <+a wa! ,eded 0& ,+e fai,+ful %elme$ w+o !u"#ed ,+e "lo,,ed 0lood from +i!
woud> W+a,e.er ma& 0e ,+e "+roolo*i"al order of ,+e!e .ariou! eA)edi,io!=for i, i! !,ill .er&
u"er,ai=i ,+e ed %e*+i; <+a u,,erl& rou,ed ,+e Ta&i"+iCu,$ ma!!a"red a !ui,a0le
)er"e,a*e$ ad for"ed ,+e !ur.i.or! ,o o0e& +im$ ,+u! re!,ori* ,+e ui,& of ,+e Bor@i*i "la> 9
&ou* Ta&i"+iCu,$ or ra,+er Ye!u,$ warrior$ w+o +ad 0rou*+, dow %e*+i; <+aC! +or!e wi,+ a
arrow$ eA)e",ed eAe"u,io> %e*+i; <+a )ardoed +im$ ad uder ,+e ame of %e0e=M,+e
arrowM=,+e mar#!ma af,erward 0e"ame oe of ,+e fie!, of %e*+i; <+aC! "a),ai!>
39
Wi,+ +i!
"om)aio i +oor SI0J,Ki$ +e wa! ,o 0e ,+e mo!, illu!,riou! *eeral i ,+e 8o*ol e)i">
60

%e*+i; <+a "ould ow !e,,le a""ou,! wi,+ ,+e old eemie! of ,+e 8o*ol! ad +i! fa,+erC!
a!!a!!i!$ ,+e Ta,ar! '+a*+a S707T Ta,ar ad 9l"+i Ta,ar> Dor ,+e 0e,,er "odu", of ,+e
o)era,io$ +e for0ade )ri.a,e loo,i*> T+e Ta,ar!$ .a?ui!+ed$ were ma!!a"red ad ,+eir
!ur.i.or! di!,ri0u,ed amo* ,+e 8o*ol ,ri0e! G1707H> %e*+i; <+a +im!elf !ele",ed ,wo
0eau,iful Ta,ar wome$ Ye!ui ad Ye!u*K> T+ree 8o*ol )ri"e!$ #i!me of %e*+i; <+a=
9l,a$ re)re!e,a,i.e of ,+e o0le 0ra"+ of ,+e old ro&al +ou!e ad !o of ,+e former 8o*ol
#+a \u,ulaE \u"+arE ad (ari,ai$ %e*+i; <+aC! )a,eral u"le=flou,ed ,+e order ad
)ludered o ,+eir ow> Bu, ,+eir 0oo,& wa! !a,"+ed from ,+em> 9l,a ad \ue+ar$ ad e.e
(ari,ai$ 0e*a ,o di!!o"ia,e ,+em!el.e! from ,+e 'o?ueror$ ad !oo @oied +i! eemie!> Dar,+er
ea!, ,+a ,+e Ta,ar!$ ,+e Solo! of ,+e Ri.er Noi were "om)elled ,o a"#owled*e ,+em!el.e!
a! a ,ri0u,ar& )eo)le>
9f,er ,+e o.erw+elmi* of ,+e Ta,ar!$ To?,oCa$ #i* of ,+e 8Kr#i, )eo)le$ re,ured from
Tra!0ai#alia Gfrom ,+e Bar*0u "ou,r& !ou,+ea!, of /a#e Bai#alH$ w+ere +e +ad 0ee for"ed ,o
,a#e refu*e$ ad$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e +&an Shih$ made a fre!+ a,,a"# o %e*+i; <+a$ w+o 0ea,
+im>
61
T+e$ !,ill i ,+e "+roolo*i"al order *i.e 0& ,+e +&an Shih$ To?,oCa @oied ,+e Naima
a,i#i* Bu&iru?$ ,o w+o!e "olor! al!o rallied ,+e (Jr0e$ Ta,ar$ \a,a#i$ ad Sal@iCu, rema,!>
T+i! ew "oali,io fou*+, a*ai!, ,+e "om0ied for"e! of ,+e Wa*1#+a ad %e*+i; <+a i a
!erie! of mar"+e! ad "ou,ermar"+e! ,+rou*+ ,+e mou,ai!$ i 0li;;ard! ulea!+ed=,+e +&an
Shih de"lare!=0& Naima !or"erer!> 9l,+ou*+ ,+e ,o)o*ra)+&$ li#e ,+e "+roolo*&$ of ,+e!e
a""ou,! i! urelia0le$ 0o,+ lea.e ,+e im)re!!io of eA"eedi*l& mo0ile +orde! w+i"+$ i ,+e
"our!e of ,+eir ?uarrel!$ mo.ed from oe ed of 8o*olia ,o ,+e o,+er$ from ,+e *rea, 9l,ai ,o ,+e
<+i*a ra*e> Ui,ed for a !ea!oal "am)ai* or for a 0rief e*a*eme,$ ,+e& would ,+ereu)o
di!)er!e$ w+e,+er ,+e ou,"ome wa! a re.er!e or a !u""e!!ful raid$ for ea"+ "la re"laimed i,!
freedom> %e*+i; <+a aloe$ amo* ,+e!e "+ief! of flu",ua,i* )ur)o!e ad u"o1ordia,ed
a",io$ "o!,i,u,ed a fiAed )i.o,$ o, 0e"au!e +e +ad formed a& ri*id )la of +i! fu,ure
"o?ue!,!$ 0u, 0e"au!e +i! !,ro* )er!oali,& ea0led +im ,o ,ur ,+i! )er)e,ual !,a,e of *uerrilla
fi*+,i* ,o +i! ad.a,a*e>
S702T
.REACH #ITH THE #A1,%2HA16 CO1H7EST OF THE 2ERA(IT CO71TR(
U,il ,+e$ o,wi,+!,adi* ,+e Wa*1#+aC! !+a00& ,rea,me, of +im o .ariou! o""a!io!$
%e*+i; <+a +ad remaied "o!i!,e,l& lo&al ,o +i! lord> 'o!ideri* ,+a, +e +ad )erfe",l&
fulfilled +i! du,ie! a! .a!!al$ ,+e 8o*ol +ero a!#ed for ,+e +ad of ,+e )ri"e!! '+aCur10K#i$
67
,+e Wa*1#+aC! dau*+,er$ for +i! !o %J"+i> T+e Wa*1#+aC! refu!al$ ,+e Secret $istory ,ell!$
dee)l& wouded ,+e +ero>
T+e <era&i, #i* +ad "er,ail& erred i faili* ,o )er"ei.e a ri.al i +i! "lie,$ ad i e*le",i*
,o )ou"e u)o +im w+e +e )ro"laimed +im!elf #+a aroud 1196> B& ,+e ,ime ,+e Wa*#+a
0e*a ,o feel uea!&$ i, wa! alread& ,oo la,e> I, ma& 0e ,+a, af,er refle",i* a li,,le$ a! we are ,old
+e did$ +e wa! .a*uel& aware of ,+i! fa",> :e wa! old$ +i! +air wa! w+i,e$ ad +e would +a.e
li#ed ,o ed +i! da&! i )ea"e> Bu, +e wa! ur*ed ,o 0rea# wi,+ %e*+i; <+a 0& +i! !o Il?a or
Nil?a$ 0e,,er #ow 0& +i! '+ie!e ,i,le of tsiang%kiun$ s)ng&n i 8o*olia>
65
T+e S)ng&n
ad.i!ed +i! fa,+er ,o !u))or, %amu?a a*ai!, %e*+i; <+a> Boud ,o +im 0& )er!oal lie!$ ,+e
S)ng&n e"oura*ed %amu?a$ af,er ,+e "olla)!e of +i! e)+emeral ro&al,&$ ,o ,a#e refu*e a, ,+e
<era&i, "our,> 9",i* i "o"er, wi,+ ,+e SK*I$ %amu?a fome,ed ,+e Wa*1#+aC! di!,ru!, of
+i! )owerful .a!!al$ a""u!i* ,+e la,,er of "o,ri.i* ,rea"+er&> MI am ,+e lar#$M +e de"lared ,o ,+e
Wa*1#+a$ Mli.i* e.er i ,+e !ame )la"e i ,+e *ood !ea!o ad ,+e 0ad> %e*+i; <+a i! ,+e
wild *oo!e w+i"+ i wi,er flie! awa&>M
6L
8eaw+ile 9l,a$ ,+e le*i,ima,e +eir of ,+e a"ie,
8o*ol #+a!$ w+o e.er "ea!ed ,o re*re, +a.i* allowed ,+e #i*!+i) ,o )a!! i,o ,+e +ad! of
a u)!,ar,$ +ad al!o "ome ,o offer +im!elf ,o ,+e Wa*1#+a$ ad !imilarl& e"oura*ed +im ,o
ma#e war a*ai!, +i! oe1,ime all&>
I 1705 ,+e 0rea"+ 0e,wee %e*+i; <+a ad ,+e <era&i, wa! "om)le,e> T+i! rif, "o!,i,u,ed ,+e
de"i!i.e ,uri* )oi, i ,+e life of ,+e 8o*ol +ero> :a.i* u) ,o ,+e )la&ed ,+e )ar, of ,+e
Wa*1#+aC! 0rillia, !e"od i "ommad$ +e wa! ow ,o fi*+, o +i! ow a""ou, ad for fir!,
)la"e>
E"oura*ed 0& ,+e S)ng&n$ ,+e <era&i, ,ried ,o rid ,+em!el.e! of %e*+i; <+a 0& !ummoi*
+im ,o a i,er.iew o ,+e )re,eA, S709T of re"o"ilia,io$ 0u, ew! of ,+e ,ra) lea#ed ou,> T+e&
,+e )laed ,o ma#e a !ur)ri!e a,,a"# u)o +im> Two +erd!me$ <i!0ili? ad Badai$ w+o 0ad
0eard ,+e <era&i, *eeral eA)laii* ,+e )lo, ,o +i! me$ ra ,o war %e*+i; <+a> Dor ,+i! 0e
la,er eo0led ,+em>
63

:a!,il& %e*+i; <+a made )re)ara,io! for war> T+e Secret $istory rela,e! ,+a, +e fir!,
wi,+drew ,o ,+e ei*+0or+ood of ,+e +ei*+,! of 8aoCudur$ w+ere +e lef, a !mall ou,)o!,> T+e
eA, da& +e e!,a0li!+ed +im!elf far,+er ,o ,+e rear$ ear ,+e !ad due! w+i"+ ,+e +&an Shih "all!
M91la$M w+i"+ dCO+!!o Gaf,er Ra!+id ad1(iH de!i*a,e! a! M<+alald@i1al,$M ad w+i"+
:&a"i,+u! ide,ifie! a! M<+ala1*ou1ola>M I o,+er word!$ i, wa! ,+e M\ala?ald@i,1ele,M
G\ala?al@i,1ele,H of ,+e Secret $istory> 8ore )re"i!el&$ ,+e )o!i,io wa! ear ,+e !)ur! of ,+e
<+i*a ra*e$ 0& ,+e +eadwa,er! of ,+e <+al#a Ri.er>M
66
9l,+ou*+ wared i *ood ,ime 0& +i!
mou,ed )a,rol! Gme of 9l"0idai1o&aH of ,+e eem&C! a))roa"+$ %e*+i; <+a +ere
e"ou,ered w+a, wa! )ro0a0l& ,+e mo!, !e.ere ordeal of +i! "areer> T+e "la!+ wa! furiou!
ideed> %e*+i; <+aC! lieu,ea,!=old @ur"+edKio&a$ "+ief of ,+e UruCud "la$ ad \u&ildar1
!e"+e of ,+e 8a*?ud "la=)erformed mar.el!> \u&ildar .owed ,o )la +i! tu9=+i! &a# or
+or!e1,ail !,adard=o ,+e +ill i ,+e eem&C! rear> Pee,ra,i* ,+e eem&C! lie!$ +e fulfilled +i!
.ow> %ur"+edKi wouded ,+e <era&i, S)ng&n i ,+e fa"e wi,+ a arrow> Bu, ou,um0ered 0& ,+e
<era&i,$ %e*+i; <+a wi,+drew from ,+e 0a,,lefield duri* ,+e i*+,> :i! ,+ird !o O*JdKi
GR*edeiH failed ,o a!wer ,+e roll "all$ a! did ,wo of +i! mo!, fai,+ful offi"er!$ BoCor"+u ad
Boro?ul> 9, la!, ,+e& rea))eared$ Boro?ul mou,ed ad +oldi* i +i! arm! O*JdKi$ w+o +ad
0ee wouded i ,+e e"# 0& a arrow> 9, ,+i! !i*+,$ !a&! ,+e Secret $istory$ ,+e ma of iro
!+ed ,ear!>
67

%e*+i; <+a$ w+o wa! )lail& +a.i* ,+e wor!, of i,$ re,rea,ed alo* ,+e <+al#a
62
i ,+e
dire",io of ,+e Bor Nor ad ,+e or,+er (alai Nor$ Mear /a#e Tu*1#oM i ,+e '+ie!e
ome"la,ure of ,+e +&an Shih> 9, ,+e mou,+ of ,+e <+al#a a, Bor Nor li.ed ,+e \o*ira,$ ,+e
,ri0e from w+i"+ 0ad i!!ued %e*+i; <+aC! wife> %e*+i; <+a a))ealed ,o ,+em i ,+e ame of
,+i! #i!+i)$ ad !+or,l& ,+ereaf,er !u""eeded i wii* ,+em ,o +i! "au!e>
I, wa! from ,+e re*io of ,+e Bor Nor ad (alai Nor
69
,+a, S710T %e*+i; <+a "o,ri.ed ,o
,ra!mi, a .er0al me!!a*e ,o ,+e Wa*1#+a$ re)rodu"ed or !ummari;ed i mo!, of ,+e !our"e!$
0& w+i"+ +e !,ro.e ,o mo.e ,+e +ear, of +i! oe,ime !u;erai 0& remidi* +im of ,+eir &ear! of
fried!+i) ad of ,+e !er.i"e! +e +ad redered +im>
70
:e de!ired$ +e eA)laied$ o more ,+a ,o
0e re!,ored ,o fa.or> GO ,+e "o,rar&$ +e wi!+ed ,o lull ,+e .i*ila"e of ,+e Wa*1#+a$ ,+e
S)ng&n re)lied>H %e*+i; "alled ,+e Wa*1#+a +i! fa,+er$ Mkhan echige$CC ad )oi,ed ou, ,+a, +e
+ad alwa&! !"ru)ulou!l& )erformed +i! du,ie! a! .a!!al> :i! lo&ali!, "+ara",er ad +i! "o"er ,o
)u, +im!elf i ,+e ri*+, are "uriou!l& !,re!!ed i ,+e differe, .er!io! of ,+i! famou! )a!!a*e> I
,+e !ame !)iri, +e remided 9l,a$ ,+e de!"eda, of ,+e a"ie, 8o*ol #+a! w+o ow
um0ered amo* %e*+i;C foe!$ ,+a, if +e$ %e*+i; <+a$ +ad a""e),ed ,+e #+aa,e$ i, wa! 9l,aC!
ow doi*$ for 9l,a ad ,+e o,+er re)re!e,a,i.e! of ,+e !eior 0ra"+e! +ad de"lied ,+e +oor
for ,+em!el.e!>
71
Uder ,+e e)i" ad l&ri" form of ,+i! )oem i! a le*al !,a,eme,$ !,re!!i* ,+e
"orre",e!! of %e*+i; <+aC! a,,i,ude a! ma ad all&$ ad addre!!ed ,o +i! former !u;erai>
Drom ,+e )oli,i"al )oi, of .iew$ i, mu!, 0e admi,,ed ,+a, ,+e Wa*1#+a=)er"ei.i* all ,oo la,e
,+e )owerful )er!oali,& of +i! former .a!!al=+ad 0ee ra!+ i !u))or,i* ,+e earl& effor,! of
,+i! ma!,erful ma> Bu, i 0rea#i* ,+e allia"e wi,+ou, a& .alid rea!o ad ,rea"+erou!l&
a,,a"#i* %e*+i; <+a$ +e *a.e +i! o))oe, ,+e ri*+, ,o do ,+e !ame> 9d a, ,+i! *ame ,+e
<era&i, ruler$ fi,ful$ .a"illa,i*$ wea#$ "owardl&$ +ara!!ed 0& +i! e,oura*e$ ad ,+rea,eed 0&
re0ellio o ,+e )ar, of +i! !o ,+e S)ng&n ule!! +e made a all1ou, effor,$ wa! o ma,"+ for
%e*+i; <+a>
Dor ,+e mome,$ +owe.er$ %e*+i; <+a$ for!a#e 0& !ome of +i! follower! af,er ,+e re.er!e a,
\ala?al@i,1ele,$ wa! eduri* ,+e mo!, )aiful +our! of +i! rei*> Bei* *rea,l& ou,um0ered$ +e
foud +im!elf for"ed ,o wi,+draw or,+ward i ,+e dire",io of Si0eria$ ,o ,+e eA,reme limi, of
8o*ol ,erri,or& ad ,+e fro,ier! of modem Tra!0ai#alia> :e re,ired$ wi,+ a +adful of lo&al
ad+ere,!$ or,+ of )re!e,1da& 8a"+uria$ o, far from ,+e 9r*u$
77
ear ,+e )ool of ,+e
Bal@ua$ of w+i"+ +e wa! for"ed ,o dri# ,+e muddied wa,er!>
75
O ,+e Bal@ua +e !)e, ,+e
!ummer of 1705> T+e MBal@uia!M=,+o!e w+o +ad !+ared ,+e!e 0i,,er +our! wi,+ +im=were
af,erward ri"+l& rewarded>
O"e more$ +owe.er$ ,+e "oali,io formed a*ai!, %e*+i; S711T <+a di!i,e*ra,ed of i,! ow
a""ord$ for ,+e fi"#le omad! "ould "o"ei.e ol& of !ea!oal )a",!> 9""ordi* ,o Ra!+id ad1
(i$ !e.eral 8o*ol "+ief! w+o +ad rallied ,o ,+e Wa*1#+a ou, of +a,red for %e*+i; <+a=
(ari,ai$ \u"+ar$ 9l,a$ %amu?a=@oied i a )lo, ,o a!!a!!ia,e ,+e <era&i, ruler> Wared i ,ime$
,+e Wa*1#+a fell u)o ,+em ad !ei;ed ,+eir 0a**a*e a! ,+e& fled> %amu?a$ \u"+ar$ ad 9l,a
!ou*+, refu*e wi,+ ,+e Naima$ w+ile (ari,ai made +i! !u0mi!!io ,o @e*+i; <+a>
Dor %e*+i; <+a$ ,+erefore$ ,+e !i,ua,io +ad *rea,l& im)ro.ed w+e i ,+e au,um of 1705 +e
mar"+ed from ,+e Bal@ua ,o ,+e Oo ,o re!ume ,+e offe!i.e> :e em)lo&ed +i! 0ro,+er \a!ar$
w+o!e famil& +ad falle i,o ,+e )ower of ,+e <era&i,$ ,o alla& ,+e Wa*1#+aC! !u!)i"io! 0&
fal!e me!!a*e!> Rea!!ured$ ,+e Wa*1#+a !,ar,ed )ea"e e*o,ia,io!$ ad ,o ,+i! ed !e,
%e*+i; <+a M0lood i ,+e +or of a oAM for u!e a, ,+e !weari* of ,+e oa,+> 9, ,+e !ame
mome,$ %e*+i; <+a$ af,er a !e"re, mar"+$ fell u)o ,+e <era&i, arm&$ w+i"+ wa! ,a#e u,,erl&
0& !ur)ri!e ad !"a,,ered> T+i! 0a,,le$ w+i"+ ,+e Secret $istory lo"a,e! a, %e@eCer Udur G8ou,
'+e1"+e &u1,u of ,+e +&an ShihH$
7L
o dou0, 0e,wee ,+e !our"e! of ,+e Tula ad ,+e <erule$
73
e!ured ,+e de"i!i.e ,rium)+ of %e*+i; <+a> T+e Wa*1#+a To*rul ad +i! !o ,+e S)ng&n
fled we!,ward> O rea"+i* Naima "ou,r&$ ,+e Wa*1#+a wa! #illed 0& a Naima offi"er
amed \ori!I10K#i$ w+o failed ,o re"o*i;e +im>
76
:i! +ead wa! !e, ,o ,+e TayangE ,+e TayangC!
mo,+er$ Gur0e!u$ offered !a"rifi"e ,o ,+e !)iri, of ,+e dead ma 0efore ,+i! fuereal ,ro)+&$ Mad
made mu!i" i i,! +oor>M T+e S)ng&n "ro!!ed ,+e Go0i$ ad for a ,ime led a 0ri*adC! life o ,+e
0order! of ,+e :!i1:!ia realm$ ear ,+e E,!i Gol$ ad )er+a)! la,er ear T!aidam$ ad eded +i!
life o0!"urel&$ 0ei* !lai a, <u"+a amo* ,+e Ui*ur>
77

T+e <era&i, )eo)le made !u0mi!!io ,o %e*+i; <+a ad ,+e"efor,+ !er.ed +im lo&all&>
Ne.er,+ele!!$ +e wa! "au,iou! eou*+ ,o re!e,,le ,+e <era&i, eleme,! amo* ,+e .ariou! 8o*ol
"la!$ wi,+ a .iew ,o ,+eir a0!or),io> :e !+owed )ar,i"ular "o!idera,io for ,+e )eo)le of
%a*am0u G,+e Wa*1#+aC! 0ro,+erH$ 0e"au!e +e +ad married I0a?a10K#i$
72
oe of %a*am0uC!
dau*+,er!$ ad 0e"au!e +i! &ou*e!, !o Tolui +ad married ao,+er of %a*am0uC! dau*+,er!$ ,+e
)ri"e!! Sor*+a?,ai Gw+o would )la& a "o!idera0le )ar, i ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e famil&H>
S717T
CO1H7EST OF THE 1AIMA1 CO71TR(+ 71IFICATIO1 OF MO1,O/IA
9f,er %e*+i; <+aC! !u0@u*a,io of ,+e <era&i,$ ol& oe ide)ede, )ower !ur.i.ed i
8o*olia4 ,+e Naima$ uder ,+eir #i* or Tayang> Or ra,+er a, ,+i! ,ime G,+e ed of 1705H$ w+e
%e*+i; <+a +ad made +im!elf ma!,er of ea!,er 8o*olia$ ,+e Tayang remaied i )o!!e!!io
of ,+e we!,> I!,i",i.el&$ all ,+e defea,ed ad i.e,era,e eemie! of %e*+i; <+a *ra.i,a,ed
a0ou, ,+e Tayang4 %amu?a ,+e %a@ira, "+ief$ ,+e 8Kr#i, "+ief To?,oCa10K#i$
79
ad \u,u?a10K#i ,+e
Oira, leader$ ,o !a& o,+i* of eleme,! from 0ro#e ad !"a,,ered ,ri0e! !u"+ a! ,+e (Jr0e$
\a,a#i$ Sal@iCu,$ ad Ta,ar!$ ad e.e a re0el <era&i, "la> 9ll of ,+e!e ow )re)ared ,o ma#e
war u)o %e*+i; <+a> I order ,o ou,fla# +im$ ,+e Ta&a* !ou*+, ,+e +el) of ,+e R*I,=
Tur#! w+o li.ed roud To?,o Gor,+ of ,+e modem '+ie!e )ro.i"e of S+a!i$ i ,+e or,+er
)ar, of modem Sui&uaH ad a",ed a! fro,ier *uard! for ,+e <i em)ire$ w+o i"ide,all& were
Ne!,oria!> Bu, ,+e R*I, "+ief 9la?u!+1,i*i$ w+e a!#ed ,o ma#e a di.er!ioar& mo.e a*ai!,
%e*+i; <+a$ +a!,eed ,o war ,+e 8o*ol "o?ueror ad @oied +i! !ide>
20

Before !e,,i* for,+ ,o war a*ai!, ,+e Naima$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e Secret $istory$ %e*+i; <+a
i!!ued .ariou! de"ree! "o"eri* ,+e or*ai;a,io of ,+e 8o*ol arm& ad !,a,e G!ee 0elow$
)a*e 770$ )ar,i"ularl& for w+a, i! !aid of ,+e *uard$ k)shikH>
21
T+e$ +a.i* re!ol.ed ,o fore!,all a
Naima a,,a"#$ +e !ummoed a 9uriltai or a!!em0l& of +i! )eo)le i ,+e !)ri* of 170L$ ear ,+e
ri.er w+i"+ ,+e +&an Shih "all! ,+e TCie1mai1#ai ad ,+e Secret $istory de!i*a,e! a! ,+e
Teme&e1#eCer> 8o!, of ,+e mili,ar& leader! "o!idered ,+a, ,+e +or!e! were ,oo ,+i a, ,+i!
!ea!o$ ad ,+a, i, would 0e 0e,,er ,o )o!,)oe o)era,io! u,il ,+e au,um> %e*+i; <+aC!
&ou*e!, 0ro,+er Temu*e ad ,+eir u"le (ari,ai1o&a were i fa.or of a !udde a,,a"# ,o *ai
,+e ad.a,a*e of !ur)ri!e> %e*+i; <+a )rai!ed ,+eir ardor ad !e, off for ,+e Naima "ou,r&>
Some !our"e!$ !u"+ a! ,+e +&an Shih$ im)l& ,+a, +e o)eed +o!,ili,ie! a, o"eE o,+er! !,a,e ,+a, i,
wa! o, u,il ,+e au,um ,+a, +e e,ered Naima ,erri,or&> T+e Tayang$ wi,+ +i! allie! %amu?a$
To?,oCa10K#i$ ad \u,u?a10K#i =all ,+e Naima$ %a@ira,$ 8Kr#i,$ ad Oira, for"e!=ad.a"ed ,o
S715T mee, ,+e 8o*ol!$ !a&! ,+e YIa S+i+$ from ,+e 9l,ai ,o ,+e <+a*ai> T+e "la!+ wa! ,o
o""ur i ,+e <+a*ai$ ear )re!e,1da& <ara#orum> I, would 0e a mi!,a#e ,o a""e), 90uCl G+a;iC!
!,a,eme, ,+a, ,+e 0a,,le ,oo# )la"e ear a ri.er of ,+e 9l,ai=,+e 9l,ai1Su=or ,o !ee# ,+i! 9l,ai1
Su ear ,+e <o0do Ri.er$ for i!,a"e$ a! 9l0er, :errma doe!$ o, far from /a#e <+ara USU>
27
T+e Tayang wa! ideed ,+i#i* of wi,+drawi* 0e+id ,+e 9l,ai$ !o a! ,o eA+au!, ,+e 8o*ol
arm& 0& lo* mar"+e! ad ,+e ,a#e i, 0& !ur)ri!e i !ome defile> :i! lieu,ea, \ori!I0K"+i
!+amed +im ou, of !u"+ "au,io4 W+e +ad +i! fa,+er Ia"+10il*K$ ,+e old Naima !o.erei*$
e.er ,ured +i! 0a"# or +i! +or!eC! rum) ,o ,+e eem&F Ifuria,ed 0& ,+i! ,au,$ ,+e Tayang *a.e
,+e order ,o a,,a"#>
I, wa! a fier"e ad ,erri0le e"ou,er> \a!ar$ %e*+i; <+aC! 0ro,+er$ w+o "ommaded ,+e
8o*ol "e,er$ !+owed "o!umma,e leader!+i)> B& e.ei* ,+e 8o*ol! were ,+e .i",or!> T+e
Tayang$ *ra.el& wouded$ wa! "arried 0& +i! me o,o a 0ill> :ere ,+e arra,i.e of ,+e Secret
$istory ,a#e! o ,+e ,oe of a e)i"> T+e Tayang a!#! of +i! lo&al follower!4 MW+o are ,+e!e w+o
)ur!ue u! a! wol.e! )ur!ue a flo"#FM %amu?a re)lie!4 MT+e& are ,+e four +u,i* do*! of m&
0ro,+er Temu@i> T+e& are fed o +uma fle!+ ad lea!+ed wi,+ a iro "+aiE ,+eir !#ull! are of
0ra!!$ ,+eir ,ee,+ are +ew from ro"#$ ,+eir ,o*ue! are li#e !word!$ ad ,+eir +ear,! are of iro>
I!,ead of w+i)! ,+e& +a.e "ur.ed !a0er!E ,+e& ?ue"+ ,+eir ,+ir!, wi,+ dew ad *allo) wi,+ ,+e
widE i 0a,,le ,+e& de.our +uma fle!+> Now +ere ,+e& are u"+aied$ ,+eir @aw! !la.er$ ,+e&
re@oi"e> T+e!e four +oud! are %e0e$ <u0lai$ %elme$ SI0J,Ki[M T+e Tayang a!#! o"e more4 CW+o
i! ,+a, i ,+e rear$ !)eedi* forward li#e a +u*r& +aw#FMMI, i! m& ada Temu@i$ weari* a "oa,
of iro> You !aid ,+a, w+e ,+e 8o*ol "ame &ou would de.our +im a! &ou would de.our a
lam0$ ad lea.e o ra* of fle!+> 9d ow > > > [M
25
T+e 8o*ol ,ale *oe! o ,o rela,e ,+a, ,+e la!,
of ,+e fai,+ful follower! a!#ed i .ai of ,+e Tayang w+a, ,+e& !+ould do> Bu, ,+eir lord wa! a
d&i* ma> I a frui,le!! effor, ,o rou!e +im$ \ori!I10K#i "ried ,o +im ,+a, +i! wi.e! ad +i!
mo,+er Gur0e!u
2L
were awai,i* +im i +i! ,e,> Wea#eed 0& lo!! of 0lood$ ,+e Tayang
remaied l&i* o ,+e *roud> T+e ,+e la!, of +i! me$ \ori!I10K"+i a, ,+eir +ead$ we, dow
,+e +ill a*ai$ ,o fi*+, ad ,o die> %e*+i; <+a$ admiri* ,+eir dau,le!! "oura*e$ would +a.e
!)ared ,+em$ S71LT 0u, ,+e& refu!ed ,o !urreder ad fou*+, o u,il ,+e& were #illed> <I"+lI*$
23
,+e TayangC! !o$ wa! a0le ,o flee wi,+ !ome of +i! )eo)le$ o dou0, i ,+e dire",io of ,+e Ir,&!+>
Wi,+ ,+e eA"e),io of ,+e!e eAile!$ ,+e *rea,er )ar, of ,+e Naima )eo)le 0ad ,o ma#e i,!
!u0mi!!io ,o %e*+i; <+a>
T+e 8Kr#i, "+ief To?,oCa10K#i followed <I"+lI* i,o fli*+,>
26
9 mior 8Kr#i, "+ief,ai$ (a&ir
U!u$ !urredered of +i! ow a""ord ad *a.e +i! dau*+,er$ ,+e lo.el& \ula$ ,o %e*+i; <+a i
marria*e> T+e e)i!ode$ arra,ed i ,+e Secret $istory$ of ,+e &ou* 8o*ol offi"er Na&a leadi*
\ula ,o %e*+i; <+a a"ro!! "ou,r& ife!,ed 0& marauder! reder! a re.eali* )i",ure of ,+e
rou*+ ad i*euou! maer! of ,+e a*e>
27
T+e +&an Shih a!!ure! u! ,+a, ,+e Naima )ri"e
Bu&iru?$ ,+e Wa*1#+aC! 0ro,+er$ "o,iued ,o +old *roud ad offer a fi*+,$ ,o*e,+er wi,+
<I"+lI*$ To?,oCa10K#i$ ad %amu?a$ ear ,+e u))er Ir,&!+$ o, far from /a#e Xai!a ad ,+e Ulu1
Tau ra*e$ ,+a, i! ,o !a&$ ear ,+e ma!!if formed 0& ,+e Si0eria 9l,ai$ ,+e Tar0a*a,ai$ ad ,+e
'+i*i;> 9ll four me fell$ oe af,er ao,+er> Bu&iru? wa! !ur)ri!ed +u,i* ear ,+e Ulu1Tau 0&
%e*+i;1<+ai,e !?uadro! ad #illed Gi 1706$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e +&an ShihH> I ,+e au,um of
1702$
22
%e*+i; <+a +im!elf mar"+ed o ,+e u))er Ir,&!+ ,o deal wi,+ ,+e la!, of ,+e Mre0el!>M
O ,+e wa& +e o0,aied ,+e !u0mi!!io of ,+e Oira, "+ief \u,u?a10K#i$ w+o$ 0ei* i o
"odi,io ,o re!i!, +im$ @oied +im ad !er.ed +im a! a *uide> <I"+lI* ad To?,oCa were a,,a"#ed
o ,+e 0a#! of ,+e Ir,&!+ ad rou,ed> To?,oCa died i 0a,,le> <I"+lI* !u""eeded i ma#i* +i!
e!"a)e ad i rea"+i* ,+e <ara1<+i,ai em)ire> %amu?a$ ,+e %a@ira, "+ief$ w+o +ad 0ee leadi*
,+e life of a ad.e,urer wi,+ a 0ad of eAile! ,ured 0ri*ad!$ wa! deli.ered 0& +i! ow )eo)le
i,o ,+e +ad! of %eia+i; <+a> (CO+!!o "ofide,l& )la"e! ,+i! e.e, immedia,el& af,er ,+e
defea, ad dea,+ of ,+e Tayang$ i 170L$ al,+ou*+ Ra!+id ad1(i *i.e! o da,e for i,>
Vladimir,!o.$ o ,+e "o,rar&$ followi* ,+e !e?ue"e of ,+e Secret $istory$ )la"e! ,+e "a),ure of
%amu?a af,er To?,oCaC! dea,+$ w+i"+ wa! i 1702> 8idful ,+a, ,+e& were anda$ !wor 0ro,+er!$
%e*+i; <+a le, +im die li#e a )ri"e$ wi,+ou, !+eddi* +i! 0lood> MT+i! wa! a mar# of fa.or$M
Vladimir,!o. o,e!$ Mfor$ a""ordi* ,o !+amai!, 0elief!$ a maC! 0lood i! ,+e !ea, of +i! !oul>M
T+e ,radi,io$ )a!!ed o 0& Ra!+id ad1(i$ ,+a, 9l"+idai G,+e e)+ew of %e*+i; <+a$ ,o w+om
,+e la,,er +ad e,ru!,ed ,+e *uardi*=or S713T eAe"u,io1of %amu?aH ,or,ured +i! "a),i.e 0&
!e.eri* +i! @oi,! oe 0& oe !eem! .er& fa"iful> /e, u! 0ear i mid ,+a, %amu?a$ ,+e ma
w+o +ad !e, +im!elf u) a! a,i1'ae!ar i o))o!i,io ,o %e*+i; <+a$ +ad fiall& !+ow +im!elf
,o 0e a! mu"+ of a "oward a! a i,ri*uer> :a.i* draw fir!, ,+e <era&i, ad ,+e ,+e Naima
)eo)le i,o war a*ai!, +i! ri.al$ +e de!er,ed 0efore ,+e 0a,,le ,wi"e i !u""e!!io$ for!a#i* fir!,
,+e Wa*1#+a ad la,er ,+e Tayang> T+i! ad.er!ar& of ,+e 'o?ueror wa! a! iferior ,o +im
morall& a! +e wa! i warfare>
T+e la!, of ,+e 8Kr#i, 0ad! were "ru!+ed !oo af,erward 0& ,+e 8o*ol *eeral SI0J,Ki>
29
/a!,l&$ ,+e <ir*+i; of ,+e u))er Yei!ei GTau1Ola ad ,+e 8iu!i!# re*ioH !u0mi,,ed i 1707
wi,+ou, fi*+,i*>
9ll 8o*olia wa! ow !u0@u*a,ed> %e*+i; <+aC! !,adard= ,+e w+i,e !,adard wi,+ i,! ie
flame!=wa! ,o 0e"ome ,+e fla* of all Tur#o18o*ol!>
9f,er ,+e defea, of ,+e Naima i 170L$ ,+e TayangC! #ee)er of ,+e !eal$ TCa1,Ca1,Cu*1a$ a Ui*ur$
e,ered %e*+i; <+aC! !er.i"e w+e 0e fell i,o ,+e +ad! of ,+e 8o*ol!>
90
T+u! wa! formed
,+e em0r&o of a 8o*ol "+a"eller&$ wi,+ Ui*ur M0ureau!>M
4E1,HI> 2HA16 EMPEROR
%e*+i; <+a did o, wai, ,o re"ei.e ,+e la!, !u0mi!!io! or "arr& ou, ,+e la!, eAe"u,io! i order
,o +a.e +i! )ower "ofirmed 0& ,+e ,ri0e!> I ,+e !)ri* of 1706$ ear ,+e +eadwa,er! of ,+e
Oo$ +e !ummoed a *rea, *a,+eri* or 9uriltai
91
of all ,+e Tur#o1 8o*ol! w+o +ad alread&
!u0mi,,ed$ ,+a, i!$ ,+e omad! ,+e )re!e, i w+a, i! ow Ou,er 8o*olia> O ,+i! o""a!io +e
wa! )ro"laimed !u)reme #+a 0& all ,+e 8o*ol ad Tur#i" ,ri0e!$ a ,i,le w+i"+ ,+e Secret
$istory ,ra!la,e! a! #+a*a> T+i! wa! ,+e a"ie, ,i,le of ,+e %ua1@ua of ,+e fif,+ "e,ur&$
af,erward a!!umed 0& all ,+e !u""e!!i.e lord! of 8o*olia=,+e TCu1"+Ie+ of ,+e !iA,+ "e,ur&
ad ,+e Ui*ur of ,+e ei*+,+>
97
We!,er ,ra.eler!$ !u"+ a! Piao 'ar)ii$ Ru0ru"#$ 8ar"o Polo$
ad Odori"o da Pordeoe$ would reder ,+i! !ame ,i,le a! *rad #+a>
Si"e ,+e fall of ,+e Ui*ur i 2L0$ ,+e em)ire of ,+e !,e))e! +ad 0ee .ir,uall& wi,+ou, +eir!>
%e*+i; <+a$ u)o )ro"laimi* +im!elf !u)reme #+a of Mall ,+o!e w+o li.e i fel, ,e,!$M
S716T aou"ed ,+a, ,+i! old em)ire$ )o!!e!!ed i ,ur 0& ,+e a"e!,or! of ,+e Tur#! G,+e
:!iu*1uH$ ,+e 0& ,+o!e of ,+e 8o*ol! G,+e %ua1@ua ad E)+,+a+,e!H$ ,+e a*ai 0& ,+e
Tur#! GTCu1"+Ie+ ad Ui*urH$ wa! ow )ermae,l& re!,ored ,o ,+e 8o*ol!> Bo,+ Tur#! ad
8o*ol! were ,+u! i"or)ora,ed wi,+i ,+e ew 8o*ol a,io G2onghol ulus/ 2onghol3in
ulusH$ ad ,+e"efor,+ i, wa! 0& ,+e ame of 8o*ol ,+a, 0o,+ .i",or! ad .a?ui!+ed were ,o 0e
#ow=<era&i,$ Naima$ ad Bor@i*i=Mall *eera,io! dwelli* i fel, ,e,!$M ad uder ,+i!
ame ,+a, ,+e& were ,o wi reow>
95

9 li,,le1#ow )ar, i ,+e 9uriltai of 1706 wa! )la&ed 0& ,+e !+ama <J#"+I$ al!o "alled TK01
,K*ri>
9L
<J#"+IC! fa,+er$ ,+e wi!e old 8u*li#$ +ad 0ee a im)or,a, fi*ure i ,+e life of
%e*+i; <+a$ w+o!e mo,+er$ ,+e widowed Oelu1e#e$ +e ma& +a.e married$ ,+ou*+ ,+e )oi, i!
u"er,ai>
93
<J#"+I$ w+o!e ma*i"al )ower! "au!ed +im ,o 0e +eld i !u)er!,i,iou! fear G+e wa!
re)u,ed ,o 0e i ,+e +a0i, of a!"edi* ,o +ea.e o a da))le1*ra& +or!e ad "o.er!i* wi,+
!)iri,!H$ aou"ed ,o ,+e 9uriltai ,+a, ,+e E,eral Blue :ea.e +ad a))oi,ed %e*+i; <+a ,o
0e ui.er!al #+a*a> T+i! "ele!,ial "o!e"ra,io wa! ,+e di.ie ri*+, u)o w+i"+ ,+e ew
em)eror 0a!ed +i! au,+ori,&> :e a!!umed ,+e ,i,le of #+a*a Gmore a""ura,el& 9Ln/ 9aanH 0& ,+e
)ower$ order$ or for"e of E,eral :ea.e Gmongka t)ngri%yin k&ch&n%d&rH$ ad ,+i! i! ,+e
)ro,o"ol ,+a, wa! )re!er.ed uder +i! !u""e!!or!$ e>*>$ o ,+e !eal of +i! *rad!o ,+e *rad #+a
Gfi&fi#$ w+e wri,i* ,o Po)e Io"e, IV>
96
Vladimir,!o. o,e! ,+a, ,+ere wa! a )ar,i"ular "ul,
of %e*+i; <+aC! 0aer$ tu94 ,+e W+i,e Baer wi,+ i,! ie &a# ,ail!$
97
w+i"+ wa! re*arded a!
,+e !&m0ol ad ,+e dwelli* )la"e of ,+e *uardia *eiu! GsuldeH of ,+e im)erial or *olde "la
Galtan urukH> MI, wa! ,+e Geiu! of ,+e Baer$M !a&! Vladimir,!o.$ M,+e sulde$ ,+a, led ,+e
8o*ol! ,o ,+e "o?ue!, of ,+e world>M
T+e !+ama <J#"+I +ad +el)ed %e*+i; <+a ,o e!,a0li!+ ,+e Mreli*iou!M fouda,io! of +i!
)ower> (eemi* +im!elf i.iola,e$ o dou0,$ 0& rea!o of +i! ma*i"al *if,! ad 0e"au!e of +i!
fa,+erC! )o!i,io i ,+e im)erial famil&$ +i! 0e+a.ior !oo 0e"ame i!ole,$ ad +e ,ried ,o rule
em)eror ad em)ire 0& eA)loi,i* +i! )re!,i*e i ,+e !)+ere of ,+e !u)era,ural> :a.i*
?uarreled wi,+ \a!ar$ %e*+i; <+aC! 0ro,+er$ 0e !ou*+, ,o rid S717T +im!elf of +i! eem& 0&
aou"i* ,o ,+e #+a a !,ra*el& ,ede,iou! re.ela,io> MT+e S)iri, +a! re.ealed ,o me a
"ommad from E,eral :ea.e> Temu@i will rei* a, fir!,$ ad af,er +im \a!ar$ Ule!! &ou
remo.e \a!ar$ &ou will 0e i da*er[M
T+i! )roou"eme, arou!ed !u!)i"io i %e*+i; <+aC! midE +e arre!,ed +i! 0ro,+er ad
de)ri.ed +im of +i! "a) ad 0el,$ ,+e i!i*ia of "ommad> :i! mo,+er Oelu1e#e$ w+e ,old of
,+i!$ +a!,eed ,o relea!e \a!arE ,+e$ 0ari* +er 0rea!,!$ a! de!"ri0ed 0& ,+e Secret $istory$ !+e
)a,+e,i"all& "ried ou,4 MT+e!e are ,+e 0rea!,! ,+a, !u"#led &ou> W+a, "rime +a! \a!ar "ommi,,ed
,+a, &ou !+ould de!ire ,o de!,ro& &our ow fle!+F You$ Temu@i$ !u"#ed ,+i! oe$ ad &our
0ro,+er! \a"+iCu ad O"+i*i ,+e o,+er> \a!ar aloe +a! fed from 0o,+> Temu@i +a! *eiu!$ 0u,
\a!ar !,re*,+$ ad +e i! ,+e 0e,,er ar"+er> Ea"+ ,ime ,+e ,ri0e! +a.e ri!e$ +i! 0ow ad +i!
arrow! +a.e ,amed ,+em> Bu, ow ,+a, our eemie! +a.e all 0ee remo.ed$ +e i! o lo*er
wa,ed[M
92
%e*+i; <+a$ a0a!+ed$ *a.e \a!ar 0a"# +i! ,i,le! ad +oor!$ de)ri.i* +im ol& of a
few of +i! me>
T+e !+ama$ +owe.er$ !,ill "o,iued +i! effor,! ,o rule ,+e im)erial famil&> :e ow ,ured
a*ai!, %e*+i;C &ou*e!, 0ro,+er$ i!ul,i* +im i )u0li"> T+e wi!e BJr,e$ %e*+i; <+aC! wife$
wared +er +u!0ad4 MIf e.e duri* &our life,ime &our 0ro,+er! are o)e ,o i!ul,$ af,er &our
dea,+ ,+e )eo)le will ri!e a*ai!, &our !o![M T+i! ,ime %e*+i; <+a uder!,ood$ ad allowed
Temu*e ,o rid +im!elf of ,+e ma*i"ia> T+e !"ee wa! a !+or, oe> Some da&! la,er$ w+e
<J#"+I arri.ed wi,+ +i! fa,+er 8u*li# ,o .i!i, %e*+i; <+a$ Temu*e !ei;ed ,+e !or"erer 0& ,+e
,+roa,> %e*+i; <+a ordered ,+em ,o !e,,le ,+eir affair! ou,!ide> 9! !oo a! <J#"+I lef, ,+e
im)erial ,e,$ ,+ree *uard! )o!,ed 0& Temu*e wi,+ ,+e ,a"i, "o!e, of %e*+i; <+a 0ro#e +i!
!)ie Mwi,+ou, !+eddi* +i! 0lood>M 8u*li#$ reali;i* ,+a, +i! !o wa! dead$ e.er fli"+ed4 MI
!er.ed &ou$ O #+a*a$ lo* 0efore &our a""e!!io$ ad I !+all "o,iue ,o !er.e &ou> > > >M I
<J#"+IC! )la"e$ %e*+i; a))oi,ed$ a! b)ki$ U!u Mof ,+e w+i,e +or!e ad ,+e w+i,e ro0e$M elde!,
mem0er of ,+e BaCari ,ri0e$ w+o wa! a *rea, ad ,ra?uil !+ama>
99

T+u! 0eea,+ ,wo fel, ,e,! o ,+e )lai! +ad !ur*ed a .ir,ual "ofli", 0e,wee '+ur"+ ad S,a,e$
0e,wee ma*i"ia ad *rad #+a> T+e !,ru**le$ +owe.er$ "ame ,o a a0ru), ed w+e ,+e *rad
#+a li,erall& 0ro#e ,+e 0a"# of ,+e !or"eror>
S712T
THE 1E# MO1,O/ EMPIRE6 STATE A1- ARM(
(e!)i,e ,+e elimia,io of ,+e !+ama <J#"+I$ ,+e ew %e*+i;1 <+ai,e em)ire )re!er.ed i,!
reli*iou! 0a!i!4 ,+e a"ie, Tur#o1 8o*ol aimi!m$ mi*led ,o a *rea,er or le!!er eA,e, wi,+
8a;dea ad '+ie!e eleme,!> T+e di.ii,& of w+i"+ ,+e *rad #+a wa! a maife!,a,io wa!
!,ill TK*ri$ +ea.e or ,+e *od of +ea.e$ !imilar i !ome re!)e",! ,o ,+e '+ie!e Tie$ ,o !a&
o,+i* of ,+e Iraia Orma;d>
100
9ll ,+e de!"eda,! of %e*+i; <+a w+o were o, ei,+er
e,irel& Sii"i;ed i ,+e Dar Ea!, or I!lami;ed i Tur#e!,a$ Per!ia$ ad Ru!!ia were ,o "laim ,o
0e ,+e re)re!e,a,i.e! o ear,+ of TK*ri4 ,+eir "ommad! were +i! "ommad!E re0ellio a*ai!,
,+em wa! a re0ellio a*ai!, +im>
%e*+i; <+a +im!elf !eem! ,o +a.e 0ad a )ar,i"ular de.o,io ,o ,+e di.ii,& e,+roed o
8ou, Bur?a \aldu$ ,+e <e,ei of ,oda&$ a, ,+e !our"e of ,+e Oo> W+e a, ,+e ou,!e, of +i!
"areer +e e!"a)ed=,+a#! ,o ,+e !wif,e!! of +i! +or!e= from ,+e 8Kr#i,$ w+o a0du",ed +i!
wife BJr,e$ i, wa! ,+ere ,+a, +e ,oo# refu*e> :e a, o"e "lim0ed ,+e mou,ai a! a )il*rim>
:a.i* fir!,$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e 8o*ol "u!,om$ remo.ed +i! "a) ad ,+row +i! 0el, o.er +i!
!+oulder! i ,o#e of !u0mi!!io$ +e *eufle",ed ie ,ime! ad made ,+e ri,ual li0a,io of
#umi!!$ ,+e ferme,ed mareC! mil# ,+a, wa! ,+e al"o+ol of ,+e omad!> Similarl&$ la,er o$ 0efore
uder,a#i* ,+e *rea, Ma,ioalM war a*ai!, ,+e <i em)ire of Pe#i*$ +e wa! ,o re)ea, ,+i!
)il*rima*e ,o Bur?a \aldu ad$ i ,+e !ame !u))lia, a,,i,ude$ +i! 0el, roud +i! e"#$ ,o )ra&4
MO E,eral T)ngri$ I am armed ,o a.e*e ,+e 0lood of m& a"e!,or!$ u)o w+om ,+e <i
ifli",ed a i*omiiou! dea,+> If &ou a))ro.e of w+a, I do$ .ou"+!afe me ,+e aid of &our
!,re*,+>M Su"+ i! Ra!+id ad1(iC! a""ou, of +i! word!> O,+er !our"e! !+ow +im !+u, u) for
,+ree da&! i +i! ,e, o ,+e e.e of ,+e "am)ai*$ aloe wi,+ ,+e S)iri,$ w+ile aroud +im +i!
)eo)le !u))li"a,e :ea.e4 MT)ngri[M T)ngri[M O ,+e four,+ da& ,+e #+a1!,re*,+1of1:ea.e
emer*e! a, la!, from +i! ,e, ad aou"e! ,+a, E,eral TK*ri +a! )romi!ed +im .i",or&>
101

Drom ,+i! a"ie, aimi!, reli*io$ wi,+ i,! "ul, of )ea#! ad ri.er !our"e!$ "ame ,+e ri,e! o,ed
0& 0o,+ 8u!lim wri,er! ad '+ri!,ia mi!!ioarie!4 ,+e a!"e, of +ol& mou,ai! ,o draw S719T
ear ,o TK*ri ad i.o#e +imE ,+e remo.al of oeC! "a) ad ,+e la&i* of oeC! 0el, o.er ,+e
!+oulder! i ,o#e of !u0mi!!io$ a o0li*a,io w+i"+ fell u)o ,+e *rad #+a +im!elfE ,+e
)ra",i"e of +idi* w+e i, ,+udered$ ,+a, i! ,o !a&$ w+e TK*ri !+owed +i! wra,+E ,+e "are ,a#e
e.er ,o defile !)ri*!$ for ,+e& were ,+e +au, of !)iri,!$ or ,o )rofae !,ream! 0& wa!+i*
oe!elf or oeC! "lo,+e! i ,+em Ga a", ,+a, a, fir!, *a.e ri!e ,o !eriou! mi!uder!,adi*! wi,+
8u!lim !o"ie,&$ w+i"+ ad+ered fai,+full& ,o i,! ri,ual a0lu,io!H>
I ,+eir !u)er!,i,iou! awe of :ea.e ad of ma*i"al formula!$ ,+e 8o*ol! fel, i, wi!e ,o
"o"ilia,e o, ol& ,+eir ow !+ama! 0u, al!o o,+er )o!!i0le re)re!e,a,i.e! of ,+e (i.ie=i>e>$
leader! of a& "ul, w+o mi*+, "o"ei.a0l& 0e )o!!e!!ed of !u)era,ural )ower!$ !u"+ a!
Ne!,oria )rie!,!$ w+om ,+e& were ,o fid amo* ,+e <era&i, ad R*I,$ Budd+i!, mo#! amo*
,+e Ui*ur ad <+i,a$ Taoi!, ma*i"ia! from '+ia$ Ti0e,a lama!$ Dra"i!"a mi!!ioarie!$ or
8u!lim mulla+!>
107
Good will !+ow ,oward re)re!e,a,i.e! of ,+e!e .ariou! "ul,! )ro.ided a
addi,ioal !afe*uard ,o ,+eir ow TK*ri wor!+i)E *eeral !u)er!,i,iou! dread ,+u! e*edered
*eeral ,olera"e> No, u,il ,+e& lo!, ,+i! !u)er!,i,iou! ,imidi,& did ,+e de!"eda,! of %e*+i;
<+a i Tur#e!,a ad Per!ia 0e"ome i,olera, i ou,loo# ad 0e+a.ior>
T+e 8o*ol !,a,e$ 0a!ed o ,+e!e )ri"i)le!$ 0orrowed i,! i!,rume,! of "i.ili;a,io=wri,i*
ad offi"ial la*ua*e=from ,+e Ui*ur> I 170L$ a! +a! 0ee rela,ed$ o ,+e fall of ,+e Naima
#i*dom %e*+i; <+a ,oo# i,o +i! !er.i"e ,+e Ui*ur TCa1,Ca,Cu*1a$ ,+e de"ea!ed Tayang's
#ee)er of ,+e !eal> TCa1,Ca1,Cu*1a wa! *i.e ,+e ,a!# of ,ea"+i* %e*+i; <+aC! !o! ,o wri,e
8o*olia i Ui*ur "+ara",er!
105
ad al!o ,o "ou,er!i* offi"ial de"ree! 0& affiAi* ,o ,+em ,+e
tamgha or im)erial !eal>
10L
I ,+e!e io.a,io! ma& 0e di!"ered ,+e *erm of a "+a"eller&>
Drom 1706 oward$ %e*+i; <+a i.e!,ed S+i*i1?u,u?u=a Ta,ar w+om 0e ad +i! wife BJr,e
+ad ado),ed a! a 0a0& ad 0rou*+, u)=wi,+ ,+e fu",io! of a *rea, @ud*e> S+i*i1?u,u?u wa!
"+ar*ed wi,+ re"ordi* @udi"ial de"i!io! ad !e,e"e! i Ui*ur "+ara",er! ad i ,+e 8o*ol
,o*ue$ ad #ee)i* re*i!,er! #ow a! M0lue 0oo#!M Gkk d)bt)rH !+owi* ,+e di!,ri0u,io of
)o)ula,io amo* ,+e .ariou! 8o*ol o0le!> T+e fir!, a",i.i,& re!ul,ed i ,+e ela0ora,io of a
)ra",i"al @udi"ial S770T "ode$ ,+e !e"od i ,+e "rea,io of a *eealo*i"al *uide or$ i Pellio,C!
,erm!$ Ma !or, of 8o*ol :o;ier>M
103

T+e yasa9$ li,erall& ,+e Mre*ula,io!$M or "ommo law "ode$ of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e!$ al!o +ad i,!
0e*ii*! Gor i,! im)erial iau*ura,ioH a, ,+e 9uriltai of 1706>
106
T+rou*+ ,+e yasa9$ ,+e *rad
#+a$ M!,re*,+ of :ea.e$M im)o!ed !,ri", di!"i)lie$ ordaied 0& :ea.e$ o 0o,+ "i.ilia
!o"ie,& ad ,+e arm&> GT+e!e "a,e*orie! were 0arel& di!,i*ui!+a0le>H T+e "ode wa! !e.ere
ideed4 i, demaded ,+e dea,+ )eal,& for murder$ ma@or ,+ef,$ "o"er,ed fal!e+ood Gi,ri*ueH$
adul,er&$ !odom&$ mali"iou! wi,"+"raf,$ re"ei.i* of !,ole *ood!$ ad !o o> (i!o0edie"e$
w+e,+er "i.il or mili,ar&$ wa! e?ua,ed wi,+ "rime! uder "ommo law$ ,+e yasa9 0ei* a, o"e a
"i.il ad a admii!,ra,i.e "ode4 a di!"i)lie .alid for ,+e *o.erme, of ,+e world> I, wa!
"om)le,ed$ i ,+e !)+ere of @uri!)rude"e$ 0& ,+e Mwi!domM or M!a&i*!M GbilikH of %e*+i; <+a$
ow lo!, ,o u! li#e ,+e yasa9 i,!elf>
T+e re!ul,! of ,+i! 8o*ol di!"i)lie ama;ed we!,er ,ra.eler!> 90ou, for,& &ear! af,er ,+e
9uriltai of 1706$ Piao 'ar)ii$ ,+e Dra"i!"a$ o,ed o re,uri* from 8o*olia4 MT+e Tar,ar!
= ,+a, i!$ ,+e 8o*ol!=are ,+e mo!, o0edie, )eo)le i ,+e world i re*ard ,o ,+eir leader!$
more !o e.e ,+a our ow "ler*& ,o ,+eir !u)erior!> T+e& 0old ,+em i ,+e *rea,e!, re.ere"e
ad e.er ,ell ,+em a lie> T+ere are o wra*li*! amo* ,+em$ o di!)u,e!$ o murder!> Ol&
)e,,& ,+ef,! o""ur> S+ould oe of ,+em lo!e a& of +i! aimal!$ ,+e fider e.er #ee)! ,+em$ ad
ma& e.e re,ur ,+em ,o ,+eir ower> T+eir wi.e! are .er& "+a!,e$ e.e w+e ,+e& ma#e merr&>M
If oe "om)are! ,+i! )i",ure wi,+ ,+a, of ,+e aar"+& )re.aili* i 8o*ol ,erri,or& o ,+e e.e of
,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e "o?ue!,$ or wi,+ ,+e moral le.el of ,+e 8o*ol! of ,oda&$ oe ma&
a))re"ia,e ,+e )rofoud "+a*e w+i"+ %e*+i; <+aC! yasa9 0rou*+, a0ou, i 8o*ol !o"ie,&>
107

9, ,+e a)eA of ,+e !o"ial !,ru",ure wa! ,+e famil& of %e*+i; <+a +im!elf4 ,+e *olde famil&
Galtan urukH w+o!e +ead wa! ,+e *rad #+a Gkhagan/ 9aanH$ ad w+o!e )ri"e! were ,+e *rad
#+aC! !o! Gkbeg&nH> T+i! famil& eAer"i!ed ri*+,! of )ro)er,& o.er ,+eir .a!, domai of
"o?uered lad! i mu"+ ,+e !ame wa& a! ,+e 'o?uerorC! a"e!,or! +ad +eld !wa& o.er ,+eir far
!maller !+are of ,+e a,i.e )rairie> T+e *ra;i* lad! S771T Gnutu9/ yurtH a!!i*ed ,o %e*+i;
<+aC! four !o! were ,+e *erm! of fu,ure %e*+i;1<+ai,e #+aa,e!> 8o*ol !o"ie,&=or ra,+er
Tur#o18o*ol$ !i"e %e*+i; <+a a0!or0ed a um0er of Tur#i" ,ri0e! from ,+e 9l,ai=
remaied ari!,o"ra,i" i "+ara",er> I, wa! ,+e a"ie, Mari!,o"ra"& of ,+e !,e))e!M !,udied 0&
Bar,+old ad Vladimir,!o.=,+e ari!,o"ra"& of ,+e 0ra.e Gba'atur$ )lural ba'atutH ad of "+ief!
GnoyanH
102
=w+i"+ "o,iued ,o offi"er ad maa*e ,+e .ariou! !o"ial "la!!e!4 warrior! or
fai,+ful me$ w+o were )re1emie,l& free Gnkur$ )lural nkudH$ "ommoer! or )le0eia! Garad/
9arachuH$ ad la!,l& !erf! Gunaghan boghulH$ w+o ,+eore,i"all& were of o18o*ol !,o"#>
Vladimir,!o. di!"er! i ,+i! all ,+e eleme,! of a feudal !o"ie,& w+o!e .ariou! !o"ial *rou)!$ a,
differe, +ierar"+i"al le.el!$ were li#ed 0& a +eredi,ar& 0od of )er!oal lo&al,&>
T+e !ame feudal )ri"i)le o0,aied i ,+e arm&> 9 0od of )er!oal lo&al,& ui,ed ,+e "a),ai! of
,e! GarbanH$ of +udred! G3aghunH$ of ,+ou!ad! GmingghanH$ ad of ,e ,+ou!ad! GtumenH> T+e
"e,urio!$ millearie!$ ad "ommader! of m&riad! were furi!+ed 0& ,+e +i*+ ari!,o"ra"& of
,+e o&a> Beea,+ ,+em$ ,+e 0a"#0oe of ,+e arm& wa! formed 0& ,+e mior o0ili,& of free
me$ w+o 0ore ,+e old Tur#i" ,i,le of tarkhan Gi 8o*olia dar9anH ad w+o +ad ,+e )ri.ile*e$
,+eore,i"all&$ of re,aii* ,+eir idi.idual )luder i war ad ,+eir *ame i ,+e *rea, +u,i*
eA)edi,io!>
109
I"ide,all&$ !e.eral tarkhat$ for ,+eir .alor$ were )romo,ed ,o noyan>
T+i! arm&$ Mari!,o"ra,i"all& or*ai;ed$M a! Vladimir,!o. de!"ri0e! i,$ +ad i,! ow eli,e4 ,+e
0od&*uard of ,+e *rad #+a> T+i! *uard Gk)shikH wa! "om)o!ed of a0ou, ,e ,+ou!ad me> T+e
!oldier! of ,+i! *uard Gsingular k)shikt&$ )lural k)shikt)nH were i ,+eor& di.ided i,o da& *uard!
Gturgha9$ )lural turgha'utH ad i*+, *uard! Gk)bt)&l$ )lural k)bt)w&t or k)bt)'&tH>
110
To ,+e!e
!+ould 0e added ,+e ?or"+i or 0owme4 M?ui.er 0earer!>M MT+e k)bt)'&t um0ered from 200 ,o
1$000$ ,+e 9orchin L00 ,o 1$000> T+e turgha'ut um0ered 1$000> T+e effe",i.e !,re*,+ of ,+e
*uard amou,ed i ,+e ed ,o 10$000 me>M
111
Ol& o0le! ad mem0er! of ,+e *rou) of
)ri.ile*ed freeme #ow a! tarkhat or dar9at "ould @oi ,+i! "or)!> 9 )ri.a,e !oldier of ,+e
*uard ,oo# )re"ede"e o.er a "a),ai of a ,+ou!ad i ,+e re!, of ,+e arm&$ ad i, wa! from ,+i!
*uard ,+a, %e*+i; <+a !ele",ed ,+e *rea,er um0er of +i! *eeral!>
S777T
I )ri"i)le ,+e 8o*ol arm& wa! di.ided i,o ,+ree wi*!$ de)lo&ed a""ordi* ,o ,+e 8o*ol
orie,a,io$ ,+a, i!$ fa"i* !ou,+> T+e lef, wi* G3eg&n%ghar/ 3e'un%ghar/ 3un%gharH$
117
,o ,+e ea!,$
wa! "ommaded a, fir!, 0& ,+e %elair 8u?ali> T+e "e,er G9lH wa! led 0& ,+e BaCari Na&a$ ad
'+a*a=a &ou* Ta*u, w+om %e*+i; <+a +ad ado),ed ad 0rou*+, u) a! +i! !o=
"ommaded ,+e ,+ou!ad )i"#ed *uard!me> T+e ri*+, wi* Gbaraghun%ghar/ bara'un%9ar/
barun%gharH
115
wa! "ommaded 0& ,+e 9rula, BoCor"+u$ or Bo*ur@i> O ,+e dea,+ of %e*+i;
<+a$ ,+e arm& wa! ,o a,,ai a effe",i.e !,re*,+ of 179$000 me> T+e lef, wi*$ for mili,ar&
rea!o!$ "o!i!,ed of 67$000 me$ ,+e ri*+, wi* +ad 52$000$ ad ,+e remaider wa! di!,ri0u,ed
0e,wee "e,er ad re!er.e!>
11L

T+i! !ou,+ward1fa"i* forma,io "orre!)oded ,o 8o*ol o0@e",i.e!$ fa"i* fawi!e a! i, did
,oward ,+e .ariou! M!ou,+erM "ou,rie!> T+e!e o0@e",i.e! were$ ,o ,+e lef,$ '+iaE i ,+e "e,er$
Tur#e!,a ad ea!,er IraE ad$ o ,+e ri*+,$ ,+e Ru!!ia !,e))e>
W+a, of ,+e 8o*ol warrior$ ,+e +ero of ,+i! e)i"F '+ie!e )ai,er! of ,+e '+ao 8e*1fu !"+ool
+a.e admira0l& )or,ra&ed +im$ ad readi* ,+e de!"ri),io *i.e 0& Derad Greard$ %e*+i;
<+aC! +i!,oria$ af,er +i! ,ra.el! i 8o*olia i! li#e urolli* a !"roll 0& oe of ,+e!e old
ma!,er!4 MI "am) ,+e !oldier wear! a fur "a) wi,+ ear fla)!$ fel, !,o"#i*!$ 0oo,!$ ad a )eli!!e
rea"+i* 0elow +i! #ee!> I 0a,,le +e do! a lea,+er +elme, "o.eri* ,+e a)e of +i! e"# ad a
!,ro*$ fleAi0le "uira!! made of !,ri)! of lea,+er la"?uered 0la"#> :i! offe!i.e wea)o! "o!i!,
of ,wo 0ow! ad ,wo ?ui.er!$ a "ur.ed !a0er$ a +a,"+e,$ ad a iro ma"e !u!)eded from +i!
!addle$ a la"e furi!+ed wi,+ a +oo# for u!ea,i* eem& +or!eme$ ad a +or!e+air ro)e wi,+ a
rui* oo!e>M
113

T+e 8o*ol "ao, 0e di!!o"ia,ed from +i! !,eed> Ideed$ ,+e& re!em0le ea"+ o,+erE ,+e& were
0or of ,+e !ame !,e))e$ formed 0& ,+e !ame !oil ad ,+e !ame "lima,e$ 0ro#e i 0& ,+e !ame
eAer"i!e!> T+e 8o*ol i! !+or,$ !,o"#&$ 0i*10oed$ +ea.&1framed$ ad of )rodi*iou! !,amia> :i!
+or!e ,oo i! !mall ad !,o"#&$ wi,+ou, *ra"eE i, +a! Ma )owerful e"#$ !omew+a, ,+i"# le*!$ ad a
de!e "oa,$ 0u, i! woderful for i,! fier& !)iri, ad i,! .i*or$ edura"e$ !,eadie!!$ ad !uree!!
of foo,>M
116
I, wa! o dou0, ,+i! "+ar*er of ,+e or,+er omad! w+i"+ a, ,+e daw S775T of
+i!,or& *a.e ,+e Ido1Euro)ea M+or!e10rea#er!M ,+eir !u)eriori,& ad$ a, ,+e ed of "la!!i"al
a,i?ui,&$ "arried ,+e :u! ,o ,+e "o?ue!, of '+ia ad of ,+e Roma Em)ire> Now$ i ,+e
8iddle 9*e!$ a fre!+ im)ul!e wa! ,o +url all ,+i! "a.alr& of ,+e !,e))e! ,oward ,+e *olde
)ala"e! of Pe#i*$ Tauri! GTa0ri;H$ ad <ie.>
8u"+ +a! 0ee wri,,e a0ou, 8o*ol ,a",i"!> Some +a.e "om)ared ,+em wi,+ ,+o!e of Drederi"#
II or Na)oleo> 'a+u !ee! ,+em a! ,+e )rodi*iou! "o"e),io! of *eiu!$ 0or a, !ome war
"ou"il of !u)erme> I fa",$ 8o*ol ,a",i"! were a )erfe",ed form of ,+e old me,+od! u!ed 0&
,+e :!iu*1u ad TCu1"+Ie+4 ,+e e,eral omad ,a",i"!$ e.ol.ed from "o,iual raid! o ,+e
fri*e of "ul,i.a,io ad from *rea, +u,i* dri.e! o ,+e !,e))e!> Tradi,io re)or,! %e*+i; <+a
a! !a&i*4 MI da&li*+,$ wa,"+ wi,+ ,+e .i*ila"e of a old wolf$ a, i*+, wi,+ ,+e e&e! of ,+e
ra.e> I 0a,,le$ fall u)o ,+e eem& li#e a fal"o>M Pa,ie, !,al#i* of +erd! of deer +ad ,au*+,
,+e omad! ,o !ed forward a um0er of !ile,$ i.i!i0le !"ou,! ,o o0!er.e ,+e ?uarr& or ,+e
eem& w+ile #ee)i* ou, of !i*+,> T+e u!e of a lie of 0ea,er! i 0u,i* ,au*+, ,+em ,+e
+eadi*1off mo.eme, GtulugmaH w+i"+ ea0led ,+em ,o ou,fla# 0o,+ wi*! of ,+e +o!,ile arm&$
a! oe 0ead! off a fleei* +erd of wild aimal! o ,+e )rairie>
B& mea! of ,+i! +i*+l& mo0ile "a.alr&$ ,+e omad! a"+ie.ed a effe", of !ur)ri!e ad u0i?ui,&
w+i"+$ 0efore a& a",io 0e*a$ di!"o"er,ed ,+eir ad.er!ar&> If 0e !,ood +i! *roud$ ,+e 8o*ol
!?uadro! did o, )re!! +ome ,+eir a,,a"#E ,+e& !"a,,ered ad di!a))eared i ,+e maer of all
!,e))e marauder!$ read& ,o re,ur w+e ,+e '+ie!e )i#ema$ <+wari;mia$ 8amelu#e$ or
:u*aria +or!ema relaAed +i! .i*ila"e> Woe ,o ,+e eem& w+o made ,+e mi!,a#e of )ur!ui*
,+e 8o*ol +or!eme i ,+eir fei*ed re,rea,E ,+e& led +im a!,ra&$ lured +im awa& from +i! 0a!e$
o.er da*erou! ,errai ad i,o !ome ,ra)$ ,+ere ,o 0e !urrouded ad felled li#e a oA> T+e
8o*ol li*+, "a.alr&$ )la"ed i ,+e .a*uard ad o ,+e wi*!$ +ad ,+e ,a!# of +ara!!i* ,+e
eem& wi,+ fli*+,! of arrow!$ w+i"+ +a"#ed ,erri0le *a)! i +i! ra#!> /i#e ,+e :u of old$ ,+e
8o*ol wa! ,+e mou,ed ar"+er=a rider ad mar#!ma from "+ild+ood=w+o!e ifalli0le
arrow "ould 0ri* a ma dow a, 700$ e.e a, L00 &ard! or more> To +i! elu!i.e mo0ili,& 0e
added a ,a",i"al !u)eriori,& ui?ue i i,! da&> 'ofide, of ,+eir ad.a,a*e$ +i! ad.a"e S77LT
*uard! were relie.ed a, fre?ue, i,er.al! 0& e"+elo! w+i"+ !li))ed awa& af,er di!"+ar*i* a
.olle&> No, u,il ,+e eem& +ad 0ee lured !ome wa& forward ad +ad 0e"ome demorali;ed 0&
,+e lo*1di!,a"e !+oo,i* did ,+e +ea.& "a.alr& a, ,+e "e,er ma#e i,! !a0er "+ar*e ad "u, +im
,o )ie"e!> I all ,+e!e o)era,io! ,+e 8o*ol! made ,+e fulle!, u!e of ,+e ,error i!)ired 0& ,+eir
)+&!i?ue$ ,+eir u*lie!!$ ad ,+eir !,e"+> T+e& a))eared ueA)e",edl&$ de)lo&ed$ ad ri*ed ,+e
+ori;o> T+e& ad.a"ed a, a @o* ,ro, i a awe1i!)iri* !ile"e$ maeu.eri* wi,+ou, !+ou,! of
"ommad$ o !i*al! from ,+e !,adard 0earer!> T+e !uddel&$ a, ,+e ri*+, mome,$ ,+e&
"+ar*ed$ u,,eri* dia0oli"al !+rie#! ad &ell!>
117

T+e!e were ,+e ,ime1+oored$ ,radi,ioal ru!e! of ,+e +u,er w+o !ee#! ,o madde ad 0ewilder
+i! )re& i order ,o ma!,er i,> T+e 8o*ol ad +i! +or!e were ,o +u, ,+e '+ie!e$ ,+e Per!ia$
,+e Ru!!ia$ ad ,+e :u*aria @u!, a! ,+e& +u,ed ,+e a,elo)e or ,+e ,i*er> T+e ar"+er of
8o*olia !,ru"# dow ,+e #i*+, w+ere ,+e la,,er wa! a, +i! wea#e!,$ @u!, a! +e 0rou*+, dow
,+e ea*le w+e i, wa! i full fli*+,> T+e Mfie!, "am)ai*!M of ,+e 8o*ol!$ ,+o!e of Tra!oAiaa
ad :u*ar&$ were ,o +a.e ,+e a))eara"e of *i*a,i" 0a,,ue! de!i*ed ,o ,ire ,+e M*ame$M ,o
0ewilder$ eA+au!,$ ad !urroud i,$ 0efore 0ri*i* ,+e "+a!e ,o a ed 0& !&!,ema,i" !lau*+,er>
9ll ,+e!e ,a",i"! +a.e 0ee .i.idl& de!"ri0ed 0& ,+a, a!,u,e o0!er.er Piao 'ar)ii4 M9! !oo a!
,+e& di!"o.er ,+e eem&$ ,+e& "+ar*e$ ea"+ ma !+oo,i* off ,+ree or four arrow!> If ,+e&
)er"ei.e ,+a, ,+e o))o!i* for"e i! u0ro#e$ ,+e& wi,+draw amo* ,+eir ow )eo)leE 0u, ,+i! i!
merel& ,o i.i,e )ur!ui, ad ,o e,i"e ,+e eem& i,o !ome am0u!+ )re)ared 0efore+ad> S+ould
,+e& fid ,+a, ,+e o))o!i* arm& i! ,oo !,ro*$ ,+e& ride awa&$ +al,i* a, ,+e ed of a da& or ,wo
,o ra.a*e ,+e di!,ri",! i ,+eir )a,+> > > > Or el!e ,+e& )i,"+ "am) a, !ome well1"+o!e !)o, ad$
w+e ,+e eem& for"e! !,ar, ,o file )a!,$ ,+e& !)ri* ou, ad ,a#e ,+em 0& !ur)ri!e> > > > T+eir
,ri"#! of war are ma&> T+e& mee, ,+e fir!, "a.alr& o!e, wi,+ a fro, "o!i!,i* of )ri!oer! ad
forei* auAiliarie!$ w+ile ,+e 0ul# of ,+eir ow me ,a#e u) ,+eir )o!i,io! o ,+e wi*! i order
,o e"om)a!! ,+e eem&> T+e& do ,+i! !o effe",i.el& ,+a, +e fa"ie! ,+em far more umerou! ,+a
,+e& are> If ,+e ad.er!ar& defed! +im!elf !,ou,l&$ ,+e& o)e ,+eir ra#! ad allow +im ,o e!"a)e$
S773T w+ereu)o ,+e& da!+ i )ur!ui, ad !la& a! ma& of ,+e fu*i,i.e! a! ,+e& "a> UT+i! ,a",i"
wa! ,o 0e u!ed 0& SI0J,Ki a*ai!, ,+e :u*aria! i 17L1 a, ,+e 0a,,le of ,+e Sa@o>V Bu, ,+e&
e*a*e i +ad1,o1+ad !,ru**le! a! !eldom a! )o!!i0le$ ,+eir o0@e", 0ei* merel& ,o woud me
ad +or!e! wi,+ ,+eir arrow!>M Ru0ru"# de!"ri0e! ,+e !ame maeu.er i ,+e *rea, 8o*ol
+u,i* eA)edi,io!4 MW+e ,+e& de!ire ,o +u,$ ,+e& *a,+er i *rea, um0er! a0ou, ,+e )la"e
w+ere ,+e& #ow wild 0ea!,! ,o 0e$ ad li,,le 0& li,,le ad.a"e u)o ,+em$ e"lo!i* ,+em a! i a
e,$ i order ,o !+oo, ,+em dow wi,+ ,+eir arrow!>M
CO1H7EST OF 1ORTHER1 CHI1A
:a.i* uified 8o*olia$ %e*+i; <+a em0ar#ed u)o ,+e "o?ue!, of or,+er '+ia>
:e fir!, a,,a"#ed :!i1:!ia$ a #i*dom fouded 0& a Ta*u, +orde i <a!u$ ,+e 9la!+a$ ad ,+e
Ordo!> T+e!e )eo)le were of Ti0e,a !,o"#> Budd+i!, 0& reli*io$ w+o=,+a#! ,o '+ie!e
iflue"e=+ad a,,aied ,o !ome mea!ure of "ul,ure$ e!)e"iall& i ,+eir wri,i*$ w+i"+ wa!
deri.ed from '+ie!e "+ara",er!> T+i! wa! a*ai!, :!i1:!ia wa! ,+e fir!, a",io 0& ,+e 8o*ol!
a*ai!, a !ede,ar&$ "i.ili;ed )eo)le$ ad i uder,a#i* i, ,+eir leader wa! ,e!,i* ,+e ?uali,& of
+i! arm& a*ai!, ,+e wea#e!, of ,+e ,+ree !,a,e! amo* w+i"+ ,+e lad! of old '+ia were
di.ided> 8oreo.er$ i 0e"omi* ma!,er of :!i1:!ia ,erri,or&$ %e*+i; <+a *aied "o,rol of ,+e
road from '+ia ,o Tur#e!,a$ ad a, ,+e !ame ,ime !urrouded$ i ,+e we!,$ ,+e <i realm of
Pe#i*$ ,+e ,radi,ioal eem& of ,+e 8o*ol!> Ye, ?ui,e "er,ail& ,+e 8o*ol!$ admira0l&
or*ai;ed ,+ou*+ ,+e& were for ,+e de!,ru",io of eem& for"e! i o)e "ou,r&$ were o.i"e!
w+ere for,ified )o!i,io! were "o"ered> T+i! wa! ,o 0e made *lari*l& e.ide, i ,+eir
"am)ai* a*ai!, ,+e <i$ ad "ould 0e !ee e.e i ,+eir eA)edi,io! a*ai!, :!i1:!ia$ w+e o
.ariou! o""a!io! G170317$ 1709H %e*+i; <+a de.a!,a,ed ,+e "ou,r& wi,+ou, 0ei* a0le ,o
redu"e ,+e Ta*u, "a)i,al! of Ni*!ia ad /i*e0ow> T+e :!i1:!ia #i*$ /i 91"+Cua G1706111H$
,em)oraril& !a.ed +i! ,+roe 0& a"#owled*i* +im!elf a ,ri0u,ar&$ 0u, i 1709 %e*+i; <+a
re,ured ad 0e!ie*ed '+u*+i*$ ,+e Ni*!ia of ,oda&$ w+i"+ +e a,,em),ed ,o "a),ure 0&
di.er,i* ,+e "our!e of ,+e Yellow Ri.er> :owe.er$ ,+e!e dam10uildi* S776T wor#! were far ,oo
"om)li"a,ed for ,+e 8o*ol!$ ad ,+e& failed ,o dire", ,+e flood! i ,+e dire",io i,eded> <i*
/i 91"+Cua a*ai o0,aied )ea"e$ ,+i! ,ime 0& *i.i* oe of +i! dau*+,er! ,o %e*+i; <+a
G1709H>
112

:a.i* made :!i1:!ia +i! .a!!al$ %e*+i; <+a ,ured a*ai!, ,+e %ur"+id #i*dom4 ,+e realm of
,+e Tu*u! of or,+er '+ia$ or ,+e <i em)ire$ a! i, wa! "alled> T+e .a!, eA,e, of ,+i! !,a,e +a!
0ee o,edE i, "om)ri!ed 8a"+uria ad ,+a, )ar, of '+ia l&i* or,+ of ,+e :a ad ,+e :wai$
wi,+ Pe#i* a! i,! "+ief "a)i,al ad Ta,i* i %e+ol$ /iao&a* ad Ta,u* i S+a!i$ ad <aife*
i :oa a! !e"odar& "a)i,al!> I, wa! al!o o,ed ,+a, i +i! &ou,+ %e*+i; <+a$ ,o*e,+er wi,+
,+e <era&i,$ fou*+, o ,+e !ide of Pe#i* a*ai!, ,+e Ta,ar!> :e wa! ,+u! ,+e "lie, ad .a!!al of
,+e <i$ w+o +ad )aid +im a! a mer"ear& ad$ i re"o*i,io of +i! !er.i"e!$ +ad 0e!,owed u)o
+im a mode!, '+ie!e ,i,le> Bu, ,+e <i <i* 8a1,a1#u G112911702H$ w+o mi*+, +a.e remided
+im of ,+i! 0od of .a!!ala*e$ died i ,+e "our!e of ,+e!e e.e,!> %e*+i; <+a ,oo# ad.a,a*e of
,+e a""e!!io of 8a1,a1#uC! !u""e!!or '+u*1+ei G1709115H ,o wi,+draw +i! alle*ia"e i !"or>
T+e <i e.o& de!ired %e*+i; <+a ,o re"ei.e ,+e )ro"lama,io of +i! ma!,erC! a""e!!io o +i!
#ee!> T+e 'o?ueror flew i,o a ra*e4 MI! a im0e"ile li#e '+u*1+ei wor,+& of ,+e ,+roe$ ad
am I ,o +um0le m&!elf 0efore +imFM 9d +e M!)a, ,oward ,+e !ou,+>M '+u*1+ei wa! ideed a
)i,iful$ i"a)a0le ruler$ wi,+ou, au,+ori,& or )re!,i*e$ ,+e )la&,+i* of +i! ow *eeral!> O ,+i!
o""a!io$ a! i ,+e <+wari;mia Em)ire$ %e*+i; <+a wa! for,ua,e i 0ei* o))o!ed 0& fee0le
ad o.erra,ed ad.er!arie!>
T+e or,+er a))roa"+e! ,o ,+e Grea, Wall o ,+e 8o*ol !ide$ or,+ of S+a!i )ro.i"e$ were
*uarded o 0e+alf of ,+e <i 0& federa,ed Tur#!4 ,+e R*I,$ w+o )rofe!!ed Ne!,oria
'+ri!,iai,&>
119
I i,er,ri0al 0a,,le! i 8o*olia$ ,+e R*I, "+ief 9la?u!+1,i*i +ad$ from 170L
oward$ !ided wi,+ %e*+i; <+a> T+e lo&al,& of ,+e +ou!e of 9la?u!+ wa! ,o )ro.e a mo!,
effe",i.e aid ,o ,+e 'o?ueror i +i! !,ru**le a*ai!, ,+e <i 0& o)ei* ,+e i.a!io rou,e! ad
+adi* o.er ,o +im i 1711 ,+e fro,ier mar"+e! w+i"+ were *uarded 0& ,+e R*I,> %e*+i;
<+a wa! ,o reward ,+e R*I, 0& *i.i* oe of +i! dau*+,er!$ 9la*+ai0K#i$ ,o Po1&ao1+o$ !o of
9la?u!+>
170

%e*+i; <+a ,ured ,+i! "ofli", 0e,wee 8o*ol! ad <i S777T i,o a !or, of a,ioal war>
171
Soleml& +e i.o#ed TK*ri$ re"alli* ,+e old 8o*ol #+a! w+om ,+e %ur"+id! +ad im)aled
ad ailed u)o woode do#e&!4 MO E,eral :ea.e[ I +a.e armed m&!elf ,o a.e*e ,+e 0lood
of m& u"le! O#i10ar?a? ad 9m0a?ai$ w+om ,+e <i )u, ,o a i*omiiou! dea,+> If &ou
a))ro.e of w+a, I do$ led me from o +i*+ ,+e !u""or of &our arm[M 9, ,+e !ame ,ime %e*+i;
<+a )re!e,ed +im!elf a! ,+e a.e*er of ,+e former lord! of Pe#i*$ ,+e <+i,a$ la,er
di!)o!!e!!ed 0& ,+e <i> T+e <+i,a$ o ,+eir )ar,$ warml& e!)ou!ed +i! "au!e> Oe of ,+eir
)ri"e!$ Ye1lI /I1#o=of ,+e a"ie, ro&al Ye1lI "la=ro!e i re.ol, i 1917 o +i! 0e+alf i ,+e
a"ie, <+i,a "ou,r& of ,+e /iao Ri.er$ !ou,+we!, of 8a"+uria> Toda& i, i! #ow ,+a, ,+e
<+i,a !)o#e ,+e 8o*olia la*ua*e> Be,wee ,+em ad %e*+i; <+a !ome ra"ial or #i!+i)
0od mu!, +a.e eAi!,ed ,o ui,e ,+em a*ai!, ,+e Tu*u!i" d&a!,& of Pe#i*> %e*+i; <+a
re"ei.ed Ye1lI /I1#oC! oa,+ of alle*ia"e ad !e, +im a relie.i* arm& "ommaded 0& ,+e
noyan %e0e> I %auar&$ 1715$ %e0e +el)ed /I1#o ,o !ei;e /iao&a* from ,+e <i ad ,o i!,all
+im!elf i ,+e a"ie, domai of +i! a"e!,or! a! M#i* of /iaoM uder 8o*ol !u;erai,&> U) ,o
+i! dea,+ G1770H$ ,+i! de!"eda, of ,+e old <+i,a #i*! wa! ,o )ro.e +im!elf ,+e 8o*ol
em)erorC! mo!, lo&al .a!!al> T+u! ,+e <i fro,ier wa! laid o)e i ,+e or,+ea!, ad or,+we!,
ali#e$ o ,+e <+i,a a! well a! o ,+e R*I, !ide>
%e*+i; <+aC! war a*ai!, ,+e <i$ 0e*u i 1711$ wa!= wi,+ ol& 0rief i,er.al!=,o 0e
"o,iued u,il af,er +i! dea,+ G1777H ad 0rou*+, ,o a ed 0& +i! !u""e!!or G175LH> T+e rea!o
for ,+i! wa! ,+a, al,+ou*+ ,+e 8o*ol!$ wi,+ ,+eir mo0ile "a.alr&$ eA"elled i ra.a*i* ,+e
"ou,r&!ide ad o)e ,ow!$ ,+e& were for a lo* ,ime i*ora, of ,+e ar, of "a),uri*
!,ro*+old! defeded 0& '+ie!e e*ieer!> 8oreo.er$ ,+e& wa*ed war i '+ia a! i ,+e !,e))e$
lau"+i* re)ea,ed raid! 0u, ea"+ ,ime wi,+drawi* wi,+ ,+eir 0oo,& ad ,+u! *i.i* ,+e <i
,ime ,o reo""u)& ,ow!$ re0uild rui!$ re)air 0rea"+e!$ ad re"o!,ru", for,ifi"a,io!> Uder !u"+
"odi,io!$ 8o*ol *eeral! were "om)elled ,o re"a),ure "er,ai for,re!!e! ,wo or ,+ree ,ime!
o.er> /a!,l&$ ,+e 8o*ol! were a""u!,omed ,o riddi* ,+em!el.e! of defea,ed foe! i ,+e !,e))e
0& ma!!a"re! or w+ole!ale de)or,a,io!$ or 0& "olle",i.e erollme, uder ,+e W+i,e S772T
Baer> I !ede,ar& "ou,rie!$ +owe.er$ ad e!)e"iall& amo* ,+e !warmi* )eo)le of '+ia$
ma!!a"re! made li,,le im)re!!io =,+ere were alwa&! more i+a0i,a,! ,o ,a#e ,+e )la"e of ,+o!e
!lai> I addi,io ,o ,+i!$ ,+e <i=,+e a"ie, %ur"+id!$ w+o +ad ado),ed ,+e !ede,ar& wa& of
life 0arel& a +udred &ear! 0efore =+ad re,aied all ,+e .i*or of ,+eir Tu*u!i" 0lood> T+u!
a*ai!, ,+em ,+e ,rial! of !ie*e warfare$ ,o w+i"+ ,+e 8o*ol! were ua""u!,omed$ were
redou0led 0& ,+e fa", ,+a, ,+e& foud ,+em!el.e! o))o!ed o, ol& 0& ,+e !"ie"e of '+ie!e
e*ieer! 0u, al!o 0& ,+e .alor of Tu*u! warrior!> I a& "a!e$ a! will 0e !ee$ %e*+i; <+a
+im!elf did o, ,a#e )ar, i ,+i! war eA"e), a, ,+e 0e*ii*> :a.i* lau"+ed i, G1711113H$ +e
wa! ,o wi,+draw ,+e ma@ori,& of +i! ,roo)! for ,+e "o?ue!, of Tur#e!,a> 9f,er +i! de)ar,ure$ +i!
*eeral! "ould do o more ,+a "arr& o a !low1mo,io war w+i"+$ ,+ou*+ i, de!,ro&ed ,+e <i
for"e!$ wa! i"a)a0le of )u,,i* a ed ,o ,+e <i em)ire>
Ye, i faire!! i, mu!, 0e !aid ,+a, w+ile +e wa! )re!e,$ ,+e 8o*ol em)eror "odu",ed
o)era,io! wi,+ +i! u!ual ,ea"i,&>
177
T+o!e of 1711117 were "o"e,ra,ed u)o ,+e !&!,ema,i"
de.a!,a,io of ,+e fro,ier di!,ri",! of ,+e Ta,u* re*io G,+e Sia of ,+e <i ruler!H i ,+e
eA,reme or,+ of S+a!i ad of ,+e re*io of SIa+wa G,+e SIa1,JH ad Paoa i or,+er
:o)ei> T+e "ou,r& wa! laid wa!,e$ 0u, ,+e for,re!!e! +eld> 9d al,+ou*+ i 1717 %e0e$ oe of ,+e
0e!, of %e*+i; <+aC! *eeral!$ !u""eeded 0& a fei*ed wi,+drawal i ,a#i* /iao&a* i
!ou,+er 8a"+uria 0& !ur)ri!e$ %e*+i; <+a +im!elf$ i or,+er S+a!i$ failed ,o "a),ure
Ta,u*> S,ill le!!$ ,+erefore$ "ould ,+e 8o*ol! +o)e ,o uder,a#e a re*ular !ie*e of Pe#i*$ ,+e
!ea, of ,+e eem& "our,> I 1715 %e*+i; <+a$ +a.i* a, la!, "o?uered SIa+wa$ di.ided +i!
,roo)! i,o ,+ree "or)!> T+e fir!, of ,+e!e$ led 0& +i! !o! %J"+i$ %a*a,ai$ ad O*JdKi$ )ee,ra,ed
,o "e,ral S+a!i$ rea"+i* ad ,a#i* Tai&Ia ad Pi*&a*$ !a&! ,+e +&an Shih$ ol& ,o
e.a"ua,e ,+em a*ai i order ,o "arr& i,! )luder 0a"# ,o ,+e or,+> T+e arm& of ,+e "e,er$ i
w+i"+ %e*+i; <+a wa! a""om)aied 0& +i! &ou*e!, !o Tolui$ ad.a"ed dow ,+e )lai of
:o)ei$ !ei;i* :o#ie$ S+a,u*$ ad T!ia> Ol& a few o,+er for,ified "i,ie! 0e!ide! Pe#i*$
for eAam)le$ '+e*,i* ad Tami* i :o)ei$ !eem ,o +a.e e!"a)ed ,+e ad.a"i* flood$ w+i"+
rolled oward ,o ,+e !ou,+er limi,! of S+a,u*> /a!,l& \a!ar$ %e*+i; <+aC! 0ro,+er ad ,+e
fie!, S779T mar#!ma i ,+e arm&$ ad ,+eir &ou*e!, 0ro,+er Temu*e O"+i*i led a ,+ird "or)!
alo* ,+e Gulf of '+i+li$ ,oward ,+e ,+re!+old of Yu*)i* ad /iao!i>
175

9f,er ,+i! ,+ree1)ro*ed ad.a"e 0& +or!e$ %e*+i; <+a re*rou)ed +i! for"e! 0efore Pe#i*
wi,+ ,+e o0@e", of +a.i* a ,r& a, lea!, a, a 0lo"#ade G171LH> T+ere a )ala"e drama 0ad @u!, "au!ed
u)roar a, ,+e "our, of ,+e <i> T+e <i ruler '+u*+ei +ad 0ee a!!a!!ia,ed i 1715 0& oe of
+i! offi"er!$ amed :u1!+a1+u$ w+o )la"ed Wu1,u1)u$ +i! .i",imC! e)+ew$ o ,+e ,+roe> T+e
ew #i* G1715175H wa! ufor,ua,el& a! iade?ua,e a! +i! )rede"e!!or> Bu, %e*+i; <+a
la"#ed ,+e ,ool! e"e!!ar& for re*ular !ie*e warfare> Prude, a! e.er$ 0e a""eded ,o Wu1,u1)uC!
re?ue!, for )ea"e$ de!)i,e ,+e im)a,ie"e of +i! ow *eeral!> T+e <i )aid a eormou! war
idemi,&=*old$ !il#$ ad ,+ree ,+ou!ad +or!e!$ a! well a! &ou* me ad *irl!$ i"ludi* a
%ur"+id )ri"e!! for %e*+i; <+a +im!elf> T+e "o?ueror ,+e ,oo# a*ai ,+e road ,o 8o*olia
wi,+ +i! 0oo,&$ )a!!i* ,+rou*+ ,+e "ou,r& of <al*a>
:ardl& +ad ,+e 8o*ol! lef, 0efore <i* Wu1,u1)u$ 0elie.i* Pe#i* ,o 0e ,oo .ulera0le$
mo.ed ,o <aife* G171LH> T+i! wa! de!er,io> %e*+i; <+a affe",ed ,o 0elie.e ,+a, ,+e de)ar,ure
idi"a,ed a earl& re!um),io of ,+e war ad fore!,alled ,+i! 0& 0rea#i* ,+e ,ru"e +im!elf> O"e
more 0e i.aded :o)ei ad reewed ,+e !ie*e of Pe#i*> 9 <i arm& reifor"eme, wi,+
)ro.i!io! wa! rou,ed ad di!)er!ed a, Pa"+ow$ 0e,wee Pe#i* ad :o#ie$ ad i de!)air ,+e
*o.eror of Pe#i*$ Wa&e '+Ce*1+uei$ "ommi,,ed !ui"ide> T+e 8o*ol! "a),ured ,+e "i,&$
ma!!a"red i,! i+a0i,a,!$ )illa*ed ,+e +ou!e!$ ad ,+e !e, ,+e w+ole )la"e o fire G1713H>
17L
T+e
!a"# la!,ed a mo,+>
I, i! "lear ,+a, ,+e omad! +ad o o,io of w+a, "ould 0e doe wi,+ a *rea, "i,&$ or +ow ,+e&
mi*+, u!e i, for ,+e "o!olida,io ad eA)a!io of ,+eir )ower> :ere i! a mo!, i,ere!,i*
!i,ua,io for !,ude,! of +uma *eo*ra)+&4 ,+e 0ewilderme, of !,e))e dweller! w+e$ wi,+ou, a
,ra!i,ioal )+a!e$ "+a"e )u,! ,+em i )o!!e!!io of a"ie, "ou,rie! wi,+ a ur0a "i.ili;a,io>
T+e& 0ur ad !la& o, !o mu"+ from "ruel,& a! from )er)leAi,&$ ad 0e"au!e ,+e& #ow of
o,+i* 0e,,er ,o do> No,e ,+a, amo* ,+e 8o*ol "+ief!=or a, lea!, amo* ,+o!e w+o fai,+full&
o0!er.ed ,+e yasa9=)illa*i* wa! a S750T di!i,ere!,ed affair> Geeral S+i*i1?u,u?u$ for
eAam)le$ refu!ed ,o allo, +im!elf e.e a !mall )or,io of ,+e <i ,rea!ure>
173

I, wa! ,+i! "odu", a, ,+e 0a!e of w+i"+ wa! 0ewilderme, ,+a, wa! !o di!a!,rou! ,o "i.ili;a,io>
%e*+i; <+aC! 8o*ol!$ a! !+ow i ,+e ,eA,! or w+e "o!idered a! idi.idual!$ do o, a))ear
a! wi"#ed meE ,+e& o0e&ed a yasa9 w+i"+ Gu"lealie!! a)ar,H wa! a "ode of +oor ad
i,e*ri,&> Ufor,ua,el&$ ,+e& were mar#edl& re,arded "om)ared wi,+ ,+e old +orde! ,+a,
)re"eded ,+em$ e!)e"iall& ,+e <+i,a of ,+e ,e,+ "e,ur& ad e.e ,+e %ur"+id! of ,+e ,welf,+>
T+e la,,er$ wi,+ ,+e miimum amou, of !lau*+,er$ +ad a, lea!, immedia,el& !u""eeded ,o ,+e
)re"edi* d&a!,ie! ad +ad a.oided de!,ro&i* a&,+i* w+i"+ wa! ,+e"efor,+ ,o 0e ,+eir
)ro)er,&> T+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e 8o*ol!$ ,+ou*+ dou0,le!! o "rueler ,+a ,+eir )rede"e!!or!
Gideed$ 0& ,+eir &a!a?$ ,+e& were more !,ri",l& di!"i)lied ad$ 0e"au!e of %e*+i; <+aC!
)er!oali,&$ far more im)er,ur0a0le ad more *rea,l& )reo""u)ied 0& moral rule!H$ were
ifii,el& more de!,ru",i.e !im)l& 0e"au!e ,+e& were far more 0ar0aria$ "o!,i,u,i* ideed a
le.& e ma!!e of 0ar0ari!m$ li#e ,+e :!iu*uH %ua1@ua$ Tu1"+Ie+$ ad Ui*ur 0efore ,+em>
176

T+e )aradoA of %e*+i;1<+ai,e +i!,or& lie! i ,+e "o,ra!, 0e,wee ,+e wi!e$ refle",i.e$ ad
moral "+ara",er of a leader w+o re*ula,ed +i! ow "odu", ad ,+a, of +i! )eo)le 0& maAim! of
!oud "ommo !e!e ad well1e!,a0li!+ed @u!,i"e ad ,+e 0ru,al rea",io! of a )eo)le ewl&
emer*ed from )rimi,i.e !a.a*er&$ w+o !ou*+, o o,+er mea! ,+a ,+o!e of ,error for ,+e
!u0@u*a,io of ,+eir eemie!=a )eo)le for w+om +uma life +ad o .alue w+a,e.er ad w+o$ a!
omad!$ la"#ed all "o"e),io of ,+e life of !ede,ar& )eo)le!$ of ur0a "odi,io! or farmi*
"ul,ure$ or of a&,+i* alie ,o ,+eir a,i.e !,e))e> T+e moder +i!,oriaC! a!,oi!+me, i!
0a!i"all& ,+e !ame a! ,+a, of Ra!+id ad1(i or ,+e "om)iler! of ,+e +&an Shih w+e "ofro,ed
0& ,+i! )erfe",l& a,ural 0led of wi!dom=e.e modera,io=i ,+e leader ad of fero"i,& i
u)0ri*i*$ i a,a.i!,i" re.er!io!$ ad i ,ri0al ,radi,io!>
9mo* ,+e )ri!oer! ,a#e af,er ,+e "a),ure of Pe#i* ad ,+o!e w+o "+o!e ,o !u))or, ,+e
8o*ol re*ime$ %e*+i; <+a !i*led ou, a <+i,a )ri"e$ Ye1lI '+Cu1,!Cai$ w+o )lea!ed +im M0&
+i! ,all !,a,ure ad +ad!ome 0eard$ +i! wi!dom$ ad ,+e im)re!!i.e S751T !oud of +i! .oi"e$M
ad a))oi,ed +im +i! "ou!elor> I, wa! a +a))& "+oi"e$ for Ye1lI '+Cu1,!Cai "om0ied a +i*+
de*ree of '+ie!e "ul,ure wi,+ ,+e ?uali,ie! of a !,a,e!ma> /i#e ,+e Ui*ur "+a"ellor Ta1,Ca1
,Cu*1a$ +e wa! eAa",l& ,+e ri*+, ma ,o ad.i!e ,+e ew lord of 9!ia> 9, ,+i! !,a*e ,+e %e*+i;1
<+ai,e! were i"a)a0le of a0!or0i* le!!o! i '+ie!e "ul,ure dire",l& from ,+e '+ie!e> Bu, a
Sii"i;ed Tur#o18o*ol li#e Ye1lI '+Cu1,!Cai=w+o$ 0ei* a <+i,a$ wa! of "our!e 8o*ol=
wa! a0le ,o 0rid*e ,+e *a) ad familiari;e %e*+i; <+a ad +i! !u""e!!or O*JdKi wi,+ ,+e
eleme,! of admii!,ra,io ad )oli,i"al life a! )ra",i"ed i !ede,ar& "i.ili;a,io!>
T+e <i realm wa! ow redu"ed$ aroud i,! ew "a)i,al of <aife*$ ,o li,,le more ,+a ,+e
)ro.i"e of :oa ad ,o "er,ai for,ified )la"e! i S+e!i> I 1716 ,+e 8o*ol *eeral Samu?a
0aCa,ur
177
"u, S+e!i off from :oa 0& "a),uri* ,+e !,ro*+old of Tu*#wa$ w+i"+
"ommaded ,+e .alle& of ,+e Yellow Ri.er a, ,+i! )oi,E 0u, la,er ,+e for,re!! fell o"e more i,o
<i +ad!> T+e fa", wa! ,+a, %e*+i; <+a$ )reo""u)ied$ a! will 0e !ee$ 0& e.e,! i Tur#e!,a$
ow )aid ol& fi,ful a,,e,io ,o ,+e war wi,+ '+ia$ ad ,+e <i )rofi,ed 0& ,+i! ,o re*ai a fair
)ro)or,io of ,+eir )ro.i"e!$ wi,+ ,+e eA"e),io of ,+e Pe#i* ,erri,or&$ w+i"+ wa! re,aied 0&
,+e 8o*ol!>
Ne.er,+ele!!$ 0efore ,uri* +i! a,,e,io ,o ,+e we!,$ %e*+i; <+a e,ru!,ed o)era,io! i
'+ia ,o oe of +i! 0e!, "ommader!$ 8u?uli or 8u?ali> Wi,+ rela,i.el& de)le,ed for"e! G+alf ,+e
8o*ol re*ular arm&$ !a&$ 75$000 8o*ol! ad a! ma& a,i.e auAiliarie!H$
172
8u?ali wa! ,o
a"+ie.e "o!idera0le !u""e!! ,+rou*+ ,ea"i,& ad *ood )lai*> 9f,er !e.e &ear! of i"e!!a,
"am)ai*i* G1717175H$ +e !u""eeded i "ofii* ,+e <i o"e more ,o :oa )ro.i"e>
179
I
1717 +e "a),ured Tami*$ a "i,adel i !ou,+er :o)ei w+i"+ +ad o"e +eld ou, a*ai!, %e*+i;
<+a +im!elf>
150
I 1712 +e re"a),ured ,+e "a)i,al! of S+a!i$ Tai&Ia$ ad Pi*&a* from ,+e
<iE i 1770 +e re,oo# T!ia$ ,+e "a)i,al of S+a,u*> I ,+e )ar, of :oa l&i* or,+ of ,+e
Yellow Ri.er$ oe of +i! lieu,ea,! "a),ured '+a*,e+ i ,+e !ame &ear> I 1771 8u?ali !ei;ed a
um0er of ,ow! i or,+er S+e!i$ amo* ,+em Paoa ad Du"+ow$ ad i 1777 ,+e old "a)i,al
of S+e!i$ '+a*a$ !ou,+ of ,+e Wei$ wa! i +i! +ad!> I 1775 0e 0ad @u!, !a,"+ed from ,+e
<i$ w+o +ad reo""u)ied S757T i, 0& a !ur)ri!e a,,a"#$ ,+e im)or,a, for,re!! of :o"+u* G,+e
Pu"+ow of ,oda&H$ i ,+e !ou,+we!, "orer of S+a!i a, ,+e 0ed of ,+e Yellow Ri.er$ w+e +e
died$ wor ou,> 9f,er +i! dea,+ :o"+u* re.er,ed o"e more ,o ,+e <i> I ,+i! o.er)o)ula,ed
"ou,r& 0ri!,li* wi,+ a,ural for,re!!e!$ ,+e "ofli", ,+u! de*eera,ed i,o a i,ermia0le !ie*e
war> :owe.er$ af,er ,+eir fir!, *ro)i* effor,!$ ,+e 8o*ol! ada),ed ,+em!el.e! ,o ,+e ew ,&)e
of warfare 0& erolli* lar*e um0er! of <+i,a auAiliarie!$ %ur"+id ad+ere,!$ ad '+ie!e
e*ieer!>
151

MO1,O/ CO1H7EST OF THE O/- 2ARA%2HITAI EMPIRE
W+e %e*+i; <+a 0e*a +i! "o?ue!, of or,+er '+ia$ <I"+lI*$ a )er!oal eem& of +i!$
,+e !o of ,+e la!, Naima #i*$ wa! ma#i* +im!elf ma!,er of a em)ire i 'e,ral 9!ia4 ,+e
em)ire of ,+e <ara1<+i,ai gur%khans>
T+i! realm$ a! we +a.e o,ed G)a*e 16LH$ wa! fouded o ,+e Ili$ '+u$ ad Tala!$ ad i
<a!+*aria$ 0& a 0ra"+ of ,+e or,+er '+ia <+i,a #ow i +i!,or& a! ,+e <ara1<+i,ai or
Bla"# <+i,a> We +a.e al!o o0!er.ed ,+a, ,+e!e were a )eo)le Gor ra,+er a ari!,o"ra"&H of
8o*ol ra"e ad '+ie!e "ul,ure !u)erim)o!ed o a lo"al )o)ula,io w+i"+ wa! e,+i"all&
Tur#i" ad reli*iou!l& 8u!lim> T+e <ara1<+i,ai ruler!$ w+o!e "a)i,al wa! a, Bala!a*u o ,+e
u))er '+u$ we!, of ,+e I!!&# <ul$ ad w+o 0ore ,+e Tur#i" im)erial ,i,le of gur%khan=Mui.er!al
#+aM= um0ered ,+e followi* amo* ,+eir .a!!al!4 G1H i ,+e ea!,$ ,+e Ui*ur$ a Tur#i" )eo)le
)rofe!!i* ei,+er Budd+i!m or Ne!,oriai!m ad i+a0i,i* ,+e ,erri,orie! of Be!00ali*+ G,+e
(;im!a of ,oda&H$ Turfa$ <ara S+a+r$ ad <u"+aE
157
G7H i ,+e or,+$ alo* ,+e lower Ili$ ,+e
\arlu? Tur#!$ w+o were )ar,l& Ne!,oriaE ad G5H i ,+e !ou,+we!,$ ,+e !+a+! Gla,er !ul,a!H of
<+wari;m$ 8u!lim Tur#! w+o!e +i!,or& we +a.e !ummari;ed ad w+o ruled i Tra!oAiaa ad
ea!,er Ira> Uder ,+e gur%khan Ye1lI '+i+lu1#u G117211711H$ ,+e <ara1<+i,ai em)ire +ad
de"lied> T+i! !o.erei*$ w+ile la"#i* ei,+er eer*& or "oura*e i emer*e"ie!$ !)e, +i! life
i )lea!ure! ad +u,i*$ ad allowed +i! em)ire ,o di!i,e*ra,e> I 1709$ ,+e idi9ut Bar"+u?$
#i* of ,+e Ui*ur$ ,+rew off Ye1lIC! !u;erai,& i fa.or of %e*+i; <+aC!> T+e gur%khanC!
re)re!e,a,i.e i Ui*uria$ a "er,ai S+au#am w+o re!ided a, Turfa or <ara1#+o@a$ wa! )u, ,o
dea,+>
155
%e*+i; S755T <+a$ w+o !eem! alwa&! ,o +a.e "ommi!era,ed wi,+ ,+e Ui*ur$ )romi!ed
,+eir idi9ut ,+e +ad of +i! dau*+,er 9lCal,u$ or 9l,u0K#i>
15L
T+u! ,+e w+ole or,+ea!,er )ar, of
,+e <ara1<+i,ai ;oe @oied ,+e "lie,ele of ,+e 8o*ol!> I 1711$ 9r!la$ #i* of ,+e \arlu? of
,+e lower Ili G"a)i,al \a&ali*+H$ ad Bu;ar$ a Tur#i" ad.e,urer w+o 0ad made +im!elf ruler of
9lmali# Gear moder <uld@aH o ,+e u))er Ili$ li#ewi!e re)udia,ed <ara1<+i,ai !o.erei*,& ad
a"#owled*ed ,+em!el.e! .a!!al! of %e*+i; <+a> S,i"+ wa! ,+e a,,ra",io of a ui,ed 8o*olia
for ,+e )e,,& Tur#i" )ri"e! of ,+e Go0i ad of /a#e Bal#+a!+> Ye, i, wa! o, %e*+i; <+a w+o
wa! ,o deli.er ,+e fa,al 0low a*ai!, ,+e <ara1<+i,ai$ 0u, a )er!oal eem& of +i!$ <I"+lI*$ ,+e
!o of ,+e la!, tayang of ,+e Naima>
<I"+lI* +ad 0ee dri.e from ,+e 9l,ai$ +i! a"e!,ral ,erri,or&$ 0& %e*+i; <+aC! .i",or&> 9f,er
+i! fa,+erC! dea,+ ad ,+e ai+ila,io of +i! )eo)le$ lie +ad *oe ,o !ee# +i! for,ue i ea!,er
Tur#e!,a$ a! did +i! old a!!o"ia,e!$ ,+e rema,! of ,+e 8Kr#i,> T+e la,,er ,ried ,o !e,,le i
Ui*uria$ 0u, ,+e Ui*ur idi9ut Bar"+u? dro.e ,+em ou,>
153
<I"+lI* wa! more for,ua,e> T+e old
gurkhan '+i+1lu1#u wel"omed +im a, Bala!a*u$ *a.e +im +i! full "ofide"e$ ad 0e!,owed
u)o +im +i! dau*+,erC! 0ad G1702H> Bu, ,+e Naima )ri"e wa! im)a,ie, ,o rule> No,i* ,+e
)+&!i"al frail,& of +i! fa,+er1i1law$ +e re!ol.ed1o,wi,+!,adi* ,+e fa.or !+ow +im=,o
!u))la, +im> I a!!o"ia,io wi,+ oe of ,+e former .a!!al! of ,+e <ara1<+i,ai$ 8u+ammad ,+e
!ul,a of <+wari;m$ +e )lo,,ed ,o o.er,+row ,+e gur%khan ad di.ide ,+e <ara1<+i,ai ,erri,or&
wi,+ +i! all&>
156
T+e <+wari;mia! o)eed +o!,ili,ie!$ 0u, ,+e <ara1<+i,ai made a .i*orou!
"ou,era,,a"# ad o""u)ied Samar#ad G1710H> 8eaw+ile$ i ,+e re*io of ,+e Ili$ <I"+lI* 0ad
re0elled a*ai!, ,+e gur%khan ad !e, off ,o )luder ,+e )ri"eC! ,rea!ure a, U;*e i Der*aa$
w+e"e +e mar"+ed o Bala!a*u$ ,+e <ara1<+i,ai "a)i,al> T+e gur%khan$ di!illu!ioed$ o))o!ed
<I"+lI* ad ideed defea,ed +im ear Bala!a*uE 0u, o ,+e o,+er fro,$ ear ,+e Tala!$ +i!
*eeral Ta&a#u wa! ,a#e )ri!oer 0& ,+e <+wari;mia!> T+e re,rea,i* <ara1<+i,ai arm&
foud ,+e *a,e! of ,+eir ow "a)i,al "lo!ed a*ai!, ,+em 0& ,+e ,rea"+er& of ,+e i+a0i,a,!$ w+o
were o dou0, Tur#! ad "o!idered ,+a, ,+e +our +ad "ome ,o ,+row off <+i,a domia,io> T+e
eAa!)era,ed <ara1<+i,ai ,+ereu)o ,oo# Bala!a*u 0& !,orm ad !a"#ed i,>
157

S75LT
9mid ,+e!e di!order!$ ,+e gur%khan '+i+1lu1#u wa! a, la!, !ur)ri!ed ad ,a#e )ri!oer 0&
<I"+lI* G1711H> <I"+lI* ,rea,ed +i! fa,+er1i1law wi,+ +umai,& ad defere"e$ +owe.er$ ad
u) ,o ,+e old maC! dea,+ ,wo &ear! la,er )re,eded ,o re*ard +im a! !ole !o.erei* w+ile
*o.eri* i +i! ame>
:a.i* *aied effe",i.e "o,rol of ,+e <ara1<+i,ai em)ire$ ,+e Naima )ri"e earl& "ame ,o
0low! wi,+ +i! old all& ,+e !ul,a of <+wari;m o.er ,+e demar"a,io of ,+e fro,ier!> 9, oe
!,a*e ,+e !ul,aC! au,+ori,& wa! re"o*i;ed or,+ of ,+e S&r (ar&a lie$ a, ,+e )la"e! of O,rar$
S+a!+ GTa!+#e,H$ ad Sairam GI!fi@a0H> Bu, "o!ideri* ,+e!e )oi,! ,oo diffi"ul, ,o defed$ +e
!oo ,ra!ferred ,+eir i+a0i,a,! ,o ,+e !ou,+ !ide of ,+e ri.er>
<I"+lI*C! rei*$ de 3ure or de facto$ o.er ,+e <ara1<+i,ai em)ire la!,ed from 1711 ,o 1712> T+i!
omad of ,+e 9l,ai +ad 0e"ome ,+e ruler of )eo)le! of w+om ,+e *rea,er )ar, were !ede,ar&$
+owe.er$ ad +e did o, #ow +ow ,o *o.er ,+em> <a!+*aria$ ruled 0& )e,,& 8u!lim Tur#i"
#i*le,! of ,+e <ara#+aid famil&$ wa! a de)ede"& of ,+e <ara1<+i,ai em)ire> No, lo* 0efore
+i! fall$ ,+e gur%khan '+i+1lu1#u +ad im)ri!oed ,+e !o of ,+e <ara#+aid #+a of <a!+*ar>
152
<I"+lI* relea!ed ,+i! &ou* )ri"e ad !e, +im a! +i! re)re!e,a,i.e ,o *o.er> <a!+*ar$ 0u, ,+e
<a!+*ari emir! refu!ed ,o re"ei.e +im ad )u, +im ,o dea,+ G"a> 1711H> Dor ,wo or ,+ree &ear!
af,er ,+a,$ <I"+lI* ra.a*ed <a!+*aria wi,+ +i! li*+, ,roo)! G1711115 or 171LH u,il famie
for"ed ,+e i+a0i,a,! ,o a""e), +i! au,+ori,&>
159
T+i! !urreder wa! followed 0& !a.a*e reli*iou!
)er!e"u,io> <I"+lI*$ li#e ma& of ,+e Naima$ mu!, +a.e 0ee more or le!! of ,+e Ne!,oria
)er!ua!io> Soo$ uder ,+e iflue"e of +i! wife$ w+o wa! a dau*+,er of ,+e <ara1<+i,ai gur%
khan$ +e ,ried ,o ma#e ,+e 8u!lim! of <a!+*ar ad <+o,a a0@ure ,+eir fai,+ ad em0ra"e ei,+er
Budd+i!m or '+ri!,iai,&> W+e ,+e "+ief imam of <+o,a )ro,e!,ed$ <I"+lI* +ad +im "ru"ified
a, ,+e door of +i! madra!a+ Ga reli*iou! !"+oolH> 9f,er !u"+ .iole, )er!e"u,io$ <a!+*aria$
fudame,all& a 8u!lim "ou,r&$ wa! ,o wel"ome ,+e 8o*ol! a! li0era,or!>
<I"+lI* made +im!elf o le!! u)o)ular wi,+ ,+e )eo)le! of ,+e Ili> <i* Bu;ar of 9lmali#
G<uld@aH +ad$ a! rela,ed$ doe +oma*e ,o %e*+i; <+a> <I"+lI* made a !ur)ri!e a,,a"# o +im
w+ile +e wa! +u,i* ad )u, +im ,o dea,+$
1L0
0u, +e "ould o, "a),ure ,+e ,ow of 9lmali#$
w+i"+ wa! defeded 0& Bu;arC! S753T widow$ Sal0a#1Tur#a> :er !o Su?a?1,i*i ,+ereaf,er
0e"ame oe of %e*+i; <+aC! mo!, arde, )ar,i!a! a*ai!, <I"+lI*>
1L1

%e*+i; <+a "ould o, allow +i! old eem& ,o remai lord of ,+e <ara1<+i,ai realm$ ad i
1712 +e ordered oe of +i! 0e!, leader!$ ,+e noyan %e0e$ ,o a,,a"# i, wi,+ ,we,& ,+ou!ad me>
%e0eC! i!,ru",io! were$ fir!, of all$ ,o defed 9lmali# ad Su?a?,i*iC! i+eri,a"e$ 0u, w+e
0e arri.ed ,+ere <I"+lI* 0ad lef, ,+e "ou,r& ad ,a#e refu*e i <a!+*aria> Bala!a*u ad w+a,
i! ,oda& ,+e Semire"+&e re*io !urredered ,o ,+e 8o*ol! wi,+ou, re!i!,a"e> Drom ,+ere %e0e
we, dow i,o <a!+*aria$ w+ere ,+e 8u!lim )o)ula,io wel"omed +im a! ,+eir deli.erer from
)er!e"u,io> Si"e %e0e +ad im)o!ed ,+e !,ri",e!, di!"i)lie u)o +i! ,roo)! ad +ad !)e"ifi"all&
for0idde all loo,i*$ +i! )a!!i* wa! *ree,ed$ !a&! %u.aii$ a! a 0le!!i* from 9lla+>
1L7
<I"+lI*
,oo# fli*+, i ,+e dire",io of ,+e Pamir!$ 0u, wa! o.er,a#e 0& %e0eC! ruer! ad #illed ear ,+e
Ri.er Sari#ol G1712H>
1L5

T+e w+ole of ea!,er Tur#e!,a=,+e Ili$ I!!&# <ul$ '+u$ ad Tala! re*io!=wa! ow aeAed
,o ,+e 8o*ol Em)ire>
-ESTR7CTIO1 OF THE 2H#ARI>MIA1 EMPIRE
T+e em)ire! of %e*+i; <+a ad <+wari;m were ow immedia,e ei*+0or!>
1LL

O %e*+i; <+aC! !ide were all ,+e 8o*ol ad Tur#i" )o)ula,io!$ w+e,+er !+amai!,$
Budd+i!,$ or Ne!,oria$ of 8o*olia> 9f,er ,+e aeAa,io of ,+e <ara1<+i,ai realm$ ,+ere wa!
al!o <a!+*aria$ w+i"+$ w+ile 8u!lim 0& reli*io$ wa! of )urel& Tur#i" "ul,ure$ iflue"ed +ardl&
a, all 0& Ira> O 8u+ammadC! !ide ,+ere wa! a 8u!lim Tur#i" d&a!,& w+i"+ wa! 0a!i"all&
Iraia i i,! "ul,ure$ wi,+ Tur#o1Iraia )o)ula,io! dwelli* i Tra!oAiaa ad )urel& Iraia
oe! i <+ura!a$ 9f*+ai!,a$ ad Ira? C9@ami>
Be,wee ,+e ruler! ,+em!el.e! ,+e "o,ra!, wa! "om)le,e> %e*+i; <+a wa! "ool$ )rude,$
,ea"iou!$ ad me,+odi"alE 8u+ammad of <+wari;m a irre!)o!i0le fire1ea,er$ i"o!e?ue,$
wi,+ o !e!e of or*ai;a,io$ 0u, )uffed u) 0& +i! .i",orie! o.er ,+e G+orid! ad ,+e <ara1
<+i,ai> :i! fir!, defea, wa! ,o demorali;e +im "om)le,el& ad de)ri.e +im of all re!our"e$
lea.i* +im a )i,eou!$ almo!, "owardl&$ fi*ure> Of ,+e ,wo$ ,+e omad 0ar0aria wa! ,+e ruler$
w+ile ,+e Irai;ed Tur#$ a em)eror of S756T I!lam ad a #i* of ,+e !ede,ar& !,a,e!$ wa!
o,+i* 0u, a #i*+,1erra,>
8oreo.er$ a! wa! !aid 0efore$ ,+i! <+wari;mia em)ire w+i"+ %e*+i; <+a wa! ,o de!,ro& i
1770 da,ed from o earlier ,+a 119LE ideed$ i, wa! ol& !i"e 1717 ,+a, 8u+ammad$ +a.i*
!lai ,+e la!, <ara#+aid of Samar#ad$ U,+ma$ ,ra!ferred +i! "a)i,al ,o ,+a, "i,& from
Ur*e"+ Gear <+i.aH> I, wa! a em)ire i em0r&o$ a domiio of re"e, da,e uder a )ro.i!ioal
ruler$ wi,+ o,+i* "orre!)odi* ,o ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e yasa9 ,o !,a0ili;e i,$ or ,o
"ou,er0ala"e ,+e ,remedou! )re!,i*e of ,+e re!ur*e, em)ire of ,+e old #+a*a!> E,+i"all&$
0e,wee ,+e Tad;+i#!=,+e Iraia )o)ula,io! of ,+e ,ow! ad "ul,i.a,ed area!=ad ,+e Tur#!$
w+o made u) ,+e arm&$ ,+e <+wari;mia em)ire wa! i a )erilou! !i,ua,io> I, wa! o, 0a!ed$ a!
were ,+e Sel@u#! of a earlier da&$ o a w+ole 8u!lim Tur#i" "la a0le ,o !u))l& a mili,ar&
feudal !,ru",ure of a,a0e*!> T+e <+wari;mia d&a!,& !)ra* from a +ou!e of Sel@u# di*i,arie!$
wi,+ o "la 0e+id i,> <+wari;m i,!elf$ ,+e lad of <+i.a$ wa! ,oo !mall ,o !u))or, a !olid
Tur#oma feudali!m> 9! a re!ul,$ ,+e arm& "o!i!,ed of mer"earie! re"rui,ed a, radom from all
,+e G+u;; or \a?li ,ri0e! of ,+e <ir*+i; !,e))e$ w+o were 0oud 0& o feeli*! of lo&al,&$ ad
of w+om ,+e ma@ori,& +ad 0u, oe idea4 ,o 0e,ra& ,+eir ma!,er! ad !o ear admi!!io i,o ,+e
*rea, %e*+i;1 <+ai,e arm&> 9dded ,o ,+i!$ ,+e !ul,aC! famil& wa! !)li, 0& im)la"a0le +a,red!>
:i! mo,+er$ ,+e ,erri0le Tur#a1#+a,u$ loa,+ed ad wor#ed a*ai!, +er ow *rad!o$ %alal ad1
(i$ 8u+ammadC! fa.ori,e !o ad ,+e ol& ma of *ood will i ,+a, "rum0li* +ou!e>
T+e 0od of I!lam mi*+, +a.e 0rou*+, ui,& ad "o+e!io ,o ,+e!e "la!+i* ad di!"orda,
eleme,!> 9! +eir ,o ,+e *rea, Sel@u#!=,o Sa@ar$ wi,+ w+om +e "om)ared +im!elf=8u+ammad
+ad o mea )ar, ,o )la&> :e +ad ol& ,o )ro"laim +im!elf ,+e de)u,& of I!lam ad i.o#e ,+e
:ol& War$ ,+e @i+ad$ a*ai!, ,+e )a*a$ Budd+i!,$ or Ne!,oria 8o*ol> Bu, ,o "row +i! foll&$
,+i! )ri"e$ w+o a!)ired ,o re!ume ,+e "areer of ,+e *rea, Sel@u#! ad ,o 0e"ome$ li#e ,+em$ ,+e
!ul,a of I!lam$ 0ad ?uarreled 0i,,erl& wi,+ ,+e "ali)+a,e of Ba*+dad$ w+i"+ i 1717 +e +ad 0ee
o ,+e )oi, of a,,a"#i*> T+e "ali)+ a1Na!ir G112011773H re*arded +im a! +i! wor!, eem& ad
would +a.e de"lared for ,+e 8o*ol! ra,+er ,+a for +im> T+i! mor,al emi,& 0e,wee S757T
!ul,a ad "ali)+ wa! ,o eA)o!e ,+e 8u!lim world$ di.ided ad +el)le!!$ ,o ,+e 8o*ol
i.a!io>
1L3

T+e rif, 0e,wee %e*+i; <+a ad ,+e <+wari;mia! ori*ia,ed wi,+ ,+e la,,er> %e*+i; <+a
+ad !ou*+, ,o e!,a0li!+ "orre", "ommer"ial ad )oli,i"al rela,io! wi,+ ,+em> Bu, i 1712 a
"ara.a from ,+e 8o*ol Em)ire$ "o!i!,i* e,irel& of 8u!lim!$ wi,+ ,+e eA"e),io of ,+e
8o*ol e.o& U?ua$ wa! !,o))ed a, O,rar$ a <+wari;mia fro,ier ,ow o ,+e middle S&r
(ar&a$ ro00ed$ ad i,! +udred or !o mem0er! )u, ,o dea,+ 0& ,+e <+wari;mia *o.eror
Ial"+i?$ al!o #ow 0& ,+e ,i,le of \adir#+a>
1L6
%e*+i; <+a demaded "om)e!a,io$ ad o
0ei* refu!ed i, made read& for war>
1L7

I ,+e !ummer of 1719 ,+e 8o*ol arm& "o"e,ra,ed o ,+e u))er Ir,&!+> I ,+e au,um %e*+i;
<+a arri.ed a, \a&ali*+$ !ou,+ea!, of /a#e Bal#+a!+$ amo* ,+e \arlu?$ w+o!e #i* 9r!la1
#+a @oied +im$ a! did al!o Su?a?1,i*i$ ,+e ew #i* of 9lmali#$ ad ,+e idi9ut Bar"+u?$ wi,+
,+eir re!)e",i.e for"e!> 9""ordi* ,o Bar,+oldC! e!,ima,e$ ,+e 8o*ol arm& "om)ri!ed 0e,wee
130$000 ad 100$000 me ad$ ,+ou*+ *rea,l& ou,um0ered 0& ,+e <+wari;mia for"e!$ wa! far
0e,,er di!"i)lied ad +ad a "o!idera0l& more "o+ere, !,aff>
8u+ammad of <+wari;m +ad di.ided ad !"a,,ered +i! ,roo)! 0e,wee ,+e S&r (ar&a lie ad
,+e for,ified )la"e! of Tra!oAiaa> 9! a re!ul,$ de!)i,e ,+eir o.er1all umeri"al !u)eriori,&$ ,+e&
were ou,um0ered a, ea"+ idi.idual )oi,> %e*+i; <+a )ee,ra,ed <+wari;mia ,erri,or& ear
O,rar o ,+e middle S&r (ar&a> Oe 8o*ol di.i!io "ommaded 0& ,wo of +i! !o!$ %a*a,ai ad
O*JdKi$ !urrouded ,+e ,ow$ 0u, ,oo# i, ol& af,er a )rolo*ed !ie*e> 9 di.i!io uder %J"+i$ ,+e
"o?uerorC! elde!, !o$ mo.ed dow ,+e S&r (ar&a$ "a),uri* Si*a#+i Go))o!i,e ,+e moder
,ow of Tur#e!,aH ad %ed Gear moder Pero.!#H> Di.e ,+ou!ad 8o*ol!$ de,a"+ed ,o ,+e
u))er S&r (ar&a$ ,oo# Bea#e, Gwe!, of Ta!+#e,H ad laid !ie*e ,o <+od;+e,> T+e *o.eror of
,+i! )la"e$ ,+e eer*e,i" Timur1mali#$ !u""eeded af,er a "oura*eou! defe!e i e!"a)i* dow ,+e
S&r (ar&a i a !mall 0oa,> Bar,+old )oi,! ou, i ,+i! "oe",io ,+a, more a",! of idi.idual
+eroi!m$ more )aladi fi*ure!$ are foud i ,+i! war amo* ,+e 8u!lim! ,+a amo* ,+e
8o*ol!$ 0u, ,+a, ,+e la,,er aloe +ad ,+e or*ai;a,io$ ui,& of "ommad$ ad di!"i)lie 0&
w+i"+ .i",orie! are wo>
S752T
%e*+i; <+a +im!elf$ wi,+ +i! &ou*e!, !o Tolui$ mar"+ed wi,+ ,+e mai 0od& of ,+e arm&
!,rai*+, ,o Bu#+ara$ w+i"+ +e rea"+ed i De0ruar&$ 1770> T+e Tur#i" *arri!o ,ried ,o 0rea# ,+e
"ordo of 0e!ie*er! ad ma#e i,! e!"a)e$ 0u, !u""eeded ol& i 0ei* de"ima,ed> T+e
i+a0i,a,!$ for!a#e 0& ,+eir defeder!$ !urredered GDe0ruar&10 or 16$ 1770H> T+e "i,adel$ i
w+i"+ four +udred me +ad !ou*+, refu*e$ wa! ,a#e 0& a!!aul, ad all i,! defeder! were
!lau*+,ered> T+e "i,& ,+e uderwe, a me,+odi"al ad ,+orou*+ )illa*e> T+e )eo)le were
ro00ed$ mal,rea,ed$ 0ullied$ ad ou,ra*ed i e.er& wa&$ 0u, i *eeral ,+e ol& oe! ,o 0e
eAe"u,ed were ,+o!e=e!)e"iall& amo* ,+e 8u!lim M"ler*&M=w+o a,,em),ed ,o re!i!, a*ai!,
,+e .iole"e ad !a"rile*iou! a",! of ,+e .i",or!> %u.aiiC! !,or& of %e*+i; <+a e,eri* ,+e
*rea, mo!?ue ,o +ara*ue ,+e "rowd ad )ro"laim +im!elf ,+e !"our*e of God i! 0elie.ed 0&
Bar,+old ,o 0e o more ,+a a le*ed>
1L2
Bar,+old al!o ,+i#! ,+a, ,+e *rea, fire w+i"+ "om)le,ed
,+e de!,ru",io of Bu#+ara wa! )ro0a0l& a""ide,al>
Drom Bu#+ara$ %e*+i; <+a mar"+ed o Samar#ad$ ad wa! re@oied 0efore ,+e "i,& 0& +i!
!o! %a*a,ai ad O*JdKi$ w+o +ad @u!, ,a#e O,rar> T+e )o)ula,io of Samar#ad=!,ill )ar,l&
Iraia=0ra.el& a,,em),ed a !or,ie$ 0u, wa! "u, dow> 9f,er fi.e da&!$ a""ordi* ,o %u.aii$ ,+e
,ow "a)i,ula,ed G8ar"+$ 1770H> Samar#ad wa! ,+orou*+l& loo,ed$ ,+e i+a0i,a,! +a.i* fir!,
0ee dri.e ou, i order ,o fa"ili,a,e ,+e o)era,io> 8a& of ,+em were )u, ,o dea,+> T+o!e of
,+em w+o were "o!idered u!eful=!#illed "raf,!me$ for eAam)le=were de)or,ed ,o 8o*olia>
T+e Tur#i" *arri!o$ al,+ou*+ i, +ad !)o,aeou!l& rallied ,o ,+e 8o*ol!$ wa! ma!!a"red ,o ,+e
la!, ma> Uli#e ,+eir "ollea*ue! of Bu#+ara$ ,+e 8u!lim reli*iou! leader! of Samar#ad made
o re!i!,a"e ad for ,+e mo!, )ar, were !)ared>
1L9
T+o!e !o fa.ored were a, la!, allowed ,o re1
e,er Samar#ad$ 0u, ,+e ma!!a"re +ad 0ee o !o +u*e a !"ale ,+a, 0arel& eou*+ i+a0i,a,!
were lef, ,o )o)ula,e a !i*le ?uar,er>
T+e old "a)i,al of <+wari;m )ro)er$ Gur*a@=,+e Ur*e"+ of ,oda&$ ear <+i.a=wa! o, ,a#e
u,il 9)ril$ 1771$ af,er a lo* !ie*e w+i"+ immo0ili;ed ,wo of %e*+i; <+aC! !o!$ %J"+i ad
%a*a,ai$ ad w+i"+ ,oward ,+e ed re?uired ,+e )re!e"e e.e of a ,+ird !o$ O*JdKi>
130
T+e
8o*ol! "om)le,ed ,+eir de!,ru",io 0& !u0mer*i* ,+e "i,& 0eea,+ ,+e wa,er! of ,+e 9mu
(ar&a>
(uri* ,+e 8o*ol "o?ue!, of Tra!oAiaa$ ,+e !ul,a S759T 8u+ammad of <+wari;m$
a))alled 0& ,+e di!a!,er 0rou*+, a0ou, 0& +i! ow irre!)o!i0ili,& ad arro*a"e$ )a!!ed from
.ai*lor& ,o u,,er de@e",io ad remaied ia",i.eE ,+e +e fled ,o Bal#+> Drom ,+ere +e we, o
,o we!,er <+ura!a$ w+ere +e !ou*+, refu*e a, Ni!+a)ur> NeA,$ i i"rea!i* ,error$ +e da!+ed ,o
<a;.i i ,+e or,+we!,er )ar, of Ira? C9@ami$ a, ,+e o))o!i,e ed of +i! domiio!> Bu, %e*+i;
<+a +ad !e, a "a.alr& de,a"+me, i )ur!ui, of +im$ "ommaded 0& +i! ,wo 0e!, *eeral!$ %e0e
ad SI0J,Ki> I, wa! a fra,i" "+a!e> 9, ,+e a))roa"+ of %e0e ad SI0J,Ki$ Bal#+ 0ou*+, i,!elf off
ad re"ei.ed a *o.eror> Ni!+a)ur al!o e!"a)ed wi,+ o,+i* wor!e ,+a a "o,rol "ommi!!io$
for %e0e wa! i ,oo *rea, a +urr& ,o li*er> Tu! G8e!+edH$ (am*+a$ ad Sama$ o ,+e o,+er
+ad$ were !a"#ed 0& SI0J,Ki> T+e ,wo 8o*ol *eeral!$ !,ill i )ur!ui, of 8u+ammad$ ,+e
e,ered Ira? C9@ami ad made a !ur)ri!e a,,a"# o Rai$ w+ere ,+e& !lau*+,ered ,+e male
)o)ula,io ad e!la.ed ,+e wome ad "+ildre> Pa!!i* :amada a, a *allo)$ ,+e& rea"+ed
<aru$ w+ere 8u+ammad earl& fell i,o ,+eir +ad!E ,+e ,+e& lo!, ,ra"# of +im> T+e& re.e*ed
,+em!el.e! 0& ,+e de!,ru",io of Xe@a ad <a;.i> 8eaw+ile ,+e lu"#le!! 8u+ammad +ad
,a#e refu*e o a i!le, i ,+e 'a!)ia$ o))o!i,e 90e!#u$ w+ere +e died of eA+au!,io a0ou,
(e"em0er$ 1770> /a,er we !+all !ee %e0e ad SI0J,Ki "o,iue ,+eir raid ,+rou*+ 9;er0ai@a i,o
,+e 'au"a!u! ad ,+e !ou,+ of Ru!!ia>
131

:a.i* deal, wi,+ ,+e !ul,a of <+wari;m$ %e*+i; <+a "ro!!ed ,+e 9mu (ar&a i ,+e !)ri* of
1771 ad 0e*a ,+e "o?ue!, of 9f*+ai!,a ad <+ura!a from ,+e rema,! of ,+e
<+wari;mia for"e!>
137
:e o""u)ied Bal#+$ w+o!e !urreder "ould o, !a.e i, from ,o,al
de!,ru",io Gma!!a"re of ,+e i+a0i,a,! ad 0uri* of ,+e ,owH> I <+ura!a 0e di!)a,"+ed +i!
!o Tolui ,o ,a#e 8er.$ w+i"+ "a)i,ula,ed$ ad +ere ,oo almo!, ,+e w+ole )o)ula,io wa!
!lau*+,ered Ged of De0ruar&$ 1771H> Tolui$ !ea,ed o a *olde "+air i ,+e )lai of 8er.$
wi,e!!ed ,+i! ma!! eAe"u,io> 8e$ wome$ ad "+ildre were !e)ara,ed$ di!,ri0u,ed i +erd!
amo* ,+e .ariou! 0a,,alio!$ ad 0e+eadedE Mol& four +udred ar,i!a! were !)ared>M Sul,a
Sa@arC! mau!oleum wa! 0ured ad +i! ,om0 em),ied> GI, wa! ,+e$ a""ordi* ,o ,radi,io$ ,+a,
a O*0u; "la w+o!e *ra;i* *roud! were i ,+e re*io of 8er. emi*ra,ed ,o 9!ia 8ior$
w+ere ,+e Sel@u#! *a.e i, lad ad w+ere i, laid ,+e fouda,io! of ,+e O,,oma S7L0T Em)ire>H
Tolui ,+e we, ,o "+a!,i!e Ni!+a)ur$ w+i"+ !+or,l& 0efore GNo.em0er$ 1770H +ad +ad ,+e
mi!for,ue ,o re)el ad #ill ,+e 8o*ol *eeral To?u"+ar$ %e*+i; <+aC! !o1i1law> T+i! ,ime
Ni!+a)ur wa! ,a#e 0& !,orm G9)ril 10$ 1771H ad "om)le,el& de!,ro&ed> To?u"+arC! widow
)re!ided a, ,+e ma!!a"re> To *uard a*ai!, de"e),io$ ,+e "or)!e! were 0e+eaded ad ,+e +ead! of
me$ wome$ ad "+ildre were !,a"#ed i !e)ara,e )&ramid!E Me.e ,+e do*! ad "a,! were
#illed>M Near Tu!$ ,+e 8o*ol! demoli!+ed ,+e mau!oleum of :aru ar1Ra!+id> :i! ,om0 ad
Sa@arC!$ ad all ,+a, made ,+e *lor& of ,+a, 0rillia, 9ra0o1Per!ia "i.ili;a,io$ were
!&!,ema,i"all& de!,ro&ed> Tolui ,+e we, o ,o ,a#e :era,$ w+o!e <+wari;mia *arri!o
re!i!,ed$ 0u, w+o!e "i.ilia )o)ula,io o)eed ,+e *a,e!E +e !lau*+,ered ,+e !oldier! ad=for
o"e=!)ared ,+e )eo)le> Tolui eA, re@oied %e*+i; <+a ear T+ale?a> %a*a,ai ad O*JdKi$
w+o +ad @u!, ,a#e Ur*e"+$ did ,+e !ame>
9f,er de!,ro&i* T+ale?a$ %e*+i; <+a "ro!!ed ,+e :idu <u!+ ,o 0e!ie*e Bamia> I ,+i!
a",io ,+e &ou* 8I,I*e wa! #illedE +e wa! %a*a,aiC! !o ad %e*+i; <+aC! fa.ori,e *rad!o>
T+e "o?ueror +im!elf 0ro#e ,+e ew! ,o ,+e fa,+er a, a meal$ for0ade +im i ,+e ame of ,+e
yasa9 ,o mour +i! !o$ 0u, +oored ,+e dead ma wi,+ !a*uiar& o0!e?uie!> T+ere wa! o
)luderi*E e.er&,+i* wa! de!,ro&ed> No )ri!oer wa! ,a#e$ Me.er& li.i* "rea,ure wa!
ma!!a"red$M ad ,+e !i,e u)o w+i"+ Bamia +ad !,ood wa! *i.e ,+e ame of Ma""ur!ed "i,&>M
135

8eaw+ile ,+e <+wari;mia )ri"e %alal ad1(i 8a*u0er,i$
13L
!o of ,+e la,e Sul,a
8u+ammad$ +ad e!"a)ed ,+e di!a!,er of Tra!oAiaa ad <+ura!a 0& 0rea#i* ,+rou*+ a
"ordo of 8o*ol ,roo)! a, Ne!!a> Ta#i* refu*e i G+a;i$ i ,+e +ear, of ,+e 9f*+a
mou,ai!$ +e or*ai;ed a ew arm& ad ,+e$ a, Perwa$ or,+ of <a0ul$ defea,ed a 8o*ol
arm& "or)! "ommaded 0& S+i*i1?u,u?u>
133
%e*+i; <+a$ 0uri* ,o a.e*e +i! lieu,ea,C!
defea,$ mar"+ed o G+a;i$ w+ere %alal ad1(i did o, dare ,o awai, +im> G+a;i offered o
re!i!,a"e$ ad %e*+i; <+a$ ea*er ,o o.er,a#e %alal ad1(i$ )o!,)oed ,+e ri,ual de!,ru",io of
,+e "i,&> 9, la!, +e "au*+, u) wi,+ ,+e <+wari;mia )ri"e o ,+e 0a#! of ,+e Idu!$ w+ere +e
"u, +i! me ,o )ie"e! GNo.em0er 7L$ 1771$ a""ordi* ,o Na!awiH> %alal ad1(i +im!elf made +i!
e!"a)e 0& lea)i* full& armed o,o +i! +or!e i mid!,ream uder a +ail of arrow!> :e wa! lu"#&
eou*+ ,o rea"+ ,+e o))o!i,e 0a# S7L1T !afe ad !oud$ w+e"e +e we, ,o !ee# refu*e a, ,+e
"our, of ,+e !ul,a of (el+i G(e"em0er$ 1771H>
136
T+e 8o*ol! did o, immedia,el& "o,iue ,+e
)ur!ui, i,o Idia ,erri,or&> GI, wa! o, u,il ,+e followi* &ear ,+a, oe of ,+eir de,a"+me,!$
uder ,+e order! of ,+e %elair noyan Bala$ made a re"oai!!a"e a! far a! 8ul,a$ ol& ,o
wi,+draw af,er a !+or, ,ime 0e"au!e of ,+e +ea,>H Bu, i ,+e a0!e"e of %alal ad1(i$ +i! famil&
+ad falle i,o 8o*ol +ad!$ ad all ,+e male "+ildre were #illed>
T+e 8o*ol re.er!e a, Perwa$ +owe.er$ +ad re#idled ,+e "oura*e of ,+e la!, ,ow! lef,
!,adi* i ea!,er Ira> %e*+i; <+a fir!, !e,,led a""ou,! wi,+ ,+e )eo)le of G+a;i$ w+o were
all !lai$ wi,+ ,+e eA"e),io of ar,i!a! w+om +e !e, ,o 8o*olia> 9f,er ,+e 0a,,le of Perwa$
:era, +ad ri!e i re0ellio GNo.em0er$ 1771H>
137
T+e 8o*ol *eeral 9l@i*idai "a),ured ,+e "i,&
a*ai af,er a !iA1mo,+ !ie*e o %ue 1L$ 1777> T+e e,ire )o)ula,io wa! ma!!a"red ad ,+e
#illi* o""u)ied a w+ole wee#> T+o!e )eo)le w+o +ad re,ured ,o 8er. +ad 0ee fooli!+ eou*+
,o #ill ,+e Per!ia )refe", lef, ,+ere 0& Tolui ad ,o a""laim %alal ad1(i> T+e& were !lau*+,ered
me,i"ulou!l& ,o ,+e la!, ma 0& S+i*i1?u,u?u> W+e ,+e ma!!a"re wa! o.er$ ,+e 8o*ol! ,oo#
,+e )re"au,io of ma#i* a fei*ed de)ar,ure> T+e& mo.ed ,o a di!,a"e$ ad !u"+ wre,"+e! a!
+ad 0ee a0le ,o +ide a, ,+e ou,!#ir,! of ,+e ,ow$ or i "ellar!$ rea))eared oe 0& oe$ 0elie.i*
,+a, ,+e eem& +ad *oe> T+e 8o*ol rear*uard ,+e re,ured$ fell u)o ,+em$ ad wi)ed ,+em
ou,>
I, i! e.ide, ,+a, i *eeral ,+e 8o*ol! foud le!! diffi"ul,& i ,a#i* for,ified "i,ie! i
Tra!oAiaa ad ea!,er Ira ,+a ,+e& did i '+ia> T+i! wa! )ar,l& 0e"au!e ,+e ,error ,+e&
i!)ired a! M)a*a!M=or a! we !+ould !a& ,oda&$ M!a.a*e!M=wa! e.e more i,e!e amo*
8u!lim! ,+a o '+ie!e ,erri,or&$ w+ere for "e,urie! ,+e i+a0i,a,! 0ad 0ee a""u!,omed ,o
+a.i* ,+em a! ei*+0or!> 9l!o$ i ,+e!e re*io!$ ,+e& !eem ,o +a.e made more u!e of lo"al
i+a0i,a,!> To "a),ure a "i,& ,+e 8o*ol! would roud u) ,+e male )o)ula,io of ,+e
!urroudi* di!,ri",!= from ,+e "ou,r&!ide ad from o)e ,ow!=ad dri.e i, a, ,+e )oi, of
,+e !word a*ai!, di,"+ ad wall> W+a, if ,+e!e wre,"+e! were mow dow 0& ,+eir fellow
"ou,r&me$ !o lo* a! ,+eir 0odie! filled i ,+e di,"+ ad ,+eir re)ea,ed a,,a"#! eA+au!,ed ,+e
*arri!oF Some,ime! ,+e& were di!*ui!ed a! 8o*ol!$ wi,+ a S7L7T 8o*ol fla* ,o e.er& ,e$ !o
,+a, ,+e *arri!o$ !eei* ,+e!e mul,i,ude! de)lo&i* o.er ,+e )lai$ 0elie.ed ,+em!el.e!
,+rea,eed 0& a +u*e %e*+i;1<+ai,e arm&> T+a#! ,o ,+i! ru!e$ a !mall "o,i*e, of 8o*ol!
mi*+, for"e a "a)i,ula,io$ af,er w+i"+ ,+eir +uma +erd!$ 0ei* of o fur,+er u!e$ were
!lau*+,ered> T+i! +orri0le ad almo!, ui.er!al )ra",i"e$ 0rou*+, ,o )erfe",io 0& 8o*ol
di!"i)lie ad or*ai;a,io$ 0e"ame oe of ,+eir mo!, +a0i,ual ,a",i"al )ro"edure!> I, wa! wi,+
)ri!oer! from Bu#+ara ,+a, %e*+i; <+a 0e!ie*ed Samar#ad$ ,+e Samar#ad "a),i.e! i ,+eir
,ur were u!ed a, ,+e !ie*e of Ur*e"+$ ad i, wa! )ar,l& 0& mea! of ,+e rural )o)ula,io of
<+ura!a ,+a, Tolui "a),ured 8er.> T+e ,error ad de@e",io wa! !u"+ ,+a, o oe ,+ou*+, of
re!i!,a"e> W+e Ne!!a wa! ,a#e$ ,+e 8o*ol! +erded ,+e i+a0i,a,! ,o*e,+er i ,+e )lai ad
ordered ,+em ,o ,ie oe ao,+erC! +ad! 0e+id ,+eir 0a"#!> MT+e& o0e&ed$M wri,e! 8u+ammad of
Ne!!a> MIf ,+e& +ad !"a,,ered ad fled ,o ,+e ear0& mou,ai!$ mo!, of ,+em would +a.e 0ee
!a.ed> 9! !oo a! ,+e& were 0oud$ ,+e 8o*ol! !urrouded ,+em ad di!)a,"+ed ,+em wi,+
,+eir arrow!=me$ wome$ ad "+ildre wi,+ou, di!"rimia,io>M
Ye, amo* ,+e 8o*ol! ,+e admii!,ra,i.e !e!e ad ,+e mili,ar& !e!e of order were e.er i
a0e&a"e> 9f,er !la&i* fourfif,+! of ,+e )o)ula,io$ ,+e& lef, 0e+id ,+em$ ,o maa*e ,+e affair!
of ,+e !ur.i.i* fif,+$ a "i.ilia offi"ial=,+e darugachi or daru9achi=w+o wa! of,e a Ui*ur
ad !ome,ime! e.e a Per!ia$ ad wi,+ +im !"ri0e! "om)e,e, ,o #ee) re*i!,er! i ,+e Ui*ur ad
Per!ia la*ua*e!>
Ea!,er Ira e.er ?ui,e re"o.ered from ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e ,em)e!,> 9 "i,& !u"+ a! Bal#+ !,ill
0ear! ,+e mar#! of 8o*ol de!,ru",io> T+e Timurid reai!!a"e i ,+e!e re*io! i ,+e fif,ee,+
"e,ur&$ uder S+a+ Ru#+$ Olu*+10e*$ ad :u!ai1i Bai?ara$ "ould o, al,o*e,+er re!,ore a lad
,ured u)!ide dow> Ye,$ al,+ou*+ %e*+i; <+a ma& +a.e 0e+a.ed li#e ,+e wor!, eem& of
9ra0o1Per!ia "i.ili;a,io$ li#ed ,+e (amed ad 9""ur!ed !,i*ma,i;ed 0& 8u!lim wri,er!$ +e
fel, o +o!,ili,& ,o I!lam i,!elf> If +e for0ade ,+e )ra",i"e of a0lu,io ad ,+e 8u!lim maer of
#illi* li.e!,o"#$ i, wa! merel& 0e"au!e ,+e& were "o,rar& ,o 8o*ol "u!,om or !u)er!,i,io> If
i ea!,er Ira +e de!,ro&ed ,+e 0rillia, ur0a "i.ili;a,io )rodu"ed 0& a Dirdau!i S7L5T or a
9.i"ea$ i, wa! 0e"au!e 0e mea, ,o "rea,e a !or, of o maC! lad or ar,ifi"ial !,e))e i ,+e
!ou,+we!,er mar"+e! ,o !er.e a! a *la"i! or )ro,e",i.e 0arrier ,o +i! em)ire> I, wa! wi,+ ,+i!
o0@e", ,+a, 0e M#illed ,+e lad>M I +im ,+ere wa! 0o,+ ,+e !e!i0le ma of *o.erme,$ w+o
"ould e.er +a.e a))ro.ed of a reli*iou! war$ ad a omad wi,+ a im)erfe", "o"e),io of
!ede,ar& life ad a i"lia,io ,o de!,ro& ur0a "i.ili;a,io$ a0oli!+ a*ri"ul,ure Go lea.i*
ea!,er Ira$ +e de!,ro&ed i,! *raarie!H$ ad ,ur field! i,o !,e))e$ 0e"au!e ,+e !,e))e !ui,ed +i!
wa& of life ad wa! le!! diffi"ul, ,o admii!,er>
%e*+i; <+a !,a&ed for !ome ,ime i 9f*+ai!,a$ !ou,+ of ,+e :idu <u!+> I 8a&$ 1777$ +e
re"ei.ed a .i!i, from ,+e famou! Taoi!, mo# <Ciou '+Ca*1"+Cue$ w+om +e +ad !ummoed
from '+ia i 1770$ ad w+o +ad @u!, arri.ed .ia Ui*uria$ 9lmali#$ ,+e Tala!$ ad Samar#ad>
T+e 'o?ueror wa! ea*er ,o lear of ,+e dru*! of immor,ali,& of ,+e Taoi!, ma*i"ia!>
132

Bu, +e wa! ow al!o ,+i#i* of re,uri* ,o 8o*olia> :e re"ro!!ed ,+e 9mu (ar&a i ,+e
au,um of 1777 ad "o,iued 0& wa& of Bu#+ara$ w+ere +e +ad ,+e "urio!i,& ,o i?uire i,o ,+e
)ri"i)al ,ee,! of ,+e 8u!lim fai,+> :e a))ro.ed of ,+em$ eA"e), i ,+e ma,,er of ,+e )il*rima*e
,o 8e""a$ w+i"+ +e "o!idered ue"e!!ar&$ !eei* ,+a, ,+e w+ole world wa! ,+e +ou!e of God
Gor of TK*ri$ ,+e ME,eral :ea.eM of ,+e 8o*ol!H> 9, Samar#ad 0e "ommaded ,+a, ,+e
8u!lim )u0li" )ra&er! !+ould 0e "odu",ed i +i! ame$ !i"e +e +ad re)la"ed Sul,a
8u+ammad> :e e.e eAem),ed ,+e 8u!lim M"ler*&M=imam! ad "adi!= from ,aAa,io$ w+i"+
!u0!,a,iall& )ro.e! ,+a, ,+e a,ro"i,ie! +e "ommi,,ed a*ai!, ,+e 8u!lim world were a",! of war$
ad o )ar, of a reli*iou! "am)ai*> :e wi,ered a, Samar#ad ad !)e, ,+e !)ri* of 1775
or,+ of ,+e S&r (ar&a> I, wa! ear Ta!+#e,$ )ro0a0l& i ,+e .alle& of ,+e '+ir"+i#$ a !mall
or,+er ,ri0u,ar& of ,+a, ri.er$ ,+a, +e +eld a !or, of 0ar0aria M"our,$M !ea,ed o a *olde ,+roe
amo* +i! noyat ad ba'atut> T+e$ !,ill i ,+e !)ri* of 1775$ +e )re!ided a, a 9uriltai wi,+ +i!
!o! i ,+e \ula1Ba!+i !,e))e or,+ of ,+e 9leAader G<ir*+i;H Ra*e> 8eaw+ile$ +i! arm&
amu!ed i,!elf wi,+ +u*e +u,i* eA)edi,io!> :e !)e, ,+e !ummer of ,+a, &ear i ,+e !,e))e! of
,+e Tala! ad ,+e '+u$ ad ,+e !ummer of ,+e followi* &ear a))are,l& o ,+e Ir,&!+> :e
re,ured ,o 8o*olia i 1773>
S7LLT
RAI- .( 4E.E A1- SL.ITOI I1TO PERSIA A1- R7SSIA
Before we follow %e*+i; #+a o +i! la!, '+ie!e "am)ai*$ i, ma& 0e well ,o re"all ,+e
eA)edi,io made 0& +i! ,wo lieu,ea,!$ %e0e noyan ad SI0J,Ki baatur$ roud ,+e 'a!)ia Sea>
We !aw +ow ,+e!e ,wo *eeral!$ ,+e 0e!, !,ra,e*i!,! i ,+e 8o*ol arm&$ +ad 0ee !e, wi,+ a
"or)! of "a.alr&=73$000 me$ a! Greard e!,ima,e!=i )ur!ui, of 8u+ammad of <+wari;m o
+i! fli*+, a"ro!! Per!ia> 9f,er ,+e !ul,aC! dea,+$ ,+e& "o,iued ,+eir ride we!,ward> :a.i*
!a"#ed Rai$ a "i,& reowed for i,! mar.elou!l& de"ora,ed )o,,er& w+i"+ wa! e.er ,o re"o.er
from ,+i! di!a!,er$
139
,+e& were e,rea,ed 0& "er,ai Sui,e 8u!lim!$ !a&! 8ir#+od$ ,o de!,ro&
,+e S+iCi,e "e,er of \um$ w+i"+ ,+e& readil& did> 9! :amada +ad !urredered$ ,+e& eAa",ed
from i, o more ,+a a ra!om$ af,er w+i"+ ,+e& demoli!+ed Xe@a ad +ad ,o ,a#e <a;.i 0&
!,orm$ for w+i"+ ,+e i+a0i,a,! were )ui!+ed 0& ma!!a"re> T+e la!, Tur#i" a,a0e* of
9;er0ai@a$ ,+e old R;0e*=of ,+e d&a!,& of lo"al 8amelu#e! w+i"+$ ,oward ,+e ed of ,+e
,welf,+ "e,ur&$ "ame ear ,o !u""eedi* ,+e Sel@u#!= 0ri0ed ,+em la.i!+l& ,o !)are Tauri!
GTa0ri;H> %e0e ad SI0J,Ki we, o a"ro!! ,+e 8u*a )lai$ i ,+e de),+! of wi,er$ ,o i.ade
Geor*ia> T+i! '+ri!,ia #i*dom$ ,+e ruled 0& Gior*i III /a!+a$ or ,+e Brillia, G1717175H$ wa!
a, ,+e +ei*+, of i,! )ower$ 0u, i De0ruar&$ 1771$ ,+e ,wo 8o*ol *eeral! "u, ,+e Geor*ia arm&
,o )ie"e! ear Tifli! GT0ili!iH>
160
Drom ,+ere ,+e& re,ured ,o 9;er0ai@a ,o !a"# 8ara*+e+$ af,er
)ra",i"i* ,+eir u!ual mode of a,,a"#4 ,+e& for"ed )ri!oer! ,o lead ,+e a!!aul, of ,+e "i,adel ad
!lau*+,ered ,+em if ,+e& re,rea,edE ,+e$ af,er ,+e fall of ,+e "i,& ad ,+e ma!!a"re of ,+e
)o)ula,io$ ,+e& made a fal!e de)ar,ure !o a! ,o re!,ore "ofide"e amo* ,+o!e w+o +ad
e!"a)ed$ followed 0& a w+irlwid re,ur of ,+e rear *uard$ w+o 0e+eaded ,+em G8ar"+$ 1771H>
T+e ,wo 8o*ol *eeral! were ,+e o ,+e )oi, of mar"+i* o Ba*+dad ,o de!,ro& ,+e 900a!id
"ali)+a,e> T+e ou,"ome dou0,le!! would +a.e 0ee "a,a!,ro)+i" for ,+e 9ra0 world$ for a, ,+e
!ame mome,$ a! I0 al19,+ir o0!er.e!$ ,+e 'ru!ader! +ad i.aded E*&), ad o""u)ied
(amie,,a>
161
T+e li,,le 900a!id arm& "o"e,ra,ed a, (a?u?a would +a.e 0ee +ardl& iade?ua,e
,o defed Ira? C9ra0i> T+a, &ear of 1771 mi*+, +a.e !ee %e0e ad SI0J,Ki i Ba*+dad ad <i*
%o+ of Briee S7L3T i 'airo a, oe ad ,+e !ame ,ime> Dor,ua,el& for ,+e "ali)+$ %e0e ad
SI0J,Ki were "o,e, ,o re,ur ad 0old :amada ,o ra!om o"e more> T+i! ,ime ,+e "i,i;e!
re!i!,ed> T+e 8o*ol! ,oo# :amada 0& a!!aul,$ ma!!a"red ,+e e,ire )o)ula,io$ ad 0ured ,+e
"i,&> Drom ,+ere$ )a!!i* 0& 9rde0il$ w+i"+ ,+e& al!o !a"#ed$ ,+e ,wo 8o*ol "ommader!
re,ured ,o Geor*ia>
T+e Geor*ia #i*+,+ood wa! oe of ,+e fie!, of ,+e ,ime> Bu, 0& a fei*ed re,rea,$ SI0J,Ki
drew i, i,o a am0u!+ w+ere %e0e wa! awai,i* i, ad "u, i, ,o )ie"e!> T+e Geor*ia! dou0,le!!
"o!idered ,+em!el.e! for,ua,e i 0ei* a0le ,o !a.e Tifli!$ ,+ou*+ ,o do !o ,+e& +ad ,o allow
,+e 8o*ol! ,o la& wa!,e ,+e !ou,+er )ar, of ,+e "ou,r&> T+e i.ader! ,+e we, o ,o S+ir.a$
w+ere ,+e& !a"#ed S+ama#+a> T+e$ .ia (er0e,$ ,+e& de!"eded u)o ,+e !,e))e! or,+ of ,+e
'au"a!u!$ w+ere ,+e& "la!+ed wi,+ a "oali,io of ,+e )eo)le! of ,+e re*io4 9la! Gw+o were
de!"eda,! of ,+e old Sarma,ia! ad were '+ri!,ia! of ,+e Gree# "ofe!!ioH$
167
/e;*+ia!
G/e;*i&H$ ad 'ir"a!!ia! =all ,+ree of 'au"a!ia ra"e=ad <i)"+a# Tur#!> %e0e ad SI0J,Ki
"ui*l& e*ieered ,+e defe",io of ,+e <i)"+a#! 0& i.o#i* ,+eir "ommo Tur#o18o*ol
0ro,+er+ood ad 0& *i.i* ,+em )ar, of ,+eir )luder> T+e& ,+e defea,ed ,+e o,+er mem0er! of
,+e "oali,io$ oe 0& oe$ ad la!,l& !)ed i )ur!ui, of ,+e <i)"+a#!$ "u, ,+em ,o )ie"e!$ ad
re"o.ered ,+eir 0oo,&>
165

8eaw+ile ,+e <i)"+a#! +ad a))ealed ,o ,+e Ru!!ia!> Oe of ,+e <i)"+a# #+a! amed <u,a$
w+o!e dau*+,er 0ad married ,+e Ru!!ia )ri"e 8!,i!la. G,+e BoldH of Gali"+$ !e"ured ,+e
i,er.e,io of +i! !o1i1law ad o,+er Ru!!ia )ri"e! a*ai!, ,+e 8o*ol!> 9 Ru!!ia arm& of
20$000 me$ led 0& ,+e )ri"e! of Gali"+$ <ie.$ '+eri*o.$ ad Smole!#$ "ame dow ,+e
(ie)er ,o "o"e,ra,e ear <+or,i,!a$ i ,+e ei*+0or+ood of 9le#!adro.> T+e 8o*ol! drew
0a"# ad refu!ed ,o fi*+, u,il ,+e eem& wa! !uffi"ie,l& wear& ad i,! .ariou! mili,ar& ui,!
"o.eie,l& widel& !)a"ed> T+e a",io ,oo# )la"e ear ,+e <al#a or <almiu!$ a !mall "oa!,al
ri.er flowi* i,o ,+e Sea of 9;o. ear 8ariu)ol>
16L
T+e )ri"e of Gali"+ ad ,+e <i)"+a#!$ w+o
"+ar*ed wi,+ou, wai,i* for ,+e me of <ie.$ were rou,ed ad +ad ,o flee G8a& 51$ 1777H> T+e
)ri"e of <ie.$ lef, aloe$ defeded +i! "am) for ,+ree da&! ad wa! allowed a +oora0le
!urreder> Ne.er,+ele!!$ +e wa! af,erward )u, ,o dea,+ wi,+ all +i! me>
163

S7L6T
T+i! fir!, Ru!!ia di!a!,er +ad o immedia,e )oli,i"al "o!e?ue"e!> Grad (u#e Yurii of
Vladimir$ w+o +ad o, +ad ,ime ,o rea"+ ,+e <al#a wi,+ +i! ,roo)!$ )re!er.ed +i! arm& i,a",>
T+e 8o*ol! were "o,e, ,o ro0 ,+e Geoe!e "ou,i*+ou!e! of Suda# or Soldaia i ,+e 'rimea
G,+ou*+ ,+ere i! o,+i* ,o !u))or, 'a+uC! ,+eor& of a a*reeme, 0e,wee ,+em ad ,+e
Vee,ia!H>
166
%e0e ad SI0J,Ki "ro!!ed ,+e Vol*a ear T!ari,!& GS,ali*rad$ Vol*o*radH$ 0ea, ,+e
Bul*ar! of ,+e <ama ad ,+e \a?li Tur#! of ,+e Ural!$ ad$ af,er ,+i! fa,a!,i" fora&$ re@oied
%e*+i; <+aC! *rad arm& i ,+e !,e))e! or,+ of ,+e S&r (ar&a>
THE /AST (EARS OF 4E1,HI> 2HA1
%e*+i; <+a wa! 0a"# i 8o*olia i ,+e !)ri* of 1773 ad !)e, ,+e wi,er of 1773176 ad
,+e followi* !ummer i "am) o ,+e Tula$ a ,ri0u,ar& of ,+e Or#+o> Drom Pe#i* ,o ,+e Vol*a
,+e world ,rem0led 0efore +im> :i! elde!, !o %J"+i$ w+o +ad 0ee de,a"+ed ,o ,+e *o.erme,
of ,+e 9ralo1'a!)ia !,e))e!$ !eemed ,oward ,+e ed ,o 0e )ur!ui* a !e)ara,e )oli"&> T+i!
alarmed ,+e 'o?uerorE 0u, 0efore a o)e 0rea"+ "ould o""ur 0e,wee fa,+er ad !o$ %J"+i
died$ i De0ruar&$ 1777>
%e*+i; <+a led &e, ao,+er "am)ai* a*ai!, ,+e Ta*u, #i*dom of :!i1:!ia i <a!u> T+e
#i* of :!i1:!ia$ al,+ou*+ a .a!!al$ +ad e.aded +i! o0li*a,io ,o !ed a "o,i*e, for ,+e war
a*ai!, <+wari;m> To ,+e formal re?ue!, for aid$ ,+e Secret $istory rela,e!$ a Ta*u, di*i,ar&
amed 9!+a1*am0u +ad ,+e i!ole"e ,o re)l& i ,+e ame of +i! ma!,er ,+a, if %e*+i; <+a +ad
o, ,roo)! eou*+$ +e did o, de!er.e ,o wield !u)reme )ower> Su"+ 0ra.ado "ould o, 0e
o.erloo#ed ad$ +a.i* !e,,led ,+e affair! of <+wari;m$ ,+e 'o?ueror re,alia,ed> Dur,+ermore$
a! Vladimir,!o. )oi,! ou,$ %e*+i; <+a mu!, +a.e )er"ei.ed ,+a, i order ,o a"+ie.e ,+e
"o?ue!, of ,+e <i realm of or,+er '+ia$ w+ere +i! !u0ordia,e 8u?ali +ad @u!, died i
a,,em),i* i,$ i, wa! e!!e,ial for ,+e 8o*ol! ,o o0,ai dire", )o!!e!!io of <a!u$ ,+e 9la!+a$
ad ,+e Ordo!> :e ,+erefore o)eed +i! "am)ai* i ,+e au,um of 1776$ ,oo# /i*"+ow a, ,+e
ed of ,+e &ear$ ad$ i ,+e !)ri* of 1777$ 0e*a ,+e !ie*e of ,+e :!i1 :!ia "a)i,al$ ,+e moder
"i,& of Ni*!ia>
167
T+e me,+od of M8o*ol ,errorM wa! a))lied +ere a! )i,ile!!l& a! i
9f*+ai!,a> MI S7L7T .ai ,+e i+a0i,a,! +id i mou,ai! ad "a.e! ,o e!"a)e ,+e 8o*ol
mi*+,> T+e field! were "o.ered wi,+ +uma 0oe!>M W+ile Ni*!ia wa! 0ei* 0e!ie*ed$ %e*+i;
<+a "am)ed duri* ,+e !ummer of 1777 i ,+e re*io of ,+e Ri.er T!i*!+ui ad i ,+e di!,ri",
of /u*,J$ or,+we!, of moder Pi*lia*> T+ere$ i ,+e area we!, of Pi*lia*$ +e died o
9u*u!, 12$ 1777$ a, ,+e a*e of !iA,&>
162
Soo af,erward$ Ni*!ia$ ,+e eem& "a)i,al$ wa! ,a#e
ad$ i a""orda"e wi,+ ,+e 'o?uerorC! la!, "ommad!$ ,+e w+ole )o)ula,io wa! !lai> 9
)or,io of ,+e Ta*u, )eo)le wa! *i.e ,o ,+e Em)re!! Ye!ui$ oe of %e*+i; <+aC! wi.e!$ w+o
+ad a""om)aied +im o ,+i! "am)ai*>
T+e 0od& of %e*+i; <+a wa! 0uried ear ,+e !a"red mou,ai of Bur?a \aldu G<e,eiH$
w+ere TK*ri +ad o"e !)o#e ,o +im$ 0& ,+e +eadwa,er! of ,+e Oo ad ,+e <erule> I 1779
+i! !u""e!!or wa! ,o offer *rea, "eremoial !a"rifi"e! i +i! +oor$ i ,+e 8o*ol maer> M:e
"ommaded ,+a, for ,+ree da&! di!+e! !+ould 0e offered$ a""ordi* ,o "u!,om$ ,o ,+e mae! of
+i! fa,+er> :e "+o!e from amo* ,+e familie! of noyans ad *eeral! ,+e lo.elie!, *irl!$ ,o ,+e
um0er of for,&E ,+e& were adored wi,+ ri"+ *arme,!$ ad @ewel! of *rea, )ri"e$ ad$ i Ra!+id
ad1(iC! )+ra!e$ ,+e& were !e, ,o !er.e %e*+i; <+a i ,+e eA, world> I addi,io ,o ,+i!
0ar0ari" +oma*e$ !)ledid +or!e! were !a"rifi"ed>M
169

4E1,HI> 2HA16 HIS CHARACTER A1- ACHIE*EME1TS
%e*+i; <+a +a! 0ee re*arded a! oe of ,+e !"our*e! of +umai,&> :e i! ,+e )er!oifi"a,io of
,wel.e "e,urie! of i.a!io of a"ie, !ede,ar& "i.ili;a,io! 0& omad! of ,+e !,e))e> Ideed$
oe of +i! )rede"e!!or! lef, !o ,errif&i* a re)u,a,io> :e made ,error a !&!,em of *o.erme,
ad ma!!a"re a deli0era,e ad me,+odi"al i!,i,u,io> :i! de!,ru",io of ea!,er Ira eA"eed! i
+orror a&,+i* a,,ri0u,ed 0& Euro)e ,o 9,,ila$ or 0& Idia ,o 8i+ira#ula> Ne.er,+ele!!$ we
!+ould 0ear i mid ,+a, +i! "ruel,& aro!e "+iefl& from ,+e +ar!+e!! of +i! milieu$ ,+e "rude!, of
all ,+e Tur#o18o*ol le.ie!$ ra,+er ,+a from a& a,ural fero"i,&> GI ,+i! re!)e", Tamerlae$
ao,+er !lau*+,erer$ +a! far more ,o a!wer for$ 0e"au!e +e wa! more "i.ili;ed$
170
T+e "olle",i.e
eAe"u,io! im)o!ed 0& ,+e 8o*ol "o?ueror formed )ar, of a !&!,em of warfare> I, wa! ,+e
omad wea)o wielded S7L2T a*ai!, !ede,ar& )eo)le! w+o did o, !u0mi, )rom),l& eou*+
ad$ a0o.e all$ a*ai!, ,+o!e w+o re0elled af,er ma#i* !u0mi!!io> T+e !ad ,+i* wa! ,+a, ,+i!
omad "ould 0arel& a))re+ed ,+e a,ure of a a*ri"ul,ural ad ur0a e"oom&> :a.i*
"o?uered ea!,er Ira ad or,+er '+ia$ +e foud i, a,ural ,o redu"e ,+e!e "ou,rie! ,o
!,e))elad 0& demoli!+i* ,+eir "i,ie! ad de!,ro&i* ,+eir field!> 9 ,+ou!ad &ear! of omad
,radi,io$ of raid! o ,+e ,+re!+old of "i.ili;a,io ad o ,+e fri*e of a*eold "ul,i.a,io$ !)o#e i
+im w+e +e *a.e ,+i! defii,io of !u)reme @o&4 M,o "u, m& eemie! ,o )ie"e!$ dri.e ,+em
0efore me$ !ei;e ,+eir )o!!e!!io!$ wi,e!! ,+e ,ear! of ,+o!e dear ,o ,+em$ ad em0ra"e ,+eir
wi.e! ad dau*+,er![M
171
'o.er!el& "ome! +i! rueful refle",io a, ,+e ,+ou*+, ,+a, +i! *rad!o!
would for!a#e ,+e +ard& life of ,+e !,e))e for ,+e life of !ede,ar& )eo)le!4 M9f,er u!$ ,+e )eo)le
of our ra"e will wear *arme,! of *oldE ,+e& will ea, !wee,$ *rea!& food$ ride !)ledid "our!er!$
ad +old i ,+eir arm! ,+e lo.elie!, of wome$ ad ,+e& will for*e, ,+a, ,+e& owe ,+e!e ,+i*! ,o
u!> > > >M
177

9 Taoi!, !,ele of 1719$ e*ra.ed a, ,+e i!,i*a,io of ,+e mo# /i '+i+1"+Ca*$ w+o i 1770175
a""om)aied ,+e famou! <Ciou '+Ca*1"+Cue o +i! .i!i, ,o ,+e 'o?ueror$ *i.e! a "uriou!
rederi*$ i ,+e Taoi!, )+ilo!o)+i"al .o"a0ular&$ of ,+e im)re!!io made u)o ,+e '+ie!e 0&
,+e em)eror of ,+e omad!$ 0& +i! wa& of life ad +i! a"+ie.eme,!4 M:ea.e i! wear& of ,+e
iordia,e luAur& of '+ia> I U %e*+i; <+a i! !)ea#i*V remai i ,+e wild re*io of ,+e or,+E I
re,ur ,o !im)li"i,& ad !ee# modera,io o"e more> 9! for ,+e *arme,! ,+a, I wear ad ,+e
meal! ,+a, I ea,$ I +a.e ,+e !ame ra*! ad ,+e !ame food a! "ow+erd! ad *room!$ ad I ,rea, ,+e
!oldier! a! m& 0ro,+er!> I a +udred 0a,,le! I +a.e 0ee i ,+e forefro,> Wi,+i ,+e !)a"e of
!e.e &ear! I +a.e )erformed a *rea, wor#$ ad i ,+e !iA dire",io! of !)a"e e.er&,+i* i!
!u0@e", ,o a !i*le rule[M
175

I ,+e framewor# of +i! wa& of life$ +i! milieu$ ad +i! ra"e$ %e*+i; <+a a))ear! a! a ma of a
refle",i.e "a!, of mid ad !,urd& "ommo !e!e$ remar#a0l& well10ala"ed ad a *ood li!,eer>
:e wa! al!o firm i fried!+i) ad$ for all +i! !,ere!!$ *eerou! ad affe",ioa,e> :e +ad ,+e
?uali,ie! of a ,rue admii!,ra,or=a admii!,ra,or$ ,+a, i!$ of omadi" )eo)le!$ o, of !ede,ar&
oe!$ of w+o!e e"oom& +e +ad ol& ,+e .a*ue!, "o"e),io> Wi,+i ,+e!e limi,! +e di!)la&ed a
ia,e !e!e of S7L9T order ad *ood *o.erme,> 'om0ied wi,+ ru,+le!! 0ar0aria !e,ime,!$
,+ere i! i +im a "er,ai o0ili,& ad lof,ie!! of mid w+ere0& ,+e M9""ur!edM of 8u!lim wri,er!
re*ai! +i! )ro)er !,a,u! a! a +uma 0ei*> Oe of ,+e mo!, "+ara",eri!,i" fea,ure! of +i! a,,i,ude
of mid i! +i! i!,i",i.e +orror of ,rai,or!> Ser.a,! w+o +o)ed ,o i*ra,ia,e ,+em!el.e! wi,+
+im 0& 0e,ra&i* ,+eir ufor,ua,e ma!,er! were eAe"u,ed 0& +i! order>
17L
O ,+e o,+er +ad$ +e
would of,e reward or ,a#e i,o +i! ow !er.i"e ,+o!e w+o +ad remaied fai,+ful ,+rou*+ou, ,o
,+eir lord!$ +i! eemie!> Ra!+id ad1(i ad ,+e Secret $istory a!"ri0e ,o +im a um0er of !imilar
,rai,! ad em)+a!i;e o, ol& +i! re!)e", for "oura*e i mi!for,ue 0u, al!o ,+e !oud moral
0a!i! of +i! rule> Wea#er "+ara",er! w+om +e +ad ,a#e uder +i! )ro,e",io +e defeded ,o ,+e
ed ad followed ,+rou*+ life wi,+ u!+a#a0le lo&al,&> 9la?u!+1,i*i$ ,+e R*I, "+ief$ +ad 0ee
murdered for !idi* wi,+ +im a*ai!, ,+e Naima> :e re!,ored ,+e "+iefC! famil&$ ,oo# ,+e !o
i,o +i! !er.i"e$ *a.e +im +i! ow dau*+,er i marria*e$ ad a!!ured ,+e for,ue! of +i! +ou!e>
173
Va?ui!+ed ad.er!arie! of former war!=,+e Ui*ur ad <+i,a=foud i +im ,+e mo!, lo&al of
)ro,e",or!$ @u!, a! la,er ,+e S&ria" '+ri!,ia! ad ,+e 9rmeia! +ad o more !ure defeder! ,+a
+i! *rad!o!> I /iao,u*$ ,+e <+i,a )ri"e Ye1lI /I1#o$ w+o +ad 0ee +i! .a!!al from ,+e
0e*ii*$ died duri* ,+e war wi,+ <+wari;m> :i! widow !ou*+, ou, ,+e 'o?ueror a, ,+e ,ime
of +i! la!, "am)ai* i <a!u> :e wel"omed ,+e )ri"e!! wi,+ ,+e *rea,e!, #ide!! ad !+owed
+er ad Ye1lI /I1#oC! ,wo !o! ,+e mo!, affe",ioa,e ad fa,+erl& "o!idera,io>
176
I all !u"+
"ir"um!,a"e!$ ,+i! !#i1"lad omad$ ,+i! eA,ermia,or of )eo)le!$ di!)la&ed a a,ural ma@e!,&$ a
!u0lime "our,e!&$ ad a ,rue o0ili,& w+i"+ !ur)ri!ed e.e ,+e '+ie!e> Bei* a *e,lema of
*ood famil&$ +e wa! i !oul a #i*$ ad ,+erefore le!! ela,ed ,+a a&oe 0& +i! me,eori" ri!e ,o
for,ue>
/a!,l&$ ifleAi0le ,+ou*+ %e*+i; <+a wa! i +i! )oli"&$ +e wa! o, deaf ,o ,+e .oi"e of "i.ili;ed
eA)erie"e> :e ,oo# ma& ad.i!er! i,o +i! "ofide"e4 Ui*ur li#e Ta1,Ca1,Cu*1a$ 8u!lim! li#e
8a+mud Yala.a"+$ ad <+i,a li#e Ye1lI '+Cu1,!1ai> TCa1,Ca1,Cu*a$ w+o +ad )erformed ,+e !ame
fu",io a, ,+e "our, of ,+e la!, Naima #i*$ 0e"ame +i! "+a"ellor a! well a! ,u,or i Ui*ur
wri,i* ,o +i! !o!>
177
8a+mud Yala.a"+ 0e"ame +i! de)u,& ,o ,+e Tra!oAiaia )o)ula,io!$ ,+e
fir!, M8o*olM *o.eror of S730T Tra!oAiaa>
172
T+e Sii"i;ed <+i,a Ye1lI '+Cu1,!Cai
!u""eeded i *i.i* +i! ma!,er !ome ,i*e of '+ie!e "ul,ureH ad e.e !ome,ime! i )re.e,i*
ma!!a"re> Oe of +i! "+ief "o"er!$ +i! 0io*ra)+& eA)lai!$ wa! ,o re!"ue )re"iou! ,eA,! from
,ow! !a"#ed or 0ured 0& ,+e 8o*ol!E ao,+er$ ,o !ear"+ for medi"ial dru*! ,o "om0a, ,+e
e)idemi"! 0or of !u"+ "ara*e>
179
No,wi,+!,adi* +i! de.o,io ,o ,+e 8o*ol !,a,e ad ,+e
%e*+i;1<+ai,e famil&$ +e "ould o, alwa&! "o"eal +i! emo,io w+e im)lori* mer"& for
!ome "odemed "i,& or )ro.i"e> M9re &ou *oi* ,o wee) for ,+e )eo)le a*aiFM O*JdKi would
a!# +im> Ta",ful ad @udi"iou! i,er.e,io o +i! )ar, of,e )re.e,ed irre)ara0le dama*e>
MTa,ar 0& ori*i ad '+ie!e 0& "ul,ure$M wri,e! RBmu!a,$ M+e wa! ,+e a,ural i,ermediar&
0e,wee o))re!!or! ad o))re!!ed>
120
:e "ould o, )lead ,+e "au!e of +umai,& wi,+ ,+e
8o*ol!E ,+e& would o, +a.e li!,eed ,o +im> :e edea.ored ,o )ro.e ,o ,+em ,+a, "leme"&
wa! *ood )oli"&$ ad i ,+i! +e did wi!el&$ for ,+e 0ar0ari,& of ,+e 8o*ol! wa! 0or "+iefl& of
i*ora"e>
9, ,+e ,ime of %e*+i; <+aC! la!, "am)ai* i <a!u$ a 8o*ol *eeral )oi,ed ou, ,o +im ,+a,
+i! ew '+ie!e !u0@e",! would 0e u!ele!! ,o +im$ !i"e ,+e& were u!ui,ed ,o warfare$ ad ,+a,
,+erefore +e would do 0e,,er ,o eA,ermia,e ,+em=,+ere were earl& ,e millio=!o ,+a, +e
mi*+, a, lea!, ma#e u!e of ,+e !oil a! *ra;i* lad for ,+e "a.alr&> %e*+i; <+a a))re"ia,ed ,+e
"o*e"& of ,+i! ad.i"e$ 0u, Ye1lI '+Cu1,!Cai )ro,e!,ed> M:e eA)laied ,o ,+e 8o*ol!$ ,o w+om
a& !u"+ idea wa! u#ow$ ,+e ad.a,a*e! ,o 0e *aied from fer,ile !oil ad +ard1wor#i*
!u0@e",!> :e made "lear ,+a, 0& im)o!i* ,aAe! o lad ad eAa",i* ,ri0u,e o mer"+adi!e$ ,+e&
mi*+, "olle", 300$000 ou"e! of !il.er &earl&$ 20$000 )ie"e! of !il#$ ad L00$000 !a"#! of *rai>M
:e wo +i! )oi,$
121
ad %e*+i; <+a ordered Ye1lI '+Cu1,!Cai ,o draw u) a !&!,em of ,aAa,io
o ,+e!e lie!>
T+a#! ,o Ye1lI '+Cu1,!Cai ad %e*+i; <+aC! Ui*ur ad.i!er!$ ,+ere aro!e$ amid all ,+e "ara*e$
,+e rudime,! of 8o*ol admii!,ra,io> I ,+i! ,+ere mu!, +a.e 0ee a "o,ri0u,i* fa",or i ,+e
'o?ueror +im!elf$ a *eeral i"lia,io ,oward "ul,ure> %e*+i; <+a a))ear! ,o +a.e fel,
)ar,i"ularl& draw ,oward ,+e <+i,a ad Ui*ur$ ,+e ,wo mo!, "i.ili;ed )eo)le! of ,+e Tur#o1
8o*ol world> T+e <+i,a "ould$ wi,+ou, de)ri.i* S731T i, of i,! a,io+ood$ ii,ia,e ,+e
%e*+i;1<+ai,e em)ire i,o '+ie!e "ul,ure$ w+ile ,+e Ui*ur were i a )o!i,io ,o *i.e ,+e
8o*ol! a !+are i ,+e a"ie, Tur#i" "i.ili;a,io of ,+e Or#+o ad Turfa$ ad i a w+ole
+eri,a*e of S&ria"$ 8ai"+aeo1 Ne!,oria$ ad Budd+i!, ,radi,io!> Ideed$ i, wa! from ,+e Ui*ur
,+a, %e*+i; <+a ad +i! immedia,e !u""e!!or! deri.ed ,+e framewor# of ,+eir "i.il
admii!,ra,io$ a! ,+e& did ,+e la*ua*e ad wri,i* of ,+eir "+a"eller&> /a,er ,+e Ui*ur wri,i*$
wi,+ li,,le al,era,io$ wa! ,o )ro.ide ,+e 8o*ol! wi,+ ,+eir a,ioal al)+a0e,>
8a!!a"re! were for*o,,e$ w+ile ,+e admii!,ra,i.e a""om)li!+me,=a 0led of %e*+i;1
<+ai,e di!"i)lie ad of ,+e Ui*ur !&!,em of 0ureau! or de)ar,me,!="o,iued> 9d ,+i! wor#
wa! i ,+e ed$ af,er !o mu"+ earl& de.a!,a,io$ ,o 0e ,o ,+e ad.a,a*e of "i.ili;a,io> I, wa! from
,+i! )oi, of .iew ,+a, %e*+i; <+a wa! @ud*ed 0& +i! "o,em)orarie!> M:e died$ ad ,+i! wa! a
*rea, )i,&$ for +e wa! a @u!, ma ad a wi!e oe$M !a&! 8ar"o Polo> M:e #e), ,+e )eo)le a,
)ea"e$M !a&! %oi.ille>
127
T+i! .erdi", i! )aradoAi"al i a))eara"e ol&> B& uif&i* all ,+e
Tur#o18o*ol a,io! i,o a !i*le em)ire$ 0& im)o!i* iro di!"i)lie from '+ia ,o ,+e
'a!)ia$ %e*+i; <+a !u))re!!ed ,+e edle!! i,er,ri0al war! ad afforded ,+e "ara.a! a
!e"uri,& ,+e& +ad e.er #ow> 90uCl G+a;i wri,e!4 MUder ,+e rei* of %e*+i; <+a$ all ,+e
"ou,r& 0e,wee Ira ad Tura U,+e lad! of ,+e Tur#!V e@o&ed !u"+ )ea"e ,+a, a ma mi*+,
+a.e @oure&ed from ,+e lad of !uri!e ,o ,+e lad of !u!e, wi,+ a *olde )la,,er u)o +i! +ead
wi,+ou, !ufferi* ,+e lea!, .iole"e from a&oe>M
125
:i! yasa9 e!,a0li!+ed ,+rou*+ou, 8o*olia
ad Tur#e!,a a MPaA %e*+i;1<+aa$M o dou0, a ,erri0le oe i +i! ow da&$ 0u, oe w+i"+
uder +i! !u""e!!or! 0e"ame milder ad redered )o!!i0le ,+e a"+ie.eme,! of ,+e *rea, ,ra.eler!
of ,+e four,ee,+ "e,ur&> I ,+i! re!)e", %e*+i; <+a wa! a !or, of 0ar0aria 9leAader$ a
)a,+fider w+o o)eed u) ew road! ,o "i.ili;a,io>
12L

S737T
A The Three I""ediate Successors to 4en'hi! 2han
-ISTRI.7TIO1 OF APPA1A,ES AMO1, 4E1,HI> 2HA10S SO1S
Ea"+ of %e*+i; <+aC! four !o! +ad re"ei.ed duri* +i! life,ime a ulus=,+a, i!$ a "er,ai
um0er of ,ri0e!=,o*e,+er wi,+ a yurt$ or ,erri,orial a))aa*e of *ra;i* lad !uffi"ie, ,o
!u))or, ,+e!e ,ri0e!> Wi,+ ,+i! we, a in3u$ a re.eue )ro)or,ioa,e ,o ,+e eed! of +i! "our, ad
!er.a,!$ i w+i"+ were i"luded ,+e due! )a&a0le 0& ,+e !ede,ar& )eo)le! of ,+e !u0@u*a,ed
area! of '+ia$ Tur#e!,a$ ad Ira>
1
I, i! )ro)er ,o "omme, +ere ,+a, ,+e ol& di.i!i0le a!!e,
wa! ,+e Tur#o18o*ol )rairie$ ,+e omad!C *ra;i* *roud!> T+e "ul,i.a,ed "ou,r& roud
Pe#i* ad Samar#ad remaied im)erial ,erri,or&> I, would e.er +a.e o""urred ,o %e*+i;
<+aC! !o! ,o "ou, ,+e "ou,rie! of ,+e !ede,ar& )eo)le! i ,+e di.i!io amo* ,+em of ,+eir
)o!!e!!io!$ or ,o 0e"ome re!)e",i.el& em)eror of '+ia$ #+a of Tur#e!,a$ ad !ul,a of
Per!ia> Su"+ idea!$ w+i"+ !u**e!,ed ,+em!el.e! ,o ,+eir !u""e!!or! from 1760 oward$ were ,o
,+em e,irel& alie> Ideed$ ,o ,+eir mid$ ,+e )ar,i,io of ,+e )rairie! i o wa& e,ailed ,+a, of
,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e em)ire> T+i! would "o,iue$ uder ,+e re*ime of concordia fratrum$ ,+e
+armo& of 0ro,+er!> 8oreo.er$ a! Bar,+old o0!er.e!$ 0& omad law$ re*ardle!! of ,+e #+a*aC!
a0!olu,e )ower$ ,+e !,a,e 0elo*ed le!! ,o +im ,+a ,o ,+e w+ole ro&al famil&>
%e*+i; <+aC! elde!, !o %J"+i
7
)rede"ea!ed +im 0& !iA mo,+!$ a0ou, De0ruar&$ 1777$ i ,+e
!,e))e! or,+ of ,+e 9ral!> S735T 9l,+ou*+ %e*+i; <+a +ad e.er offi"iall& +eld %J"+iC!
du0iou! 0ir,+ a*ai!, +im$ ,+e rif, 0e,wee ,+em +ad wideed ,oward ,+e ed> (uri* ,+e &ear!
1777177$ af,er ,+e "a),ure of Ur*e"+$ i w+i"+ +e +ad ,a#e )ar, G9)ril$ 1771H$ %J"+i +ad dwel,
i re,ireme, o +i! ow a))aa*e of Tur*ai ad Ural!#$ ad +ad ,a#e o )ar, i +i! fa,+erC!
"am)ai*!> T+i! *loom& wi,+drawal !omew+a, )er,ur0ed ,+e "o?ueror$ w+o 0e*a ,o woder
w+e,+er +i! elde!, !o wa! )lo,,i* a*ai!, +im> %J"+iC! dea,+ ma& +a.e )re.e,ed a )aiful
*ofli", 0e,wee ,+em>
Ba,u$ oe of %J"+iC! !o!$ i+eri,ed "o,rol of +i! fa,+erC! a))aa*e> '+ara",eri;ed i 8o*ol
,radi,io a! a wi!e ad *e,le )ri"e G+e wa! *i.e ,+e "o*ome of Sain%khan$ M,+e *ood #+aMH
ad #ow ,o ,+e Ru!!ia! a! a ru,+le!! "o?ueror$ +e wa! la,er ,o )la& a im)or,a, role a! "+ief
of ,+e %e*+i;1 <+ai,e famil& i di!)u,e! ari!i* o.er )o!!e!!io of ,+e im)erial ,+roe> I ,+e!e
di!)u,e! +e fi*ured a! a Mma#er of *rad #+a!>M
5
I ,+e mea,ime +i! "om)ara,i.e &ou,+fule!!$
+i! fa,+erC! dea,+$ ad ,+e u!)o#e dou0, "a!, u)o ,+e le*i,ima"& of +i! lie allowed M,+e +ou!e
of %J"+iM o more ,+a a o0!"ure role i ,+e affair! of ,+e em)ire> Ne.er,+ele!!$ 0& .ir,ue of ,+e
8o*ol law w+i"+ re!er.ed for ,+e elde!, !o ,+e domai far,+e!, awa& from ,+e )a,eral
re!ide"e$ ,+e +ou!e of %J"+i fa"ed Euro)e ad "o!,i,u,ed ,+e a,,a"#i* wi* of ,+e 8o*ol
Em)ire> To i, +ad a""rued ,+e !,e))e! we!, of ,+e Ir,&!+ Ma! far a! 8o*ol +oof! +ad 0ea,e ,+e
*roudM=,+a, i! ,o !a&$ Semi)ala,i!#$ 9#moli!#$ Tur*ai or 9#,&u0i!#$ Ural!#$ 9da@$ ad
<+wari;m )ro)er G<+i.aH$ )lu! ,+e eA)e",a,io of all "o?ue!,! we!, of ,+e Vol*a from ,+e
<i)"+a#!$ "o?ue!,! )refi*ured i ,+e eA)edi,io of %e0e ad SI0J,Ki>
%e*+i; <+aC! !e"od !o %a*a,ai
L
Gd> 17L7H$ w+om ,+e 'o?ueror +ad a))oi,ed ,o admii!,er
,+e &a!a? ad 0e re!)o!i0le for 8o*ol di!"i)lie$ wa! a !,er ad dreaded @ud*e$ a !"ru)ulou!
ad me,i"ulou! eAe"u,or of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e "ode$ a !ea!oed !oldier w+o fel, a, +ome i ,+e
ra#!$ ad !omew+a, uima*ia,i.e> :e made o )ro,e!, w+e +i! fa,+er a))oi,ed +i! &ou*er
0ro,+er O*JdKi ,o ,+e +i*+e!, )la"e> %a*a,ai re"ei.ed a! +i! )or,io ,+e !,e))e! of ,+e former
<ara1 <+i,ai em)ire$ eA,edi* from Ui*ur "ou,r& ,o Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad i ,+e we!,$ ,+u!
e!!e,iall& ,+e re*io of ,+e Ili$ ,+e I!!&# <ul$ ,+e u))er '+u$ ad ,+e Tala!> :e al!o re"ei.ed
S73LT <a!+*aria ad Tra!oAiaa$ 0u, i, !+ould 0e 0ore i mid ,+a, ,+e!e were lad! of
!ede,ar& )eo)le! ad ,+a, i Tra!oAiaa$ ,+e "i,ie! of Bu#+ara$ Samar#ad$ ad !o o$ were
dire",l& admii!,ered 0& ,+e fu",ioarie! of ,+e *rad #+a> O ,+e e.ide"e of '+Ca*1"+Cue$
%a*a,aiC! u!ual re!ide"e wa! !ou,+ of ,+e Ili>
O*JdKi$
3
%e*+i; <+aC! ,+ird !o$ re"ei.ed ,erri,or& ea!, ad or,+ea!, of /a#e Bal#+a!+$
amel&$ ,+e re*io of ,+e Imil ad ,+e Tar0a*a,ai$ ,+e Bla"# Ir,&!+ ad ,+e Uru*u> T+e la,,er
re*io wa! !i,ua,ed ear ,+e old Naima "ou,r&$ w+ile ,+e O*JdKi "am) wa! u!uall& !e, u) o
,+e Imil>
/a!,l&$ i a""orda"e wi,+ 8o*ol "u!,om$ Tolui$
6
,+e &ou*e!, !o of %e*+i; <+a$ wa!$ a!
!u"+$ ,+e ochigin=or 0e,,er$ otchigin =or ,+e *uardia of ,+e +ear,+> I o,+er word!$ +e wa! +eir
,o ,+e ori*ial )a,rimo& "om)ri!i* ,+e re*io 0e,wee ,+e Tula$ ,+e u))er Oo$ ad ,+e u))er
<erule> Tolui i! de!"ri0ed ,o u! a! a dari* !oldier$ dreami* ol& of "o?ue!,!$ ad a *ood
*eeral G+i! :oa "am)ai* of 1757 wa! ,o 0e mo!, a0l& "odu",edH> :e wa! addi",ed ,o
al"o+ol Gof w+i"+ +e )rema,urel& died i O",o0er$ 1757$ a, ,+e a*e of for,&H$ +owe.er$ ad
wa,i* i a& *rea, )er!oal i!i*+,!$ Bu, +e +ad married a eA"e),ioall& i,elli*e, woma$
,+e )ri"e!! So&ur*+a?,ai or Sor*+a?,ai$ of ,+e a"ie, <era&i, ro&al famil& G!+e wa! ,+e ie"e
of ,+e la!, 0ang%khanH$ w+o li#e all ,+e <era&i, )eo)le wa! a Ne!,oria$ ad w+o wa! la,er ,o
!e"ure ,+e em)ire for +er !o!>
I addi,io$ ,+e familie! of ,wo of %e*+i; <+aC! 0ro,+er!$ \a!ar ad Temu*e O"+i*i$ al!o
re"ei.ed a))aa*e!> \a!arC! wa! ear ,+e 9r*u ad ,+e :ailar$ ad Temu*eC! a, ,+e ea!,er ed
of 8o*olia$ ear ,+e old %ur"+id lad! i ,+e moder )ro.i"e of <iri>
I a""orda"e wi,+ 8o*ol law ad i +i! "a)a"i,& a! *uardia of ,+e +ear,+$ Tolui wa! "+ar*ed
wi,+ ,+e re*e"& G1777179H af,er %e*+i; <+aC! dea,+$ u,il ,+e ele",io of a ew *rad #+a> 9!
re*e, +e re"ei.ed ,+e ordus or ,e,ed )ala"e! of +i! fa,+er$ w+i"+ "o!,i,u,ed ,+e "our,$ ad
101$000 me ou, of ,+e 179$000 w+o made u) ,+e 8o*ol arm& i 1777> GT+e remaii* 72$000
me were allo"a,ed a! follow!4 L$000 ,o ea"+ of %e*+i; <+aC! o,+er !o!E 3$000 ,o Temu*e$
%e*+i; <+aC! &ou*er 0ro,+erE 5$000 ,o ,+e !o! of \a"+iCu$ ao,+er 0ro,+erE 1$000 S733T ,o
,+e !o! of a ,+ird 0ro,+er$ \a!arE ad 5$000 ,o ,+e famil& of +i! mo,+er Oelu1e#e>H
I, wa! o, u,il ,+e !)ri* of 1779 ,+a, a 9uriltai or *eeral a!!em0l& of 8o*ol )ri"e! *a,+ered
o ,+e 0a#! of ,+e <erule for ,+e ele",io of a *rad #+a> T+i! "o*re!! did o more ,+a
ra,if& ,+e wi!+e! of %e*+i; <+a$ w+o +ad a))oi,ed +i! ,+ird !o O*JdKi ,o 0e +i! !u""e!!or>
7

THE REI,1 OF O,I-OI BCDDE%9CF
O*JdKi$ w+om %e*+i; <+a +ad "+o!e a! +i! !u""e!!or$ wa! ,+e mo!, i,elli*e, of +i! !o!>
W+ile +e +ad i+eri,ed oe of +i! fa,+erC! *eiu!$ )a!!io for ruli*$ or eer*&$ +e +ad ,+e !ame
*ood !e!e ad !,eadie!!> :e wa! a "lum!&$ ea!&*oi*$ @o.ial !o,$ leie, ad *eerou! i ,+e
eA,reme$ ad +e ,oo# ad.a,a*e of +i! a0!olu,e )ower ,o dri# ad amu!e +im!elf i +i! ow
fa!+io> T+a#! ,o ,+e yasa9$ ,+e affair! of ,+e 8o*ol Em)ire ra ,+em!el.e!>
O*JdKi ,oo# u) re!ide"e i <ara#orum> :i! "+oi"e of !i,e +ad +i!,ori"al !i*fi"a"e$ for i, wa!
i ,+i! re*io of ,+e u))er Or#+o ,+a, mo!, of ,+e old Tur#o18o*ol em)ire! +ad +ad ,+eir
M"a)i,al$M from ,+e :!iu*1u of a,i?ui,& ,o ,+e ea!,er Tu1"+Ie+ of ,+e +i*+ 8iddle 9*e!>
Near0&$ a, <ara0al*a!u$ ,+e Ui*ur #+a*a! of ,+e ei*+,+ "e,ur& +ad e!,a0li!+ed ,+eir ordu%
baligh$ ad i, wa! 0& ,+i! !ame ame of Ordu0ali*+ G"i,& of ,+e "our,H ,+a, ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e
"a)i,al wa! a, fir!, #ow> 9lread& duri* ,+e rei* of %e*+i; <+a$ a, lea!, from 1770 oward$
<ara#orum or !ome ei*+0ori* !i,e wa! )ro0a0l& "+o!e a! a ,+eore,i"al "a)i,al$ 0u, i, wa!
O*JdKi w+o i 1753 made our <ara#orum ,+e ,rue "a)i,al of ,+e ew em)ire 0& !urroudi* i,
wi,+ a defe!i.e wall>
2

O*JdKi )u, full ,ru!, i ,+e Sii"i;ed <+i,a Ye1lI '+Cu1,!Cai$ w+o !,ro.e ,o e!,a0li!+ a
admii!,ra,i.e "ou,er)ar, ,o ,+e )urel& mili,ar& *o.erme, i ,+e '+ie!e maer> I
a*reeme, wi,+ ,+e Ui*ur li,era,i$ +e !e, u) '+ie!e$ Ta*u,$ Ui*ur$ ad Per!ia de)ar,me,!
wi,+i ,+e 8o*ol "+a"eller& G,+e Ui*ur 0ei* for a lo* ,ime ,+e mo!, im)or,a,H> T+e
8o*ol! +ad lo* +ad a !&!,em of "ourier! ,o !er.e ,+eir mili,ar& eed!$ ad Ye1lI '+Cu1,!Cai ad
+i! emula,or! or*ai;ed !,ore+ou!e! of *rai a, re*ular !,a*e! alo* ,+e!e rou,e!>
9
90o.e all$ Ye1
lI S736T *a.e ,+e 8o*ol Em)ire a !or, of fiAed 0ud*e,$ w+ere0& ,+e '+ie!e )aid ,aAe! i
!il.er$ !il#$ ad *rai$ a!!e!!ed 0& +ou!e+old!$ ad ,+e 8o*ol! "o,ri0u,ed10 )er "e, of ,+eir
+or!e!$ "a,,le$ ad !+ee)> To ,+i! ed$ ,+e "o?uered )ar,! of '+ia$ w+i"+ u) ,o ,+a, ,ime +ad
0ee re*arded merel& a! a !our"e of radom )luder$ were i 1750 di.ided i,o ,e di!,ri",!$ ea"+
wi,+ i,! admii!,ra,i.e !,aff of 8o*ol offi"ial! ad '+ie!e li,era,i> Ye1lI '+Cu1,!Cai al!o o)eed
!"+ool! i Pe#i* ad Pi*&a* for ,+e M'ofu"iaM edu"a,io of &ou* 8o*ol lord!$ ad a, ,+e
!ame ,ime re"rui,ed i,o ,+e 8o*ol "i.il !er.i"e a *rea, um0er of '+ie!e> MT+e em)ire$M +e
,old O*JdKi$ Mwa! "rea,ed o +or!e0a"#$ 0u, i, "ao, 0e *o.ered o +or!e0a"#>M
10

I addi,io ,o Ye1lI '+Cu1,!Cai$ O*JdKi )u, +i! fai,+ i ,+e Ne!,oria <era&i, '+i?ai$ w+om
%e*+i; <+a +ad alread& +oored ad w+om Piao 'ar)ii de!"ri0e! a! a M)ro,oo,ar&$M ,+a, i!$
a "+a"ellor of ,+e em)ire> Pellio, wri,e!4 MNo edi", "ould 0e )romul*a,ed i or,+er '+ia
wi,+ou, a lie wri,,e i Ui*ur wri,i* 0& '+i?ai>M
11

I ,+e mili,ar& !)+ere$ O*JdKiC! rei* wi,e!!ed ,+e "om)le,io of ,+e 8o*ol "o?ue!, of
or,+er '+ia$ Per!ia$ ad !ou,+er Ru!!ia>
-ESTR7CTIO1 OF THE 2I1 REA/M .( THE MO1,O/S
I '+ia$ fre!+ effor,! were "alled for> 9f,er 8u?aliC! dea,+ ad w+ile %e*+i; <+a wa! 0u!& i
,+e we!,$ ,+e <i +ad re*aied !ome of ,+eir ,erri,or&> T+i! a"ie, %ur"+id )eo)le$ i w+om ,+e
Tu*u! 0lood !,ill ra !,ro*l&$ di!)la&ed a a!,oi!+i* .i,ali,&> No, ol& +ad ,+e& remaied i
:oa$ roud <aife*$ ,+eir ew "a)i,al$ 0u, ,+e& +ad re"o.ered from ,+e 8o*ol! almo!, ,+e
w+ole of ,+e Wei 0a!i i "e,ral S+e!i$ i"ludi* ,+e im)or,a, !,ro*+old of Tu*#wa$
w+i"+ "o.ered ,+e e,ra"e ,o :oa> T+e& al!o ,oo# )o!!e!!io of ,+e for,re!! of :o"+u*
GPu"+owH$ w+i"+ wa! !i,ua,ed or,+ of ,+e Yellow Ri.er i ,+e !ou,+we!, "orer of S+a!i$
fa"i* Tu*#wa> T+e la!, <i ruler$ Ni1#ia1!u G177515LH$ "ould 0e*i ,o +o)e a*ai>
17

I 1751 ,+e 8o*ol! reo)eed +o!,ili,ie! 0& !ei;i* ,+e ,ow! of ,+e Wei 0a!i4 Pi*lia*$
De*!ia*$ ad !o o> Dor ,+e "am)ai* of 1757$ ,+e& "o"ei.ed a )la o ,+e *rad !"ale>
15
S737T Ua0le ,o for"e ,+e Tu*#wa )a!!$ ,+e& ou,fla#ed i, i ,+e or,+ea!, ad !ou,+we!,>
W+ile O*JdKi$ wi,+ ,+e mai 0od& of ,+e arm& ad a0uda, !u))lie! of war ma,erial$ "a),ured
:o"+u*=a a", w+i"+ la,er ea0led +im ,o "ro!! ,+e Yellow Ri.er dow!,ream=+i! 0ro,+er
Tolui wi,+ 50$000 +or!eme )erformed a +u*e "ir"ular !wee) ,+rou*+ ,+e !ou,+we!,>
(eli0era,el& .iola,i* Su* ,erri,or&$ +e )a!!ed from ,+e Wei .alle& i,o ,+e .alle& of ,+e u))er
:a$ "a),ured :a"+u* GNa"+e*E i Su* ,erri,or&H$ ad )ro"eeded alo* ,+e .alle& of ,+e
<iali* Ri.er i S;e"+wa$ w+ere +e de.a!,a,ed ,+e Paoi* di!,ri",> T+e$ ,uri* +i! for"e!
or,+ea!,ward$ +e mo.ed a"ro!! ,+e middle 0a!i of ,+e :a Gw+i"+ +e ,ra.er!ed i %auar&$
1757H ad !uddel& a))eared o <i ,erri,or& i !ou,+er :oa$ ear Na&a*> 9, ,+e !ame
,ime O*JdKi ad ,+e 0ul# of ,+e arm&$ +a.i* ,a#e :o"+u*$ "ro!!ed ,+e Yellow Ri.er ad
i.aded :oa from ,+e or,+ GDe0ruar&$ 1757H> T+e ,wo 8o*ol armie! made ,+eir @u",io i
,+e +ear, of :oa$ a, <I"+ow G,+e YI"+ow of moder ,ime!H$ ear w+i"+ ,ow Tolui +ad
"ru!+ed ,+e <i !ome da&! earlier>
1L

I ,+i! !u)reme ad fial 0a,,le$ ,+e <i *a.e )roof of a "oura*e ,+a, arou!ed ,+e admira,io of
,+e 8o*ol !,aff offi"er!$ w+o were eA)er,! i ,+e !u0@e",> T+eir *eeral! !u0mi,,ed ,o ,or,ure
ra,+er ,+a @oi for"e! wi,+ ,+e .i",or!> Bu, ,+eir !i,ua,io wa! de!)era,e> I ,+e or,+we!, ,+e
8o*ol! +ad ow a, la!, o""u)ied Tu*#wa G8ar"+$ 1757H> O*JdKi ordered +i! 0e!, !,ra,e*i!,$
SI0J,Ki$ ,+e .i",or of Per!ia ad Ru!!ia$ ,o 0e!ie*e <aife*$ ,+e <i "a)i,al> T+e "i,& wa! ,a#e$
ol& af,er )rolo*ed re!i!,a"e$ i 8a&$ 1755> Ye1lI '+Cu1,!Cai )er!uaded ,+e em)eror O*JdKi o,
,o de!,ro& ,+e )la"e$ w+i"+ ,+e"efor,+ would form )ar, of ,+e 8o*ol )o!!e!!io!> Before ,+e
ed "ame$ ,+e #i* Ni1#ia1!u +ad lef, <aife* ,o ,r& ,o or*ai;e re!i!,a"e i ,+e )ro.i"e!> 9,
fir!, +e ,oo# refu*e a, <wei,e+$ ad ,+e i ,+e li,,le !,ro*+old of T!Cai"+ow G%ui*H> I ,+i!
la,,er ,ow +e "ommi,,ed !ui"ide a! ,+e 8o*ol! were lau"+i* ,+eir fial a!!aul, GDe0ruar&1
8ar"+$ 175LH>
13
See#i* re.e*e a*ai!, i,! a"ie, eemie! ,+e <i$ ,+e Su* d&a!,& +ad le,
,+e 8o*ol! !ome "o,i*e,! of ifa,r& w+o +el)ed i ,+e "a),ure of ,+e "i,&>
T+e fall of T!Cai"+ow "om)le,ed ,+e aeAa,io of ,+e <i realm 0& ,+e 8o*ol Em)ire> Drom
,+a, ,ime o$ ,+e 8o*ol! S732T were immedia,e ei*+0or! of ,+e a,ioal '+ie!e em)ire of ,+e
Su*> I re,ur for ,+eir aid i ,+e fial 0a,,le a*ai!, ,+e <i$ O*JdKi allowed ,+e Su* ,o re,ai
"er,ai di!,ri",! i ,+e !ou,+ea!,er )oi, of )re!e,1da& :oa> T+e em)eror /i1,!u* G177316LH
=or ra,+er$ +i! *o.erme,=di!!a,i!fied wi,+ ,+e reward ad "o.e,i* ,+e w+ole of :oa$ wa!
fooli!+ eou*+ ,o a,,a"# ,+e 8o*ol!>
16
9, fir!, ,+e '+ie!e ,roo)! reo""u)ied <aife* ad
/o&a* G%ul&19u*u!,$ 175LH wi,+ou, fi*+,i*> T+e& were of "our!e immedia,el& dri.e ou, 0&
,+e 8o*ol!$ ad a, a 9uriltai +eld a, <ara#orum i 1753 O*JdKi de"ided u)o ,+e "o?ue!, of
,+e Su* Em)ire>
T+ree 8o*ol armie! i.aded i,> T+e fir!,$ "ommaded 0& Goda$
17
O*JdKiC! !e"od !o$
)ee,ra,ed S;e"+wa ad "a),ured '+e*,u GO",o0er$ 1756HE ,+e !e"od$ uder ,+e order! of
<u"+u$ ao,+er of O*JdKiC! !o!$ ad of Geeral Temu,ai$ o""u)ied Sia*&a* i :u)e+ i
8ar"+$ 1756> T+e ,+ird$ led 0& Pri"e <I10u?a
12
ad Geeral '+a*+a$ mar"+ed a! far a!
:wa*"+ow$ dowri.er from )re!e,1da& :a#ow$ o ,+e Ya*,;e$ 0u, were ua0le ,o remai
,+ere> I 1759 Sia*&a* al!o wa! ,o re.er, ,o ,+e Su*> I fa",$ a for,&1fi.e1&ear war wa!
0e*ii* G175L179H$ ad O*JdKi wa! ,o !ee o more ,+a ,+e earl& )ar, of i,> 9 four,+ 8o*ol
arm& +ad mar"+ed ,o !u0@u*a,e <orea> I (e"em0er$ 1751$ ,+e <orea "a)i,al <ae!o*$
or,+we!, of moder Seoul$ +ad 0ee ,a#e 0& ,+e 8o*ol!$ w+o )la"ed ,+e "ou,r& uder ,+eir
)ro,e",ora,e wi,+ !e.e,&1,wo daru*+a"+i ,o ru i,E 0u, i ,+e followi* &ear all ,+e!e 8o*ol
re!ide,! +ad 0ee ma!!a"red 0& ,+e order of ,+e #i* of <orea$ <o1,@o*$ w+o i %ul&$ 1757$
,oo# refu*e o ,+e li,,le i!lad of <a*+wa$ we!, of Seoul> T+e ew arm& di!)a,"+ed 0& O*JdKi
effe",i.el& o""u)ied <orea$ or a, lea!, ,+e mailad$ i 1756> T+e <orea "our,$ o ,+e o,+er
+ad$ de"lared i,! !u0mi!!io Gi, !e, e.o&! ,o a"#owled*e i,! .a!!aldom from 17L1 owardH$
0u, remaied for ao,+er ,+ir,& &ear! e!"o"ed o i,! i!lad>
19

CO1H7EST OF #ESTER1 PERSIA .( THE MO1,O/S
W+e O*JdKi a!"eded ,+e ,+roe$ Ira +ad &e, ,o 0e re"o?uered>
I No.em0er$ 1771$ %e*+i; <+a for"ed %alal ad1(i 8a*u0er,i$ +eir ,o ,+e <+wari;mia
em)ire$ ,o ,a#e refu*e i Idia S739T G)a*e 7L1H> T+e !ul,a of (el+i$ ,+e Tur# Il,u,mi!+$
wel"omed ,+e eAile ad *a.e +im +i! dau*+,er i marria*e$ 0u, %alal ad1 (i )lo,,ed a*ai!, +im
ad wa! 0ai!+ed G1775H> %e*+i; <+a ad ,+e 8o*ol *rad arm& +ad @u!, re,ured ,o
Tur#e!,a$ lea.i* <+ura!a ad 9f*+ai!,a i rui! 0e+id ,+em ad almo!, e,irel&
de)o)ula,ed$ a, lea!, !o far a! "i,ie! ad ,ow! were "o"ered> T+e!e re*io! formed a !or, of
o maC! lad i w+i"+ ,+e& +ad "rea,ed 0efore ,+eir de)ar,ure o re*ular form of admii!,ra,ioE
w+ile af,er %e0eC! ad SI0J,KiC! raid$ "e,ral ad we!,er Per!ia were i a !,a,e 0orderi* o
aar"+&> T+i! wa! o, a "o?ue!, i ,+e ,rue !e!e$ al,+ou*+ i, wa! ,+e wor# of a re*ular arm&
o)era,i* i a re*ular maer$ ad ,+e 8o*ol! +ad remaied ,+ere for ,+ree &ear!E i, wa! ,+e
w+irlwid )a!!a*e of a +orde>
%alal ad1(i ,oo# ad.a,a*e of ,+e 8o*ol!C !eemi* idiffere"e ,oward ,+e affair! of Ira ,o
re,ur ,o ,+a, "ou,r& i 177L>
70
9! re)re!e,a,i.e of ,+e la!, le*i,ima,e )ower )re"edi* ,+e
8o*ol !,orm$ +e foud o diffi"ul,& i 0ei* re"o*i;ed a! !ul,a 0& ,+e a,a0e*! or +eredi,ar&
Tur#i" *o.eror! of <erma G<irmaH ad Dar! Gi <erma$ Bora? :a@@i0$ fouder of ,+e lo"al
\u,lu*+1#+a d&a!,&E i Dar!$ SaCd i01Xe*i$ 119311776$ of ,+e Sal*+urid d&a!,&H> Drom
S+ira;$ %alal ad1(i we, o ,o !ei;e I!)a+a ad Ira? C9@ami from +i! ow 0ro,+er G+i&a,+ ad1
(i$ w+o +ad "ar.ed +im!elf ou, a )ri"i)ali,& ,+ere G177LHE +e ,+e !e, for,+ ,o !u0@u*a,e
9;er0ai@a> T+e a,a0e* of 9;er0ai@a$ R;0e* G1710173H$ of ,+e )owerful Tur#i" feudal +ou!e
w+i"+ +ad *o.ered ,+a, )ro.i"e !i"e 1156$ +ad "o,ri.ed i re,ur for !u0!,a,ial ,ri0u,e ,o
!ur.i.e %e0eC! ad SI0J,KiC! i.a!ioE wi,+ %alal ad1(i$ +e wa! le!! for,ua,e> T+e ew i.ader
for"ed Ta0ri; ,o "a)i,ula,e ad wa! re"o*i;ed ,+rou*+ou, ,+e )ro.i"e G1773H> Drom ,+ere ,+e
<+wari;mia )ri"e we, o ,o a,,a"# Geor*ia> Dour &ear! earlier$ ,+i! '+ri!,ia #i*dom +ad
!uffered ,+e o!lau*+, of %e0e ad SI0J,Ki$ ad wa! )aifull& re"o.eri* from ,+i! uder ,+e rule
of ,+e famou! \uee Ru!uda G17751L7H$ !i!,er ad +eire!! of Gior*i III$ w+e %alal ad1(i
a))eared> T+e !ul,a defea,ed ,+e Geor*ia! a, <ari Gor GariH i 9u*u!,$ 1773> I a !e"od raid
,+e followi* &ear +e !a"#ed Tifli!$ w+ere i 8ar"+ +e de!,ro&ed all ,+e '+ri!,ia "+ur"+e!> I
1772 +e re,ured a ,+ird ,ime ad$ a, 8idor ear /ore$ defea,ed ,+e Geor*ia arm& of S760T ,+e
+i*+ "o!,a0le I.ae>
71
T+e!e 'au"a!ia eA)edi,io! "o!olida,ed %alal ad1(iC! )ower i
9;er0ai@a>
:e ow foud +im!elf ma!,er of ,+e w+ole of we!,er Ira4 <erma$ Dar!$ Ira? C9@ami$ ad
9;er0ai@a$ wi,+ I!)a+a ad Ta0ri; a! +i! "a)i,al!> T+i! "o!,i,u,ed a )ar,ial re!,ora,io of ,+e
old <+wari;mia em)ire wi,+ a !+if, ,oward ,+e we!,> Bu, ,+i! illu!,riou! #i*+, wa! !,ra*el&
la"#i* i )oli,i"al !e!e> Wi,+ all ,+e da!+ ad dari* ,+a, made +im oe of ,+e mo!, da;;li*
)aladi! of ,+e 8u!lim world$ ,+i! +eir of ,+e !ul,a! of <+wari;m$ w+ile o""u)&i* ,+e ,+roe
of Per!ia$ "o,iued ,o 0e+a.e li#e a #i*+,1erra,> I!,ead of "o!olida,i* +i! ew Per!ia
realm i )re)ara,io for ,+e ie.i,a0le re,ur of ,+e 8o*ol!$ ,+i! "+am)io of I!lam ?uarreled
wi,+ ,+e "+ief 8u!lim )ri"e! of We!,er 9!ia$ w+o were +i! a,ural allie!> I 177L +e
,+rea,eed ,+e "ali)+ of Ba*+dad wi,+ i.a!io$ ad ,+e$ o 9)ril 7$ 1750$ af,er a )rolo*ed
!ie*e$ !ei;ed ,+e for,re!! of <+ila, Gor,+we!, of /a#e Va$ i 9rmeiaH from ,+e 9&&u0id !ul,a
of (ama!"u!$ al19!+raf>
77
Diall&$ +e 0rou*+, u)o +im!elf ,+e "oali,io of al19!+raf ad ,+e
Sel@u# !ul,a C 9la ad1(i <ai1\o0ad G<a&#o0adH I$ #i* of Tur#i" 9!ia 8ior G,+e <o&a
!ul,aa,eH> I 9u*u!,$ 1750$ ,+e!e ,wo )ri"e! ifli",ed a "ru!+i* defea, u)o +im ear
Er;i"a> I, wa! )re"i!el& a, ,+i! @u",ure ,+a, ,+e 8o*ol! lau"+ed a fre!+ i.a!io>
To )u, a !,o) ,o ,+i! ueA)e",ed re!,ora,io of ,+e <+wari;mia em)ire$ O*JdKi +ad @u!, !e, a
arm& of 50$000 me i,o Per!ia$ "ommaded 0& ,+e noyan '+orma*+a or '+orma?a>
75
(uri*
,+e wi,er of 1750151$ ,+e 8o*ol! arri.ed a, li*+,i* !)eed 0& wa& of <+ura!a ad Rai
0efore %alal ad1(i +ad ,ime ,o mu!,er +i! ,roo)!$ ad made !,rai*+, for 9;er0ai@a$ +i! u!ual
re!ide"e> 9, ,+i! ew! ,+e illu!,riou! )aladi lo!, +i! +ead> /ea.i* Ta0ri;$ +e fled ,oward ,+e
)lai! of 8u*a ad 9rra$ ear ,+e mou,+ of ,+e 9ra! G9raAe!H ad ,+e <uraE ,+e ,o
(i&ar0a#ir$ ,railed all ,+e wa&$ li#e +i! fa,+er 0efore +im$ 0& 8o*ol li*+, +or!eme> I ,+e ed
+e )eri!+ed o0!"urel&$ murdered i ,+e mou,ai! of (i&ar0a#ir o 9u*u!, 13$ 1751$ 0& a
<urdi!+ )ea!a,>
Dor ,e &ear!$ 17511L1$ '+orma*+a remaied a, ,+e +ead of ,+e 8o*ol arm& e"am)ed i
or,+we!,er Per!ia> :e e!,a0li!+ed +i! re*ular +ead?uar,er! i ,+e )lai! of 8u*a ad 9rra$
o ,+e lower rea"+e! of ,+e <ura ad 9ra!$
7L
0e"au!e S761T ,+i! !,e))e wi,+ i,! lu!+ *ra!! !ui,ed
+i! "a.alr&> Dor ,+e !ame rea!o ,+e 8u*a ad 9rra "ou,r& wa!$ from 1736 oward$ oe of
,+e fa.ori,e )la"e! of !o@our of ,+e 8o*ol #+a! of Per!ia> I, wa! from ,+e!e )a!,ure lad! i
,+e or,+we!, of 9;er0ai@a ,+a, for a +udred &ear! ,+e 8o*ol! *o.ered a"ie, !ede,ar&
Ira wi,+ i,! )oli!+ed ur0a "i.ili;a,io>
9f,er %alal ad1(iC! di!a))eara"e$ '+orma*+a !e, +i! li,,le arm& ,o )illa*e ,+e Irao1
8e!o)o,amia 0orderlad!> I 9rmeia ,+e 8o*ol! ma!!a"red ,+e i+a0i,a,! of Bi,li! ad
Er"i! G9r@i!+H> I 9;er0ai@a ,+e& ,oo# )o!!e!!io of 8ara*+e+$ w+ere ,+e& al!o idul*ed i ,+eir
"u!,omar& !lau*+,er> Profi,i* 0& eAam)le$ ,+e )eo)le of Ta0ri; !urredered$ )aid all ,+a, wa!
demaded$ ad a))ea!ed '+orma*+a 0& maufa",uri* )re"iou! fa0ri"! for ,+e *rad #+a
O*JdKi G1755H> I ,+e !ou,+$ (i&ar0a#ir ad ,+e "ou,r& of Er0il were +orri0l& de.a!,a,ed> I0
al19,+ir de!"ri0e! !ome of ,+e!e !"ee! of "ara*e4
9 ma of ,+e Ni!i0i re*io ,old me ,+a,$ w+e +idde i a +ou!e$ +e wa,"+ed ,+rou*+ a
o)ei* w+a, wa! *oi* o ou,!ide> Ea"+ ,ime ,+e 8o*ol! were a0ou, ,o #ill !omeoe$ ,+e&
!+ou,ed Ui deri!io ,+a, 8u!lim formulaV4 Mla ilaha illa allah>M T+e ma!!a"re o.er$ ,+e&
)ludered ,+e ,ow ad "arried off ,+e wome> I !aw ,+em froli"#i* o ,+eir +or!e!$ +e !aidE
,+e& lau*+ed$ ,+e& !a* i ,+eir ow la*ua*e$ ad ,+e& !aid4 Mla ilaha illa allah>M
:ere i! ao,+er ae"do,e$ arra,ed 0& ,+e !ame I0 al19,+ir4
I +a.e 0ee ,old ,+i*! ,+a, are +ard ,o 0elie.e$ !o *rea, wa! ,+e ,error ,+a, 9lla+ +ad !,ru"# i,o
all +ear,!> I, i! rela,ed$ for eAam)le$ ,+a, a !i*le Ta,ar +or!ema rode i,o a de!el& )o)ula,ed
.illa*e ad 0e*a #illi* ,+e i+a0i,a,! oe af,er ,+e o,+er$ wi,+ou, a&oe ,r&i* ,o defed
+im!elf> I +a.e +eard ,+a, oe Ta,ar$ +a.i* o wea)o o +im ad wi!+i* ,o #ill !omeoe
w+om +e +ad ,a#e )ri!oer$ ordered ,+e ma ,o lie dow o ,+e *roud$ ,+e we, ad fe,"+ed a
!word ad !lew ,+e wre,"+$ w+o +ad o, !,irred> Someoe ,old me ,+i! !,or&4 MI wa! o ,+e road
wi,+ !e.e,ee o,+er!E we !aw a Ta,ar +or!ema arri.e w+o ,old u! ,o ,ie ea"+ o,+erC! +ad!
0e+id our 0a"#!> 8& "om)aio! 0e*a ,o o0e& +im$ ad I !aid ,o ,+em4 CT+i! ma i! aloeE we
mu!, #ill +im ad ru awa&$CCWeCre ,oo fri*+,eed$C ,+e& a!wered> I ,+e ur*ed ,+em4 CBu, ,+i!
ma i! *oi* ,o #ill &ou> /e, u! #ill +im[ I, ma& 0e ,+a, 9lla+ will !a.e u!>C Bu, u)o m& !oul o,
oe of ,+em dared ,o do i,> So I !,a00ed +im ,o dea,+ wi,+ m& #ife$ ad we fled ,o !afe,&>M
73

S767T
I ,+e 'au"a!u! ,+e 8o*ol! de!,ro&ed Ga@a ad ,+e i.aded Geor*ia ad for"ed \uee
Ru!uda ,o flee from Tifli! ,o <u,ai!i G"a> 1756H> T+e Tifli! re*io wa! ,a#e uder ,+e 8o*ol
)ro,e",ora,e$ ad ,+e Geor*ia feudal lord! +ad ,o !er.e a! auAiliarie! i ,+e 8o*ol war!> I
1759$ i Grea, 9rmeia$ '+orma*+a !ei;ed ad !a"#ed ,+e ,ow! of 9i ad <ar!$ w+i"+
0elo*ed ,o ,+e famil& of ,+e Geor*ia +i*+ "o!,a0le I.ae>
76

(e!)i,e +i! a",! of war "ommi,,ed i Geor*ia ad 9rmeia ,erri,orie!$ '+orma*+a wa! o,
+o!,ile i )ri"i)le ,o '+ri!,iai,&$ for ,+ere were Ne!,oria! amo* +i! ow #i!me>
77
8oreo.er$ duri* ,+e )eriod of +i! "ommad$ 0e,wee 1755 ad 17L1$ w+e +e wa! i
9;er0ai@a$ ,+e *rad #+a O*JdKi !e, ,o +im ,+e S&ria" '+ri!,ia Simeo$ "alled Ra00a1a,a$
a! "ommi!!ioer for '+ri!,ia affair!> T+i! ma did mu"+ ,o )ro,e", ,+e 9rmeia
"ommui,ie!>
72

'+orma*+a wa! !u""eeded a! leader of ,+e 8o*ol arm& i Per!ia G,+a, i!$ ,+e arm& of 8u*a
ad 9rraH 0& ,+e noyan Bai@u$ w+o wa! ,o +old ,+i! a))oi,me, from 17L7 ,o 1736>
79
Bai@u
made a im)or,a, "o,ri0u,io ,o ,+e 8o*ol "o?ue!, 0& a,,a"#i* ,+e Sel@u# !ul,aa,e of
<o&a> T+i! *rea, Tur#i" #i*dom of 9!ia 8ior$ ruled 0& ,+e !ul,a <ai1<+o!rau G17571 L3H$
!eemed ,+e ,o 0e a, ,+e +ei*+, of i,! )ower> Bu, Bai@u$ +a.i* ,a#e ad )ludered Er;urum i
17L7$ ifli",ed a "ru!+i* defea, o ,+e Sel@u# arm&$ "ommaded 0& ,+e !ul,a i )er!o$ i
<J;Kda*+$ ear Er;i"a G%ue 76$ 17L5H> 9f,er ,+i! .i",or& +e o""u)ied Si.a!$ w+i"+
!urredered )rom),l& ad wa! merel& )ludered> To#a, ad <a&!eri$ w+i"+ a,,em),ed re!i!,a"e$
were "om)le,el& !a"#ed> <ai1<+o!rau 0e**ed for )ea"e ad o0,aied i, 0& a"#owled*i*
+im!elf ,+e .a!!al of ,+e *rad #+a> T+i! "am)ai* eA,eded ,+e 8o*ol Em)ire ,o ,+e 0order!
of ,+e Gree# Em)ire>
50

T+e a!,u,e ruler of 9rmeia G,+a, i!$ 'ili"iaH$ :e,+um I G1776169H$ wa! "le.er eou*+ ,o )la"e
+im!elf .olu,aril& uder 8o*ol !u;erai,& i 17LL> T+i! )oli"&$ followed 0& all +i! !u""e!!or!$
!e"ured ,o ,+e 9rmeia! ,+e ew lord! of 9!ia a! defeder! a*ai!, Sel@u# or 8amelu#e I!lam>
51
I 17L3$ Bai@u "o!olida,ed 8o*ol domia,io i <urdi!,a 0& o""u)&i* <+ila, ad 9mid>
T+e 8o*ol! ,+e +aded o.er <+ila, ,o ,+eir Geor*ia .a!!al! of ,+e I.ae "la> T+e a,a0e* of
8o!ul$ Badr S765T ad1(i /ulu$ w+o wa! a! )rude, a )oli,i"ia a! :e,+um$ a"#owled*ed
8o*ol !u;erai,& of +i! ow a""ord>
.AT70S A1- SL.ITOI0S CAMPAI,1S I1 E7ROPE
9, ,+i! ,ime$ 0& "ommad of ,+e *rad #+a O*JdKi$ a *rea, 8o*ol arm&$ 130$000 !,ro*$ wa!
a",i.e i Euro)e> I, wa! omiall& uder ,+e leader!+i) of Ba,u$ #+a of ,+e 9ral !,e))e! ad of
,+e Ural!$ aroud w+om were *rou)ed ,+e re)re!e,a,i.e! of all ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e 0ra"+e!4
Orda$ Ber#e$ ad S+a&0a$ Ba,uC! 0ro,+er!E GI&I# ad \adaCa$ +i! !o!E \aidu$ O*JdKiC!
*rad!oE 8o*#a$ ToluiC! !oE Baidar ad BIri$ !o ad *rad!o of %a*a,ai>
57
T+e real leader
wa! SI0J,Ki$ ,+e .i",or of Per!ia$ Ru!!ia$ ad '+ia$ w+o wa! ow a0ou, !iA,& &ear! of a*e>
9""ordi* ,o 8u!lim !our"e!$ ,+e "am)ai* o)eed i ,+e au,um of 1756 wi,+ ,+e de!,ru",io
of ,+e Tur#i" realm of ,+e <ama Bul*ar!> SI0J,Ki !a"#ed ad de!,ro&ed ,+eir "a)i,al$ ,+e ,radi*
"e,er of Bol*ar$ !i,ua,ed ear ,+e Vol*a$ !ou,+ of i,! "oflue"e wi,+ ,+e <ama>
55
GRu!!ia
!our"e! *i.e ,+e da,e of ,+e!e e.e,! a! ,+e au,um of 1757>H
I ,+e earl& !)ri* of 1757$ ,+e 8o*ol! a,,a"#ed ,+e )a*a$ omad$ ad +alf1!a.a*e Tur#! of ,+e
Ru!!ia !,e))e$ w+o were "alled <i)"+a#! 0& ,+e 8u!lim!$ 'uma! 0& ,+e :u*aria! ad
B&;a,ie!$ ad Polo.,!& 0& ,+e Ru!!ia!> Some of ,+e <i)"+a#! !urrederedE i, wa! ,+i!
eleme, ,+a, wa! la,er ,o form ,+e e,+i" ad *eo*ra)+i" 0a!i! of ,+e 8o*ol #+aa,e #ow ,o
,+e former lord! of ,+e "ou,r& a! ,+e M<i)"+a# #+aa,e>M <ow al!o a! ,+e MGolde :orde$M
,+e <i)"+a# #+aa,e 0elo*ed ,o oe of ,+e 0ra"+e! of %J"+iC! +ou!e> 9 <i)"+a# "+ief amed
Ba,"+ma la& i +idi* for !ome ,ime o ,+e 0a#! of ,+e Vol*a$ 0u, wa! "a),ured a, la!, o a
i!lad i ,+e lower )ar, of ,+e ri.er Gwi,er 1756157H>
5L
8o*#a +ad +im "u, i +alf> 9""ordi* ,o
,+e e.ide"e of Ra!+id ad1(i$ Ber#e led a ,+ird "am)ai* i 1752 w+i"+ ifli",ed fial defea,
o ,+e <i)"+a#!> I, wa! ,+e ,+a, ,+e <i)"+a# "+ief <u,a Gme,ioed earlier i "oe",io wi,+
%e0eC! "am)ai* of 1777H emi*ra,ed wi,+ for,& ,+ou!ad M+u,!M ,o :u*ar&$ w+ere +e wa!
"o.er,ed ,o '+ri!,iai,&> I ,+e wi,er of 17591L0 Gmore )re"i!el&$ aroud (e"em0er$ 1759H$ ,+e
8o*ol! "om)le,ed ,+e !u0@u*a,io of ,+e !,e))e! of !ou,+er Ru!!ia 0& "a),uri*$ S76LT uder
8o*#aC! leader!+i)$ ,+e "i,& of 8a*+a! G8a#a! or 8o#a!H$ w+i"+ !eemed ,o +a.e 0ee ,+e
"a)i,al of ,+e 9la! or 9! G9!od i 8o*oliaH>
53

I, wa! 0e,wee ,+e!e ,wo "am)ai*! i ,+e !,e))e! of !ou,+er Ru!!ia ,+a, ,+e eA)edi,io a*ai!,
,+e Ru!!ia )ri"i)ali,ie! ,+em!el.e! ,oo# )la"e> T+e ,erri,orial fra*me,a,io of ,+e!e
)ri"i)ali,ie! fa"ili,a,ed ,+e ,a!# of ,+e 8o*ol!> T+e ,wo 0ro,+er! Yurii ad Roma$ )ri"e! of
R&a;a$ !+u, ,+em!el.e! u) i R&a;a ad <oloma re!)e",i.el&> R&a;a wa! ,a#e$ Yurii wa!
#illed$ ad ,+e e,ire )o)ula,io wa! !lau*+,ered G(e"em0er 71$ 1757H> T+e mo!, )owerful of ,+e
Ru!!ia )ri"e!$ Yurii II$ *rad du#e of Su;dalia$ !e, reifor"eme,! i .ai ,o ,+e defeder! of
<oloma4 Roma wa! defea,ed ad #illed 0efore ,+e for,re!!$ ad <oloma i i,! ,ur wa!
"a),ured> 8o!"ow$ ,+e a !e"odar& ,ow$ wa! !a"#ed GDe0ruar&$ 1752H> T+e *rad du#e Yurii II
"ould o, )re.e, ,+e 8o*ol! from de!,ro&i* +i! "i,ie! of Su;dal ad Vladimir> Su;dal wa!
0ur,> Vladimir$ ,a#e 0& a!!aul, o De0ruar& 1L$ 1752$ wi,e!!ed !"ee! of +orrorE ,+e )eo)le
were ma!!a"red i ,+e "+ur"+e! i w+i"+ ,+e& +ad ,a#e refu*e amid ,+e "ofla*ra,io> Yurii II
+im!elf wa! defea,ed ad #illed i a de"i!i.e 0a,,le o ,+e Si,a or Si,i GS&a!H$ a ,ri0u,ar& of ,+e
8olo*a G8ar"+ L$ 1752H> O,+er 8o*ol de,a"+me,! !a"#ed Yaro!la.l ad T.er> No.*orod i
,+e or,+ wa! mo!, li#el& !a.ed ol& 0& ,+e ,+aw>
O)era,io! were re!umed a, ,+e ed of ,+e followi* &ear$ ,+i! ,ime a*ai!, ,+e !ou,+er ad
we!,er Gow mo!,l& U#raiiaH lad! of medie.al Ru!> 9f,er !a"#i* '+eri*o.$ ,+e 8o*ol!
"a),ured <ie. ad de!,ro&ed i, almo!, "om)le,el& G(e"em0er 6$ 17L0H> T+e& ,+e de.a!,a,ed ,+e
Ru!!ia )ri"i)ali,& of Gali"+ or Gali"ia$ ad i,! ruler (aiel ,oo# refu*e i :u*ar&>
I ,+e "our!e of ,+e!e eA)edi,io!$ di!!e!io +ad ari!e amo* ,+e 8o*ol )ri"e!> GI&I#$ oe
of O*JdKiC! !o!$ ad BIri$ a *rad!o of %a*a,ai$ 0o,+ of w+om re!e,ed Ba,uC! !u)erior
)o!i,io$ were *uil,& of !u"+ i!u0ordia,io ,oward +im ,+a, O*JdKi +ad ,o re"all ,+em> BIri
e.e +ad a .iole, al,er"a,io wi,+ Ba,u> 8o*#a$ ToluiC! !o$ al!o lef, ,+e arm&$ 0u, remaied o
*ood ,erm! wi,+ Ba,u> Ba,uC! di!a*reeme, wi,+ GI&I# ad BIri ad +i! fried!+i) wi,+ 8o*#a
were ,o +a.e a "o!idera0le effe", o !u0!e?ue, 8o*ol +i!,or&>
S763T
Drom w+a, i! ow ,+e U#raie$ )ar, of ,+e 8o*ol arm&$ uder Baidar ad \aidu$ lau"+ed a
a,,a"# o Polad>
56
(uri* ,+e wi,er of 17L01L1 ,+e 8o*ol! "ro!!ed ,+e fro;e Vi!,ula
GDe0ruar& 15$ 17L1H$ !a"#ed Sadomier;$ ad ad.a"ed a! far a! ,+e ou,!#ir,! of 'ra"ow> T+e&
defea,ed a Poli!+ arm& a, '+mieli# o 8ar"+ 12$ 17L1$ ad mar"+ed o 'ra"ow$ w+e"e ,+e
Poli!+ #i* Bole!la. IV fled ,o 8ora.ia> Didi* 'ra"ow de!er,ed 0& i,! i+a0i,a,!$ ,+e
8o*ol! !e, fire ,o i,> T+e& )ee,ra,ed Sile!ia uder ,+e "ommad of a )ri"e w+om Poli!+
+i!,oria! "all Pe,a=o dou0, Baidar="ro!!ed ,+e Oder GOdraH a, Ra,i0or$ ad "la!+ed wi,+ ,+e
Poli!+ du#e :er& of Sile!ia$ w+o "ommaded a arm& of 50$000 "o!i!,i* of Pole!$ Germa
"ru!ader!$ ad Teu,oi" <i*+,!> O 9)ril9 ,+i! arm& wa! ai+ila,ed ad ,+e du#e #illed a,
Wa+l!,a,,$ ear /ie*i,; G/e*i"aH> 9f,er ,+i! .i",or& ,+e 8o*ol! we, i,o 8ora.ia ad laid
wa!,e ,+e "ou,r&$ 0u, were ua0le ,o ,a#e ,+e ,ow of Olomou" GOlmI,;H$ defeded 0& Yaro!la.
of S,er0er*> Drom 8ora.ia ,+i! "or)! re@oied ,+e o,+er 8o*ol armie! o)era,i* i :u*ar&>
Ideed$ duri* ,+i! ,ime ,+e o,+er 8o*ol for"e!$ uder Ba,uC! "ommad ad SI0J,KiC! dire",io$
+ad )ee,ra,ed :u*ar& i ,+ree de,a"+me,!4 oe$ led 0& S+a&0a$ "ame 0& ,+e or,+$ 0e,wee
Polad ad 8ora.iaE ,+e !e"od$ uder Ba,u$ "omi* from Gali"ia$ for"ed ,+e 'ar)a,+ia defile!
0e,wee U*.ar GU;+*orodH ad 8u#a"! G8u#a"+e.oH$ ad o 8ar"+ 17$ 17L1$ rou,ed ,+e
"ou, )ala,ie w+o!e ,a!# wa! ,o defed ,+emE ,+e ,+ird$ uder ,+e "ommad of \adaCa$
ad.a"ed from 8olda.ia ,o Oradea ad '!aad$ w+i"+ were ,+e de!,ro&ed ad ,+e i+a0i,a,!
ma!!a"red wi,+ e.er& !or, of a,ro"i,&> T+e!e for"e! a!!em0led$ a, lea!, )ar,iall&$ o))o!i,e Pe!,
0e,wee ,+e 7d ad 3,+ of 9)ril>
57
9, Pe!,$ BBla IV$ #i* of :u*ar&$ +a!,il& *a,+ered ,o*e,+er
+i! arm&> W+e +e ad.a"ed ,o mee, ,+e eem& o 9)ril 7$ ,+e 8o*ol! !lowl& wi,+drew a! far
a! ,+e "oflue"e of ,+e Sa@o ad ,+e Ti!;a> I, wa! ,+ere$ !ou,+ of 8o+i$ u)!,ream from ,+e
"oflue"e$ ,+a, o 9)ril11 SI0J,Ki wo oe of +i! fie!, .i",orie!> %u.aii ad Ra!+id ad1(i
de!"ri0e Ba,u o ,+e e.e of ,+e 0a,,le$ a!"edi* a +ei*+, i ,+e maer of %e*+i; <+a$ ,o
i.o#e TK*ri=:ea.e$ ,+e !u)reme dei,& of ,+e 8o*ol!=for a da& ad a i*+,>
T+e ,wo armie! were !e)ara,ed 0& ,+e Ri.er Sa@o> (uri* ,+e S766T i*+, of 9)ril 10111$ SI0J,Ki
0rou*+, +i! ,roo)! a"ro!! ,+e ri.er 0e,wee Girie! ad Na*& ';e#!>
52
O ,+e followi*
mori*$ +e !e, forward +i! wi*!$ w+i"+ ou,fla#ed ad e"ir"led ,+e eem& "am) a! far a!
S;a#ald> 9""ordi* ,o %u.aii$ ,+e de"i!i.e "+ar*e wa! led 0& S+a&0a$ Ba,uC! 0ro,+er> T+e
:u*aria! were u,,erl& defea,ed ad were ei,+er ma!!a"red or )u, ,o fli*+,>
T+e 8o*ol! !,ormed ad 0ured Pe!,$ w+ile <i* BBla ,oo# refu*e o ,+e 9dria,i"> T+e
)o)ula,io wa! !u0@e",ed ,o u!)ea#a0le a,ro"i,ie!$ mo!, of,e followed 0& ma!! eAe"u,io> T+e
-ogerii carmen miserabile i! full of ,ra*i" !,orie!$ all ali#e4 ,+e 8o*ol! ,rea"+erou!l&
e"oura*e ,+e fleei* i+a0i,a,! ,o re,ur ,o ,+eir +ome!$ wi,+ ,+e )romi!e of a "om)le,e
ame!,&E +a.i* ,+u! rea!!ured ,+em$ ,+e& "u, ,+em dow ,o ,+e la!, ma> 9, o,+er ,ime! ,+e&
dri.e ,+eir "a),i.e! 0efore ,+em ,o !,orm for,ified "i,ie!> MT+e& !,a&ed 0e+id ,+e!e ufor,ua,e!$
lau*+i* a, ,+o!e w+o fell$ !la&i* ,+o!e w+o re,rea,ed>M :a.i* "om)elled ,+e )ea!a,! ,o
+ar.e!, ,+eir "ro)! for ,+em$ ,+e& #illed ,+em a! ,+e& #illed=af,er .iola,i* ,+em=,+e wome
of ,+e area! ,+e& e.a"ua,ed$ 0efore *oi* o ,o "o,iue ,+eir ra.a*e! el!ew+ere>
59
T+e e,ire
"ou,r& a! far a! ,+e (au0e "ame uder ,+eir &o#e$ wi,+ ,+e eA"e),io of a few "i,adel! li#e
Gra GS,ri*oium$ E!;,er*omH ad 9l0a1Iulia$ w+i"+ re!i!,ed> I %ul&$ 17L1$ 8o*ol forward
,roo)! e.e rea"+ed Neu!,ad,$ ear Viea> Ba,u +im!elf "ro!!ed ,+e fro;e (au0e o
(e"em0er 73$ 17L1$ ad we, o ,o "a),ure Gra>
T+e 8o*ol! remaied a, re!, i ,+e :u*aria pus!ta$ w+i"+ dou0,le!! remided ,+em of ,+eir
a,i.e !,e))e$ ,+rou*+ou, ,+e !ummer ad au,um of 17L1> 9, ,+e 0e*ii* of 17L7 ,+e& did o
more ,+a !ed Pri"e \adaCa i )ur!ui, of <i* BBla$ w+o +ad ,a#e refu*e i 'roa,ia> O ,+e
a))roa"+ of ,+e 8o*ol ad.a"e *uard$ BBla e!"a)ed ,o ,+e (alma,ia ar"+i)ela*o> \adaCa
)re!!ed o ,o S)li, GS)ala,oH ad <o,or G'a,,aroH o ,+e 9dria,i"$ ad did o, re,ur ,o :u*ar&
u,il +e +ad !a"#ed ,+e la,,er "i,& G8ar"+$ 17L7H>
8eaw+ile i 8o*olia$ o (e"em0er 11$ 17L1$ ,+e *rad #+a O*JdKi 0ad died> T+e ?ue!,io
of ,+e !u""e!!io w+i"+ ,+e aro!e "au!ed ,+e 8o*ol! ,o e.a"ua,e :u*ar&> GI&I# ad
8o*#a +ad alread& re,ured ,o 8o*olia$ ad ,+e o,+er arm& leader! were i +a!,e ,o do ,+e
!ame> T+ere i! o dou0, ,+a, ,+i! !a.ed ,+e We!, from ,+e *ra.e!, da*er i, +ad fa"ed S767T !i"e
9,,ila> T+e 8o*ol! 0e*a ,o wi,+draw$ o,$ +owe.er$ wi,+ou, i!,illi* a fal!e !e!e of !e"uri,&
i ,+eir )ri!oer!$ w+o were ,old ,+a, ,+e& were free ,o re,ur +ome$ ol& ,o 0e o.er,a#e ad "u,
dow> I ,+e !)ri* of 17L7$ Ba,u !lowl& ,oo# ,+e rou,e ,o ,+e Bla"# Sea .ia Bul*aria$ w+e"e$
af,er )a!!i* ,+rou*+ Walla"+ia ad 8olda.ia$ +e arri.ed i ,+e wi,er of 17L71L5 a, +i!
e"am)me,! o ,+e lower Vol*a>
T+e re!ul, of ,+e 8o*ol "am)ai*! of 17561L7 wa! ,o i"rea!e "o!idera0l& %J"+iC! domai!
we!, of ,+e Vol*a> T+i! ulu!$ i %e*+i; <+aC! will$ wa! ,o i"lude all ,erri,orie! we!, of ,+e
Ir,&!+ ,rodde 0& 8o*ol +or!e!E ad ow ,+eir +oofmar#! +ad )ri,ed ,+e !oil from ,+e Ir,&!+ ,o
,+e lower (ie!,er$ ad e.e ,o ,+e mou,+! of ,+e (au0e> T+e!e +u*e ,erri,orie! 0e"ame Ba,uC!$
,+e more le*i,ima,el& i ,+a, +e +ad 0ee a, lea!, ,+e omial "+ief of ,+e 17561L7 "am)ai*>
T+e"eforward +e wa! ,o 0e #ow ,o +i!,or& 0& ,+e ame of ,+e "o?uered "ou,r&$ a! *(han
of (ipchak6*
TIRO,O1O0S RE,E1C( BCD9D%9AF
9, O*JdKiC! dea,+ o (e"em0er 11$ 17L1$ ,+e re*e"& wa! e,ru!,ed ,o +i! widow$ ,+e eer*e,i"
#+a,u TJrK*KK>
L0
T+i! )ri"e!!$ w+o!e fir!, +u!0ad +ad 0ee a 8Kr#i,
L1
ad w+o i! !aid ,o
+a.e 0ee a 8Kr#i, +er!elf$ ,+ou*+ !+e wa! more )ro0a0l& a Naima$ +eld )ower from 17L7 ,o
17L6> O*JdKi +ad fir!, i,eded a! +i! !u""e!!or +i! ,+ird !o <u"+uE ,+e$ w+e <u"+u wa!
#illed i ,+e war a*ai!, ,+e Su* G1756H$ +i! "+oi"e fell u)o <u"+uC! elde!, !o$ ,+e &ou*
S+irKmJ> Bu, TJrK*KK wa,ed +er ow !o GI&I# ,o 0e *rad #+a$ ad )rolo*ed +er
re*e"& ,o )re)are for +i! ele",io>
TJrK*KKC! re*e"& wa! mar#ed 0& ,+e la)!e from fa.or of a um0er of O*JdKiC! ad.i!er!$
e!)e"iall& ,+a, of ,+e Ne!,oria <era&i, '+i?ai$ ,+e "+a"ellor of ,+e de"ea!ed em)eror$
L7
ad of
,+e Sii"i;ed <+i,a Ye1lI '+Cu1,!Cai$ w+o +ad 0ee O*JdKiC! fia"e mii!,er$ 0u, w+om !+e
re)la"ed 0& ,+e 8u!lim 90d ar1 Ra+ma> C90d ar1Ra+ma )romi!ed ,o dou0le ,+e re.eue from
,aAa,io> Ye1lI '+Cu1,!Cai$ fidi* +i! wi!e "ou!el! !"ored ad fore!eei* ,+e eA"e!!i.e 0urde
,+a, would 0e laid u)o ,+e )eo)le$ died of *rief !+or,l& af,erward a, <ara#orum$ a*ed ol& fif,&1
fi.e G%ue$ 17LLH> TJrK*KK di!mi!!ed ,wo o,+er *rea, S762T admii!,ra,or!4 oe$ ,+e 8u!lim
8a!Cud Yala.a"+$ *o.eror of Tur#e!,a ad Tra!oAiaa$ !+e *o, rid of ,em)oraril&E ,+e o,+er$
<Jr*I; ,+e Ui*ur$ *o.eror of ea!,er Per!ia$ !+e )u, ,o dea,+ ad re)la"ed 0& ,+e Oira, 9r*+u
9*+a>
T+e re*e,C! )ower$ al,+ou*+ )ro,e",ed 0& old %a*a,ai$ wa! 0a!ed o !+a#& fouda,io!>
L5
S+or,l&
af,er ,+e 0e*ii* of +er rule$ %e*+i; <+aC! &ou*e!, 0ro,+er Temu*e O"+i*i$ w+o!e
a))aa*e eA,eded$ a! we !aw$ from ea!,er 8o*olia ,o ,+e <iri re*io$ ad.a"ed wi,+ +i!
,roo)! u)o ,+e im)erial ordu wi,+ !omew+a, du0iou! i,e,> GI&I#C! re,ur from Euro)e ,o +i!
ow ulus of ,+e Imil "au!ed ,+e!e e.il de!i*! ,o e.a)ora,e> 8ore !eriou! wa! ,+e +o!,ili,& of
Ba,u$ #+a of <i)"+a# ad ,+e )er!oal eem& of GI&I#$ ,oward w+om +e fel, 0i,,er re!e,me,
0e"au!e of GI&I#C! di!o0edie"e duri* ,+e Ru!!ia "am)ai*$ for w+i"+ +e +ad +ad ,o 0e
re"alled> Ba,u ,+erefore did all +e "ould ,o dela& ,+e 9uriltai a, w+i"+ TJrK*KK +o)ed ,o +a.e
GI&I# ele",ed> W+e ,+e a!!em0l& wa! a, la!, "alled$ 0e fei*ed ille!! ,o a.oid a,,edi* i,>
LL

,)y)&0S REI,1 BCD9A%9GF
T+e 9uriltai wa! +eld i ,+e !)ri* ad !ummer of 17L6 ear ,+e li,,le <o#o Nor ad ,+e !our"e!
of ,+e Or#+o$ o, far from <ara#orum> :ere !)ra* u) ,+e *rea, ,e, "i,& of ,+e sira%ordo$ ,+e
Yellow GGoldeH Re!ide"e$ a, w+i"+ all ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e )ri"e!=wi,+ ,+e eA"e),io of
Ba,u=made +a!,e ,o a))ear$ ,o*e,+er wi,+ ma& )ro.i"ial *o.eror! ad .a!!al #i*!> 9mo*
,+e di*i,arie! )re!e, were 8a!Cud Yala.a"+$ o"e more admii!,ra,or of Tur#e!,a ad
Tra!oAiaaE 9r*+u 9*+a$ admii!,ra,or of Per!iaE ,+e ,wo Geor*ia )re,eder! (a.id Nari
ad (a.id /a!+aE ,+e Ru!!ia *rad du#e Yaro!la.E Sem)ad ,+e +i*+ "o!,a0le$ 0ro,+er of
:e,+um I$ #i* of 9rmeia G'ili"iaHE
L3
,+e Sel@u# \ili"+ 9r!la IV$ af,erward G17L9H !ul,a of
9!ia 8iorE e.o&! from ,+e a,a0e*! of <ermaE ad e.e a em0a!!& from ,+e "ali)+ of
Ba*+dad> I "om)lia"e wi,+ ,+e wi!+e! of ,+e ?uee re*e, TJrK*KK$ ,+e 9uriltai ele",ed a!
*rad #+a +er !o 0& O*JdKi$ )ri"e GI&I#$ w+o wa! e,+roed o 9u*u!, 7L$ 17L6>
L6
T+e ew
*rad #+a a""e),ed )ower ol& o "odi,io ,+a, ,+e em)ire !+ould remai +eredi,ar& i +i!
lie> MT+e ,+e 8o*ol )ri"e! remo.ed ,+eir "a)!$ u0u"#led ,+eir 0el,!$ "au!ed S769T GI&I#
,o 0e !ea,ed o a *olde ,+roe$ ad !alu,ed +im wi,+ ,+e ,i,le of 9aan> T+e mem0er! of ,+e
a!!em0l& did +oma*e ,o ,+e ew moar"+ 0& ie )ro!,ra,io!$ w+ile ,+e mul,i,ude *a,+ered i
,+e )lai=.a!!al )ri"e! ad forei* am0a!!ador!$ w+o remaied re!)e",full& ou,!ide ,+e
)re"i",! of ,+e im)erial )a.ilio =)ro!,ra,ed ,+em!el.e! li#ewi!e$ ,+eir fa"e! ,o ,+e *roud>M
L7

T+e 9uriltai of 17L6 i! #ow ,+rou*+ ,+e a""ou, wri,,e 0& ,+e Dra"i!"a friar Piao 'ar)iiE
0e +ad 0ee !e, ,o ,+e 8o*ol! 0& Po)e Io"e, IV a! ,+e 0earer of )o,ifi"al le,,er! e,rea,i*
,+em ,o a,,a"# o,+er a,io! o lo*er ad ,o 0e"ome '+ri!,ia!> S,ar,i* from /&o! o 9)ril
16$ 17L3$ +e @oure&ed a"ro!! Germa&$ Polad$ ad Ru!!ia> G:e lef, <ie. o De0ruar& 5$ 17L6>H
O 9)ril L$ 17L6$ 0e wa! re"ei.ed o ,+e lower Vol*a 0& Ba,u ,+e #+a of <i)"+a#> Ba,u !e,
+im o ,o ,+e *rad #+a 0& wa& of ,+e old <ara1<+i,ai "ou,r&$ !ou,+ of /a#e Bal#+a!+= ,+e
u!ual rou,e wa! 0& O,rar$ ,+e lower Ili$ ad ,+e Imil=ad ,+rou*+ ,+e former Naima "ou,r&>
O %ul& 77$ 17L6$ Piao 'ar)ii arri.ed a, ,+e im)erial "am) Gsira%ordoH$ +alf a da&C! @oure&
from <ara#orum$ w+ere ,+e 9uriltai wa! i !e!!io> :e wi,e!!ed ,+e ele",io of GI&I#$ of
w+om +e +a! lef, ,+i! .i.id )or,rai,4 M9, ,+e ,ime of +i! ele",io$ +e wa! for,& or for,&1fi.e &ear!
old a, ,+e mo!,> :e wa! of middle +ei*+,$ .er& wi!e$ a!,u,e$ !eriou!$ ad mo!, *ra.e i +i! air ad
maer> :e wa! +ardl& e.er !ee ,o lau*+ or ma#e merr&>M I reli*io$ GI&I# fa.ored
Ne!,oriai!m> Piao 'ar)ii 0ear! wi,e!! ,+a, ,+e Ne!,oria! "ele0ra,ed ma!! 0efore GI&I#C!
,e,> :i! "+ief mii!,er!$ +i! ,u,or \ada? ad ,+e <era&i, "+a"ellor '+i?ai$ were ,+em!el.e!
Ne!,oria!>
L2
9o,+er of +i! "ou!elor! wa! ,+e MS&ria ra00a$M Ra00a1a,a Gi '+ie!e4 /i1
)ie1a1,aH$ Mw+o wa! i "+ar*e of affair! rela,i* ,o +i! reli*io>M
L9
I, wa! 0& ,+e media,io of
'+i?ai ad \ada? ,+a, Piao 'ar)ii eA)ouded ,+e )ur)o!e of +i! .i!i, ,o ,+e 8o*ol "our,>
:owe.er$ GI&I#C! re)l& ,o ,+e )o,ifi"al me!!a*e=re"e,l& di!"o.ered 0& Pellio, i ,+e Va,i"a
ar"+i.e!=wa! +ardl& e"oura*i* ,o '+ri!,iai,&> I i,$ i a ,+rea,ei* ,oe$ ,+e 8o*ol
!o.erei* i.i,e! ,+e Po)e ad ,+e '+ri!,ia )ri"e!$ 0efore ma#i* a& a,,em), ,o )rea"+ ,+e
Go!)el$ ,o "ome ad )a& +im +oma*e a, +i! .er& dwelli*> GI&I# "laim! ,o +old +i! )ower 0&
di.ie ri*+,$ ad !)ea#! i ,+e ame of E,eral :ea.e G2)ng& T)ngri i Tur#i"$ 2onka T)ngri
i S770T 8o*oliaH a! !u)reme re)re!e,a,i.e of ,+e dei,& ad ar0i,er of ,+e .ariou! "ul,!>
30

Piao 'ar)ii$ +a.i* re"ei.ed GI&I#C! re)l&$ lef, ,+e ,e, "i,& of ,+e sira%ordo o No.em0er15
ad made ,+e re,ur @oure& .ia ,+e lower Vol*a ad Ba,uC! re!ide"e$ w+i"+ +e rea"+ed o 8a&
9$ 17L7> Drom ,+ere 0e re1e,ered ,+e We!, 0& wa& of <ie.>
Sem)ad$ ,+e 9rmeia +i*+ "o!,a0le$ e.o& ,o GI&I# o ,+i! !ame o""a!io for +i! 0ro,+er
:e,+um I of 9rmeia GSem)adC! @oure& la!,ed from 17L7 ,o 1730H$ !eem! ,o +a.e uder!,ood
0e,,er ,+a Piao 'ar)ii ,+e ad.a,a*e! ,o 0e *aied for '+ri!,edom 0& a 8o*ol allia"e>
GI&I# re"ei.ed +im "ordiall& ad +aded +im a do"ume, a!!uri* <i* :e,+um of +i!
)ro,e",io ad fried!+i)> 9 le,,er wri,,e 0& Sem)ad$ w+ile o +i! re,ur ,ri)$ ,o +i! 0ro,+er1i1
law$ <i* :er& I of '&)ru!$ +a! "ome dow ,o u!> I ,+i! le,,er$ da,ed Samar#ad$ De0ruar& 7$
12L2$ +e !,re!!e! ,+e im)or,a"e of ,+e Ne!,oria fa",or i ,+e 8o*ol em)ire ad "our,> *The
'hristians of the East/* +e wri,e!$ M+a.e )la"ed ,+em!el.e! uder ,+e )ro,e",io of ,+e #+a$ w+o
+a! re"ei.ed ,+em wi,+ mu"+ +oor$ *ra,ed ,+em immui,&$ ad )u0li"l& for0idde a&oe ,o
mole!, ,+em>M
31

T+e im)re!!io of !,ere!! ,+a, GI&I# made u)o Piao 'ar)ii i! "ofirmed 0& Ra!+id ad1
(i> Eer*e,i"$ ma!,erful$ .er& @ealou! of +i! )ower$ ad 0elie.i* ,+a, duri* ,+e rei* of ,+e
*ood1a,ured O*JdKi ad of +i! ow mo,+erC! re*e"& ,+e !iew! of ,+e !,a,e +ad !la"#eed$ +e
+ad re!ol.ed ,o re!,ore ,+e )ower rela,io!+i) 0e,wee *rad #+a ad )ri"e! ,o w+a, i, +ad
0ee uder %e*+i; <+a> :e made a i?uir& i,o ,+e !omew+a, !u!)e", a,,i,ude of +i! *rea,1
u"le Temu*e O"+i*i$ w+o +ad )laed ,o a,,a"# ,+e re*e,$ ad )ui!+ed +i! e,oura*e>
%a*a,ai$ #+a of ,+e Ili$ o +i! dea,+ i 17L7$ +ad "+o!e a! +i! +eir +i! *rad!o \ara1:ulK*u
G!o of 8I,I*e$ w+o +ad 0ee #illed i 1771 a, ,+e !ie*e of BamiaH> GFI&I#$ i,er.ei* a!
o.erlord i ,+e affair! of ,+i! ulu!$ re)la"ed ,+e &ou* ma 0& a &ou*er !o of %a*a,ai ad
)er!oal fried$ Yi!!u18a*u G17L7H> To Per!ia +e !e, a ,ru!,ed ma$ El@i*idKi$ a !or, of +i*+
"ommi!!ioer w+o$ from 17L7 ,o 1731$ +eld a )arallel or !u)erior a))oi,me, ,o ,+a, of *eeral
Bai@u$ "ommader of ,+e 8o*ol arm& i 8u*a>
37
I ,+e Dar Ea!,$ C90d ar1Ra+ma$ fia"ial
admii!,ra,or of ,+e "o?uered '+ie!e )ro.i"e!$ wa! )u, ,o dea,+ for em0e;;leme, S771T ad
re)la"ed 0& 8a+mud Yala.a"+> '+i?ai$ ,+e Ne!,oria <era&i,$ wa! rea))oi,ed "+a"ellor of
,+e em)ire$ a )o!i,io +e +eld w+e Piao 'ar)ii me, +im> 9mo* +i! ,ri0u,ar& )eo)le! GI&I#
di.ided Geor*ia 0e,wee ,wo ri.al )re,eder!4 (a.id /a!+a$ w+o wa! *i.e <ar,lia$ ad (a.id
Nari$ !o of \uee Ru!uda$ w+o #e), ol& Imere,ia> I ,+e Sel@u# !ul,aa,e of 9!ia 8ior
G<o&aH$ GI&I# *a.e ,+e ,+roe ,o \ili"+ 9r!la IV$ i )refere"e ,o +i! elder 0ro,+er <ai1
<awu! II$ w+o +ad rei*ed u) ,o ,+a, ,ime>
35

I +i! de,ermia,io ,o !,am) ou, ,+e *rowi* au,oom& w+i"+ +ad 0e*u ,o 0e e@o&ed 0& ,+e
o,+er %e*+i;1<+ai,e 0ra"+e!$ GI&I# "la!+ed wi,+ Ba,u$ ,+e "+ief of ,+e %J"+id!$ ,+a, i!$ ,+e
!eior 0ra"+> 9, ,+e 0e*ii* of 17L2$ rela,io! 0e,wee ,+em were !o !,raied ,+a, 0o,+ 0e*a
,o )re)are for war> Uder ,+e )re,eA, of .i!i,i* +i! +eredi,ar& domai of ,+e Imil$ GI&I#
mar"+ed we!,ward ou, of <ara#orum> 8eaw+ile$ Ba,u +ad 0ee !e"re,l& wared 0& Pri"e!!
Sor*+a?,ai$ ,+e dire",i* !)iri, of ToluiC! +ou!e$ ad +ad ad.a"ed ,o Semire"+&e> :e *o, a! far
a! 9la?ma?$ !e.e da&!C @oure& !+or, of \a&ali*+ Gear ,+e )re!e, ,ow of <a)alHE Bar,+old
i,er)re,! ,+i! ,o mea ,+a, +e rea"+ed ,+e 9la1Tau$ 0e,wee /a#e I!!&# <ul ad ,+e Ili Ri.er>
T+e "la!+ a))eared ie.i,a0le$ u,il GI&I#$ )rema,urel& wor ou, 0& dri# ad de0au"+er&$ died
wi,+i a da&C! mar"+ of Be!+0ali*+> Bar,+old 0elie.e! ,+i! ma& +a.e o""urred i ,+e Uru*u
re*ioE Pellio, !a&! i, wa! or,+ea!, of Be!00ali*+ G,+e (;im!a of ,oda&H>
3L
'+ie!e !our"e! )la"e
,+e da,e of GI&I#C! dea,+ 0e,wee 8ar"+77 ad 9)ril 7L$ 17L2>
33
:e wa! ,+e ol& for,&1,+ree>
I, ma& 0e ,+a, ,+i! dea,+ !a.ed Euro)e from a formida0le )eril> GI&I# dreamed o, ol& of
defea,i* ,+e #+a of <i)"0a# 0u, al!o=o Piao 'ar)iiC! e.ide"e=of !u0@u*a,i*
'+ri!,edom> I a& "a!e$ +e !eem! ,o +a.e ,ured +i! a,,e,io )ar,i"ularl& ,o ,+e We!,> T+e
a""e!!io$ +owe.er$ of ,+e )ri"e! of ,+e Tolui +ou!e=fir!, 8o*#a ad ,+e a0o.e all <u0lai=
wa! ,o dire", ,+e mai 8o*ol effor, ,oward ,+e Dar Ea!,>
RE,E1C( OF O,H7/ HAIMISH
O GI&I#C! dea,+ +i! widow O*+ul \aimi!+$ 0elie.ed 0& dCO+!!o ,o +a.e 0ee of Oira, 0ir,+$
,+ou*+ Pellio, amed! ,+i! ,o 8Kr#i,$ a!!umed ,+e re*e"& i ,+e ormal wa&>
36
I 1730$ i ,+e
S777T Imil ad \o0a? !e",or of ,+e Tar0a*a,ai or )a,rimoial lad! of ,+e +ou!e of O*JdKi$ !+e
re"ei.ed ,+e e.o&! of /oui! IZ of Dra"e4 ,+e ,+ree (omii"a! 9drB de /o*@umeau$ +i!
0ro,+er Gu& or Guillaume$ ad %ea de 'ar"a!!oe> T+e& arri.ed 0& wa& of Per!ia GTa0ri;H ad
,+e Tala!> S+e a""e),ed a! ,ri0u,e ,+e )re!e,! ,+e& 0rou*+, +er from ,+e #i* of Dra"e ad
demaded ,+a, +e !+ould ma#e more eA)li"i, !u0mi!!io ,o +er> T+i! em0a!!& would o, re@oi
<i* /oui! i 'ae!area u,il 9)ril$ 1731$ a, ,+e earlie!,>
O*+ul \aimi!+ would +a.e li#ed ,+e ,+roe ,o )a!! ,o a )ri"e of ,+e lie of O*JdKi$ ei,+er ,o
S+irKmJ$
37
GI&I#C! e)+ew$ or e.e 0e,,er G0u, +e wa! ,oo &ou*H ,o +er ow !o 0& GI&I#$
\u"+a>
32
Bu, a! +ead of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e famil&$ Ba,u )la&ed ,+e "+ief )ar, i !u"+ affair!$
ad +e wa! de,ermied ,o !e, ,+e O*JdKi lie a!ide> 8ore )re"i!el&$ +e @oied for"e! wi,+
So&ur*+a?,ai or Sor*+a?,ai$ ToluiC! widow> T+i! )ri"e!!$ w+o wa! a <era&i, G,+e ie"e of ,+e
0ang%khan To*rulH ad ,+erefore of ,+e Ne!,oria fai,+$ wa! a! i,elli*e, a! !+e wa! !+rewd>
39
Earlier$ w+e GI&I# +ad )ro!e"u,ed a !,er i?uir& i,o "er,ai a0u!e! of )ower of w+i"+ a
um0er of %e*+i;1<+ai,e )ri"e! +ad 0ee *uil,&$ ,o ,+e de,rime, of ,+e !,a,e$ i, +ad 0ee
e!,a0li!+ed ,+a, ,+a#! ,o +er ,+e "odu", of ,+e +ou!e of Tolui +ad alwa&! 0ee 0e&od
re)roa"+>
60
Now i, !eemed ,o +er ,+a, +er ow famil&C! ,ur +ad "ome> S+e wa! a0le ,o )er!uade
Ba,u ,o omia,e a! *rad #+a ,+e elde!, of +er !o! 0& Tolui$ Pri"e 8o*#a>
61
I, wa! ,+erefore
8o*#a w+om Ba,u "+o!e ad im)o!ed u)o a ?uril,ai !ummoed for ,+a, )ur)o!e a, +i!
9la?ma? "am)$ or,+ of ,+e I!!&# <ul$ a))are,l& i 1730> T+e ol& re)re!e,a,i.e! ,o .o,e for
8o*#a$ +owe.er$ +ad 0ee ,+e dele*a,e! of ,+e %J"+i ad Tolui familie!> 9! Bar,+old +a!
!+ow$ ,+e re)re!e,a,i.e! of ,+e +ou!e! of O*JdKi ad %a*a,ai ei,+er +ad o, a,,eded ,+e
a!!em0l& or +ad lef, 9la?ma? 0efore ,+e ma,,er wa! !e,,led> W+e ,+e& leared of 8o*#aC!
omia,io$ ,+e& fla,l& refu!ed ,o ra,if& i,$ o ,+e *roud! ,+a, ,+e *a,+eri* +ad 0ee +eld ,o far
awa& from ,+e !a"red )la"e! of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e!$ ad ,+a, i a& "a!e i, +ad 0ee
iade?ua,el& a,,eded> Ba,u ,+erefore de"ided ,o "all ao,+er$ fuller 9uriltai i ,+e .eera,ed +ol&
re*io of ,+e Oo$ or of ,+e <erule> :e i.i,ed mem0er! of ,+e O*JdKi ad %a*a,ai familie! ,o
a,,ed$ 0u, of "our!e +i! i.i,a,io wa! refu!ed>
S775T
I*ori* ,+i! o))o!i,io$ Ba,u "+ar*ed +i! 0ro,+er Ber#e wi,+ ,+e reuio of a 9uriltai a, <JdKCK1
aral$ or <J,JCI1aral$
67
o ,+e <erule> (e!)i,e ,+e )ro,e!,! of ,+e +ou!e of O*JdKi$ w+o!e
mem0er! refu!ed ,o ra,if& ,+eir ow e.i",io$ ad of ,+eir !u))or,er Yi!!u18a*u$ "+ief of ,+e
%a*a,aiulus$ Ber#e )ro"laimed 8o*#a *rad #+a Go %ul& 1$ 1731$ a""ordi* ,o %u.aiiH> T+e
im)erial au,+ori,& ,+u! )a!!ed defii,i.el& from ,+e +ou!e of O*JdKi ,o ,+a, of Tolui>
65

T+e rela,i.e ea!e wi,+ w+i"+ ,+i! coup d'?tat wa! 0rou*+, off i! a""ou,ed for 0& ,+e fa", ,+a,
"om)ared wi,+ 8o*#a$ ,+e .er& model of ,+e !,ro* ma$ ,+e le*i,ima,e O*JdKi )ri"e! were
0o,+ &ou* ad udi!,i*ui!+ed> 8oreo.er Ba,u$ a! dea of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e famil& ad +ead
of ,+e !eior 0ra"+$ wa! i a )o!i,io duri* a i,erre*um ,o wield a !or, of di",a,or!+i)>
Ne.er,+ele!!$ ,+e rele*a,io of ,+e O*JdKi +ou!e i fa.or of ToluiC! wa! a .iola,io of le*i,ima"&
w+i"+ ,+e )ri"i)al .i",im! "ould o, a""e), wi,+ou, !ome a,,em), a, o))o!i,io> T+e ou!,ed
O*JdKi )ri"e!$ mo!, )romie, amo* ,+em S+irKmJ$ arri.ed ,oward ,+e "o"lu!io of ,+e
9uriltai a! if ,o reder +oma*e ,o ,+e ew *rad #+a$ 0u, i reali,&$ i, a))ear!$ ,o ,a#e +im 0&
!ur)ri!e ad de)o!e +im> Bu, ,+eir )la! were di!"o.ered> T+eir e!"or, wa! di!armed$ ,+eir
"ou!elor!=amo* ,+em$ \ada? ad '+i?ai =were eAe"u,ed$
6L
ad ,+e& ,+em!el.e! were
)la"ed uder arre!,>
8o*#a )ui!+ed ,+e!e u+a))& "ou!i! !e.erel&> T+e former re*e, O*+ul \aimi!+$ w+om +e
+a,ed G!+e wa! Mmore "o,em),i0le ,+a a 0i,"+$M lie ,old Ru0ru"#H$ wa! !,ri))ed of +er "lo,+e!
for ?ue!,ioi* ad ,+e !ew u) i a !a"# ad drowed G8a&1%ul&$ 1737H> <u0lai$ 8o*#aC!
&ou*er 0ro,+er$ ,em)oraril& !a.ed S+irKmJ 0& ,a#i* +im awa& ,o ,+e arm& i '+ia$ 0u, la,er
+e wa! ua0le ,o )re.e, 8o*#a from +a.i* ,+e wre,"+ed &ou* ma drowed> GI&I#C!
&ou* !o \u"+a wa! 0ai!+ed ,o a area we!, of <ara#orum> \adaCa$ w+o +ad !u0mi,,ed of
+i! ow a""ord$ wa! !)ared Gmo!, li#el& i, wa! a ame!a#e of +i! w+o "arried ou, 8o*#aC!
re.e*e o GI&I#C! +i*+ "ommi!!ioer ,o Per!ia$ El@i*idKiH$ a! wa! \aidu> Bo,+ ,+erefore
re,aied ,+e Imil ulus> /a,er \aidu wa! ,o rai!e ,+e !,adard of O*JdKi le*i,ima"& ad *i.e a
*rea, deal of ,rou0le ,o 8o*#aC! !u""e!!or> Diall&$ 8o*#a )u, ,o dea,+ ,+e "+ief of ,+e %a*a,ai
ulus$ Yi!!u18a*u$ w+o +ad !ided a*ai!, +im$ ad re)la"ed +im 0& ao,+er )ri"e of ,+e !ame
lie$ \ara1:ulK*u$ ad af,erward S77LT 0& ,+e la,,erC! widow$ Pri"e!! Or*+aa G1737H> BIri$
ao,+er of %a*a,aiC! *rad!o!$ wa! +aded o.er ,o Ba,u$ w+o )u, +im ,o dea,+ for !ome offe!e
"ommi,,ed a*ai!, +im a, ,+e ,ime of ,+e Euro)ea "am)ai*>
63

MO1,2A0S REI,1 BCD:C%:EF
9f,er %e*+i; <+a$ 8o*#a$ w+o 0e*a +i! rei* a, for,&1,+ree$ wa! ,+e mo!, o,a0le of ,+e
8o*ol *rad #+a!> Ta"i,ur$ a eem& ,o luAur& ad de0au"+$ wi,+ +u,i* a! +i! ol&
re"rea,io$ +e re!,ored ,o ,+e yasa9 ad ,o ,+e )re"e),! of +i! a"e!,or ,+eir ori*ial !,ri*e"&>
:e wa! a eer*e,i" leader ad a !,er 0u, @u!, admii!,ra,or G0e +oored ,o ,+e la!, fra",io ,+e
+u*e 0ill! !i*ed 0& +i! )rede"e!!or! ad e.er )aidH$
66
a +ard+eaded 0u, i,elli*e, )oli,i"ia$
ad a *ood !oldier> 9! !u"+$ +e e,irel& re!,ored ,+e !,ro* ad effe",i.e ma"+ie !e, u) 0&
%e*+i; <+a> Wi,+ou, i a& wa& reou"i* +i! ra"ial "+ara",er Ga! +i! !u""e!!or <u0lai wa!
,o doH$ 0e !,re*,+eed ,+e admii!,ra,i.e !,ru",ure ad made of ,+e 8o*ol Em)ire a *rea, ad
re*ular !,a,e> 9, ,+e 0e*ii* of +i! rei*$ +i! o0li*a,io! ,oward Ba,u Gw+o 0ad li,erall& made
+im em)erorH re!ul,ed de facto if o, de 3ure i a !or, of di.i!io of )ower$ a! Bar,+old +a! o,ed$
0& w+i"+ Ba,u wa! )ra",i"all& ide)ede, we!, of /a#e Bal#0a!0>
67
Bu, Ba,uC! dea,+ Gi 1733 a,
,+e la,e!,H o"e more lef, 8o*#a ,+e !ole effe",i.e lord of ,+e 8o*ol world> T+e .ariou! "+ief!
of ulu! or of %e*+i;1<+ai,e a))aa*e! "o!idered ,+em!el.e! au,+ori;ed ,o *ra, ,aA
eAem),io! ad ,o !+are ,+e re.eue! of ,+e "ou,r& wi,+ ,+e a*e,! of ,+e "e,ral )ower>
8o*#a for0ade ,+e!e )ra",i"e!> I, i! "lear ,+a,$ if +e +ad li.ed lo*er ad if +i! !u""e!!or! +ad
"o,iued +i! )oli"&$ ,+e 8o*ol Em)ire$ i!,ead of !)li,,i* u) i,o #+aa,e! of ,+e Dar Ea!,$
Tur#e!,a$ Per!ia$ ad Ru!!ia$ would +a.e remaied a rela,i.el& ui,ed realm>
8o*#a$ w+o +ad 0ee 0rou*+, u) 0& a Ne!,oria mo,+er$ ,+e <era&i, )ri"e!! Sor*0a?,ai$
fa.ored ,+e Ne!,oria fai,+> :e "+o!e a Ne!,oria$ ,+e <era&i, Bol*+ai$
62
a! +i! "+a"ellor> Bu, +e
wa! al!o fa.ora0l& di!)o!ed ,oward Budd+i!m ad Taoi!m> I 1731137 +e a))oi,ed ,o +i!
immedia,e e,oura*e a leader of ,+e Taoi!, reli*io ad a Budd+i!, Mma!,er of ,+e #i*dom>M T+e
former wa! ,+e mo# /i '+i+1"+Ca*$ ,+e la,,er a lama Mfrom ,+e we!,er lad!M amed Na1mo>
69
9, fir!,$ /i '+i+1"+Ca* wa! S773T e!)e"iall& fa.ored 0& ,+e !o.erei*> I 1733$ 8o*#a
a,,eded a de0a,e a, <ara#orum 0e,wee ,+e Budd+i!, mo# Na1mo ad !ome Taoi!,!>
70
I 1736
a !or, of Budd+i!, "ou"il !a, a, +i! "our, i <ara#orum> M9ll reli*io!$M +e ,old Ru0ru"#$ Mare
li#e ,+e fi.e fi*er! of oe +ad>M Bu, ,o ,+e Budd+i!,! +e !aid ,+a, Budd+i!m wa! ,+e )alm of
,+e +ad$ of w+i"+ o,+er reli*io! were ,+e fi*er!> Ideed$ i, !eem! a! if$ +a.i* #e), ,+e
0ala"e le.el 0e,wee Budd+i!,! ad Taoi!,!$ 8o*#a i ,+e ed i"lied !li*+,l& i fa.or of ,+e
former$ e!)e"iall& af,er ,+e "o.o"a,io of 1733 a, w+i"+ ,+e Taoi!,! were "o.i",ed of +a.i*
!)read a)o"r&)+al !,orie! mi!re)re!e,i* Budd+i!, ori*i!> I ,+e mai ,+e 8o*ol ruler made
u!e of all "ul,! for +i! )oli,i"al ed!> I, wa! for ,+i! rea!o ,+a, +e *a.e ,o ,+e Budd+i!,! a! ,+eir
"+ief ,+e 0o;e <Cai YIa$ ad ,o ,+e Taoi!,! a ma e?uall& de.o,ed ,o 8o*ol i,ere!,!>
R7.R7C20S 4O7R1E(
(uri* 8o*#aC! rei*$ /oui! IZ of Dra"e GSai, /oui!H !e, ,+e Dra"i!"a William of
Ru0ru"# Gear 'a!!elH o a mi!!io ,o ,+e 8o*ol!>
71
Ru0ru"# lef, 'o!,a,io)le o 8a& 7$
1735$
77
ad "ro!!ed ,+e Bla"# Sea ,o ,+e I,alia "ou,i*+ou!e! of ,+e 'rimea$ arri.i* a, Suda#
o 8a& 71> U)o )ee,ra,i* 0e&od ,+e 'rimea i,o ,+e Ru!!ia !,e))e=,+a, i!$ i,o ,+e
#+aa,e of <i)"+a#=Ru0ru"# fel, ,+a, +e +ad e,ered ao,+er world$ ,+e omad world> Si"e
,+e w+ole!ale ma!!a"re! of ,+e old <i)"+a# Tur#!$ i, wa! e.e more a de!ola,e world$ a *ra!!&
de!er, o w+o!e +ori;o 8o*ol "a.alr& )a,rol! would 0ru!?uel& !wee) i,o .iew> M9d w+e I
foud m&!elf amo* ,+e Ta,ar!$ i, !eemed ,o me ,rul& ,+a, I +ad 0ee "arried i,o ao,+er ,ime$
ao,+er world>M Ru0ru"#C! de!"ri),io of ,+e 8o*ol +orde! remai! a "la!!i"4 MT+e& +a.e o
)ermae, a0ode$ for ,+e& +a.e di.ided amo*!, ,+em!el.e! ,+e w+ole of S"&,+ia$ w+i"+
!,re,"+e! from ,+e (au0e ,o ,+e Dar Ea!,E ad ea"+ "a),ai$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e um0er of me
uder +i! "ommad$ #ow! ,+e limi,! of +i! )a!,ure lad ad w+ere +e mu!, a0ide a, oe !ea!o
or ao,+er> 9, ,+e a))roa"+ of wi,er ,+e& *o dow ,o ,+e warmer "ou,rie! of ,+e !ou,+E i
!ummer ,+e& re,ur ,oward ,+e or,+>M Ru0ru"# *oe! o ,o de!"ri0e ,+e 8o*ol fel, ,e,!
mou,ed o wa*o! ad of,e *a,+ered i,o mo0ile .illa*e!> 9! for ,+e S776T 8o*ol!
,+em!el.e!$ o oe +a! )or,ra&ed ,+em 0e,,er ,+a ,+e Dra"i!"a4 MT+e me !+a.e a li,,le !?uare
o ,+e ,o) of ,+eir +ead!$ ad w+a, i! lef, of ,+eir +air ,+e& 0raid i,o )lai,! w+i"+ +a* dow
ea"+ !ide a! far a! ,+eir ear!>M E.elo)ed i fur! duri* ,+e wi,er$ i !ummer ,+e& arra&
,+em!el.e! i !il#! from '+ia> /a!,l&$ +e me,io! ,+eir ,remedou! dri#i* 0ou,! of #umi!!=
ferme,ed mareC! mil#=ad wie>
75

O %ul&51 Ru0ru"# arri.ed a, ,+e "am) of Sar,a?$ Ba,uC! !o$ ,+ree da&!C mar"+ !+or, of ,+e
lower Vol*a> 9l,+ou*+ ,+e Dra"i!"a did o, reali;e i,$ Sar,a? wa! a Ne!,oria ad Ru0ru"# wa!
i,rodu"ed ,o +im 0& Ma "er,ai Ne!,oria '+ri!,ia amed 'o&a,$ w+o i! oe of ,+e )ri"i)al
me a, ,+i! "our,>M
7L
9d al,+ou*+ i, ma& 0e u,rue ,+a, Ru0ru"# di!"o.ered a <i*+, Tem)lar a,
"our,$ Sar,a? wa! ra,+er well1iformed o ,+e affair! of ,+e We!,> To Ru0ru"#$ w+o ,old +im ,+a,
,+e em)eror wa! ,+e mo!, )owerful !o.erei* of '+ri!,edom$ +e re)lied ,+a, ,+e +e*emo& +ad
ow )a!!ed ,o <i* /oui!> 9f,er lea.i* Sar,a?C! e"am)me, ad "ro!!i* ,+e Vol*a$ Ru0ru"#
wa! re"ei.ed i Ba,uC! ordu$ w+i"+ wa! !i,ua,ed o ,+e ea!, 0a# of ,+a, ri.er> MBa,u wa! !ea,ed
o a +i*+ *il, "+air or ,+roe ,+e !i;e of a 0ed$ a))roa"+ed 0& ,+ree !,e)!E ear +im wa! oe of
+i! wi.e!> T+e o,+er me were !ea,ed ,o ,+e ri*+, or lef, of ,+i! lad&>M Ba,u i +i! ,ur !e,
Ru0ru"# o ,o ,+e "our, of 8o*#a$ ,+e *rad #+a> T+e Dra"i!"a "ro!!ed ,+e Yai# or Ural
Ri.er ad !e, foo, o ,+e 9!ia,i" !,e))e$ M,+i! .a!, !oli,ude w+i"+ re!em0le! a *rea, !ea>M :e
"o,iued alo* ,+e '+u$ )a!!ed wi,+i !iA da&! of Tala!$ "ro!!ed ,+e Ili$ ad we, or,+ of i, 0&
wa& of ,+e ,ow of ME?uiu!$M i+a0i,ed 0& Per!ia!)ea#i* Tad;+i#!$ w+o$ a""ordi* ,o
Bar,+oldC! i*eiou! !u**e!,io$ mi*+, +a.e 0ee ide,i"al wi,+ ,+e I#i1J*I; of <a!+*aria>
Ru0ru"# ,+e )a!!ed .ia M'aila"M G\a&ali*+$ ear )re!e,1da&>
73
<a)alH$ w+ere flouri!+ed a
im)or,a, Ne!,oria "e,er a! well a! a Ui*ur Budd+i!, oe$ i w+o!e mid!, +e li!,eed ,o ,+e
re"i,al of 5m mani padme hum>
76
Ru0ru"# ,ell! u! ,+a, i, wa! from ,+e Ui*ur ,+a, M,+e Ta,ar!
U8o*ol!V +a.e ,a#e ,+eir le,,er! ad ,+eir al)+a0e,$ ad ,+e le,,er! ,+a, ,+e #+a 8a*o
U8o*#aV !ed! &our 8a@e!,& U /oui! IZV are wri,,e i ,+e 8o*ol la*ua*e 0u, i Ui*ur
"+ara",er!>M
O No.em0er 50$ 1735$ Ru0ru"# lef, \a&ali*+ ad$ +a.i* rouded ,+e ea!,er )oi, of /a#e
Bal#+a!+$ "ro!!ed ,+e Imil
S777T
S772T
S779T
or Tar0a*a,ai re*io$ a fief of ,+e O*0ddi famil& a, ,+e fri*e of ,+e old Naima "ou,r& amo*
,+e !ou,+er foo,+ill! of ,+e 9l,ai> 9, la!,$ +e rea"+ed ,+e ordu of 8o*#a$ w+o *a.e +im
audie"e o %auar& L$ 173L> MWe were led i,o ,+e )ala"e$ ad w+e ,+e fel, 0efore ,+e doorwa&
wa! rai!ed we e,ered$ "+a,i* ,+e +&m solis ortu> T+i! )la"e wa! all +u* wi,+ "lo,+ of
*old> I ,+e middle !,ood a 0ra;ier i w+i"+ 0ured a fire of ,+or!$ wormwood roo,!$ ad "a,,le
du*> T+e *rad #+a wa! !ea,ed o a li,,le 0ed$ dre!!ed i a ri"+ furred ro0e w+i"+ *li!,eed
li#e ,+e !#i of a !eal> :e wa! a ma of middle +ei*+,$ a*ed a0ou, for,&1fi.e$ wi,+ a !omew+a,
fla,,eed o!e> T+e #+a ordered u! ,o 0e !er.ed wi,+ cerasine$ made of ri"e$ a! "lear ad !wee,
a! w+i,e wie> :e ,+e !e, for ma& #id! of 0ird! of )re&$ w+i"+ 0e !e, u)o +i! fi!, ad
.iewed a,,e,i.el& for !ome ,ime> 9f,er ,+a, +e ordered u! ,o !)ea#> :e 0ad a Ne!,oria a! +i!
i,er)re,er>M
9, 8o*#aC! ordu Ru0ru"# wa! !ur)ri!ed ,o "ome u)o a woma from /orraie "alled Pa?ue,,e$
w+o 0ad 0ee 0rou*+, from :u*ar& ad wa! i ,+e !er.i"e of oe of ,+e )ri"eC! Ne!,oria
wi.e!E !+e +er!elf +ad married a Ru!!ia w+o wa! em)lo&ed a! ar"+i,e",> 9, ,+e <ara#orum
"our, Ru0ru"# al!o foud a Pari!ia *old!mi,+ amed Guillaume Bou"+er$ Mw+o!e 0ro,+er dwel,
o ,+e Grad Po,$ i Pari!>M T+i! ma wa! em)lo&ed fir!, 0& ,+e dowa*er Sor*+a?,ai ad ,+e
0& 8o*#aC! &ou*e!, 0ro,+er 9ri?10J*K$ w+o wa! al!o !&m)a,+e,i" ,oward '+ri!,iai,&>
Ru0ru"# foud ,+a, a, ,+e *rea, "our, fe!,i.al! ,+e Ne!,oria )rie!,! were admi,,ed fir!,$ wi,+
,+eir re*alia$ ,o 0le!! ,+e *rad #+aC! "u)$ ad were followed 0& ,+e 8u!lim "ler*& ad M)a*aM
mo#!$ ,+a, i!$ Budd+i!,! ad Taoi!,!> 8o*#a +im!elf !ome,ime! a""om)aied +i! Ne!,oria
wife ,o ,+e !er.i"e! of ,+i! "+ur"+> M:e "ame$ ad a *ilded 0ed wa! 0rou*+, for +im$ u)o w+i"+
+e !a, wi,+ ,+e ?uee +i! wife$ o))o!i,e ,+e al,ar>M
77

Ru0ru"# 0ad followed ,+e "our, ,o <ara#orum$ w+ere 0e arri.ed o 9)ril 3$ 173L> Guillaume
Bou"+er$ w+o wa! eA"eedi*l& well1,rea,ed a! "our, *old!mi,+$ re"ei.ed +im Mwi,+ *rea, @o&> :i!
wife wa! ,+e dau*+,er of a Sara"e ad +ad 0ee 0or i :u*ar&> S+e !)o#e *ood Dre"+ ad
'umaia> We foud ,+ere al!o a ma amed Ba!il$ ,+e !o of a E*li!+ma$ li#ewi!e 0or i
:u*ar& ad !)ea#i* ,+e !ame la*ua*e!>M
9, ,+e fe!,i.al of Ea!,er$ 173L$ Ru0ru"# wa! allowed ,o S720T "ele0ra,e ma!! i ,+e Ne!,oria
"+ur"+ of <ara#orum$ w+ere MGuillaume ,+e *old!mi,+ +ad "au!ed a ima*e of ,+e Vir*i ,o 0e
made$ i !"ul),ure$ af,er ,+e fa!+io of Dra"e>M Be!ide! ,+e Ne!,oria "+ur"+$ <ara#orum +ad
,wo mo!?ue! ad ,wel.e )a*oda! or o,+er ,em)le! of Midola,er!>M Ru0ru"# +ad o""a!io ,o
re"ei.e 9ri?10J*K a, di.ie !er.i"eE +e wa! oe of ,+e im)erial )ri"e! mo!, fa.ora0l& di!)o!ed
,oward '+ri!,iai,&$ Mad +e eA,eded +i! +ad ,o u!$ ma#i* ,+e !i* of ,+e "ro!! i ,+e maer
of our 0i!+o)!>M Oe da&$ w+e "o,ro.er!& aro!e i fro, of Ru0ru"# 0e,wee 8u!lim! ad
'+ri!,ia!$ 9ri?10J*K !ided o)el& wi,+ ,+e la,,er> I <ara#orum$ o 8a& 50$ 173L$ ,+e e.e of
Pe,e"o!,$ i ,+e )re!e"e of ,+ree ar0i,er! a))oi,ed 0& 8o*#a$ Ru0ru"# +eld a *rea, reli*iou!
de0a,e i )u0li"> I ,+e "our!e of ,+i!$ ,a#i* +i! !,ad o ,+ei!m$ +e !ided wi,+ ,+e 8u!lim
do",or! a*ai!, ,+e Budd+i!, )+ilo!o)+er!>
72

Ru0ru"# lef, <ara#orum o 9u*u!, 12$ 173L$ 0eari* 8o*#aC! re)l& ,o /oui! IZ4 MT+i! i! ,+e
"ommadme, of E,eral :ea.e> T+ere i! 0u, oe God i +ea.e$ ad o ear,+ oe !o.erei*4
%e*+i; <+a$ !o of God>M 9d i ,+e ame of E,eral :ea.e ad of ,+e 9aan$ +i! ear,+l&
re)re!e,a,i.e$ 8o*#a "ommaded ,+e #i* of Dra"e ,o a"#owled*e +im!elf .a!!al>
79
'arr&i* ,+i! le,,er$ Ru0ru"# made ,+e @oure& from <ara#orum ,o ,+e Vol*a i ,wo mo,+! ad
!iA da&!> :i! )a,+ "ro!!ed ,+a, of :e,+um I of 9rmeia$ w+o wa! o +i! wa& ,o )a& "our, ,o ,+e
*rad #+a> I Se),em0er +e rea"+ed ,+e ordu of Ba,u$ w+o a, ,+a, ,ime !eem! ,o +a.e 0ee a,
+i! ew re!ide"e of Sarai> T+e"e$ 0& ,+e 9la "ou,r& ad ,+e (er0e, )a!!$ Ru0ru"# "ame ,o
,+e 8u*a )lai$ w+ere +e wa! re"ei.ed 0& ,+e noyan Bai@u$ "ommader of ,+e 8o*ol arm& i
Per!ia$ w+ile +i! i,er)re,er we, ,o Ta0ri; ,o .i!i, 9r*0u 9*0a$ "i.il admii!,ra,or of Per!ia>
T+e$ 0& wa& of Na#+i"+e.a$ w+ere +e "ele0ra,ed '+ri!,ma!$ Er;i"a$ <a&!eri$ ad <o&a i
,+e Sel@u# !ul,aa,e$ +e arri.ed a, /i,,le 9rmeia G'ili"iaH ad em0ar#ed a, /a@a;;o G/a,a#iaFH
for ,+e #i*dom of '&)ru!>
T+e #i* of 9rmeia G,+a, i!$ of 9rmeiai;ed 'ili"iaH$ :e,+um I$ w+om Ru0ru"# 0ad )a!!ed o
+i! @oure&$ !+owed +im!elf ,o 0e ,+e 0e,,er di)loma,>
20
Ru0ru"# +ad li.ed i ,error of )ro.o#i*
8o*ol i,er.e,io$ w+erea! ,+e a!,u,e 9rmeia did all +e "ould ,o o0,ai i,$ !o a! ,o
!,re*,+e ,+e '+ri!,ia world a*ai!, I!lam> Wi,+ ,+i! o0@e", +e we, fir!, ,o <ar!$ w+ere S721T
0ra,e ma!! i ,+e Ne!,oria "+ur"+ of <ara#orum$ w+ere MGuillaume ,+e *old!mi,+ +ad "au!ed
a ima*e of ,+e Vir*i ,o 0e made$ i !"ul),ure$ af,er ,+e fa!+io of Dra"e>M Be!ide! ,+e
Ne!,oria "+ur"+$ <ara#orum +ad ,wo mo!?ue! ad ,wel.e )a*oda! or o,+er ,em)le! of
Midola,er!>M Ru0ru"# +ad o""a!io ,o re"ei.e 9ri?10J*K a, di.ie !er.i"eE +e wa! oe of ,+e
im)erial )ri"e! mo!, fa.ora0l& di!)o!ed ,oward '+ri!,iai,&$ Mad +e eA,eded +i! +ad ,o u!$
ma#i* ,+e !i* of ,+e "ro!! i ,+e maer of our 0i!+o)!>M Oe da&$ w+e "o,ro.er!& aro!e i
fro, of Ru0ru"# 0e,wee 8u!lim! ad '+ri!,ia!$ 9ri?10J*K !ided o)el& wi,+ ,+e la,,er> I
<ara#orum$ o 8a& 50$ 173L$ ,+e e.e of Pe,e"o!,$ i ,+e )re!e"e of ,+ree ar0i,er! a))oi,ed 0&
8o*#a$ Ru0ru"# +eld a *rea, reli*iou! de0a,e i )u0li"> I ,+e "our!e of ,+i!$ ,a#i* +i! !,ad
o ,+ei!m$ +e !ided wi,+ ,+e 8u!lim do",or! a*ai!, ,+e Budd+i!, )+ilo!o)+er!>
72

Ru0ru"# lef, <ara#orum o 9u*u!, 12$ 173L$ 0eari* 8o*#aC! re)l& ,o /oui! IZ4 MT+i! i! ,+e
"ommadme, of E,eral :ea.e> T+ere i! 0u, oe God i +ea.e$ ad o ear,+ oe !o.erei*4
%e*+i; <+a$ !o of God>M 9d i ,+e ame of E,eral :ea.e ad of ,+e 9aan$ +i! ear,+l&
re)re!e,a,i.e$ 8o*#a "ommaded ,+e #i* of Dra"e ,o a"#owled*e +im!elf .a!!al>
79
'arr&i* ,+i! le,,er$ Ru0ru"# made ,+e @oure& from <ara#orum ,o ,+e Vol*a i ,wo mo,+! ad
!iA da&!> :i! )a,+ "ro!!ed ,+a, of :e,+um I of 9rmeia$ w+o wa! o +i! wa& ,o )a& "our, ,o ,+e
*rad #+a> I Se),em0er +e rea"+ed ,+e ordu of Ba,u$ w+o a, ,+a, ,ime !eem! ,o +a.e 0ee a,
+i! ew re!ide"e of Sarai> T+e"e$ 0& ,+e 9la "ou,r& ad ,+e (er0e, )a!!$ Ru0ru"# "ame ,o
,+e 8u*a )lai$ w+ere +e wa! re"ei.ed 0& ,+e noyan Bai@u$ "ommader of ,+e 8o*ol arm& i
Per!ia$ w+ile +i! i,er)re,er we, ,o Ta0ri; ,o .i!i, 9r*0u 9*0a$ "i.il admii!,ra,or of Per!ia>
T+e$ 0& wa& of Na#+i"+e.a$ w+ere +e "ele0ra,ed '+ri!,ma!$ Er;i"a$ <a&!eri$ ad <o&a i
,+e Sel@u# !ul,aa,e$ +e arri.ed a, /i,,le 9rmeia G'ili"iaH ad em0ar#ed a, /a@a;;o G/a,a#iaFH
for ,+e #i*dom of '&)ru!>
T+e #i* of 9rmeia G,+a, i!$ of 9rmeiai;ed 'ili"iaH$ :e,+um I$ w+om Ru0ru"# 0ad )a!!ed o
+i! @oure&$ !+owed +im!elf ,o 0e ,+e 0e,,er di)loma,>
20
Ru0ru"# +ad li.ed i ,error of )ro.o#i*
8o*ol i,er.e,io$ w+erea! ,+e a!,u,e 9rmeia did all +e "ould ,o o0,ai i,$ !o a! ,o
!,re*,+e ,+e '+ri!,ia world a*ai!, I!lam> Wi,+ ,+i! o0@e", +e we, fir!, ,o <ar!$ w+ere S721T
Bai@u$ "ommader of ,+e 8o*ol arm& i Per!ia$ wa! a, ,+a, ,ime e"am)ed G1735H> Drom ,+ere$
.ia (er0e,$ +e "ame ,o Ba,uC! "am) o ,+e lower Vol*a$ ad ,+e ,o 8o*#aC! ordu ear
<ara#orum> :e wa! re"ei.ed i audie"e 0& ,+i! ruler$ e,+roed i ,+e !)ledor of +i! *lor&$M o
Se),em0er 15$ 173L>
8o*#a *a.e a warm wel"ome ,o ,+i! fai,+ful .a!!al ad +aded +im a yarligh or di)loma of
i.e!,i,ure ad )ro,e",io$
21
Ma di)loma$M !a&! ,+e 9rmeia "+roi"le of <ira#o!$ M0eari* +i!
!eal ad eA)li"i,l& for0iddi* a& a",io a*ai!, ,+e )er!o or !,a,e! of :e,+um> :e al!o *a.e
+im a "+ar,er efra"+i;i* "+ur"+e! e.er&w+ere>M 9o,+er 9rmeia +i!,oria$ ,+e mo#
M:a&,o$M i +i! Flor des estoires d'5rient$ !,a,e! i addi,io ,+a, 8o*#a *a.e +i! .i!i,or a
a!!ura"e ,+a, a *rea, 8o*ol arm& uder +i! 0ro,+er$ :ulK*u #+a$ would a,,a"# Ba*+dadE
de!,ro& ,+e "ali)+a,e$ ,+eir Mmor,al eem&ME ad re!,ore ,+e :ol& /ad ,o ,+e '+ri!,ia!>
27
T+i!
)romi!e wa! ,o 0e a, lea!, )ar,iall& fulfilled> Dull of "ofide"e$ :e,+um lef, ,+e 8o*ol "our, o
No.em0er I ad$ ,ra.eli* 0& ,+e u!ual rou,e= Be!+0ali*+ G(;im!aH$ 9lmali# Gear <uld@aH$ ,+e
9mu (ar&a$ ad Per!ia=arri.ed 0a"# i 'ili"ia i %ul&$ 1733>
25

MO1,2A0S #AR A,AI1ST THE S71, EMPIRE
8o*#a *a.e fre!+ im)ul!e ,o ,+e 8o*ol "o?ue!,!$ w+i"+ +ad "ome almo!, ,o a !,ad!,ill
!i"e ,+e dea,+ of O*0ddi> Dir!,$ i a 9uriltai +eld i 1735 a, ,+e !our"e of ,+e Oo$ +e de"ided
,+a, +i! &ou*er 0ro,+er :uld*u !+ould "om)le,e ,+e "o?ue!, of Per!ia 0& !u0@u*a,i* ,+e
"ali)+a,e of Ba*+dad ad 8e!o)o,amia$ ad ,+e *o o ,o "o?uer S&ria> Se"od$ 8o*#a
+im!elf$ wi,+ +i! o,+er 0ro,+er <u0lai$
2L
reewed ,+e offe!i.e a*ai!, ,+e '+ie!e em)ire of ,+e
Su*>
No,wi,+!,adi* ,+e fla00ie!! of ,+e "our, of :a*"0ow$ ,+e i"om)e,e"e of ,+e mii!,er!$ ad
,+e )er!oal fee0lee!! of ,+e Su* )ri"e!$ ,+e '+ie!e me, ,+e i.adi* 8o*ol! wi,+
ueA)e",ed re!i!,a"e> 9 *alla, '+ie!e *eeral$ 8e* <u* Gd> 17L6H$ +ad re"a),ured from ,+e
8o*ol! i 1759 ,+e im)or,a, ,ow of Sia*&a*$ w+i"+ "ommaded ,+e middle rea"+e! of ,+e
:a ad +ad lo* !,ru**led wi,+ ,+em for )o!!e!!io of "e,ral S;e"+wa$ w+ere '+e*,u$ ,wi"e
!a"#ed 0& ,+em$ did o, fall )ermae,l& i,o ,+eir +ad! u,il 17L1>
23

S727T
I ,+e .a!, +uma 0ee+i.e of !ou,+er '+ia$ "+e"#ered 0& ma& ri.er! ad mou,ai ra*e!$
ad wi,+ ma& ,+i"#l& )o)ula,ed ur0a area!$ ,+e ol& )o!!i0le war wa! a war of !ie*e$ i w+i"+
,+e +or!eme from ,+e !,e))e foud ,+em!el.e! !omew+a, a, a lo!!> T+e "o?ue!, of or,+er
'+ia +ad 0ee a"+ie.ed 0& o,+er Tur#o18o*ol +orde! 0efore ,+e %e*+i;1 <+ai,e!4 ,+e
:!iu*1u ad :!ie1)i i ,+e four,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e To0a i ,+e fif,+$ ,+e <+i,a i ,+e ,e,+$ ad
,+e <i i ,+e ,welf,+> Bu, i ,+eir a,,em),! u)o !ou,+er '+ia$ all$ from ,+e To0a ,o ,+e <i$
0ad failed> To !u""eed ,+ere$ '+ie!e warfare wa! e"e!!ar&$ wi,+ lar*e "o,i*e,! of '+ie!e
ifa,r& ad a w+ole Mar,iller&M a))ara,u! of !ie*e e*ie! !er.ed 0& '+ie!e or 8u!lim
e*ieer!>
8o*#a "o"e,ra,ed all +i! a,,e,io o '+ie!e affair!$ !o a! ,o "o1ordia,e ,+e +i,+er,o
!omew+a, !"a,,ered effor,! of ,+e 8o*ol armie!> :i! &ou*er 0ro,+er <u0lai$ w+om +e made
re!)o!i0le for ,+i! ,a!#$ ,oo# ,+e )ro0lem e.e more ,o +ear,$ 0ei* )er!oall& draw ,oward
'+ie!e "i.ili;a,io ad$ i, !eem!$ +a.i* alread& made u) +i! mid ,o !ee# +i! for,ue i ,+a,
?uar,er> I 1731$ 8o*#a +ad e,ru!,ed +im wi,+ ,+e *o.erme, of ,+e "o?uered )ar,! of
'+ia ad +ad ,+e *i.e +im :oa a! +i! a))aa*e> T+i! wa! a ;oe of admii!,ra,io far
eA"eedi* i area ,+e moder )ro.i"e of ,+a, ame$ !i"e i, "om)ri!ed all ,+a, la& 0e,wee ,+e
old "our!e of ,+e Yellow Ri.er ad ,+e Ya*,;e$ ad eA,eded we!,ward a! far a! 110 de*ree!
ea!,>
26
I addi,io$ 8o*#a *a.e +im ,+e <u*e+a* G/u*!iH di!,ri", o ,+e u))er Wei i
)re!e,1da& <a!u> Dor ,+e di!"+ar*e of +i! du,ie!$ <u0lai a.ailed +im!elf of ,+e ad.i"e of ,+e
'+ie!e !"+olar Yao '+u$ w+o i <u0laiC! &ou,+ +ad ,au*+, +im ,+e rudime,! of '+ie!e le,,er!>
I :oa +e !,ro.e ,o re.i.e a*ri"ul,ure$ w+i"+ +ad 0ee ruied 0& war$ 0& di!,ri0u,i* !eed ad
,ool! ,o ,+e )ea!a,! ad ,uri* e.e ,+e !oldier! i,o "ul,i.a,or!>
Before ma#i* a fro,al a,,a"# o ,+e Su* em)ire o ,+e lower Ya*,;e$ <u0lai ou,fla#ed ,+e
eem& 0& 8o*#aC! order> Wi,+ Uria*?a,ai$
27
!o of ,+e *rea, Sfi0i@,di$ +e lef, S+e!i a0ou,
O",o0er$ 1737$ "ro!!ed S;e"+wa$ ad e,ered Yua> T+i! la,,er "ou,r&$ ,+e alie ,o '+ia$
+ad !i"e ,+e ei*+,+ "e,ur& "o!,i,u,ed a !e)ara,e realm$ ,+e #i*dom of Na"+ow or Tali$
w+i"+ wa! a o1'+ie!e !,a,e i+a0i,ed 0& /o1/o! or S725T T+ai!$ ad w+i"+ +ad alwa&! 0ee
a0le ,o )re!er.e "om)le,e ide)ede"e wi,+i i,! "om)leA of mou,ai!> <u0lai !ei;ed Tali$ ,+e
eem& "a)i,al$ ad S+a!+a GYuafu or )er+a)! Pi*,i*+!ia*FH$ w+ere ,+e #i* of Tali$
"alled 0& ,+e '+ie!e Tua :i*1"+i+$ +ad ,a#e refu*e G1735H>
22
:e allowed ,+i! ruler ,o re,ai
+i! ,+roe li#e a ma+ara@a$ 0u, )la"ed a, +i! !ide a M8o*olM admii!,ra,or$ ,+e a,urali;ed
'+ie!e /d S+i+"+u*> 9l,+ou*+ ,+e old d&a!,& wa! mai,aied$ all Yua wa! di.ided i,o
8o*ol "ommaderie!>
29
NeA, Uria*?a,ai a,,a"#ed ,+e Ti0e,a! ad for"ed ,+em=or ,+o!e a,
lea!, of ,+e ei*+0or+ood=,o re"o*i;e 8o*ol !u;erai,&
9, ,+e ed of 1737$ Uri&a*?a,ai a,,a"#ed ,+e #i*dom of 9am G"a)i,al :aoiH> Drom Yua
+e "ame dow i,o ,+e To#i )lai ad )ludered :aoi G(e"em0er$ 1737H$ af,er w+i"+ Tra
T+ai,o*$ ,+e #i* of 9am$ foud i, wi!e ,o a"#owled*e +im!elf .a!!al G8ar"+$ 1732H>
I Se),em0er$ 1732$ a, a 9uriltai +eld i 8o*olia$ 8o*#a de"ided ,o ,a#e o.er ,+e leader!+i)
of ,+e war a*ai!, ,+e Su* em)ire> I O",o0er +e )a!!ed from S+e!i ,o S;e"+wa wi,+ ,+e
mai 8o*ol arm& ad ,oo# Paoi* aroud (e"em0er$ 1732$ 0u, de!)i,e all +i! effor,! +e wa!
ua0le ,o "a),ure :o"+ow$ ,+e :o"+wa of ,oda&=a )la"e of !ome im)or,a"e$ owi* ,o i,!
!i,ua,io a, ,+e "oflue"e of ,+e <iali* ad i,! ,wo ,ri0u,arie!> :e died ear ,+a, "i,& of
d&!e,er& "o,ra",ed duri* ,+e !ie*e o 9u*u!, 11$ 1739>
9, ,+e ,ime of 8o*#aC! dea,+$ +i! 0ro,+er <u0lai$ +a.i* "ome dow from :o)ei wi,+ ao,+er
8o*ol arm&$ wa! la&i* !ie*e ,o Wu"+ow$ moder Wu"+a*$ o ,+e middle Ya*,;e o))o!i,e
:a#ow i :u)e+ )ro.i"e> 9, ,+e !ame mome, Uri&a*?a,ai Gw+o +ad re,ured ,o Yua
from To#i a, ,+e ed of 1737H lef, Yua for <wa*!i$ w+ere +e a,,a"#ed <wei0$ ad ,+e
we, o ,o :ua ,o 0e!ie*e '+a*!+a>
90
T+u! ,+e Su* em)ire foud i,!elf 0e!e, !imul,aeou!l&
i ,+e or,+$ we!,$ ad !ou,+ w+e 8o*#aC! dea,+ allowed i, a mome,ar& re!)i,e> Ideed$
<u0lai i +i! de!ire ,o +a.e +i! +ad! free for ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e !u""e!!io$ +a!,eed ,o ma#e
)ea"e$ or ,ru"e$ wi,+ ,+e Su* mii!,er '+ia S!u1,ao=,+e Ya*,;e !er.i* a! "ommo fro,ier ,o
,+e ,wo em)ire!=ad re,ured wi,+ +i! arm& ,o :o)ei>
S72LT
8 2u$lai and the Mon'ol -ynasty of China
RI*A/R( .ET#EE1 27./AI A1- ARIH%.I,O
8o*#a lef, ,+ree 0ro,+er!4 <u0lai$ :ulK*u$ ad 9ri?10J*K>
1
:ulK*u$ w+o !i"e 1736 +ad 0ee
#+a of Per!ia$ wa! ,oo far awa& ,o )re!! +i! "laim ,o ,+e !u""e!!io> <u0lai ad 9ri?10J*K
remaied> 9ri?10J*K$ a! ,+e &ou*e!,$ +ad 0ee *o.eror of ,+e a,i.e lad ad re!ide, i
<ara#orum$ ,+e 8o*ol "a)i,al> 9! ruler of 8o*olia$ +e made read& ,o !ummo a 9uriltai i
,+a, "ou,r& ad !o !e"ure +i! ele",io a! *rad #+a> Bu, <u0lai fore!,alled +im> Bri*i* +i!
arm& or,+ward from Wu"0a*$ +e !e, u) +i! +ead?uar,er! o ,+e 0order! of '+ia ad
8o*olia$ a, S+a*,u+o$ w+ere ol& !omew+a, earlier +e +ad e!,a0li!+ed +i! !ummer re!ide"e
Gear ,+e )re!e,1da& (oloor$ 0e,wee '+a+ar ad %e+olH> T+ere o %ue L$ 1760$ +e wa!
)ro"laimed *rad #+a 0& +i! )ar,i!a!$ ,+a, i!$ +i! arm&>
7
:e wa! ,+e for,&1four &ear! old>
5

9""ordi* ,o %e*+i;1<+ai,e law$ ,+i! )re"i)i,a,e ele",io wa! irre*ular> Tradi,ioall&$ ,+e
9uriltai !+ould +a.e 0ee +eld i 8o*olia$ i ,+e )re!e"e of ,+e re)re!e,a,i.e! of ,+e four
%e*+i;1<+ai,e ulus )ro)erl& !ummoed i ad.a"e> 9, <ara#orum$ 9ri?10J*K al!o +ad ow o
+e!i,a,io i a!!umi* ,+e ,i,le of *rad #+a$ e"oura*ed i ,+i! e,er)ri!e 0& ,+e <era&i,
Ne!,oria Bol*+ai$ w+o +ad 0ee 8o*#a! "+ief mii!,er> I '+ia i,!elf$ ,+e 8o*ol *eeral!
"ommadi* i S+e!i ad S;e"+wa were i"lied ,o !ide wi,+ +im$ 0u, <u0lai wa! !oo S723T
a0le ,o rall& ,+e ,roo)! of ,+o!e ,wo )ro.i"e! ,o +im!elf> 9 .i",or& wo 0& <u0laiC! lieu,ea,!
o.er ,+o!e of 9ri?10J*K ea!, of <a"0ow Gi <a!u )ro.i"eH "ofirmed +im i ,+e )o!!e!!io
of 8o*ol '+ia> Pre!!i* +ome +i! ad.a,a*e$ <u0lai wi,ered a, ,+e ed of 1760 o ,+e Ri.er
O*#i$ !ou,+ of <ara#orum$ w+ile 9ri?10J*K wi,+drew ,o ,+e u))er Yei!ei> <u0lai ,+e made
,+e mi!,a#e of a!!umi* ,+e war ,o 0e o.er ad re,ured ,o '+ia$ lea.i* a ordiar& *arri!o i
<ara#orum> 9, ,+e ed of 1761$ 9ri?10J*K "ame 0a"#$ dro.e ou, ,+e *arri!o$ ad ad.a"ed ,o
mee, +i! ri.al> Two 0a,,le! were fou*+, o ,+e fri*e of ,+e Go0i> T+e fir!, wa! wo 0& <u0lai$
w+o$ +owe.er$ re)ea,ed +i! mi!,a#e of o, )ur!ui* 9ri?10J*KE ,+e !e"od$ ,e da&! la,er$ ,+ou*+
fier"el& fou*+,$ wa! ide"i!i.e>
9ri?10J*K +ad o +i! !ide Pri"e \aidu$ "+ief of ,+e +ou!e of O*JdKi ad ruler of ,+e Imil i
Tar0a*a,ai$ ad 9l*+u or 9lu*+u$ a %a*a,ai )ri"e w+om +e +ad +el)ed i ,+e "a),ure of ,+e ulus
of %a*a,ai from +i! female "ou!i Or*0aa> T+a#! ,o ,+i! !u))or,$ 9ri?10J*KC! for"e! ma,"+ed
,+o!e of +i! ad.er!ar& u,il ,oward ,+e ed of 1767$ w+e 9l*+u de!er,ed 9ri?10J*K for <u0lai
G!ee 0elow$ )a*e 551H> T+i! ueA)e",ed defe",io al,ered ,+e !i,ua,io> W+ile <u0lai reo""u)ied
<ara#orum$ +a.i* dri.e ou, 9ri?10J*KC! me$ ,+e la,,er "+ief wa! for"ed ,o "o,ed wi,+
9l*+u o ,+e Ili> 'au*+, 0e,wee ,+e ,wo foe!$ 9ri?10J*K fiall& !urredered ,o <u0lai i 176L>
<u0lai )ardoed +im$ 0u, eAe"u,ed !ome of +i! "+ief !u))or,er!$ i"ludi* ,+e Ne!,oria
mii!,er of !,a,e Bol*+ai>
L
9! a )re"au,io$ 0e #e), 9ri?10J*K a .ir,ual "a),i.e u,il +i! dea,+ i
1766>
CO1H7EST OF T" S71, EMPIRE
:a.i* )u, a ed ,o ,+e famil& ri.alrie!$ <u0lai wa! free ,o reew +i! a,,em), u)o ,+e Su*
em)ire> T+e Su* em)eror Tu1,!u* G176317LH relied o a 0aleful mii!,er$ '+ia S!u1,ao$ w+o
redered ieffe",i.e ,+e effor,! of +i! a0le!, "ommader!> 9, Tu1,!u*C! dea,+$ '+ia S!u1,ao$
arra*ed for ,+e !u""e!!io ,o *o ,o a four1&ear1old "+ild$ <u*1,i G1773176H$ ad ruled i +i!
ame> I ,+e war a*ai!, Su* '+ia$ <u0lai wa! for,ua,e i 0ei* !er.ed 0& ,wo remar#a0le
offi"er!4 Ba&a
3
ad 91"+u G,+e la,,er 0ei* ,+e !o of Uri&a*?a,ai ad *rad!o of SI0J,KiH$
!u))or,ed 0& ,+e Ui*ur 9ri?1?a&a> I 1762$ 91"+u S726T uder,oo# ,+e !ie*e of ,+e ,wi "i,ie!
Sia*&a* ad Da"+e*$ w+i"+ "ommaded ,+e lower :a 0a!i i :u)e+> T+i! famou! !ie*e
la!,ed fi.e &ear! G1762175H ad wa! ,+e !"ee of ma& +eroi" e)i!ode!$ !u"+ a! ,+e a,,em), ,o
0ri* i !u))lie! ,o Sia*&a* 0& wa,er$ a ,a!# e,ru!,ed ,o ,wo *alla, '+ie!e "a),ai!$ '+a
<ue ad '+a* S+ue$ w+o lo!, ,+eir li.e! i !o doi* G1771H> /I We1+ua*$ ,+e defeder of
Sia*&a*$ made !,u00or re!i!,a"e o,wi,+!,adi*> 9ri?1?a&a ,+e G1777H 0rou*+, i from
8e!o)o,amia ,wo reowed 8u!lim e*ieer!$ C 9la ad1(i of 8o!ul ad I!maCil of :illa$ wi,+
!ie*e e*ie! w+i"+ a, la!, "ru!+ed ,+e re!i!,a"e of ,+e 0elea*uered i+a0i,a,!>
6
Da"+e* wa!
,a#e i De0ruar&$ 1775$ ad i 8ar"+$ ao&ed 0& ,+e i,ri*ue! of ,+e Su* "our,$ /I We1
+ua* !urredered Sia*&a*>
Bei* ow i "o,rol of ,+e lower "our!e of ,+e :a Ri.er$ Ba&a ad 91"+u> mo.ed dow ,+e
Ya*,;e ad i 1773 !u""eeded i !u0@u*a,i* ,+e !,ro*+old! of ea!,er :u)e+ G:a&a*$
Wu"+a*$ ad :wa*"+owH$ of 9+wei G9#i*$ '+i"+ow$ Wu+u$ Tai)i*$ ad Ni*#woH$ ad
of <ia*!u GNa#i* ad '+i#ia*H>
7

Ba&a eA, i.aded '+e#ia*$ ,oo# '+a*"+ow$ ad rea"+ed ,+e Su* "a)i,al$ ,+e *rea, "i,& of
:a*e+ow> T+e em)re!! re*e,$ dau,ed$ +aded i, o.er i %auar&1De0ruar&$ 1776> O De0ruar&
73$ 1776$ Ba&a !e, ,+e li,,le em)eror ,o <u0lai$ w+o ,rea,ed +im #idl&>
2
Drom ,+i! ma& 0e
@ud*ed ,+e )ro*re!! made 0& ,+e 8o*ol! !i"e ,+e da&! of %e*+i; <+a4 i ,wo *eera,io! ,+e
+alf1!a.a*e! of ,+e Oo +ad rai!ed ,+em!el.e! ,o ,+e le.el of ,+e a"ie, "i.ili;ed ra"e!>
T+e !ou,+$ w+ere ,+e '+ie!e re!i!,ed ,o ,+e ed$ !,ill remaied ,o 0e !u0@u*a,ed> 9ri?1?a&a ,oo#
,+e im)or,a, "i,& of '+a*!+a i :ua ad <weili i <wa*!i G1776H> T+e war w+i"+ <u0lai
,+e +ad ,o wa*e i 8o*olia a*ai!, +i! re0el "ou!i! allowed ,+e !,u00or Su* )ar,i!a! a
0rief re!)i,e$ ad ,+e& a,,em),ed ,o re1form o ,+e "oa!,! of Du#ie ad <wa*,u*> Bu, ,+e
8o*ol!$ re,uri* ,o ,+e "+ar*e uder ,+e "ommad of *eeral SJ*K,I$ "a),ured$ oe af,er ,+e
o,+er$ ,+e )or,! of Du#ie GDu"+ow ad '+Ia"+ow$ 1777H ad <wa*,u* G'a,o$ 1777$ ad
'+ao"+ow$ 1772H )ro.i"e!> T+e la!, of ,+e '+ie!e M)a,rio,!$M uder ,+e leader!+i) of ,+e +eroi"
'+a* S+i+1#ie$ ,oo# refu*e a0oard ,+eir flee, wi,+ a ew li,,le Su* )ri"e$ S727T Ti1)i*$ a*ed
ie> O 9)ril 5$ 1779$ ,+i! flee,$ a,,a"#ed 0& ,+e 8o*ol !?uadro ear ,+e i!le, of Yai!+a
!ou,+we!, of 'a,o$ wa! de!,ro&ed$ ,a#e$ or !"a,,ered$ ad ,+e "+ild Ti1)i* wa! drowed>
T+i! wa! ,+e fir!, ,ime ,+a, ,+e w+ole of '+ia$ i"ludi* ,+e !ou,+$ +ad falle i,o ,+e +ad! of a
Tur#o18o*ol "o?ueror> W+a, ei,+er ,+e To0a Tur#! of ,+e fif,+ "e,ur& or ,+e %ur"+id
Tu*u! of ,+e ,welf,+ +ad 0ee a0le ,o a""om)li!+$ <u0lai a, la!, a"+ie.ed> I, wa! +e w+o
fulfilled ,+e dream diml& "+eri!+ed for ,e "e,urie! 0& Mall w+o dwel, 0eea,+ fel, ,e,!$M 0&
"ou,le!! *eera,io! of omad!> Wi,+ +im ,+e ro.i* +erd!me of ,+e !,e))e$ Mall ,+e !o! of
,+e Gra& Wolf ad ,+e :id$M 0e"ame a, la!, ,+e lord! of '+ia=,+a, i!$ of ,+e de!e!,
"ommui,& of !ede,ar& farmer! i all 9!ia> Ne.er,+ele!!$ ,+e "o?ue!, +ad 0ee !low eou*+ ,o
eu,rali;e i,! wor!, effe",!> 9d ideed$ ,+ou*+ <u0lai$ ,+e off!)ri* of omad!$ ma& +a.e
"o?uered '+ia$ +e +im!elf +ad 0ee "o?uered alread& 0& '+ie!e "i.ili;a,io> :e wa! ,+u!
a0le ,o reali;e ,+e "o!,a, o0@e",i.e of +i! )oli,i"!4 ,o 0e"ome a ,rue So of :ea.e ad ma#e of
,+e 8o*ol Em)ire a em)ire of '+ia> Dor ,+i! ,+e wa& la& o)e> No !ooer +ad ,+e Su*
di!a))eared ,+a +e 0e"ame le*i,ima,e lord of a em)ire fif,ee "e,urie! old> :i! +ou!e$ w+i"+
,oo# ,+e ame of YIa G172011562H$ a!)ired ol& ,o follow i ,+e foo,!,e)! of ,+e ,we,&1,wo
'+ie!e d&a!,ie! of ,+e )a!,> 9 .i!i0le !i* of ,+i! Sii"i;a,io wa! ,+e fa", ,+a,$ +a.i*
!a,"+ed <ara#orum from 9ri?10J*K$ <u0lai e.er we, ,o li.e ,+ere> I 1736137 +e +ad "+o!e
a! +i! !ummer re!ide"e ,+e !i,e of S+a*,u+o ear ,+e (oloor i ,+e ea!,er '+a+ar of ,oda&$
w+ere +e 0uil, a *rou) of )ala"e!> I 1760 lie e!,a0li!+ed +i! "a)i,al a, Pe#i*> I 1767 +e 0e*a
,o 0uild$ or,+ea!, of ,+e old ur0a "om)leA of Pe#i*$ a ew "i,& w+i"+ +e "alled Ta,u$ MGrea,
'a)i,al$M #ow al!o a! ,+e "i,& of ,+e #+a$ <+a0ali*+ =,+e 'am0alu" of we!,er ,ra.eler!>
T+i! 0e"ame ,+e wi,er ?uar,er! of ,+e 8o*ol !o.erei*!$ w+ile S+a*,u+o remaied ,+eir
!ummer re!ide"e>
9

#ARS I1 4APA13 I1-OCHI1A3 A1- 4A*A
9! ,+e ew em)eror of '+ia$ <u0lai "laimed +oma*e from ,+e o,+er !,a,e! i ,+e Dar Ea!,
w+i"+=ri*+,l& or wro*l&=,radi,ioal '+ie!e )oli"& +ad re*arded a! a,ural !a,elli,e!> S722T
<orea$ al,+ou*+ *arri!oed 0& 8o*ol!$ remaied i a !,a,e of )ermae, i!urre",io> T+e
<orea d&a!,& +ad wi,+draw ,o ,+e li,,le i!lad of <a*+wa$ o))o!i,e Seoul$ w+e"e i,
dire",ed i,! re!i!,a"e>
10
:owe.er$ i 1732 ,+e old #i* <o1,@o* e,ru!,ed +i! !o We1,@o* ,o
8o*#a a! +o!,a*e> O +i! a""e!!io$ <u0lai !e, ,+e &ou* )ri"e ,o rule <orea> :e al!o made
+im +i! !o1i1law$ ad ,+e <orea d&a!,&$ ,+rou*+ ,+i! allia"e wi,+ ,+e YIa ruli* +ou!e$
wa! ,+e"efor,+ a o0edie, .a!!al>
11

<u0lai al!o demaded +oma*e from %a)a> T+e re*e, of %a)a$ ,+e !+i##e Gre*e,H :o@o
To#imue G173112LH$ ,wi"e refu!ed i, G1762 ad 1771H> <u0lai i 177L ,+ereu)o !e, a*ai!, ,+e
%a)ae!e ar"+i)ela*o a flee, of 130 .e!!el! "arr&i* a eA)edi,ioar& for"e$ w+i"+ em0ar#ed
from ,+e "oa!, !ou,+ea!, of <orea$ laid wa!,e ,+e i!lad! of T!u!+ima ad I#i1!+ima$ ad laded
i :a#o;a#i G:a#a,aH Ba& i ,+e i!lad of <&u!+u$ i S+i#u;e Pro.i"e$ ear S+imoo!e#i
S,rai,> Bu, ,+e !,e))e warrior! were o, a, +ome o ,+e!e mari,ime eA)edi,io!> 8oreo.er$ ,+e&
were i,eded ,o form o more ,+a ,+e u"leu! of ,+e arm& of i.a!io$ ,+e 0ul# of w+i"+
"o!i!,ed of '+ie!e ad <orea auAiliarie!$ w+o were o, )ar,i"ularl& warli#e> 9, a& ra,e$ ,+e
daim&o! of <&u!+u$ e!"o"ed a0ou, ,+e for,re!! of 8i;u#i$ )u, u) !o .i*orou! a re!i!,a"e ,+a,
af,er a mome,ar& !e,0a"# =due$ i, i! !aid$ ,o '+ie!e firearm!=,+e& for"ed ,+e i.ader ,o re1
em0ar#>
I 1776$ <u0lai rei,era,ed +i! demad$ ad wa! o"e more refu!ed 0& :o@o To#imue> I %ue$
1721$ af,er lo* )re)ara,io$ <u0lai !e, a more )owerful armada a*ai!, %a)a$ "o!i!,i* of
L3$000 8o*ol! ad 170$000 Sio1<orea!$ w+o laded a, <&u!+u i :a#o;a#i Ba& ad o ,+e
i!lad! of Ta#a1!+ima ad :irado1!+ima i :i;e Pro.i"e> Ye, ,+i! ,ime ,oo ,+e 8o*ol ,roo)!$
0ei* !o e,irel& ou, of ,+eir eleme,$ ad ,+e Sio1<orea!$ w+o were of li,,le mili,ar& .alue$
"ould o, !,ad u) ,o %a)ae!e fur&> 90o.e all$ o 9u*u!, 13$ 1721$ a ,erri0le ,&)+oo di!)er!ed
or de!,ro&ed ,+e 8o*ol !?uadro$ ad ,+e 8o*ol ,roo)!$ "u, off from ,+eir 0a!e$ were ei,+er
"a),ured or ma!!a"red>
17

<u0lai fared li,,le 0e,,er i Ido"+ia> T+i! re*io wa! ,+e di.ided amo* four *rea, !,a,e!4 ,+e
#i*dom of 9am GTo#i ad ,+e or,+ of w+a, mu"+ la,er 0e"ame Dre"+ 9am ad i! ow
Nor,+ Vie,amH$ mu"+ iflue"ed 0& '+ie!e "ul,ureE ,+e #i*dom of '+am)a G,+e "e,ral ad
!ou,+er )ar,! of S729T oe,ime Dre"+ 9am$ ,+e Sou,+ Vie,am of ,oda&H$ 8ala&o1
Pol&e!ia 0& ra"e ad of Idia GBra+ma ad Budd+i!,H "ul,ureE ,+e em)ire of <+mer or
'am0odia$ of 8o1<+mer !,o"# ad of ,+e !ame Bra+ma ad Budd+i!, "ul,ureE ad ,+e
Burme!e Em)ire$ Burmao1Ti0e,a 0& ra"e$ Idia 0& "ul,ure$ ad Budd+i!, 0& reli*io$ of
w+i"+ Pe*u$ of 8o1<+mer ra"e ad Budd+i!, reli*io$ wa! a de)ede"&> I 1720 ,+e 8a+ara@a
of '+am)a$ Idra.arma IV$ i,imida,ed 0& <u0laiC! am0a!!ador!$ a""e),ed ,+e 8o*ol
)ro,e",ora,e$ 0u, +i! )eo)le refu!ed ,o allow ,+e "ou,r& ,o 0e di.ided u) i,o '+ie!e di!,ri",!
G1721H> <u0lai ,+e !e, 0& !ea$ from 'a,o ,o '+am)a$ a !mall arm& "ommaded 0& SJ*K,I
GSo1,u i '+ie!eH$ w+o !ei;ed ,+e '+am)a "a)i,al Vid@a&a GVi@a&aH or '+a0a$ ear moder
Bi+di+ G1725H> T+i! for"e failed ,o o.er"ome ,+e '+am)a *uerrilla ,roo)!$ +owe.er$ ad wa!
"om)elled ,o reem0ar#> I 1723$ <u0lai !e, a lar*er arm& i,o Ido"+ia=,+i! ,ime ,+rou*+
To#i$ .ia /a*!o="ommaded 0& oe of +i! !o!$ Pri"e To*+o or To*+a$ w+o a,,a"#ed
,+e 9ame!e> To*+o ,rium)+ed ear Ba"i+ ad ad.a"ed a! far a! :aoi$ 0u, wa! af,erward
defea,ed a, '+uo*1duo* i ,+e del,a ad dri.e 0a"# i,o '+ia> 8eaw+ile SJ*K,I +ad ,ried
,o a,,a"# To#i i ,+e rear$ from ,+e !ou,+> /adi* i '+am)a$ +e mo.ed u) ,o N*+ea ad
T+a++oa ,o mee, To*+o$ 0u, wa! ,a#e 0& a !ur)ri!e a,,a"# ad #illed 0& ,+e 9ame!e a, Ta&
<ie, G1723H> 9 fre!+ 8o*ol eA)edi,io i 1727$ .ia To#i$ o""u)ied :aoi o"e more$ 0u, wa!
ua0le ,o 0old i, ad +ad ,o e.a"ua,e ,+e "ou,r&> Tra N+o1,o$ #i* of 9ai G17721 95H$
+a.i* !u""e!!full& wi,+!,ood all a,,a"#!$ re1e,ered +i! "a)i,al i ,rium)+> Ne.er,+ele!!$ i 1722
+e deemed i, wi!e ,o a"#owled*e +im!elf <u0laiC! .a!!al> Be"au!e 0e refu!ed ,o "ome i )er!o
,o Pe#i*$ <u0lai de"ided i 1795 ,o de,ai +i! e.o&$ (ao1,u <i> T+e em)eror TemIr$ <u0laiC!
!u""e!!or$ wa! i ,+e ed ,o 0e"ome re"o"iled wi,+ +i! former Mre0el .a!!alM G179LH> T+e #i*
of '+am)a ,oo 0ad made ,+e a", of .a!!ala*e>
15

I 1777$ i Burma$ ,+e 8o*ol! +ad !ei;ed ,+e defile of B+amo$ w+i"+ o)eed u) ,o ,+em ,+e
.alle& of ,+e Irrawadd&> G8ar"o Polo *i.e! a li.el& de!"ri),io of ,+e 0a,,le i w+i"+ ,+e 8o*ol
0owme *o, ,+e 0e,,er of ,+e Burme!e war ele)+a,!>H I 172512L ,+e& i.aded ,+e "ou,r&
a*ai$ ad ,+e Burme!e ruler$ Nara!i+a)a,i$ #i* of Pa*a G173L127H$ fled from S790T +i! "a)i,al>
Ye, i, wa! o, u,il 1727$ i ,+e "our!e of a ,+ird "am)ai*$ ,+a, ,+e 8o*ol! "ame dow ,+e
.alle& of ,+e Irrawadd& a! far a! Pa*a$ ,+e Burme!e "a)i,al$ w+i"+ ,+e& )ludered> I 1797 ,+e
ew #i* of Pa*a$ <&o;wa$ a"#owled*ed +im!elf <u0laiC! .a!!al i order ,o "+e"# ,+e
de.a!,a,io> I 1500 ,+e 8o*ol! were ,o i,er.ee &e, a*ai i Burma i order ,o re!,ore order
amo* ,+e )e,,& S+a "+ief!$ w+o were ?uarreli* o.er ,+e ro&al !u""e!!io of Pa*a>
1L

8o*ol iflue"e wa! ,o ma#e i,!elf fel, a! far a! 'am0odia> I 1796 <u0laiC! !u""e!!or$ ,+e
em)eror TemIr$ !e, a em0a!!& ,o ,+a, "ou,r&$ a )ar,& w+i"+ i"luded '+ou Ta1#ua$ w+o +a!
lef, a a""ou, of ,+e @oure&>
13
Drom 179L$ e.e ,+e ,wo T+ai GSiame!eH #i*dom! of
'+ia*mai GZie*maiH ad Su#+o,ai 0e"ame .a!!al !,a,e!>
16

/a!,l&$ i %auar&$ 1795$ <u0lai !e, a eA)edi,ioar& for"e of 50$000 from '+Ia"+ow ,o %a.a>
T+e "+ief %a.ae!e ruler wa! ,+e #i* of <ediri$ i ,+e ea!,er )ar, of ,+e i!lad> T+e 8o*ol
arm&$ "ommaded 0& ,+e '+ie!e leader! S+i+ Pi ad <ao :i*$ defea,ed +im ear 8a@a)a+i,$
,+a#! ,o ,+e aid of ao,+er %a.ae!e "+ief amed Rade Vi@a&a> T+e 8o*ol! "a),ured ,+e
eem& "a)i,al$ <ediri or (a+a> Bu, Rade Vi@a&a af,erward ,ured a*ai!, ,+em ad for"ed ,+em
,o re1em0ar#> :a.i* ,+u! li0era,ed ,+e i!lad$ +e fouded ,+e 8a@a)a+i, Em)ire>
17

STR7,,/E #ITH HAI-7
T+e!e M"oloialM eA)edi,io! were le!! im)or,a, ,o <u0lai ,+a ,+e 0a,,le! +e wa! "alled u)o ,o
fi*+, a*ai!, ,+e o,+er %e*+i;1 <+ai,e 0ra"+e!$ ad e!)e"iall& a*ai!, \aidu$ O*JdKiC!
*rad!o$ w+o ruled ,+e )a,eral domai of ,+e ri.er Imil ad ,+e Tar0a*a,ai Ra*e>
12
T+i!
8o*ol$ w+o +ad remaied fai,+ful ,o ,+e old ,radi,io! ad ,o ,+e wa& of life of +i! ra"e$ wa!
,+e li.i* a,i,+e!i! of <u0lai$ ad alread& )ar,iall& Sii"i;ed 8o*ol> T+ere i! li,,le dou0, ,+a,
ma& 8o*ol! ad 8o*oli;ed Tur#! 0e+eld wi,+ ama;eme, ,+e ,ra!fer of *o.erme, ,o
"o?uered '+ia ad ,+e ,ra!forma,io of ,+e *rad #+a i,o a So of :ea.e> 9ri?10J*K 0ad
0ee ,+e fir!, re)re!e,a,i.e of ,+i! o))o!i,io$ ad \aidu wa! ,o ado), ,+e !ame role$ 0u, +e
0rou*+, ,o i, a mu"+ !,ro*er )er!oali,& ad dau,le!! eer*&>
S791T
I defia"e of ,+e +ou!e of Tolui$ w+i"+$ i ,+e )er!o of <u0lai$ !eemed ,o 0e for!a#i* ,+e )ure
%e*+i;1<+ai,e ,radi,io$ +e !e, +im!elf ,o re!,ore ,+e for,ue! of ,+e +ou!e of O*JdKi$ w+i"+
+ad 0ee di.or"ed from )ower !i"e 1731> I o,+er word!$ \aidu aimed ,o a!!er, +im!elf a! ,+e
le*i,ima,e +eir or$ i a& e.e,$ ,o "ar.e +im!elf a .a!, #+aa,e i 'e,ral 9!ia a, ,+e eA)e!e of
<u0lai i 8o*olia ad of ,+e %a*a,ai +ou!e i Tur#e!,a>
I, wa! a*ai!, ,+e la,,er ,+a, \aidu fir!, ,ured> Be,wee 1767 ad 1769 +e defea,ed Bara? ad
!ei;ed ,+e Ili ad <a!+*aria$ lea.i* +im ol& Tra!oAiaa> Bara?C! !u""e!!or! were o more
,+a \aiduC! .a!!al!$ "+o!e or re@e",ed a, +i! )lea!ure> Bei* ow lord of 'e,ral 9!ia$ \aidu
,oo# ,+e ,i,le of 9aan ad a,,a"#ed <u0lai>
<u0lai *a.e +i! four,+ !o$ Pri"e Nomo#+a or Nomo?a$
19
,+e ,a!# of wa*i* war a*ai!,
\aidu$ ad i 1773 !e, +im wi,+ a arm& ,o 9lmali# Gear moder <uld@a$ o ,+e IliH>
Nomo#+a wa! a""om)aied 0& a 0rillia, !,aff of )ri"e!$ amo* w+om were To?,emIr ad +i!
fir!, "ou!i S+ir#i$
70
8o*#aC! !o> Bu, i 1776 To?,emIr$ di!!a,i!fied wi,+ <u0lai$ )er!uaded
S+ir#i ,o @oi +im i a "o!)ira"&> T+e ,wo me ,rea"+erou!l& !ei;ed Nomo#+a ad de"lared for
\aidu$ +adi* o.er Nomo#+a ,o a all& of \aiduC!$ ,+e #+a of <i)"+a#$ 8a*u Timur> T+e&
al!o idu"ed %a*a,aiC! !e"od !o Sar0a ad o,+er %e*+i;1 <+ai,e! )ri"e! ,o @oi ,+e re.ol,>
Drom 9lmali#$ \aidu ad.a"ed i 1777 ,o <ara#orum> T+e !i,ua,io wa! a !eriou! oe for
<u0lai$ ad +e re"alled Ba&a$ +i! 0e!, *eeral$ from '+ia> Ba&a defea,ed S+ir#i o ,+e
Or#+o ad dro.e +im 0a"# u)o ,+e Ir,&!+$ w+ile To?,emIr fled ,o ,+e <ir*+i; "ou,r&$ i
Tau1 Ola$ from w+i"+ +e wa! "+a!ed ou, a*ai 0& a,,a"#i* im)erial ad.a"e ,roo)!> 9f,er ,+i!
!e,0a"# S+ir#i$ To?,emIr$ ad Sar0a fell ou, amo* ,+em!el.e!> To?,emIr wa! )u, ,o dea,+ 0&
S+ir#i$ ad S+ir#i ad Sar0a ,oo# +o!,ile a",io a*ai!, ea"+ o,+er> 9f,er leadi* !omew+a,
de!ul,or& o)era,io!$ Sar0a=w+o +ad ,a#e S+ir#i )ri!oer=!urredered ,o <u0lai ad
+aded o.er +i! "a),i.e ,o +im> <u0lai )ardoed Sar0a$ 0u, 0ai!+ed S+ir#i ,o a i!lad> Soo
,+ereaf,er$ i 1772$ Pri"e Nomo#+a wa! relea!ed> T+e "oali,io a*ai!, <u0lai +ad failed
,+rou*+ ,+e iferior ?uali,& of i,! mem0er!>
\aidu$ +owe.er$ remaied i a !,a,e of war wi,+ <u0lai$ ad S797T +e a, lea!, +ad ,+e !oul of a
leader> 8a!,er of ,+e Imil$ of ,+e Ili$ ad of <a!+*aria$ ad !u;erai of ,+e %a*a,ai )ri"e!$ w+o!e
)o!!e!!io! +e +ad redu"ed ,o Tra!oAiaa$ +e wa! ,+e ,rue #+a of 'e,ral 9!ia$ a! <u0lai wa!
,+a, of ,+e Dar Ea!,> I 1727 +e formed a fre!+ allia"e a*ai!, <u0lai$ 0ri*i* i,o i, ,+e leader!
of ,+e "olla,eral 8o*ol 0ra"+e!4 ,+e de!"eda,! of %e*+i; <+aC! 0ro,+er!> 9mo* ,+e!e
were ,+e )ri"e! Na&a$ S+i#,ur or S+i#,ur$ ad \adaCa> Na&a$ a de!"eda, ei,+er of %e*+i;
<+aC! &ou*e!, 0ro,+er Temu*e O"+i*i or of +i! +alf10ro,+er Bel*u,ai$
71
+eld domai! i ,+e
8a"+uria re*ioE +e wa! a Ne!,oria ad$ mai,ai! 8ar"o Polo$ di!)la&ed ,+e "ro!! o +i!
!,adard! or +i! ,u?> S+i#,ur wa! ,+e *rad!o of \a!ar$ ,+e elde!, of %e*+i; <+aC! 0ro,+er!>
\adaCa wa! a de!"eda, of \a"+iCu$ ,+e !e"od 0ro,+er>
77
T+e& ,oo +eld a))aa*e! i ,+e
re*io of ea!,er 8o*olia ad 8a"+uria> If \aidu$ 0ri*i* "o,i*e,! from 'e,ral 9!ia ad
we!,er 8o*olia$ were ,o !u""eed i @oii* wi,+ ,+e ,roo)! ,+a, Na&a$ S+i#,ur$ ad \adaCa
were a!!em0li* i 8a"+uria$ ,+e !i,ua,io would 0e"ome da*erou! for <u0lai>
<u0lai a",ed !wif,l&> :e ordered Ba&a ,o ,a#e u) +i! )o!i,io i ,+e <ara#orum area ad ,o +al,
\aidu> :e +im!elf !e, off for 8a"+uria a, ,+e +ead of ao,+er arm&> :e +ad wi,+ +im *eeral
Yi!!u1TemIr$ *rad!o of BoCor"+u$ %e*+i; <+aC! mo!, fai,+ful "om)aio> Drom '+ie!e
)or,! o ,+e lower Ya*,;e$ ,+e im)erial flee, +ad laded +u*e ?ua,i,ie! of !u))lie! a, ,+e mou,+
of ,+e /iao Ri.er for ,+e wa*i* of ,+e "am)ai* 0& w+i"+ ,+e fa,e of ,+e 8o*ol Em)ire would
0e de"ided> Na&aC! arm& wa! e"am)ed ear ,+e /iao ad )ro,e",ed i ,+e 8o*ol maer 0& a
lie of wa*o!> <u0lai$ w+o wa! !e.e,&1,wo$ followed ,+e 0a,,le o a woode ,ower "arried or
draw 0& four ele)+a,!> Ra!+id ad1(i rela,e! ,+a, ,+e a",io wa! +ard1fou*+, ad for a ,ime
ide"i!i.e> <u0lai wo$ o dou0,$ a! '+ie!e +i!,or& ,ell! u!$ ,+a#! ,o +i! umeri"al !u)eriori,&
ad al!o ,o +i! effe",i.e "om0ia,io of '+ie!e ad 8o*ol "o,i*e,!> Na&a wa! ,a#e
)ri!oer> 9! 0efi,,ed a *rad1e)+ew of %e*+i; <+a$ <u0lai +ad +im )u, ,o dea,+ wi,+ou,
0lood!+ed 0& !mo,+eri* +im uder fel, "ar)e,! G1722H> T+e Ne!,oria! w+o +ad "ommi,,ed
,+em!el.e! o Na&aC! !ide +ad rea!o ,o fear re)ri!al!$ 0u, <u0lai refu!ed ,o +old '+ri!,iai,&
re!)o!i0le S795T for ,+e re0ellio>
75
TemIr Ol@ai,u$ *rad!o ad fu,ure !u""e!!or of <u0lai$
!,ifled all fur,+er i!urre",io 0& "ru!+i* \adaCa ad )a"if&i* 8a"+uria ad ,+e ad@oii*
8o*ol di!,ri",!>
\aidu +ad lo!, +o)e of i,er.ei* i ,+e affair! of ,+e Dar Ea!,$ 0u, +e !,ill remaied ma!,er of
we!,er 8o*olia we!, of ,+e <+a*ai 8ou,ai!$ ad of Tur#e!,a> Oe of <u0laiC! *rad!o!$
Pri"e <amala$
7L
*i.e ,+e ,a!# of defedi* ,+e fro,ier of ,+e <+a*ai 8ou,ai! a*ai!,
\aiduC! me$ wa! defea,ed ad !urrouded ear ,+e Sele*a$ ad ol& arrowl& e!"a)ed> <u0lai$
de!)i,e +i! *rea, a*e$ fel, i, e"e!!ar& ,o "ome ad re,rie.e ,+e !i,ua,io i )er!o G%ul&$ 1729H>
Bu, \aidu$ i ,+e omad fa!+io$ +ad ridde awa&> I 1795$ Ba&a$ lef, i "ommad of ,+e
im)erial arm& i 8o*olia$ wi,+ <ara#orum a! +i! 0a!e$ led a .i",oriou! eA)edi,io a*ai!, ,+e
re0el ,roo)!> I ,+a, !ame &ear +e wa! re)la"ed i +i! "ommad 0& Pri"e TemIr$ a *rad!o of
<u0lai> Ba&a 0e"ame <u0laiC! )rime mii!,er$ ad died !+or,l& af,er +im i 1793>
<u0lai did o, li.e ,o !ee ,+e ed of ,+e war a*ai!, \aidu> W+e ,+i! *rea, em)eror died$ o
De0ruar& 12$ 179L$ ,+e +ead of O*JdKiC! +ou!e wa! !,ill ma!,er i 8o*olia we!, of ,+e <+a*ai
ad i 'e,ral 9!ia> <u0laiC! *rad!o ad !u""e!!or$ Em)eror TemIr Ol@ai,u G179311507H$
"o,iued ,+e fi*+,> \aiduC! "+ief all& ad .a!!al wa! ,+e (uwa$ "+ief of ,+e %a*a,ai ulus i
Tur#e!,a> I ,+e "our!e of ,+e &ear! 1797 ad 1792$ (uwa lau"+ed a !ur)ri!e a,,a"# ad
"a),ured ,+e *alla, R*I, )ri"e <Jr*I; G,+a, i!$ Geor*e$ for i, will 0e remem0ered ,+a, ,+e
R*I, were Ne!,oria!H$ w+o wa! i "ommad of ,+e im)erial armie! of 8o*olia ad wa! ,+e
!o1i1law of em)eror TemIr Ol@ai,u>
73
(uwa ,+e a,,em),ed ,o !ur)ri!e ao,+er im)erial arm&$
,+a, of Pri"e 9ada$ w+o wa! *uardi* ,+e fro,ier! of ,+e Ta*u, "ou,r& Gwe!,er <a!uH>
Bu, +e +im!elf wa! ueA)e",edl& a,,a"#ed ad )u, ,o fli*+,> :e ,oo# re.e*e 0& +a.i* +i!
)ri!oer <Jr*I; eAe"u,ed G1792H>
I 1501$ \aidu made oe la!, effor, a*ai!, ,+e em)ire> 9,,eded 0& ma& )ri"e! of ,+e O*JdKi
ad %a*a,ai +ou!e!$ +e mar"+ed o <ara#orum$ w+ere Pri"e <+ai!+a$ Em)eror TemIrC!
e)+ew$ wa! i "ommad> 9 *rea, 0a,,le wa! fou*+, i 9u*u!,$ 1501$ i ,+e re*io 0e,wee
<ara#orum ad ,+e Ri.er TKmir$ a lef,10a# ,ri0u,ar& of ,+e Or#+o> \aidu wa! defea,ed ad
died duri* +i! re,rea,>
S79LT
'+K)Kr$ \aiduC! !o$ !u""eeded +im a! leader of ,+e ulus of O*JdKi$ o ,+e Imil i Tar0a*a,ai$
ad )la&ed ,+e !ame )ar, of a,i1'ae!ar a*ai!, ,+e im)erial ri*+,! of <u0laiC! +ou!e> (uwa$
"+ief of ,+e %a*a,ai ulus$ a, fir!, a""e),ed +im a! !u;eraiE 0u, !oo$ wearied of ,+e!e i"e!!a,
war! a*ai!, ,+e em)ire$ +e )er!uaded +i! lord ,o a"#owled*e i +i! ,ur ,+e !u;erai,& of
Em)eror TemIr> I 9u*u!,$ 1505$ ,+e am0a!!ador! of ,+e!e ,wo )ri"e! "ame ,o )a& +oma*e a,
,+e "our, of Pe#i*$ a mo!, im)or,a, a",$ w+i"+ re!,ored 8o*ol ui,& 0& o"e more )la"i* ,+e
ulus of O*JdKi ad %a*a,ai uder ,+e .a!!ala*e of ,+a, of Tolui> T+e$ a! will 0e !ee$ (uwa ad
'+K)Kr ?uarreledE (uwa ,oo# '+K)Kr )ri!oer ad for"ed +im ,o +ad o.er ,+e ,wo Tur#e!,a!
G"a> 1506H> 9f,er (uwaC! dea,+ G"a> 150617H$ '+K)Kr a,,em),ed ,o re!,ore ,+e +e*emo& of
O*JdKiC! ulu! o.er %a*a,aiC! aroud 1509 0& a,,a"#i* ,+e #+a <e0e#$ (uwaC! !o ad
!u""e!!or$ 0u, wa! 0ea,e 0& <e0e# ad 0ad o "+oi"e 0u, ,o ,a#e refu*e wi,+ ,+e *rad #+a of
'+ia>
T+u! eded ,+e ulus of O*JdKi$ w+i"+$ from i,! 0a!e o ,+e Ili i Tar0a*a,ai$ +ad for for,& &ear!
G176911509$ a))roAima,el&H domia,ed 'e,ral 9!ia ad "ou,er0ala"ed ,+e for,ue! of
<u0laiC! +ou!e>
<u0laiC! d&a!,&$ ,+e 8o*ol d&a!,& of '+ia$ remaied !ole !u;erai of ,+e o,+er 8o*ol
#+aa,e!> Pe#i* wa! ,+e "a)i,al of ,+e world a! far a! ,+e (au0e ad ,+e Eu)+ra,e!>
To reder more i,elli*i0le ,+e !,ru**le 0e,wee ,+e +ou!e! of <u0lai ad \aidu$ we +a.e 0ee
o0li*ed ,o follow i, ,o i,! ed$ fif,ee &ear! af,er ,+e dea,+ of <u0lai +im!elf> We ma& ow ,ur
0a"# ad "o!ider w+a, oe ma& "all ,+e Mi,eral )oli"&M of ,+i! ruler>
27./AI0S ,O*ER1ME1T6 MO1,O/ A1- CHI1ESE PO/IC(
<u0lai )ur!ued a dual )oli"&$ i,! a!)e", de)edi* u)o w+e,+er oe "o!ider! +im=or +e
"o!idered +im!elf=a! *rad #+a ad +eir ,o %e*+i; <+a or a! So of :ea.e ad !u""e!!or
,o ie,ee '+ie!e d&a!,ie!> Drom ,+e 8o*ol )oi, of .iew$ +e "o!i!,e,l& mai,aied i
)ri"i)le Gif o, i reali,&H ,+e moral ui,& of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e em)ire> 9! !u)reme #+a$
i+eri,or of %e*+i; <+aC! ad 8o*#aC! au,+ori,&$ +e e.er "ea!ed ,o demad o0edie"e from
,+e *rea, %e*+i;1<+ai,e a))aa*e!$ S793T w+i"+ +ad 0e"ome a! ma& au,oomou! #+aa,e!>
To im)o!e ,+i! o0edie"e o ,+e +ou!e! of O*JdKi G\aiduH ad %a*a,ai$ +e !)e, +i! life wa*i*
war i 8o*olia> Per!ia$ w+ere +i! 0ro,+er :ulK*u wa! ruler$ wa! for +im !im)l& a )ro.i"e of
+i! em)ire> T+e #+a! of Per!ia=:ulK*u G1736163H$ 90a?a G1763121H$ ad 9r*+u G172L191H=
were i +i! e&e! mere il%khans$ or !u0ordia,e #+a!4 *o.eror! of +i*+ ra#$ w+o +eld ,+eir
a))oi,me,! from +im ad remaied i "lo!e "o,a", wi,+ +im>
76
<u0lai$ )o!!e!!or of all '+ia$
,+eore,i"al !u;erai of Tur#e!,a ad of 8o*ol Ru!!ia$ ad a",ual !u;erai of Ira$ wa! ,rul&$ a!
8ar"o Polo o0!er.ed$ M,+e *rea, /ord$M M,+e mo!, )owerful ma!,er of me$ lad!$ ad ,rea!ure!
,+a, +a! e.er 0ee i ,+e world$ from ,+e ,ime of 9dam u,il ,oda&>M
77

W+ile i ,+e re!, of 9!ia$ <u0lai wa! %e*+i; <+aC! +eir$ i '+ia +e !ou*+, ,o 0e ,+e lo&al
"o,iua,or of ,+e ie,ee d&a!,ie!> No o,+er So of :ea.e ,oo# +i! role a! !eriou!l& a! +e
did> :i! +eali* admii!,ra,io 0oud u) ,+e woud! of a "e,ur& of war> 9f,er ,+e fall of ,+e
Su*$ +e o, ol& )re!er.ed ,+e i!,i,u,io! ad admii!,ra,i.e )er!oel of ,+a, d&a!,&$ 0u,
made e.er& effor, ,o !e"ure ,+e )er!oal lo&al,& of ,+e offi"ial! fu",ioi* a, ,+e ,ime> :a.i*
"o?uered ,+e !oil$ +e a"+ie.ed al!o ,+e "o?ue!, of mid!$ ad +i! *rea,e!, "laim ,o fame i!
)er+a)! o, ,+a, +e wa! ,+e fir!, ma i +i!,or& ,o "o?uer ,+e w+ole of '+ia$ 0u, ,+a, +e
)a"ified i,>
T+e )ro0lem of "ommui"a,io!$ !o im)or,a, for ,+e admii!,ra,io ad )ro.i!ioi* of ,+a,
.a!, em)ire$ re"ei.ed +i! "lo!e a,,e,io> :e re)aired ,+e im)erial road!$ )la,ed !+ade ,ree!
alo* ,+em w+ere )ra",i"a0le$ ad 0uil, "ara.a!arie! a, re*ular !,a*e!> 8ore ,+a ,wo +udred
,+ou!ad +or!e!$ di!,ri0u,ed amo* ,+e .ariou! rela& !,a,io!$ are ,+ou*+, ,o +a.e 0ee em)lo&ed
i ,+e !er.i"e of ,+e im)erial mail!> To a!!ure ,+e food !u))l& of Pe#i*$ +e re)aired ad
"om)le,ed ,+e *rea, "aal 0& w+i"+ ri"e wa! 0rou*+, ,o ,+e "a)i,al from "e,ral '+ia>
72
To
"om0a, famie$ +e re.i.ed !,a,e "o,rol$ lo* e!,a0li!+ed i '+ia$ w+i"+ ,+e famou! Wa* 91
!+i+$ uder ,+e Su* of <aife*$ +ad )erfe",ed> I *ood &ear!$ !ur)lu! "ro)! were 0ou*+, 0& ,+e
!,a,e ad !,ored i )u0li" *raarie!> Wi,+ ,+e ad.e, of famie ad +i*+ )ri"e!$ ,+e!e *raarie!
were o)eed ad ,+e *rai di!,ri0u,ed *ra,i!>
79
Pu0li" a!!i!,a"e wa! al!o or*ai;ed> 9 edi", of
1760 ordered .i"ero&! ,o )ro.ide relief ad a!!i!,a"e for S796T old !"+olar!$ or)+a!$ ad ,+e
!i"# ad ifirm> 9o,+er of 1771 "alled for ,+e !e,,i* u) of +o!)i,al!> O.er ad a0o.e ,+e
'+ie!e admii!,ra,i.e ,radi,io$ ,+e!e a",! were ?ui,e )ro0a0l& ,+e re!ul, of Budd+i!, iflue"e
=a))are,l& .er& !,ro*=o ,+e mid of <u0lai> Ri"e ad mille, were re*ularl& di!,ri0u,ed ,o
eed& familie!$ ad <u0lai +im!elf$ 8ar"o Polo ,ell!$ fed 50$000 )au)er! dail&>
50

T+e ol& iferior !ide ,o <u0laiC! admii!,ra,io wa! i ,+e field of fia"e> 9mo* ,+e Su*
i!,i,u,io!$ <u0lai +ad di!"o.ered ,+e u!e of ch'ao$ or )a)er "urre"&> T+i! +e 0rou*+, i,o
*eeral "ir"ula,io ad made ,+e 0a!i! of +i! fia"ial )oli"&> I 176L +e )romul*a,ed a de"ree
!e,,i* for,+ ,+e .alue$ i )a)er moe&$ of ,+e )ri"i)al *ood!> :i! fir!, fia"e mii!,er$ ,+e
8u!lim Sa&&id 9@all of Bu#+ara Gd> 1779H$ !eem! ,o +a.e mai,aied ,+e i!!ue of "urre"&
wi,+i rea!oa0le limi,!>
51
Ra!+e!! 0e*a wi,+ !u0!e?ue, mii!,er!$ fir!, wi,+ ,+e Tra!oAiaa
9+med Dea#e,i Gd> 1727H ad ,+e wi,+ Sa*a ,+e Ui*ur>
57
Bo,+ ,+e!e me )ur!ued a )oli"& of
u"o,rolled ifla,io w+i"+ ra)idl& de.alued ,+e ch'ao> I ,+eir !ear"+ for moe&$ ,+e& re!or,ed
,o re)ea,ed "o.er!io! ad e!,a0li!+ed 0urde!ome moo)olie!> 9+med$ w+o wa! a!!a!!ia,ed
i 1727$ wa! )o!,+umou!l& de*raded 0& <u0lai> Sa*a wa! "odemed ,o dea,+ for mal.er!a,io
G1791H> I 1505$ af,er <u0laiC! rei*$ i, 0e"ame e"e!!ar& ,o "+e"# ,+e fall of )re.iou! i!!ue! ad
i,rodu"e ew o,e!$ w+i"+ i ,+eir ,ur de)re"ia,ed>
RE/I,IO7S PO/IC( OF 27./AI A1- HIS S7CCESSORS6 .7--HISM
<u0lai$ a! 8ar"o Polo eA)re!!l& !,a,e!$
55
wa! widel& ,olera, of all "ul,!$ al,+ou*+ i 1779 +e did
for a ,ime re.i.e %e*+i; <+aC! re*ula,io! rela,i* ,o ,+e !lau*+,er of li.e!,o"#=re*ula,io!
w+i"+ offeded a*ai!, 8u!lim "u!,om=ad o"e di!)la&ed eA,reme ao&a"e a, ,+e
o0li*a,io im)o!ed u)o 8u!lim! 0& ,+e <ora ,o wa*e a :ol& War a*ai!, Mifidel!>M
5L
Dur,+ermore$ +i! !&m)a,+ie! for ,+e Budd+i!,! "au!ed +im for a !+or, ,ime ,o !+ow a mea!ure of
)er!oal +o!,ili,& ,oward ,+e Taoi!,!$ ,+eir ,radi,ioal ri.al!> Budd+i!m ideed 0eefi,ed .er&
mar#edl& from +i! fa.or$ ad i, i! uder ,+i! a!)e", ,+a, +e i! #ow ,o 8o*ol ,radi,io> T+a,
de.ou, Budd+i!,$ ,+e 8o*ol +i!,oria Saa* Se"+e$ we, !o far a! ,o add ,o <u0laiC! ,i,le!
,+o!e of 9utu9tu
S797T
G.eera0le$ di.ieH ad chakravartin GMui.er!al moar"+$M i ,+e .o"a0ular& of Budd+i!mH>
53
E.e 0efore +i! a""e!!io$ duri* 8o*#aC! rei*$ +e +ad "alled a "ofere"e a, S+a*,u+o a,
w+i"+ Budd+i!,! de0a,ed wi,+ Taoi!,! ad ,rium)+ed G1732H> 9, ,+i! famou! di!)u,a,io$
Budd+i!, do",rie wa! eA)ouded 0& Na1mo$ w+o +ad alread& de0a,ed i ,+e )re!e"e of
8o*#al ad 0& ,+e &ou* Ti0e,a lama P+a*!1)a> 9! a, ,+e de0a,e of 1733$ ,+e& "o.i",ed ,+e
Taoi!,! of !)readi* a)o"r&)+al ,ale! w+i"+ di!,or,ed ,+e +i!,or& of Budd+i!, ori*i! ad made
Budd+i!m a))ear a mere !a,elli,e of Taoi!m> 9f,er ,+i! "o,ro.er!&$ <u0lai i!!ued edi",! orderi*
,+e 0uri* of !u!)e", wor#!$ ad "om)elled ,+e Taoi!,! ,o +ad 0a"# ,+e moa!,erie! ,+a, ,+e&
+ad ,a#e from ,+e Budd+i!,! Gedi",! of 1732$ 1761$ 1720$ ad 1721H>
56
9f,er 0e"omi* em)eror$
8ar"o Polo ,ell! u!$ +e a""orded a ma*ifi"e, "eremoial re"e),io ,o ,+e reli"! of ,+e Budd+a$
!e, +im 0& ,+e ra@a of 'e&lo>
<u0laiC! "+ief a!!i!,a, i ,+e domai of Budd+i!m wa! ,+e Ti0e,a lama P+a*!1)a$ w+o wa!
0or a0ou, 1759 ad died mo!, )ro0a0l& o (e"em0er 13$ 1720> P+a*!1)a wa! ,+e e)+ew ad
!u""e!!or of ,+e "ele0ra,ed Sa!1<&a )adi,a$ a00o, of ,+e moa!,er& of Sa!1<&a i ,+e )ro.i"e
of T!a*>
57
<u0lai$ w+o +ad !e, for +im i Ti0e,$ em)lo&ed +im 0o,+ ,o "o.er, ,+e 8o*ol!
ad ,o e!ure Ti0e,a .a!!ala*e> :e amed +im Mma!,er of ,+e realmM Gkuo%shihH$ a ,i,le
0orrowed from a"ie, '+ie!e Budd+i!m$
52
ad a0ou, 176L )la"ed ,+e Ti0e,a )ro.i"e! uder
+i! )oli,i"o1reli*iou! au,+ori,&> U) ,o ,+a, ,ime ,+e 8o*ol! +ad #ow o o,+er al)+a0e, ,+a
,+e Ui*ur> B& <u0laiC! order$ i 1769 P+a*!1)a )rodu"ed for ,+em a ew wri,i* "alled d&rb)l3in$
or !?uare$ i!)ired 0& ,+e Ti0e,a al)+a0e,> :owe.er$ ,+e )ar, )la&ed i ,+i! 0& P+a*!1)a i!
,+ou*+, 0& Pellio, ,o +a.e 0ee !omew+a, o.ere!,ima,edE ad i a& "a!e ,+i! !?uare wri,i*
e@o&ed ol& ,em)orar& !u""e!!$ for ,+e 8o*ol! "o,iued ,o u!e "+ara",er! "o)ied from ,+e
Ui*ur al)+a0e, Gdifferi* ol& i ,+e !,&le of wri,i* ad i +a.i* more a*ular "+ara",er!H$
w+i"+ 0e"ame ,+eir a,ioal wri,i*> I, wa! i Ui*ur "+ara",er! ,+a, ,+e 8o*ol!C "+a"eller&
,eA,! i ,+e Dre"+ 9r"+i.e! Na,ioale! were wri,,e>
59
I ,+i! "oe",io$ Pellio, )oi,! ou, ,+a,
Ui*ur wri,i* +a! ,+e defe", of "o.e&i* ol& im)erfe",l& ,+e !oud! of ,+ir,ee,+1"e,ur&
8o*olia$ i ,+a, i, fail! ,o di!,i*ui!+ 0e,wee ,+e !oud! o ad u$ omi,! ,+e ii,ial h$ ad !o
S792T o> Dor *u,,ural !oud!$ ,oo$ ,+e Ui*ur al)+a0e, i! le!! ri"+ ,+a P+a*!1)aC!>
L0

8o!, of <u0laiC! !u""e!!or! were e?uall& fer.e, Budd+i!,!$ ,+e fir!, of ,+e!e 0ei* +i! *rad!o
TemIr$ w+o rei*ed af,er +im G179L11507H> :owe.er$ ao,+er of <u0laiC! *rad!o!$ Pri"e
9ada Gde!)i,e +i! e!!e,iall& Budd+i!, Sa!#ri, ameH$ i"lied ,oward I!lam> M:e #ew ,+e
<ora 0& +ear,$ eA"elled i 9ra0i" wri,i*$M ad wa! a e,+u!ia!,i" )ro)a*a,or of ,+e 8u!lim
fai,+ i ,+e Ta*u, "ou,r& GNi*!iaH$ of w+i"+ +e wa! .i"ero&> TemIr ,ried ,o 0ri* +im 0a"# ,o
Budd+i!m$ 0u, i .ai$ ad for a ,ime +e im)ri!oed +im> 9, TemIrC! dea,+ GDe0ruar& 10$ 1507H$
9ada a,,em),ed ,o !ei;e ,+e ,+roe! 0u, +i! "ou!i <+ai!+a !e"ured i, ad +ad +im )u, ,o
dea,+>
L1
(uri* +i! rei* G%ue 71$ 15071%auar& 77$ 1511H$ <+ai!+a !+owed +im!elf ,o 0e a
de.ou, Budd+i!, ad "au!ed ma& ,eA,! of ,+e Budd+i" "ao ,o 0e ,ra!la,ed i,o 8o*olia>
T+e '+ie!e li,era,i$ of 'ofu"ia "ul,ure$ re)ro.ed +im for ,+e fa.or +e 0e!,owed u)o ,+e
lama!$ ad i, ma& +a.e 0ee a! a rea",io ,o ,+i! fa.ori,i!m ,+a, ,+e admii!,ra,io wi,+drew
from 0o,+ Budd+i!, ad Taoi!, fouda,io! ,+e fi!"al immui,& w+i"+ ,+e& +ad e@o&ed u,il ,+a,
,ime>
L7
I ,+e rei* of Ye!u TemIr$ <u0laiC! *rea,1*rad!o$ w+o wa! em)eror from O",o0er L$
1575$ ,o +i! dea,+ o 9u*u!, 13$ 1572$ ,+e mii!,er '+a* <uei made a )u0li" )ro,e!, o 0e+alf
of 'ofu"ia "ommui,ie! a*ai!, ,+e fa.or !+ow ,+e lama!> S+e!i e!)e"iall& wa! ,+e re!or, of
um0er! of Ti0e,a mo#!> 9 "o,em)orar& re)or, ru!4 MT+e!e lama! are ,o 0e !ee ridi* a0ou,
,+e we!,er )ro.i"e!$ "arr&i* a, ,+eir *irdle! )a!!)or,! wri,,e i le,,er! of *old> T+e& o.erru
,+e ,ow! ad$ i!,ead of lod*i* a, ,+e i!$ ,+e& mo.e i,o )ri.a,e +ou!e! ad dri.e ou, ,+e
+ou!e+older!$ ,+e more readil& ,o ,a#e ad.a,a*e of ad ra.i!+ ,+eir wi.e!> No, "o,e, wi,+
de0au"+er&$ ,+e& remo.e from ,+e )eo)le w+a, li,,le moe& ,+e& +a.e> 9",io mu!, 0e ,a#e
a*ai!, ,+e!e )u0li" 0lood!u"#er!$ w+o are more "ruel e.e ,+a ,+e ,aA *a,+erer!>M
L5
Em)eror
Ye!u +ad ,o re*ula,e ,+e e,r& of lama! i,o '+ia )ro)er>
T+e eA"e!!i.e Budd+i!, M"leri"ali!mM for w+i"+ '+ie!e li,era,i +eld ,+e 8o*ol d&a!,&
re!)o!i0le wa! o dou0, a "o,ri0u,i* "au!e ,o ,+a, d&a!,&C! dowfall> :owe.er$ ,+e
iordia,e iflue"e eAer,ed 0& ,+e Budd+i!, M"+ur"+M o <u0laiC! +ou!e wa! o,+i* ew i ,+e
+i!,or& of Tur#o18o*ol d&a!,ie! o '+ie!e S799T !oil> T+e !ame ,+i* +ad +a))eed wi,+
,+e famou! Du '+ie a, ,+e ed of ,+e four,+ "e,ur&$ ad wi,+ ,+e la!, of ,+e To0a a, ,+e
0e*ii* of ,+e !iA,+ G))>39 ad 63H> Budd+i!m a, fir!, made ,+e!e fier"e 0ar0aria! *e,ler ad
more +umae$ ,+e !lu**i!+$ ad a, la!, deadeed i ,+em ,+e i!,i", of !elf1)re!er.a,io> T+e
old 'ofu"ia '+ia$ w+i"+ +ad edured ,+e!e ,erri0le ma!,er!$ )er"ei.ed ,+a, ,+e& +ad *row
+armle!!$ ad ei,+er a0!or0ed ,+em$ a! i ,+e "a!e of ,+e To0a$ or eA)elled ,+em$ a! wi,+ ,+e
%e*+i;1<+ai,e!> T+e !i,ua,io would +a.e 0ee far more !eriou! if ,+e +ou!e of <u0lai +ad
em0ra"ed I!lam$ a! mi*+, +a.e +a))eed if 9ada +ad +ad +i! ow wa& i 1507> T+e ,rium)+
of I!lam would +a.e 0ee a ,erri0le 0low ,o ,+e old '+ie!e "i.ili;a,io> T+e ,wo *rea,e!,
da*er! ,+a, ,+rea,eed i, i ,+e "our!e of i,! lo* +i!,or& were )er+a)! 9adaC! a,,em), i 1507
ad TamerlaeC! i.a!io$ for,ua,el& a.er,ed 0& ,+a, leaderC! dea,+ i 1L0L>
LL

RE/I,IO7S PO/IC( OF 27./AI A1- HIS S7CCESSORS6 1ESTORIA1ISM
<u0laiC! )refere"e for Budd+i!m +ad i o wa& )re.e,ed +im from !+owi* !&m)a,+& for ,+e
Ne!,oria fai,+> 9, ,+e *rea, '+ri!,ia "ele0ra,io! +e$ li#e +i! )rede"e!!or!$ "au!ed ,+e Ne!,oria
)rie!,! a,,a"+ed ,o +i! ordu ,o 0ri* 0efore +im ,+e Go!)el!$ w+i"+ +e "e!ed ad )iou!l&
#i!!ed>
L3
MI 1729 +e e.e i!,i,u,ed a !)e"ial de)ar,me,$ ,+e ch'ung%fu%ssu$ for admii!,eri*
,+e '+ri!,ia "ul, ,+rou*+ou, ,+e em)ire>M :i! edi",!$ li#e ,+o!e of O*JdK ad 8o*#a$ laid
dow eAem),io from ,aAa,io ad 0e!,owal of .ariou! )ri.ile*e! u)o Ne!,oria )rie!,!$ a!
u)o Budd+i!, ad Taoi!, mo#! ad 8u!lim do",or!> I, will 0e remem0ered i ,+i! "oe",io
,+a, ,+e 8o*ol! followed S&ria" e,&molo*& i de!i*a,i* '+ri!,ia! 0& ,+e ame! of tarsa ad
)rk)g&n or )k)'&n G,+e )lural i! )rk)g&d or )rk)'&d ad ,+e '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io i! ye%li%k'o%
wenH$ w+ile )rie!,! ad mo#! were "alled rabban%)rk)g&n ad 0i!+o)! were #ow a!
marhasia>
L6

9mo* 8o*ol! ad a!!imila,ed *rou)!$ Ne!,oria! were )ro)or,ioa,el& umerou!$ e!)e"iall&
amo* ,+e <era&i, ad ,+e Mng&t Tur#!> T+e Mng&t Tur#!$ w+o +ad ,a#e o.er ,+e )la"e of ,+e
old S+a1,Co Tur#! or,+ of ,+e Grea, Wall o ,+e fri*e of S500T moder S+a!i$ em)lo&ed a
ome"la,ure w+i"+ re.eal! i,!elf$ de!)i,e ,+e +ea.& .eil of '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io$ a! 0ei* of,e
Ne!,oria4 S+e1we GSimeoH$ <Cuo1li1#i1!!u GGeor*eH$ Pao1lu!!u GPaulH$ Yo1a G%o+H$ Ya1#u
G%ame!H$ TCie1+o G(e+aH$ Yi1!+o GI!+o4 %e!u!H$ /u1+o G/u#eH>
T+e ma@ori,& of ,+e Mng&t )eo)le li.ed i w+a, i! ow ,+e )ro.i"e of Sui&ua$ i ,+e re*io of
moder To?,o or <wei+wa"+e*$ a area #ow i ,+e 8o*ol )eriod 0& ,+e ame of
Tu*!+e*> Pellio, ,+i#! ,+a, from ,+i! ame deri.e! ,+a, of <o!+a*$ ,+a, i!$ To!+a*$ 0&
w+i"+ ,+e "ou,r& i! de!i*a,ed i ,+e life of 8ar Ya+0alla+a III ad of Ra00a Sauma>
L7
T+e
ame Tanduc$ 8ar"o PoloC! ame for ,+e !ame re*io$ ori*ia,e!$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e !ame !"+olar$
from a a"ie, ame "urre, uder ,+e Ya* GTCie1,J$ formerl& )roou"ed T+iK1,a#H>
L2
T+i!
wa! ,+e ,rue +ome of ,+e Mng&t d&a!,&$ a lie of Tur#i" )ri"e! ori*iall& *rea,l& a,,a"+ed ,o
Ne!,oriai!m ad a, ,+e !ame ,ime "lo!el& rela,ed ,o ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e famil&> T+e +ou!e of
%e*+i; <+a owed ,+e!e Ne!,oria )ri"e! a de0, of *ra,i,ude w+i"+ i, a))are,l& e.er for*o,>
T+e Mng&t "+ief 9la?u!+1,i*i
L9
+ad redered ,+e 8o*ol! a .i,al !er.i"e a, a de"i!i.e mome,
w+e$ i.i,ed ,o @oi ,+e allia"e formed 0& ,+e Naima a*ai!, ,+em$ +e did ,+e o))o!i,e ad
!,ood firml& 0& %e*+i; <+a>
30
:e )aid for +i! de.o,io wi,+ +i! lifeE for w+e +e re,ured
+ome af,er ,+e war wi,+ ,+e Naima$ "er,ai mem0er! of +i! ,ri0e w+o fa.ored a allia"e wi,+
,+e Naima a!!a!!ia,ed +im$ ad wi,+ +im +i! elde!, !o Bu&a S+i0a> :i! widow wa! a0le ,o
e!"a)e ,o YI"+e* wi,+ ,+eir !e"od !o Po1&ao1+o> W+e %e*+i; <+a e,ered YI"+e* a!
"o?ueror of ,+e <i$ +i! +ear,fel, wi!+ wa! ,o re!,ore +i! fai,+ful .a!!alC! famil& ,o ,+e
leader!+i) of ,+e Mng&t "ou,r&> You* Po1&ao1+o we, wi,+ +im o +i! "am)ai* a*ai!,
<+wari;m$ ad o ,+eir re,ur %e*+i; <+a *a.e ,+e &ou* ma +i! ow dau*+,er$ 9la*+ai1
0K#i$ i marria*e> 9, Po1&ao1+oC! dea,+$ a! a ,rue dau*+,er of %e*+i; <+a$ 9la*+ai10K#i
*o.ered ,+e Mng&t "ou,r& wi,+ a for"eful 0ad> :a.i* o "+ildre of +er ow$ !+e ,rea,ed ,+e
,+ree !o! w+om +er +u!0ad +ad +ad 0& a "o"u0ie=<I10u?a$ 9i10u?a$ ad '+oli*+10u?a
=a! +er ow> T+e fir!, ,wo i ,+eir ,ur married %e*+i;1<+ai,e )ri"e!!e!4 <I10u?a married
Yelmi!+$ dau*+,er of ,+e *rad #+a GI&I#$ ad 9i10u?a married YIrK#$ <u0laiC! dau*+,er>
31
9i1
0u?aC! !o <Jr*I; or GJr*I;=,+a, i!$ Geor*e= S501T married fir!, Pri"e!! \u,admi!+$ ,+e
dau*+,er of <u0laiC! !o '+e1#i$ ad ,+e Pri"e!! 9&ami!+$ ,+e *rad #+a TemIrC! dau*+,er>
I, +a! 0ee rela,ed earlier +ow +e wa! #illed i TemIrC! !er.i"e i 1792>
37

I, i! ,+u! e.ide, +ow "lo!el& ,+i! Ne!,oria )ri"el& +ou!e wa! allied ,o ,+e 8o*ol d&a!,&>
9d$ wi,+i ,+e limi,! of 8o*ol reli*iou! ,olera"e$ i, did o, fail ,o u!e i,! fa.ored )o!i,io ,o
)ro,e", '+ri!,iai,&> T+e life of 8ar Ya+0alla+a ad of Ra00a Sauma !+ow! u! <I10u?a ad
9i10u?a !+oweri* ,o#e! of *ood will ad )re!e,! o ,+e ,wo Ne!,oria )il*rim! a, ,+e
mome, of ,+eir de)ar,ure for M%eru!alem>M
35
MPri"eGeor*eM ideed$ ,oward ,+e ed of +i! life$
wa! "o.er,ed ,o 'a,+oli"i!m 0& ,+e Dra"i!"a mi!!ioar& Gio.ai da 8o,e"or.io>
3L

8ar Ya+0alla+aC! ad Ra00a SaumaC! 0io*ra)+& ma#e! i, "lear ,+a, Ne!,oriai!m o ,+e
or,+er 0oudarie! of 8o*ol '+ia wa! o, "ofied ,o ,+e Mng&t "ou,r&$ for a, ,+eir
de)ar,ure for ,+e We!, ,+e& were *i.e ,+e mo!, mo.i* wel"ome 0& '+ri!,ia! i ,+e Ta*u,
"ou,r&=,+a, i!$ <a!u=ad more )ar,i"ularl& i ,+e M"i,& of ,+e Ta*u,$M Ni*!ia>
33
Ideed$
Ne!,oria "ommui,ie! eAi!,ed all o.er ,+a, re*io$ a, Ni*!ia$ Sii*$ <a"+ow$ Su"+ow$ ad
Tu+wa*> 8ar"o Polo me,io! ,+ree Ne!,oria "+ur"+e! i Ni*!ia aloe>
36

Bu, ,+e Ne!,oria! did o, remai "ofied ,o ,+e!e ou,er mar"+e! of old '+ia$ w+ere o dou0,
,+e& 0ad dwel, i o0!"uri,& !i"e ,+e TCa* d&a!,&> T+a#! ,o ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e "o?ue!,$ ,+e
i,erior of '+ia wa! ow o)e ,o ,+em> Oe mi*+, e.e !a& ,+a, Ne!,oriai!m$ +a.i* 0ee
eA)elled from '+ia af,er ,+e fall of ,+e Ta*$ re1e,ered i, wi,+ ,+e 8o*ol!> I 1773 ,+e
Ne!,oria )a,riar"+ of Ba*+dad "rea,ed a ar"+0i!+o)ri" a, Pe#i*> I ,+e wa#e of ,+e 8o*ol!$
,+e Ne!,oria fai,+ )ee,ra,ed e.e ,+e re*io of ,+e lower Ya*,;e> I 1772 <u0lai e,ru!,ed ,+e
*o.erme, of '+e#ia* G8ar"o PoloC! 'inghianfuH i moder <ia*!u ,o a "er,ai 8ar SKr*i!
G2a Sieli%ki%ssu i '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),ioH$ w+o$ a! +i! ame !u**e!,!$ wa! a Ne!,oria$ ad w+o
wa! )rom), i 0uildi* a "+ur"+ i ,+a, )la"e G1721H>
37
O,+er Ne!,oria "+ur"+e! were 0uil, i
Ya*"+ow ad :a#ow>
32

T+ere i! a "ele0ra,ed )ie"e of e.ide"e of 8o*ol Ne!,oriai!m i ,+e S&ria" 0i0lio*ra)+& of
8ar Ya+0alla+a III ad Ra00a S507T Sauma> Ra00a Sauma Gd> 179LH ad +i! fried ,+e fu,ure
)a,riar"+ 8ar Ya+0alla+a$ 8ar#u! 0& ame G17L311517H$ were ,wo Ne!,oria! of w+om a, lea!,
,+e !e"od wa! a Mng&t>
39
8ar#u!C fa,+er wa! ar"+dea"o of ,+e Mng&t ,ow of <o!+a* or
To!+a*$ w+i"+ Pellio, ide,ifie!$ a! we !aw$ wi,+ medie.al Tu*!+e* or moder To?,o$ o ,+e
fro,ier of )re!e,1da& Sui&ua ad S+a!i> Ra00a Sauma wa! ,+e !o of a M.i!i,orM from ,+e
Ne!,oria "+ur"+ of <+a0ali*+$ or Pe#i*> :e wa! ,+e fir!, ,o em0ra"e ,+e moa!,i" lifeE +e
re"ei.ed ,+e ,o!ure a, ,+e +ad! of ,+e me,ro)oli,a of Pe#i*$ 8ar Guiwar*ui!$ af,er w+i"+ +e
wi,+drew ,o a +ermi,a*e$ w+ere +e wa! @oied 0& 8ar#u!$ o a mou,ai a da&C! @oure& from
,+e "i,&> 9, 8ar#u!C !u**e!,io$ ,+e ,wo mo#! re!ol.ed ,o ma#e ,+e )il*rima*e ,o %eru!alem>
T+e ,wo Mng&t )ri"e!$ <I10u?a ad 9i10u?a$ w+o were al!o Ne!,oria! ad w+om ,+e mo#!
.i!i,ed ear To?,o ,o ,ell ,+em of ,+eir )la$ wel"omed ,+em mo!, warml&$ a, ,+e !ame ,ime
,r&i* ,o di!!uade ,+em from i,4 MW+& !+ould &ou !e, off for ,+e We!,$ w+e we ,a#e !o mu"+
,rou0le ,o 0ri* +i,+er 0i!+o)! ad mo#! from ,+o!e )la"e!FM Bu, !eei* ,+a, Ra00a Sauma
ad +i! "am)aio were de,ermied ,o *o$ ,+e Mng&t )ri"e! *a.e ,+em +or!e!$ moe&$ ad
e.er&,+i* re?uired for ,+eir @oure& a"ro!! 'e,ral 9!ia>
T+e )il*rim! fir!, )a!!ed ,+rou*+ ,+e Ta*u, "ou,r&$ ,+a, i!$ ,+e or,+er )ar, of )re!e,1da&
<a!u$ ear Ni*!ia$ a lad w+ere Ne!,oria "ommui,ie! were umerou!> M8e$ wome$ ad
"+ildre "ame ou, ,o mee, ,+em$ for ,+e fai,+ of ,+e i+a0i,a,! of Ta*u, wa! .er& arde,>M
%oure&i* alo* ,+e ,rail! !ou,+ of ,+e /o0 Nor ad ,+e Tarim$ ,+e& rea"+ed <+o,a ad ,+e
domai! of ,+e #+a of ,+e %a*a,ai +ou!e$ w+o a, ,+i! ,ime wa! (uwaE for ,+i! wa! i 1773176$
a""ordi* ,o Pellio,C! e!,ima,e>
60
T+e warfare ,+e )re.aili* i 'e,ral 9!ia amo* ,+e %e*+i;1
<+ai,e )ri"e! )re.e,ed Ra00a Sauma ad 8ar#u! from ,ra.eli* dire",l& from <a!+*aria ,o
Per!ia> T+e& foud <+o,a i ,+e *ri) of famie$ <a!+*ar de)o)ula,ed 0& war$ ad ,+e road
leadi* we!,ward from <a!+*ar "lo!ed ,o ,ra.eler!> T+e& ,+erefore ,ured or,+ ad we, ,o
Tala! G,+e 9ulie19,a$ or (;+am0ul$ of ,oda&H$ w+ere ,+e #+a \aidu of O*JdKi wa! e"am)ed>
61
:e *a.e ,+e ,wo Ne!,oria! a "ordial re"e),io$ ad )ro.ided ,+em wi,+ !afe1"odu",! w+i"+
ea0led ,+em ,o )a!! ,+rou*+ ,+e S505T lie! of ,+e "om0a,a, armie! ad a, la!, arri.e i ,+e
8o*ol #+aa,e of Per!ia$ of w+i"+ ,+e ruler wa! a, ,+a, ,ime <+a 90a?a G1763127H>
9 Ne!,oria amed 9i1!ie i '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io=,+a, i!$ CI!K or %e!u! G177711502H=w+o wa!
)ro0a0l& a 9ra0i"1!)ea#i* '+ri!,ia from S&ria$ o""u)ied a im)or,a, )o!i,io uder <u0lai>
8ul,ili*ual ad a )+&!i"ia ad a!,roomer$ +e +ad 0ee i GI&I#C! !er.i"e> I 1765 <u0lai
a))oi,ed +im dire",or of ,+e de)ar,me, of a!,room&$ ad +e a))ear! ,o +a.e 0ee oe of ,+e
i!)irer! of ,+e edi", of 1779 0& w+i"+ <u0lai !ou*+, ,o "ur0 8u!lim )ro)a*ada i '+ia> I
172L123$ CI!K a""om)aied a +i*+1ra#i* 8o*ol offi"ial$ ,+e ch'eng%hsiang Bolod$ w+e Bolod
wa! !e, a! am0a!!ador ,o 9r*+u$ ,+e #+a of Per!ia> O +i! re,ur ,o '+ia$ CI!K wa! a))oi,ed
"ommi!!ioer for ,+e '+ri!,ia "ul, i 1791 ad mii!,er of !,a,e i 1797> :i! !o! El&a$ (e+a$
:ei1!!u$ Geor*e$ ad /u#e$ Ne!,oria! li#e +im!elf$ al!o )erformed im)or,a, fu",io! a, ,+e
"our, of Pe#i*>
67

/a!,l&$ <u0lai ad +i! !u""e!!or! re"#oed amo* ,+eir )er!oal *uard i Pe#i* 50$000
'+ri!,ia 9la! of ,+e Gree# ri,e$ w+o +ad "ome from ,+e 'au"a!u! i 8o*#aC! ,ime> I %ue$
1773$ a! we !aw$ a "or)! of ,+e!e 9la! wa! ,rea"+erou!l& ma!!a"red 0& ,+e Su* a, ,+e !ie*e of
'+e"+ow$ or,+ of ,+e lower Ya*,;e> T+e re.eue! of '+e"+ow were ,+e made o.er 0&
<u0lai ,o ,+e familie! of ,+e 9la! w+o +ad died i +i! !er.i"e> O %ul& 11$ 1556$ ,+e
de!"eda,! of ,+e!e 9la! !e, a le,,er of !u0mi!!io ,o Po)e Beedi", ZII> T+e em0a!!& ,+a,
)re!e,ed i, ,o ,+e 9.i*o )o)e i 1552 i"luded$ 0e!ide! 9drew ad William of Na!!io$
T+o*a& ,+e 9la>
65

Pellio, +a! e!,a0li!+ed$ moreo.er$ ,+e fa", ,+a, ,+e 8ai"+aei!m of old 0e"ame a",i.e o"e a*ai
i Du#ie$ w+ere i, +ad *i.e !i*! of re.i.al alread& uder ,+e Su*>
6L

MARCO PO/O0S 4O7R1E(
Ni""olo Polo ad +i! 0ro,+er 8affeo Polo were Vee,ia mer"+a,! w+o +ad li.ed for a lo*
,ime i 'o!,a,io)le> I 1760 ,+e& lef, ,+a, "i,& o a ,radi* eA)edi,io ,o ,+e 8o*ol #+aa,e
of <i)"+a# i w+a, la,er 0e"ame !ou,+er Ru!!ia> T+e& were re"ei.ed a, Sarai o ,+e lower
Vol*a G,+e MTi*ri!M of 8ar"o PoloH S50LT 0& Ber#e GNarcaH$ ,+e #+a of <i)"+a#$ Ba,uC! 0ro,+er
ad !u""e!!or$ ad ,+e& !old +im ,+eir a!!or,me, of @ewelr&> T+e ,+e& ,oo# ,+e <+wari;m road
,o Bu#+ara$ i ,+e %a*a,ai #+aa,e$ w+ere ,+e& remaied for ,+ree &ear!$ for ,+eir re,ur wa!
+idered 0& warfare amo* ,+e 8o*ol )ri"e!> 9, la!, ,+e& de"ided ,o a""om)a& ,+e em0a!!&
from :ulK*u ,+e #+a of Per!ia ,o +i! 0ro,+er <u0lai i '+ia> I doi* !o ,+e& +ad ,o follow ,+e
u!ual "ara.a rou,e .ia O,rar o ,+e S&r (ar&a$ 9lmali# i ,+e Ili .alle&$ ad Ui*uri!,a
GIo*uri!,aH$ i w+i"+ were ,+e ,wo ,ow! of Be!+0ali*+ Gear <u"+e*H ad Turfa$ ,+e la,,er
0ei* ,+e #ow a! <ara1#+o@a G8ar"o PoloC! 'arachoOoH>
63
Diall&$ .ia :ami G+i! 'amulH ad
Tu+wa* or S+a"+ow GSaciuH$ ,+e& arri.ed i '+ia ad rea"+ed Pe#i* or <+a0ali*+
G'ambalucH>
<u0lai *a.e ,+em ,+e 0e!, )o!!i0le re"e),io ad$ a! ,+e& were lea.i*$ ur*ed ,+em ,o a!# ,+e
Po)e ,o !ed +im a +udred do",or! leared i ,+e !e.e ar,!>
66
T+e Polo! lef, '+ia i 1766$ ad
arri.ed a, /a&a!$ /a@a;;o$ or 9&a! o ,+e 8edi,erraea$ ,+e "+ief )or, of ,+e 9rmeia #i*dom
of 'ili"ia> Drom ,+ere$ i 9)ril$ 1769$ ,+e& we, o ,o 9"re$ ad ,+e"e ,o Rome> Ua0le ,o
o0,ai ,+e mi!!ioarie! ad do",or! re?ue!,ed 0& <u0lai$ ,+e& re1em0ar#ed for 9"re$ ad lef,
,+ere a*ai a, ,+e ed of 1771 for '+ia> T+i! ,ime ,+e& ,oo# wi,+ ,+em Ni""oloC! !o 8ar"o
Polo$ w+o +a! lef, u! a immor,al a""ou, of +i! @oure&>
8ar"o$ wi,+ +i! fa,+er ad u"le$ lef, /a@a;;o ad$ ,ra.eli* 0& ,+e Si.a! rou,e ,+rou*+ ,+e
Sel@u# !ul,aa,e of 9!ia 8ior$ rea"+ed ,+e 8o*ol #+aa,e of Per!ia> T+e& were )re.e,ed from
,a#i* ,+e Tra!oAiaa road 0& ,+e war ,+e *oi* o 0e,wee 90a?a ,+e #+a of Per!ia ad +i!
"ou!i!$ ,+e %a*a,ai #+a! of Tur#e!,a w+o 0ad !ided wi,+ \aiduE ,+e& ,+erefore ,oo# ,+e dire",
dia*oal rou,e ,+rou*+ Per!ia 0& wa& of Ta0ri;$ Sul,ai&e0$ ad <a!+a$ ad ,+e o dou0, .ia
Ye;d ad <erma G<irmaH ,o :ormu; GOrmu;H>
67
T+e& +ad )ro0a0l& i,eded ,o ,a#e !+i) for
'+ia from :ormu;$ 0u,$ a! Pellio, )oi,! ou,$ ,+e "oa!,! of !ou,+er '+ia ad ,+e *rea, )or,! of
'a,o$ '+Ia"+ow$ Du"+ow$ ad :a*"+ow !,ill 0elo*ed ,o ,+e Su* a, ,+a, ,ime$ ad o, ,o
,+e 8o*ol!> So a, :ormu; ,+e Polo! "+a*ed ,+eir )la!> Gi.i* u) +o)e of rea"+i* ,+e Dar
Ea!, 0& !ea$ ,+e& we, u) i,o 'e,ral 9!ia .ia <+ura!a Gw+i"+ 8ar"o Polo "all! M,+e "ou,r&
of ,+e (r& TreeM or of M,+e /oe TreeMH$
62
)a!!i* ,+rou*+ Ni!+a)ur$ S+e0ur*a GSapurganH$ ad
Bal#+ GNalcH>
S503T
9.oidi* Tra!oAiaa$ ,+e !"ee of i"e!!a, war! 0e,wee ,+e #+a of Per!ia ad ,+e %a*a,ai
ulus$ ,+e Polo! !e, off or,+ea!,ward from Bal#+ a"ro!! ,+e Bada#+!+a GNadascianH ad o.er
,+e Pamir! G,amierH 0& wa& of ,+e +i*+ .alle& of ,+e Wa#+a GVocanH or,+ of Bolor GNelorH> B&
,+e old Sil# Road GTa!+ <ur*+a$ P,olem&C! M!,oe ,owerMH$ ,+e& "ame dow i,o <a!+*ar
G'ascarH$ w+o!e 0eau,iful *arde! ad .ie&ard! 8ar"o Polo )rai!e!$ a! well a! ,+e "ommer"ial
!e!e of i,! i+a0i,a,!$ Mw+o ,ra.el ad ,rade all o.er ,+e world>M 9, <a!+*ar ,oo +e o,e! ,+e
eAi!,e"e of a Ne!,oria "ommui,& wi,+ i,! ow "+ur"+> Drom ,+ere ,+e Polo! ,oo# ,+e o le!!
a"ie, rou,e alo* ,+e !ou,+ of ,+e Tarim 0a!i 0& wa& of Yar#ad G+arcanH$ <+o,a G'otanH$
<eri&a G,emH$ ad '+er"+e G'harchan or 'iarcianH> S#ir,i* ,+e /o0 Nor$ ,+e& )a!!ed ,+rou*+
/o)$ a ,ow ide,ified 0& Sir 9urel S,ei a! ,+e '+ar#+li# of ,oda&>
69
T+e& "ame eA, ,o
Tu+wa* or S+a"+ow GSaciuH> T+e$ i ,+e old Ta*u, "ou,r&$ ,+e& "ame u)o Su"+ow of
<a!u Pro.i"e GSucciuH
70
ad <a"+ow G'ampiciuH$ a im)or,a, ,radi* "e,er w+ere ,+e
Vee,ia! !,a&ed for earl& a &ear$ awai,i* i!,ru",io! from ,+e 8o*ol "our,> 8ar"o Polo
o,e! ,+a, ,+e Ne!,oria! +ad ,+ree "+ur"+e! i <a"+ow ad ,+a, ,+ere were al!o i ,+e ,ow a
um0er of Budd+i!, mo#!$ w+o!e .ir,ue! +e )rai!e! i a o0@e",i.e maer>
71

9f,er ,+i! !o@our a, <a"+ow$ ,+e Polo! re!umed ,+eir ea!,ward @oure& ,+rou*+ /ia*"+ow
GErginul or ErgiuulH
77
ad Ni*!ia GEgrigaiaH>
75
I ,+i! la,,er "i,&$ ,+e old Ta*u, "a)i,al$ ,+e
ma@ori,& of ,+e )o)ula,io were Budd+i!,!> Bu, 8ar"o Polo o,e! a Ne!,oria "ommui,& ,+ere
al!o$ wi,+ ,+ree "+ur"+e!> T+e ,ra.eler! ,+e )ee,ra,ed ,+e Mng&t "ou,r&$ w+i"+ 8ar"o Polo
"all! Tanduc G!ee a0o.eH$ ad of w+i"+ ,+e "e,er ma& 0e !ou*+, ear ,+e moder ,ow of To?,o
or <wei+wa"+e*> 8ar"o Polo doe! o, omi, ,o me,io ,+e Ne!,oria fai,+ of ,+e Mng&t
)ri"e!$ w+om for ,+a, rea!o +e "ofu!e! wi,+ ,+e famil& of Pre!,er %o+$ ,+a, i! ,o !a&$ of ,+e
old <era&i, ruler!> T+i! mi!,a#e wa! re)ea,ed 0& Odori"o da Pordeoe> 8ar"o refer!
!)e"ifi"all& ,o MPri"e Geor*eM G(rg&!H$ w+o ,+e ruled o.er ,+e Mng&t uder ,+e !u;erai,& of
,+e *rad #+a> :e allude! al!o ,o ,+e marria*e allia"e! 0e,wee ,+e 8o*ol d&a!,& ad ,+e
)ri"el& +ou!e of ,+e Mng&t>
/ea.i* ,+i! "ou,r&$ ,+e Polo! e,ered '+ia )ro)er or$ more S506T a""ura,el&$ or,+er '+ia$
w+i"+ 8ar"o Polo "all! 'athay$ i ,+e 8o*ol maer$ from ,+e ame of ,+e <+i,a or <+i,ai$
,+e lord! of ele.e,+1"e,ur& Pe#i*> Drom ,+e To?,o re*io ,+e& rea"+ed <u0laiC! !ummer
re!ide"e of S+a*,u+o G'yandu$ 'handuH$ ,+e moder (oloor$ i 8a&$ 1773>
T+e Polo! +aded <u0lai a le,,er from Po)e Gre*or& Z> <u0lai !eem! ,o +a.e ,a#e a li#i* for
8ar"o$ w+om +e ,oo# wi,+ +im ,o +i! wi,er "our, a, <+a0ali*+ G'ambalucH$ our Pe#i*> O
8ar"o PoloC! ow ,e!,imo&$ +e foud +im a )la"e i ,+e *o.erme, ad$ a! will 0e !ee$
e,ru!,ed +im wi,+ .ariou! "ofide,ial mi!!io!> Ne.er,+ele!!$ i, a))ear! ,+a, 8ar"o Polo e.er
a"?uired a !eriou! a))re"ia,io of ,+e '+ie!e la*ua*eE o ,+e o,+er +ad$ +e #ew Per!ia ad
of,e u!ed Per!ia ,ra!"ri),io! for ,+e *eo*ra)+i"al ame! of '+ia>
7L
T+e fu",io! w+i"+ +e$
+i! fa,+er$ ad +i! u"le were a0le ,o )erform "ao, +a.e 0ee a! im)or,a, a! !ome )eo)le$
,+rou*+ fal!e i,er)re,a,io!$ +a.e 0ee ,em),ed ,o !u**e!,> Drom ,+e iforma,io 8ar"o *i.e!
a0ou, ,+e eA)loi,a,io of !al, de)o!i,!$ Pellio, ifer! ,+a, +e ma& +a.e 0ee em)lo&ed i ,+e
'+ie!e admii!,ra,io of ,+e !al, ,aAE i, ma& +a.e 0ee i ,+a, "a)a"i,& ,+a, +e wor#ed for ,+ree
&ear! a! a!!i!,a, ,o ,+e lo"al !u0)refe", a, Ya*"+ow>
73
W+a, +e !a&! of ,+e )ar, )la&ed 0& +i!
fa,+er ad u"le i ,+e !ie*e of Sia*&a* i 1762175 doe! o, "orre!)od ,o ,+e !,a,eme,! i
'+ie!e !our"e!> Bu, if ,+e reowed Vee,ia did !omew+a, eAa**era,e +i! #i!meC! role$ ,+e
im)or,a, fa", remai! ,+a, +i! ow du,ie!$ +owe.er mior$ *a.e +im ,+e o))or,ui,& of .i!i,i*
,+e )ri"i)al '+ie!e "i,ie!>
8ar"o PoloC! 0oo# de!"ri0e! ,wo i,ierarie!4 oe from Pe#i* ,o Yua$ ,+e o,+er from Pe#i*
,o Du#ie> I ,+e fir!, +e me,io! Tai&Ia GTaianfuH$ "a)i,al of w+a, i! ow S+a!iE Pi*&a*
G,ianfuH$ ,+e !e"od "i,& of ,+e )ro.i"eE Sia$ ,+e "alled De*&Iafu or <i*"+aofu
G@uengianfuH i S+e!i=a !o of <u0laiC! amed 8a*ala wa! .i"ero& ,+ere G1777120H ad +e
me,io! 8ar"o PoloE
76
ad ,+e '+e*,u GSindufuH i S;e"+wa> Drom ,+ere ,+e @oure& i!
de!"ri0ed wi,+ a a0uda"e of de,ail$ idi"a,i* ,+a, 8ar"o Polo wa! ideed !e, o !ome
errad ,o ,+e!e )ar,!> I Yua or ,+e a"ie, realm of Tali G'araian$ 'aragianH$ +e me,io!
,+e ,wo ,ow! of Tali G'aragianH ad Yua G+achy/ PaciH$ w+ere alread& +e o,e! a lar*e
8u!lim "ommui,&>
77
Yua formed a !e)ara,e .i"ero&al,& *o.ered 0& a S507T !u""e!!io of
%e*+i;1<+ai,e )ri"e!4 <u0laiC! !o U*e"+i G1767H$ Tu*+lu*+ G177LH$ ad U*e"+iC! !o E!e
or Ye!e TemIr G1720H> 8ar"o Polo ,ell! ,+a, a, ,+e ,ime of +i! @oure& E!e TemIr GEssantemurH
wa! i )ower> T+e de,ail! +e *i.e! of ,+e 8o*ol war! i Burma or ,+e "ou,r& of 8ie G8o*ol
eA)edi,io! of 1777$ 172512L$ ad 1727H !u**e!, ,+a, +e ma& +a.e *oe a! far a! ,+e fro,ier of
,+a, "ou,r& i ,+e wa#e of ,+e 8o*ol armie!> I a& e.e,$ +e *i.e! a de,ailed de!"ri),io of
,+e 0a,,le of 1777$ i ,+e "our!e of w+i"+ ,+e 8o*ol ar"+er! "au!ed )ai" amo* ,+e #i* of
Pa*aC! war ele)+a,!$ ad for"ed ,+e B+amo )a!! o ,+e u))er Irrawadd&> :e al!o !)ea#! of ,+e
8o*ol!C e,r& i,o Pa*a$ w+i"+ did o, ,a#e )la"e u,il 1727>
72

T+e !e"od i,ierar& de!"ri0ed 0& 8ar"o Polo )a!!ed ,+rou*+ ea!,er '+ia from or,+ ,o !ou,+$
)arallel ,o ,+e '+ia Sea> Drom Pe#i* +e we, .ia :o#ie G8ar"o Polo 'acianfuH
79
,o T!a*lu
G'iangluHE T!i&a* G'iangfiHE T!ii* i S+a,u* GSingiumatuHE :waia G'oigangiuH$ ear ,+e
mou,+ of ,+e :wai Ga, ,+a, ,ime ,+e mou,+ of ,+e Yellow Ri.erHE
20
Ya*"+ow G+angiuHE Su"+ow
GSugiuHE :a*e+ow G@uinsaiHE Wu"+ow GVugiuH i '+e#ia* Pro.i"eE !ou,+ of /a"+i ad$
?ui,e "lo!e 0&$ <I"+ow GQhiugiuH i '+e#ia*E '+u"+ow G'ugiuH$ al!o i '+e#ia*E <iei*
G@uenfinfuH i Du#ieE Du"+ow GFugiuH$ ,+e "a)i,al of moder Du#ie Pro.i"eE ad '+Ia"+ow
GRaitonH> I, will 0e o,i"ed ,+a, ,+i! i,ierar& we, o far,+er !ou,+ ,+a '+fia"+ow ad
,+erefore ma#e! o me,io of 'a,o>
I, a))ear! ,+a, 8ar"o Polo al!o +ad o""a!io ,o @oi ,wo 8o*ol em0a!!ie! !e, 0& <u0lai ,o
'+am)a G'iamba$ 'yambaH
21
ad 'e&lo$ ,+e la,,er ,o fe,"+ !ome Budd+i!, reli"!$ i"ludi* ,+e
famou! Too,+ of ,+e Budd+a> I 'e&lo ,+e Vee,ia ,ra.eler a!#ed ,o 0e ,old ,+e life of ,+e
Budd+a Sa#&amui GSagamoni NurcanH$
27
of w+i"+ +e +a! lef, u! a fai,+ful ad deli*+,ful !um
mar&>
25

I ,+e !)ri* of 1791$ 8ar"o Polo ad +i! rela,i.e! were ea0led ,o !ail for Euro)e> 9r*+u$
#+a of Per!ia$ <u0laiC! *rea,e)+ew$ 0ad a!#ed <u0lai ,o *i.e +im a 8o*ol )ri"e!! of ,+e
Ba&aCu, ,ri0e i marria*e> <u0lai !e, +im )ri"e!! <J#K"+i G'ocachin i 8ar"o PoloC!
a""ou,H of ,+a, ,ri0e> Bu, ,+e 'e,ral 9!ia rou,e! were 0lo"#ed 0& ,+e war 0e,wee <u0lai ad
\aidu> <u0lai ,+erefore a!#ed ,+e Polo! ,o e!"or, ,+e 8o*ol fia"Be ,o Per!ia 0& !ea$ a, ,+e
!ame ,ime *i.i* ,+em le,,er! for ,+e S502T Po)e ad for ,+e #i*! of Dra"e$ E*lad$ ad
'a!,ile> T+e Polo! )ro0a0l& +ad ,o )u, i a, Vi@a&a or '+a0a Gear Bi+di+H$ ,+e "a)i,al of
'+am)a$ ad ,+e ma#e for ,+e S,rai,!> Off ,+e "oa!, of Suma,ra$ +owe.er$ ,+e& were +eld u) for
fi.e mo,+! 0& "o,rar& wid!> No dou0,$ li#e all a.i*a,or! of ,+a, ,ime$ ,+e& ,+e "alled a,
\uilo or <ollam G'oilumH$ ,+e *rea, !)i"e mar#e, of Tra.a"ore> Drom ,+ere ,+e& !#ir,ed ,+e
"oa!, of ,+e (e""a )la,eau ,o ,+e Gulf of 'am0a& ad ,+e$ followi* ,+e Per!ia "oa!,$ laded
a, :ormu;> T+e"e ,+e& mu!, +a.e ,ra.eled i,o Per!ia 0& <erma G'herynanH ad Ye;d G+asdH>
9r*+u$ ,+e #+a of Per!ia$ +ad @u!, died> T+e Polo! deli.ered ,+e )ri"e!! <J#K"+i ,o +i! !o
G+a;a$ *o.eror of <+ura!a$ ad ,+e we, ,o "all u)o ,+e ew #+a of Per!ia$ Gai#+a,u$ i
Ta0ri;> Dor ,+ree mo,+! ,+e& remaied i 9;er0ai@a$ af,er w+i"+ ,+e& em0ar#ed a, Tre0i;od
for 'o!,a,io)le> T+e& arri.ed +ome i Vei"e i 1793>
ECO1OMIC PROSRERIT( I1 CHI1A 71-ER MO1,O/ R7/E
Oe of ,+e mo!, i,ere!,i* fea,ure! of 8ar"o PoloC! 0oo# i! ,+e )i",ure 0e *i.e! of ,+e e"oomi"
a",i.i,& of ,+e ,wo '+ie!e re*io!4 or,+er '+ia$ w+i"+ +e "o,iue! ,o "all 'athay$ from ,+e
ame of ,+e old <+i,aE ad !ou,+er '+ia$ ,+e former Su* em)ire$ w+i"+ +e "all! 2an!i> We
lear from +im ,+a, i or,+er '+ia "oal wa! mied$ Ma #id of 0la"# !,oe! w+i"+ are
eA,ra",ed from ,+e +ill! i .ei! ad 0ur, li#e fa**o,!$ ad ,+e& are !o fi, for ,+i! )ur)o!e ,+a, all
o.er 'a,+a& o o,+er fuel i! u!ed>M T+e u!e made of wa,erwa&! !ur)ri!e! +im o le!!$ ad +e
o,e! a0o.e all ,+e "ommer"ial im)or,a"e of ,+e Ya*,;e G,+e @uian or (ianH$ ,+e mai ar,er&
of ,+e '+ie!e e"oom&> M8ore .e!!el! ad more ri"+ mer"+adi!e )a!! u) ad dow ,+i! ri.er
,+a u)o all ,+e ri.er! ad all ,+e !ea! of '+ri!,edom>M :e add! ,+a, 11 ,wo +udred ,+ou!ad
0oa,! )a!! u) ,+e ri.er e.er& &ear$ ,o !a& o,+i* of ,+o!e ,+a, "ome dow>M :e o,e! al!o ,+e
e"oomi" fu",io of ,+e im)erial "aal$ ada),ed ad "om)le,ed 0& <u0lai$ w+ere0& ri"e mi*+,
0e 0rou*+, ,o Pe#i* from ,+e lower Ya*,;e>
To "o,rol ,+i! eormou! i,eral "ommer"e ad ,o "arr& o ,rade wi,+ Idia ad Idoe!ia$
)owerful mer"+a, *uild! +ad 0ee formed i ,+e )or,! of "e,ral '+ia ad i ,+e 'a,oe!e
S509T re*io> T+e!e *uild! e?ualed ad !ur)a!!ed ,+e 8B,ier! of Dlader! ad ,+e 9r,i of
Dlore"e> Of ,+e *uild! of @uinsai G:a*"+owH$ 8ar"o Polo wri,e!4 MSo ma& mer"+a,! were
,+ere$ ad !u"+ ri"+ oe!$ ad ,+e& "arried o !o .a!, a "ommer"e$ ,+a, o oe "ould a!!e!! ,+eir
weal,+> <ow al!o ,+a, ei,+er ,+e ma!,er! of ,rade!$ w+o were +ead! of e,er)ri!e!$ or ,+eir
wi.e! ,ured ,+eir +ad! ,o a&,+i*$ 0u, led li.e! of !u"+ luAur& ad ele*a"e ,+a, oe would
+a.e fa"ied ,+em #i*!>M T+e *eeral u!e of )a)er "urre"&$ w+i"+ 8ar"o Polo @e!,i*l& "all!
,+e ,rue )+ilo!o)+erC! !,oe$ fa"ili,a,ed "ommer"ial ,ra!a",io!4 M9d I ,ell &ou ,+a, e.er&oe
willi*l& a""e),! ,+e!e o,e! 0e"au!e ,o w+a,e.er )ar, of ,+e *rad BaC! ,erri,orie! )eo)le *o$
,+e& ma& 0u& ad !ell wi,+ ,+em a! readil& a! if ,+e& were fie *old>M
2L
T+e eA"elle, 0u!ie!!
!e!e of ,+e '+ie!e ra"e filled ,+e Vee,ia wi,+ admira,io> :e "o,iuall& e.o#e! ,+e
!)e",a"le of all ,+e!e ri"+e!4 .e!!el! re,uri* from Idia lade wi,+ !)i"e!=wi,+ )e))er$ *i*er$
ad "iamoE @u#! *oi* dow ,+e Ya*,;e or u) ,+e Grad 'aal wi,+ ,+eir "ar*oe! of ri"eE
,+e !+o)! of :a*"+ow or '+Ia"+ow$ o.erflowi* wi,+ )re"iou! ware!=raw ad dama!# !il#$
*old "ama"a! G+ea.& !il# fa0ri"!H ad 0ro"ade!$ !ami,e! G!il# ri"+l& em0roidered wi,+ *old or
!il.erH$ ,ar,arie! ad !a,i!$ or "lo,+e! of M`ai,oM G!a,iH fa0ri"!>
23

I ,+e !ame .ei$ 8ar"o Polo de!"ri0e! ,+e "+ief '+ie!e mar#e,!4 'ambaluc GPe#i*H$ ,+e
"e,er for !il#! from ,+e or,+ GMo da& )a!!e! wi,+ou, ,+e e,r& of a ,+ou!ad "ar,load! of !il#$
of w+i"+ ?ua,i,ie! of "lo,+ of *old ad wo.e !il# are madeMHE Sindufu G'+e*,u i S;e"+waH$
w+i"+ maufa",ured !edal !il#! ad eA)or,ed i,! !il#e ware! from '+ia ,o 'e,ral 9!iaE
Aangin or Aamghin G9#i* or <aife*FH ad Sugiu GSu"0ow i <ia*!uH$ w+i"+ made "lo,+ of
*oldE +angiu GYa*"+ow i <ia*!u$ ,+e *rea, ri"e mar#e, of ,+e lower Ya*,;e> 9 e!)e"iall&
0u!& )la"e wa! @uinsai
26
G:a*e0ow i '+e#ia*H$ ,+e old Su* "a)i,al$ w+i"+ +ad lo!, oe of
i,! former "ommer"ial a",i.i,& uder ,+e 8o*ol!> Ideed$ i, ma& +a.e *aied$ for i, wa! ow
li#ed u) wi,+ all ,+e ,rade of ,+e .a!, 8o*ol Em)ire> 8ar"o Polo de!"ri0e! i, a! a !or, of
'+ie!e Vei"e> I, wa! o,ed a0o.e all a! ,+e *rea, !u*ar mar#e,> 'ou,le!! .e!!el! 0rou*+, ,o i,
,+e !)i"e! of Idia ad ,+e Ea!, Idie!$ ad "arried from i, !il# for Idia ad ,+e 8u!lim world> I,
,+u! "o,aied a lar*e "olo& of 9ra0$ Per!ia$ ad '+ri!,ia mer"+a,!> /a!,l&$ ,+ere were S510T
,+e ,wo *rea, )or,! of Fugiu GDu"+owH ad Sayton or Raiton G'+Ia"+owH i Du#ie> T+e Fugiu
mer"+a,! M)o!!e!! i"redi0le !,o"#! of *i*er ad *ali*ale> I ,+i! "i,& ,oo ,+ere i! a .er&
"o!idera0le ,raffi" i !u*ar ad a *rea, mar#e, for )earl! ad )re"iou! !,oe! 0rou*+, +i,+er 0&
.e!!el! from ,+e Idie!>M
T+e *rea,e!, !,ore+ou!e of 8o*ol '+ia wa! !,ill 8ar"o PoloC! Raiton$ Mw+ere all ,+e !+i)!
"ome i from Idia !o lade wi,+ !)i"e!$ )re"iou! !,oe!$ ad )earl! ,+a, i, i! a woder ,o 0e+old>
T+i! i! ,+e )or, a, w+i"+ all ,+e mer"+a,! of 2an!i "ome ,o*e,+er$ ,+e *rea, im)or, "e,er for ,+e
w+ole of '+ia> 9d I ,ell &ou ,+a, for oe !+i) from ,+e Idie! lade wi,+ )e))er ad 0oud for
9leAadria or a& o,+er )or, i '+ri!,edom$ more ,+e a +udred "ome ,o Raiton>M T+e!e
!,a,eme,! are "orro0ora,ed 0& ,+e 9ra0 ,ra.eler I01Ba,u,a$ w+o !)ea#! of Xa&,o aroud
15L3>
27

I, i! e.ide, ,+a, duri* ,+e 8o*ol )eriod ,+e '+ie!e mar#e, wa! "lo!el& a!!o"ia,ed wi,+ ,+e
Idia ad 8ala&a mar#e,> O 8ar"o PoloC! ,e!,imo&$ *rea, um0er! of '+ie!e !+i)! )u, i
re*ularl& a, ,+e )or,! of %a.a ad 0rou*+, 0a"# M0la"# )e))er$ u,me*$ *ali*ale$ "u0e0!$ "lo.e!$
ad o,+er !)i"e!$ from w+i"+ ,+e mer"+a,! of 'ai,o deri.e *rea, weal,+>M
22
Drom o,+er !our"e!
i, i! #ow ,+a, <u0lai ad +i! !u""e!!or! "o"luded *euie "ommer"ial ,rea,ie! wi,+ ,+e ra@a!
of Tra.a"ore ad of ,+e 'ara,i"> T+e '+ie!e mer"+a, flo,illa! )u, i re*ularl& a,
<a.eri)a,am$ 'ail or <a&al$ <ollam or \uilo$ ad 'e&lo wi,+ 0ale! of raw !il#$ "olorful
!il#e fa0ri"!$ !a,i!$ !edal!$ ad *old 0ro"ade!$ ad re,ured ,o '+ia "arr&i* "ar*oe! of
)e))er$ *i*er$ "iamo$ u,me*$ mu!li!$ "o,,o! from ,+e :idu world$ )earl! from ,+e
Idia O"ea$ ad diamod! from ,+e (e""a>
I addi,io ,o ,+i!$ ,+e e!,a0li!+me, i Per!ia of a @uior 0ra"+ of ,+e 8o*ol d&a!,& of '+ia
!,imula,ed a 0ri!# ,raffi" 0e,wee ,+e ,wo "ou,rie!> T+e Per!ia #+a! of ,+e +ou!e of :ulK*u$
w+o amid ,+eir 8u!lim !urroudi*! +ad remaied ?ui,e 8o*ol i ,+eir ,a!,e!$ !e, ,o '+ia
for luAurie! !u"+ a! !il#! ad )or"elai$ ad Per!ia miia,ure! of ,+e da& 0e*a ,o !+ow ,+e
iflue"e of '+ie!e ma!,er!> 'o.er!el&$ 8o*ol Per!ia eA)or,ed "ar)e,!$ +are!! e?ui)me,$
armor$ 0ro;e!$ ad eamel wor# ,o '+ia>
/a!,l&= 8ar"o PoloC! @oure&! ad Pe*olo,,i ,ratica della mercatura
29
0ear wi,e!! ,o ,+i!=,+e
8o*ol "o?ue!, +ad )u, S511T ,+e '+ie!e world i,o ,ou"+ wi,+ Euro)e> B& ,+e ed of ,+e
,+ir,ee,+ "e,ur&$ ,wo *rea, ,ra!"o,ie,al rou,e! li#ed ,+e We!, wi,+ ,+e Dar Ea!,> Dir!, wa!
,+e rou,e from <i)"+a# ,o Tu+wa*$ w+i"+ for We!,erer! !,ar,ed from ,+e Geoe!e ad
Vee,ia "ou,i*+ou!e! of ,+e 'rimea$ or more a""ura,el&$ from Taa a, ,+e mou,+ of ,+e (o>
Of ,+i! ,+e )ri"i)al !,a*e! were Sarai o ,+e lower Vol*a$ "a)i,al of ,+e 8o*ol #+aa,e of
<i)"+a#$ followed 0& O,rar o ,+e middle S&r (ar&a ad 0& Tala! ad Bala!a*u we!, of ,+e
I!!&# <ul> Drom ,+e I!!&# <ul$ oe ,rail led u) i,o 8o*olia .ia ,+e Imil$ ,+e Bla"# Ir,&!+$ ad
,+e Uru*u ri.er! ,o <ara#orum o ,+e u))er Or#+o$ w+e"e i, de!"eded u)o Pe#i*>
9o,+er ,rail from ,+e we!,er )oi, of ,+e I!!&# <ul led ,o 9lmali# Gear <uld@aH o ,+e u))er
Ili$ Be!+0ali*+ G,+e (;im!a of ,oda&H$ :ami ad Su"+ow i <a!u$ ad ,+e"e i,o '+ia )ro)er>
9 !e"od rou,e )a!!ed ,+rou*+ ,+e 8o*ol #+aa,e of Per!ia$ from ei,+er Tre0i;od o ,+e Bla"#
Sea$ "a)i,al of ,+e Gree# !,a,e of ,+a, ame$ or from /a@a;;o G/a&a!$ 9&a!H$ ,+e 0u!ie!, )or, of
,+e 9rmeia #i*dom of 'ili"ia$ ear Dra#i!+ S&ria> Drom ei,+er !,ar,i* )oi, ,+e road ra
,+rou*+ ,+e ea!,er )ar, of ,+e Sel@u# !ul,aa,e of 9!ia 8ior$ w+i"+ wa! li#ed i "lo!e
.a!!ala*e ,o ,+e 8o*ol #+aa,e of Per!ia$ ,o Ta0ri;$ ,+e #+aa,eC! effe",i.e "a)i,al> Drom ,+ere
,+e "+ief !,a*e! were u!uall& <a;.i$ Rai$ 8er.$ Samar#ad$ Ta!+#e, G,+e "alled S+a!+H$
<a!+*ar$ <u"+a$ Turfa$ :ami$ ad <a!u> 9 al,era,i.e wa& of )a!!a*e led from 8er. ,o
Bal#+$ Bada#+!+a$ <a!+*ar$ <+o,a$ /o0 Nor$ ad Tu0wa*> B& wa& of ,+e!e .ariou! "ara.a
rou,e!$ mer"+adi!e from ,+e Dar Ea!, wa! "o.e&ed dire",l& ,o Euro)e>
I addi,io ,o ,+e!e "o,ie,al rou,e!$ w+i"+ "orre!)oded ,o ,+e old Sil# Road$ ,+e 8o*ol
"o?ue!, reo)eed ,+e !ea rou,e or !)i"e rou,e> W+ile 9ra0 ad Sel@u# Ira +ad remaied
)ra",i"all& "lo!ed ,o ,+e We!,$ ,+e 8o*ol #+a! of Per!ia freel& o)eed ,+eir !,a,e! ,o mer"+a,!
ad '+ri!,ia mi!!ioarie! w+o wa,ed ,o *o ,o '+ia 0& !ea> Drom ,+e fall of ,+e Ba*+dad
"ali)+a,e u,il ,+e fial ,rium)+ of I!lam i ,+e #+aa,e of Per!ia$ /a,i ,ra.eler! "ould )a!!
wi,+ou, diffi"ul,& ,+rou*+ Ira from Ta0ri; ,o :ormu;$ ,+e em0ar#a,io )oi, for T0aa$ \uilo$
ad Xa&,o> Odori"o da PordeoeC! @oure&$ a! will 0e !ee$ wa! ,&)i"al i ,+i! re!)e",>
'o.er!el&$ !il# from '+ia S517T ad !)i"e! from ,+e Ea!, Idie! were uloaded a, :ormu; ,o
0e "arried 0& "ara.a! ,+rou*+ 8o*ol Per!ia ,o ,+e *rea, mar#e, of Ta0ri;$ ad from ,+ere ,o ,+e
'+ri!,ia )or,! of Tre0i;od or /a@a;;o>
T+e )oi, mu!, 0e !,re!!ed$ for ,+i! freedom of )a!!a*e wa! ,+e oe *rea, 0eefi"ial re!ul, of ,+e
8o*ol "o?ue!,$ a, ,+e )ri"e of !o mu"+ ma!!a"re> T+e uio of '+ia$ Tur#e!,a$ Per!ia$ ad
Ru!!ia i oe +u*e em)ire$ re*ula,ed 0& a !,ri", &a!a? uder )ri"e! w+o were "o"ered for ,+e
!afe,& of ,+e "ara.a! ad ,olera, of all "ul,!$ reo)eed 0& !ea ad 0& lad ,+e world rou,e! ,+a,
+ad 0ee 0lo"#ed !i"e ,+e ed of a,i?ui,&> Bu, ,+e Polo!C @oure&! ,e!,if& ,o a far *rea,er
a",i.i,& ,+a ,+a, of w+i"+ 8ae! Ti,iao!C ame +a! remaied ,+e !&m0ol> Dor ,+e fir!, ,ime i
+i!,or&$ '+ia$ Ira$ ad ,+e We!, "ame i,o real "o,a", wi,+ oe ao,+er> Su"+ wa! ,+e re!ul,$ a!
ueA)e",ed a! i, wa! for,ua,e$ of ,+e a))alli* %e*+i;1<+ai,e "o?ue!,>
CATHO/ICISM I1 CHI1A 71-ER THE MO1,O/ -(1AST(
T+e Polo!C @oure& wa! o, ui?ue> I 1791$ Pe,ru! da /u"alo*o$ a I,alia mer"+a,$ arri.ed i
'+ia from Ta0ri; 0& wa& of ,+e Idia O"ea> :e !e,,led i Pe#i*$ w+ere +e mu!, +a.e
)ro!)ered$ for i 1503 +e *a.e ,+e Dra"i!"a Gio.ai da 8o,e"or.io a )ie"e of lad ear ,+e
im)erial )ala"e> 90ou, ,we,& &ear! la,er$ ,+e Geoe!e 9dalo da Sa.i*ao al!o we, ,o '+ia$
w+ere 0e wo ,+e ,ru!, of ,+e *rad #+a> :e re,ured ,o ,+e We!, a! 8o*ol am0a!!ador$ ad
,+e lef, for '+ia o"e more i 1552$ )ro0a0l& 0& ,+e Taa rou,e>
90

Simul,aeou!l& wi,+ ,+e!e ad.e,urou! ,rader! "ame ,+e mi!!ioarie!> I 1729 Po)e Ni"+ola! IV$
w+o +ad @u!, leared from Ra00a Sauma of ,+e eAi!,e"e of ma& a,i.e '+ri!,ia "ommui,ie!
i ,+e 8o*ol Em)ire$ !e, Gio.ai da 8o,e"or.io ,o ,+e Dar Ea!, wi,+ le,,er! for 9r*+u ,+e
#+a of Per!ia ad ,+e *rad #+a <u0lai> 8o,e"or.io !,a&ed !ome ,ime i Ta0ri; wi,+
9r*0u ad ,+e lef, i 1791 for Idia$ w+ere +e remaied for ,+ir,ee mo,+! i 8&la)ore i
"om)a& wi,+ ,+e mer"+a, Pe,ru! da /u"alo*o> 9f,er ,+i! !o@our$ +e ,oo# !+i) for '+ia$
w+ere ,+e *rad #+a TemIr$ <u0laiC! *rad!o ad !u""e!!or$ *a.e +im a warm wel"ome>
Odori"o da Pordeoe wri,e! of ,+i!4 S515T MWe +a.e oe of our Driar! 8ior a! 0i!+o) a, ,+e
em)erorC! "our,> :e )roou"e! a 0eedi",io w+ee.er ,+e em)eror *oe! ridi*$ ad ,+e
em)eror #i!!e! ,+e "ro!! wi,+ *rea, de.o,io>M
9, Pe#i*$ 8o,e"or.io 0uil, ,wo "+ur"+e!$ oe ,+rou*+ ,+e *eero!i,& of ,+e I,alia ,rader
Pe,ru! da /u"alo*o$ w+o +ad "ome wi,+ +im from 8&la)ore G1503H> Wi,+i a few &ear!$ +e
0a),i;ed Mmore ,+a ,e ,+ou!ad Ta,ar!M
91
ad 0e*a ,o ,ra!la,e ,+e P!al,er i,o oe of ,+e
la*ua*e! "urre, amo* +i! flo"#> 9 o,a0le "o.er, ,o 'a,+oli"i!m wa! Pri"e <Jr*K; of ,+e
R*I,$ ,+a, i!$ Geor*e$ w+o +ad 0ee 0or ad 0red a Ne!,oria>
97
T+i! "o.er!io wa! of
ie!,ima0le .alue$ for af,er i, MPri"e Geor*eM wa! 0oud ,o afford e.e more effe",i.e
)ro,e",io ,o ,+e 'a,+oli" mi!!ioarie!$ w+om$ a! Em)eror TemIrC! !o1i1law$ +e a))oi,ed ,o
eAal,ed )o!i,io! a, "our,> <Jr*K;C &ou* !o wa! 0a),i;ed uder ,+e ame of S+u1a=%o+=i
8o,e"or.ioC! +oor>
I 1507$ Po)e 'leme, V a))oi,ed 8o,e"or.io ar"+0i!+o) of 'am0alu" GPe#i*H> I 1515$
,+ere arri.ed i ,+i! "i,& ,+ree Dra"i!"a! w+o were ,o 0e +i! !uffra*a!4 9drew of Peru*ia$
Gerard$ ad Pere*rio>
95
9, a0ou, ,+e !ame ,ime$ ,+e Po)e al!o !e, ,+e 0ro,+er! T+oma!$ %erome$
ad Pe,er of Dlore"e ,o ,+e 8o*ol!> %erome wa! made ar"+0i!+o) of ,+e 'rimea GGa;aria$
<+a;ariaH$ wi,+ @uri!di",io o.er ,+e #+aa,e of <i)"+a#> Gerard 0e"ame 0i!+o) of Xa&,o
G'+Ia"+ow i Du#ieH$ w+ere a ri"+ 9rmeia lad& )ro.ided fud! for ,+e 0uildi* of a "+ur"+>
9, +i! dea,+$ ,+e 0i!+o)ri" of Xa&,o )a!!ed ,o Pere*rio> Pere*rio$ w+o died i 1577 or 1575$
wa! re)la"ed i +i! ,ur 0& 9drew of Peru*ia> T+e fa.or !+ow ,+e!e mi!!ioarie! a, ,+e
8o*ol "our, i! !,re!!ed i a le,,er w+i"+ 9drew !e, from Xa&,o i %auar&$ 1576$ ,o ,+e
!u)erior! of +i! moa!,er& a, Peru*ia> I i, +e ,ell! ,+a, ,+e *rad #+a= a, ,+a, ,ime Ye!u
TemIr=+ad *ra,ed +im a )e!io .alued a, a +udred *olde flori!> 9drew add! ,+a, +e +a!
0uil, ear Xa&,o a +ou!e for ,we,&1,wo mo#! ad ,+a, +e di.ide! +i! ,ime 0e,wee +i! "+ur"+
ad +i! mou,ai +ermi,a*e>
9f,er 8o,e"or.io ad 9drew of Peru*ia$ ,+e mo!, famou! 'a,+oli" mi!!ioar& i 8o*ol
'+ia wa! ,+e Dra"i!"a Odori"o da Pordeoe G0or a0ou, 1763$ died i 1551H> Odori"o
em0ar#ed a, Vei"e aroud 151L G!ome au,+or! !a& o, u,il 1512H ad laded a, Tre0i;od>
Drom ,+ere +e we, fir!, ,o ,+e 8o*ol S51LT #+aa,e of Per!ia> :e .i!i,ed Ta0ri; ad o,ed i,!
"ommer"ial im)or,a"e$ o0!er.i* ,+a, i, 0rou*+, i more re.eue ,o ,+e #+a of Per!ia ,+a ,+e
#i* of Dra"e re"ei.ed from +i! w+ole realm> :e remar#ed al!o u)o ,+e ma& Ne!,oria ad
9rmeia "ommui,ie! of 9;er0ai@a> :e i,eded ori*iall& ,o rea"+ Idia 0& wa& of ea!,er
Ira$ 0u, a, Ye;d 0e 0ad ,o ,ur 0a"# owi* ,o ,+e .iole"e of 8u!lim faa,i"i!m i ,+a, area> I
,+e!e &ear!$ 1515113$ ea!,er Ira wa! ,+e !"ee of a fra,ri"idal "ofli",> Ol@ai,u$ ,+e #+a of
Per!ia$ wa! a, war wi,+ ,+e %a*a,ai #+a of Tur#e!,a$ E!e10u?a$ ad wi,+ E!e10u?aC! e)+ew
(awud1#+o@a$ lord of 9f*+ai!,a> 8oreo.er$ "ommui"a,io! 0e,wee ea!,er Ira ad Idia
were redered diffi"ul, 0& ,+e )luderi* eA)edi,io! w+i"+$ from 1503 ,o 1577$ ,+e %a*a,ai
8o*ol! of Tur#e!,a "o,iuall& led a*ai!, ,+e Pu@a0> Odori"o ,+erefore ,ured 0a"# ad
+eaded we!,ward for Ira? C9ra0i$ w+ere a, Ba!ra +e em0ar#ed for :ormu;> Drom :ormu;$ +e
!ailed for Idia$ ladi* a, T+aa ear Bom0a& ei,+er i 1577 or a, ,+e ed of 1575 or 0e*ii*
of 157L> :ere 0e "olle",ed ,+e reli"! of four Dra"i!"a! w+o +ad 0ee ma!!a"red a !+or, ,ime
0efore G9)ril 9111$ 1571H 0& 8u!lim!> :e .i!i,ed ,+e 8ala0ar "oa!,$ w+i"+ wa! ,+e ,rue lad of
!)i"e!$ ,+e #i*dom of )e))er$ ad made .alua0le o,e! o ,+i! !u0@e",$ w+i"+ wa! of !u"+ *rea,
im)or,a"e ,o ,+e "ommer"e of +i! da&>
9L
Goi* o ,o S,> T+oreC or 8&la)ore$ w+ere ,+e 0od&
of ,+e 9)o!,le T+oma! wa! !aid ,o lie$
93
ad w+ere ,+ere wa! a lar*e '+ri!,ia "olo&$ +e
"omme,! o ,+e de*eera,io of ,+e!e old Ne!,oria "ommui,ie! w+i"+$ amid ,+eir e!!e,iall&
idola,rou! !urroudi*!$ +ad re.er,ed almo!, ,o )a*ai!m> I 8o*olia$ Ru0ru"# +ad !imilarl&
o0!er.ed ,+e Ne!,oria "ler*& fi*+,i* ,+e !+ama! o ,+eir ow *roud ad !,oo)i* almo!, ,o
,+eir le.el> I, wa! a0o.e all ,+e mo!,rou! di.a*a,io! of :idui!m$ ,+e 0looddre"+ed made!!
of faa,i"! w+o flu* ,+em!el.e! 0eea,+ ,+e "+ario, of ,+eir idol$ ,+a, drew from our !ai, ,+e
!ame "r& of re.ul!io a! i, did from :!Ia1,!a*$ ,+e !e.e,+1"e,ur& Budd+i!, )il*rim> Odori"o
,+e .i!i,ed 'e&lo ad %a.a ad "alled a, '+am)a$ w+e"e +e ,oo# !+i) for '+ia>
Odori"o laded a, 'a,o$ w+i"+ +e "all! Si"ala$ from ,+e 9ra0 ame Si#ala or Sii#ala>
:e wa! im)re!!ed 0& ,+e *rea, de!i,& of ,+e )o)ula,io$ ,+e weal,+ of ,+e "ou,r&$ ad ,+e
)le,ifule!! ad "+ea)e!! of ,+e ware!$ a! well a! 0& ,+e S513T +ard1wor#i* "+ara",er of ,+e
i+a0i,a,!$ w+o were all 0or ,rader! ad woderful "raf,!me> :e wa! !,ru"# ,oo 0& ,+e
um0er of dei,ie! re.ered 0& ,+e )eo)le>
96
:e wa! o le!! i,ere!,ed i '+Ia"+ow or Xa&,o$
w+i"+ i +i! mau!"ri),! i! !)el, 'aitan4 a "i,& M,wi"e a! lar*e a! Rome>M W+ere +e wa! re"ei.ed
a, ,+e Dra"i!"a moa!,er& alread& me,ioed ad "ould admire ,+e "a,+edral 0uil, 0& +i!
0re,+re i S,> Dra"i!$ a! well a! ,+e +ermi,a*e ,+a, ,+e& +ad made i ,+e +ill!> :a*"+ow$ "alled
i Odori"oC! mau!"ri),! 'ansay or Quin!ai$ a!,oi!+ed +im e.e more> I, i!$ +e !a&!$ M,+e
*rea,e!, "i,& i ,+e world$ !i,ua,ed 0e,wee ,wo la#e! ad amo* "aal! ad la*oo!$ li#e our
Vei"e>M
97
T+e !i*+, of !u"+ a di.er!i,& of )eo)le!='+ie!e 8o*ol$ Budd+i!,$ Ne!,oria$
8u!lim=dwelli* ,o*e,+er i ,+i! eormou! "i,& filled +im wi,+ admira,io for 8o*ol
admii!,ra,io> MT+e fa", ,+a, !o ma& differe, ra"e! are a0le ,o li.e ,o*e,+er )ea"ea0l& uder
,+e "o,rol of a !i*le )ower !eem! ,o me oe of ,+e *rea,e!, woder! of ,+e world>M 9,
:a*"+ow Odori"o me, a 8o*ol di*i,ar& w+o +ad 0ee "o.er,ed Galmo!, "er,ail& from
Ne!,oriai!mH ,o 'a,+oli"i!m 0& Dra"i!"a!$ ad w+o *ree,ed +im 0& ,+e ,i,le of ata$ ,+a, i!$
fa,+er$ i ,+e Tur#i" la*ua*e>
92
T+a#! ,o ,+i! ma$ +e wa! allowed ,o .i!i, a Budd+i!,
moa!,er&$ w+ere +e di!"u!!ed me,em)!&"+o!i! wi,+ ,+e 0o;e!>
Drom :a*"+ow$ Odori"o we, o ,o @uelinfu$ #ow ,o 'ordier a! <i1li*1fu ad ,o u! a!
Na#i*$ ad ,+e ,o Pan!u or Ya*"+ow$ w+ere +e foud a Dra"i!"a moa!,er& a! well a! a
um0er of Ne!,oria "+ur"+e!> NeA, +e .i!i,ed Su;uma,u$ 8ar"o Polo Singiumatu Gmo!,
)ro0a0l& moder T!ii* i S+a,u*H$ w+i"+ +e ide,ifie! a! a im)or,a, !il# mar#e,> Diall&
+e arri.ed a, ,+e M#+aC! "i,&$M (hanbaligh$ or Pe#i*>
I, i! +ere ,+a, ,+e *rad #+a re!ide!$ i a )ala"e !o +u*e ,+a, i,! wall! are a, lea!, four mile! i
"ir"umfere"e$ ad e"lo!e a um0er of !e"odar& )ala"e!> T+e im)erial "i,& i! ,+u! "om)o!ed
of !e.eral "o"e,ri" e"lo!ure!$ all i+a0i,edE ad i, i! i ,+e !e"od e"lo!ure ,+a, ,+e *rad
#+a li.e! wi,+ +i! w+ole famil& ad all +i! "our,> Wi,+i ,+i! e"lo!ure ri!e! a ar,ifi"ial #oll
o w+i"+ !,ad! ,+e )ri"i)al )ala"e> T+i! +ill +a! 0ee )la,ed wi,+ .er& 0eau,iful ,ree!$ from
w+i"+ i, ,a#e! i,! ame of Gree :ill> I, i! e"ir"led 0& a la#e ad a )od> T+e la#e i! !)aed 0&
a woderful 0rid*e$ ,+e mo!, 0eau,iful ,+a, I +a.e e.er !ee$ 0o,+ i ,+e ?uali,& of i,! mar0le
S516T ad ,+e !u0,le,& of i,! ar"+i,e",ure> I ,+e )od ma& 0e !ee a mul,i,ude of fi!+i* 0ird!$
!u"+ a! du"#!$ !wa!$ ad wild *ee!e> Nor eed ,+e *rad #+a lea.e ,+e e"lo!ure! of +i!
)ala"e! ,o idul*e i ,+e )ea!ure! of ,+e "+a!e$ for ,+e e"ir"li* wall! "o,ai al!o a lar*e )ar#$
full of wild 0ea!,!>
Odori"o eA, de!"ri0e! ,+e re"e),io! a, ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e "our,> GT+e *rad #+a a, ,+i! ,ime
wa! <u0laiC! *rea,1*rad!o Ye!u TemIr$ w+o rei*ed from O",o0er L$ 1575$ ,o 9u*u!, 13$
1572>H
W+e ,+e *rad #+a i! !ea,ed u)o +i! ,+roe i im)erial ma@e!,&$ ,+e fir!, em)re!! !i,! a, +i!
lef, +ad$ oe !,e) lower ,+a +im!elfE ,+e$ o ,+e ,+ird !,e)$ are ,+ree o,+er "o"u0ie!> 9f,er
,+em "ome o,+er ladie! of ,+e 0lood ro&al> O ,+e *rad #+aC! ri*+, +ad !i,! +i! elde!, !o$ ad
0elow +im i de*ree ,+e )ri"e! of ,+e 0lood> > > > 9d I$ Bro,+er Odori"o$ !,a&ed i ,+i! "i,& Uof
Pe#i*V for ,+ree &ear! ad a +alf i ,+e "om)a& of our Driar! 8ior$ w+o +a.e a moa!,er&
,+ere ad w+o e.e +old ra# a, ,+e *rad #+aC! "our,> 9d a! we we, ,+ere from ,ime ,o ,ime
,o *i.e +im our 0le!!i*$ I ,oo# ,+e o))or,ui,& ,o lear w+a, I "ould ad o0!er.ed all ,+i*!
"lo!el&> > > > Ideed$ oe of our 0re,+re U Gio.ai da 8o,e"or.ioV i! ar"+0i!+o) a, "our,$ ad
)roou"e! 0eedi",io o.er ,+e *rad #+a w+ee.er ,+e la,,er i! a0ou, ,o ,ra.el> Oe da& w+e
,+i! ruler wa! re,uri* ,o Pe#i*$ our 0i!+o)$ our Driar! 8ior$ ad I we, for,+ ,o mee, +im a,
,wo da&!C @oure& from ,+e "i,&> We ad.a"ed i )ro"e!!io ,oward ,+e !o.erei*$ w+o wa!
e,+roed i +i! "+ario,$ 0eari* 0efore u! a "ro!! affiAed ,o a lo* !,aff ad !i*i* ,+e a,+em
Veni Sancte Spiritus6 W+e we +ad "ome ear ,o ,+e im)erial "+ario,$ ,+e *rad #+a re"o*i;ed
our .oi"e! ad !ummoed u! ,o +i! immedia,e )re!e"e> 9! we ,+e a))roa"+ed$ wi,+ ,+e "ro!!
+eld +i*+$ 0e remo.ed +i! +eaddre!!$ w+i"+ i! 0e&od )ri"e$ ad 0owed i re.ere"e 0efore ,+e
"ro!!> T+e 0i!+o) )roou"ed +i! 0le!!i* ad ,+e *rad #+a #i!!ed ,+e "ro!! wi,+ *rea,
de.o,io> I ,+e )la"ed i"e!e i ,+e ,+uri0le ad our 0i!+o) "e!ed ,+e )ri"e> Bu, a! e,i?ue,,e
re?uire! ,+a, o oe !+ould "ome 0efore :i! 8a@e!,& wi,+ou, offeri* +im a *if,$ we )re!e,ed a
!il.er di!+ full of frui, w+i"+ +e .er& "ordiall& a""e),ed$ e.e ma#i* a! if ,o ,a!,e of i,> We ,+e
!,e))ed a!ide le!, we 0e +ur, 0& ,+e "a.alr& e!"or, ,+a, followed +im$ ad wi,+drew amo*
"er,ai eAal,ed )er!o! of ,+a, e!"or, w+o +ad 0ee 0a),i;ed UNe!,oria Tur#! w+o 0ad 0ee
"o.er,ed ,o 'a,+oli"i!mV> T+e& i ,ur re"ei.ed our mode!, offeri* wi,+ a! mu"+ @o& a! if i,
+ad 0ee a ma*ifi"e, )re!e,>
99

S517T
Odori"o al!o *i.e! a a""ou, of ,+e "olo!!al 0a,,ue! or*ai;ed for ,+e *rad #+a i a im)erial
fore!, ,we,& da&!C @oure& from Pe#i*> T+e de!"ri),io of ,+e +u,$ wi,+ ,+e *rad #+a
mou,ed u)o a ele)+a, ad ,+e 8o*ol lord! di!"+ar*i* arrow! of ,+eir ow "olor!$ i! mo!,
)i",ure!?ue> MT+e "rie! of ,+e aimal! ad ,+e 0ar#i* of do*! ma#e !u"+ a di ,+a, o oe "a
+ear ao,+er !)ea#>M O"e ,+e "limaA wa! rea"+ed ad ,+e !"ee )ro)erl& !e,$ Ye!u TemIr$ li#e
%e*+i; +i! a"e!,or$ 0ro#e ,+e ri* of 0ea,er! ad i ,+e !)iri, of Budd+a allowed ,+e !ur.i.i*
aimal! ,o e!"a)e>
/a!,l&$ Odori"o o,e! ,+e eA"elle"e of ,+e )o!,al !er.i"e i ,+e 8o*ol Em)ire> M'ourier! !)eed
a, full *allo) o )rodi*iou!l& !wif, +or!e!$ or o ra"i* dromedarie!> O "omi* wi,+i !i*+, of
a rela& !,a,io$ ,+e& !oud a +or ,o aou"e ,+eir arri.al> T+u! wared$ ,+e warde! "all ou, a
relief rider wi,+ a fre!+ mou,> Sei;i* ,+e di!)a,"+e!$ ,+i! ma lea)! i,o ,+e !addle ad *allo)!
,o ,+e eA, !,a*e$ ,+ere ,o 0e relie.ed i +i! ,ur> T+u! wi,+i ,we,&1four +our! ,+e *rad #+a
re"ei.e! ew! from lad! ormall& re"#oed a, ,+ree da&!C @oure& o +or!e0a"#>M
9f,er !,a&i* i Pe#i* for ,wo or ,+ree &ear!$ Odori"o da Pordeoe !eem! ,o +a.e lef, ,+e
"a)i,al a0ou, 1572 ,o re,ur ,o Euro)e 0& wa& of 'e,ral 9!ia> :e )a!!ed ,+rou*+ ,+e ,erri,or& of
,+e R*I, Ne!,oria Tur#!$ oe of w+o!e )ri"e!$ Geor*e Gd> 1792H$ +ad 0ee "o.er,ed ,o
'a,+oli"i!m 0& Gio.ai da 8o,e"or.io> /i#e 8ar"o Polo 0efore +im$
100
Odori"o "ofu!e!
,+e!e R*I, )ri"e! wi,+ ,+e <era&i, MPre!,er %o+$M 0u, i, i! ?ui,e "er,ail& ,+e R*I, )ri"e!
,+a, +e +a! i mid w+e +e me,io! ,+eir fre?ue, i,ermarria*e wi,+ %e*+i;1<+ai,e
)ri"e!!e! G!ee a0o.eH> T+e ,ow of Tho!an$ a! 0e "all! ,+e R*I, "a)i,al$ i!$ a! Pellio, +a!
e!,a0li!+ed$ medie.al Tu*!+e*$ ,+a, i!$ ,+e To?,o or )er+a)! ,+e Sui&ua of moder ,ime!>
Drom ,+e R*I, "ou,r&$ Odori"o !e, off for ,+e lad of <a!a=,+a, i! ,o !a&$ <a"+ow$ i
<a!u=of w+i"+ +e o,e! ,+a, ,+e ,ow! ad .illa*e! were !o "lo!el& !,ru* alo* ,+e *rea,
"ara.a rou,e ,+a, o lea.i* oe ,+e ,ra.eler "ould !)& ,+e wall! of ,+e eA,> 9f,er ,+a, Odori"o
mu!, +a.e ,a#e oe of ,+e ,rail! a"ro!! ,+e Go0i$ ei,+er ,o ,+e or,+ or ,+e !ou,+ of ,+e Tarim
0a!i$ "olle",i* i,ere!,i* iforma,io a0ou, S512T Ti0e, ad ,+e /amai!, ,+eo"ra"& a! +e we,>
:e e.er a",uall& e,ered Ti0e,$ +owe.er$ de!)i,e !,a,eme,! ,o ,+e "o,rar&>
101
:e wa! 0a"# i
Padua i 8a&$ 1550$ ad died o %auar& 1L$ 1551$ i +i! moa!,er& of Udie$ af,er +a.i*
di",a,ed ,+e !,or& of +i! mi!!io>
Gio.ai da 8o,e"or.io$ ar"+0i!+o) of Pe#i*$ w+o +ad re"ei.ed Odori"o$ died !+or,l& af,er
,+e la,,erC! de)ar,ure$ i 1572 or 1579>
107
I 1555 Rome re)la"ed +im 0& ao,+er Driar 8ior
amed Ni"+ola!$ w+o ,oo# ,+e 'e,ral 9!ia rou,e> New! of Ni"+ola!C arri.al a, 9lmali#$ ear
moder <uld@a i ,+e Ili re*io$ rea"+ed Euro)e i 1552$ 0u, +e !eem! ,o +a.e died 0efore
rea"+i* '+ia>
105
I 1559$ Po)e Beedi", ZII !e, ,+e Dra"i!"a Gio.ai da 8ari*olli ,o
'+ia> :a.i* arri.ed i 'o!,a,io)le from Na)le! i 8a&$ 1559$ 8ari*olli reem0ar#ed for
'affa GDeodo!i&aH i ,+e 'rimea> :e ,+e )aid a .i!i, ,o R;0e*$ #+a of <i)"+a#$ ,o w+om +e
)re!e,ed a um0er of *if,! from ,+e Po)e> I ,+e !)ri* of 15L0$ +e we, from <i)"+a# ,o
9lmali#$ i ,+e %a*a,ai #+aa,e$ w+ere +e re*rou)ed ,+e '+ri!,ia "ommui,ie! w+i"+ +ad 0ee
de"ima,ed 0& ,+e )er!e"u,io! "arried ou, duri* ,+e )re.iou! &ear G!ee )> 5L7H> :e ,+e "ro!!ed
'e,ral 9!ia ad arri.ed i Pe#i* i 15L7> O 9u*u!,19 +e wa! re"ei.ed i audie"e 0& ,+e
*rad #+a To*+a TemIr$ ,e,+ !u""e!!or ,o <u0lai$ ad )re!e,ed +im wi,+ a 0i* +or!e from
,+e We!,$ a *if, mu"+ a))re"ia,ed 0& ,+e ro&al re"i)ie,>
10L
O (e"em0er 76$ 15L7$ 8ari*olli
!ailed from '+Ia"0ow$ 0rea#i* +i! .o&a*e o ,+e "oa!, of Idia for oe &ear a, 8&la)ore ad
\uilo> :e re,ured ,o 9.i*o i 1535>
103

I 1570$ Po)e Ur0a V a))oi,ed a! ar"+0i!+o) of Pe#i* a )rofe!!or a, ,+e Ui.er!i,& of Pari!$
Guillaume da Pra,o$ ad eA, &ear +e amed a! +i! le*a,e ,o '+ia Dra"e!"o da Podio> Bu, ,+e
8o*ol d&a!,& +ad @u!, 0ee o.er,+row G!ee 0elowH> T+e .i",oriou! '+ie!e=,+e 8i*=
i"luded '+ri!,iai,& i ,+e )ro!"ri),io w+i"+ ,+e& im)o!ed o all forei* do",rie! i,rodu"ed
or a))ro.ed 0& ,+e 8o*ol!> '+ri!,iai,& +ad ,+e di!ad.a,a*e of 0ei* "o!idered a 8o*ol
reli*io 0& a,ioal '+ie!e rea",ioarie!> T+e !ame ,+i* +ad +a))eed i 2L0$ a, ,+e ,ime of
,+e dowfall of ,+e Ui*ur #+a*a!$ w+e ,+e 8ai"+aei!m )ro,e",ed uder ,+eir re*ime wa!
)ro!"ri0ed o.eri*+, i ,+e 0elief ,+a, i, +ad 0ee im)o!ed 0& ,+e 0ar0aria! G!ee )> 17LH>
S519T
THE /AST OF THE 27./AI /I1E A1- THE ENP7/SIO1 OFTHE MO1,O/S
FROM CHI1A
I order ,o "o!ider ,+e .ariou! reli*io! of ,+e 8o*ol Em)ire of '+ia$ we +a.e +ad ,o
a,i"i)a,e "er,ai e.e,! ad ,o i,erru), ,+e +i!,or& of ,+e <u0lai d&a!,&> To ,+i! we ow re,ur>
Em)eror TemIr G179L11507H wa! ,+e la!, a0le mem0er of ,+e 8o*ol d&a!,& of '+ia> 9f,er
+im$ de*eera,io !e, i a, o"e> 9! %e*+i; <+a +ad fore!ee=if ,+e !,a,eme, a,,ri0u,ed ,o
+im i! au,+e,i"=,+e de!"eda,! of ,+e !,e))e +u,er! +ad for*o,,e ,+eir +ard& ori*i! ad ,+e
"au!e! of ,+eir ri!e ,o )ower$ ad 0ad !u""um0ed ,o ,+e )lea!ure! of ,+e !ede,ar& life ad ,o ,+e
luAur& of w+i"+ 8ar"o Polo ad Odori"o da Pordeoe +a.e *i.e u! !ome idea> 8o*#a +ad
0ee ,+e la!, ,o ,r& ,o 0ri* ,+e "o?ueror! 0a"# ,o ,+e !im)le wa&! of ,+e !,e))e> <u0lai$ w+o
!u""eeded +im$ de"i!i.el& reorie,ed +i! d&a!,& ,oward ,+e '+ie!e wa& of life4 a !ede,ar&
eAi!,e"e amo* "i.ili;ed )lea!ure!> Uder a ma of +i! )er!oali,& Gor ,+a, of +i! *rad!o
TemIrH$ ,+i! wa! all ,o ,+e *ood$ for ,o 8o*ol +ardi+ood=w+i"+ i +im remaied uim)aired
=0e added '+ie!e a0ili,&> Bu, wi,+ ,+e "omi* of wea#$ !e"od1ra,e em)eror!$ ,+i!
"om0ia,io )ro.ed w+oll& de,rime,al> T+e la!, %e*+i;1<+ai,e! of '+ia were o.er1Sii"i;ed$
!of,eed 0& "our, life ad i,! .olu),uou! eA"e!!e!$ ad "u, off from ,+e ou,er world 0& a !"ree
of fa.ori,e! ad mi!,re!!e!$ li,era,i ad 0ureau"ra,!$ ad !o lo!, .ir,uall& e.er& .e!,i*e of ,+eir
8o*ol .i*or> T+e!e de!"eda,! of ,+e mo!, redou0,a0le ad ,erri0le "o?ueror #ow ,o
+i!,or& dwidled awa& i,o fee0lee!!$ ie),i,ude$ ,earful .a"illa,io$ ad$ i ,+e +our of di!a!,er$
lame,a,io> Of ,+e 0ar0aria "+ara",er ,+e& re,aied ol& ,+e ia0ili,& ,o a""u!,om ,+em!el.e!
,o ,+e '+ie!e idea of ,+e !,a,e a! a a0!,ra", e,i,&> 9l,+ou*+ o""u)&i* ,+e ,+roe of ,+e So!
of :ea.e$ ,+e& remaied a "la w+o!e mem0er! wra*led i )u0li"$ !a,"+ed )ower from oe
ao,+er$ ad de!,ro&ed oe ao,+er> 9, ,+e ,ime of ,+e '+ie!e re0ellio$ ,+e& were !o +o)ele!!l&
di.ided amo* ,+em!el.e! ad !o 0i,,erl& @ealou! ,+a,$ ra,+er ,+a ui,e i ,+e fa"e of da*er$
,+e& le, ,+e '+ie!e o.er"ome ,+em oe 0& oe>
I addi,io$ ,+eir li.e! were !+or,eed 0& ,+eir +edoi!,i" S570T eA"e!!e!> <u0lai died o
De0ruar& 12$ 179L$ a, ,+e a*e of !e.e,&1ie> :i! fa.ori,e !o G,+e !e"odH '+e1#i1Ra!+id ad1
(iC! '+i#im=died i %auar&$ 1726> TemIr$ '+e1#iC! !o$ wa! a0le ,o "ure +im!elf of ,+e
i.e,era,e dru#ee!! of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e! ad )ro.ed a 0e,,er !o.erei* ,+a +i!
*radfa,+er +ad eA)e",edE 0u, +e died )rema,urel&$ wi,+ou, i!!ue$ o De0ruar& 10$ 1507$ a, ,+e
a*e of for,&1,wo> T+e ,+roe wa! ,+e di!)u,ed$ a! +a! 0ee !+ow$ 0e,wee a *rad!o ad
*rea,1*rad!o of <u0lai4 Pri"e 9ada$ .i"ero& of Ta*u, G<a!uH$
106
a*ai!, Pri"e <+ai!+a$
.i"ero& of <ara#orum ad 8o*olia$ w+o o ,+e <+a*ai fro,ier "ommaded ,+e !,ro*e!,
arm& i ,+e em)ire> <+ai!+a wo ,+e !,ru**le ad 0ad +i! ri.al )u, ,o dea,+> :a.i* *i.e )roof
of +i! mili,ar& a0ili,&$ o,a0l& i ,+e war a*ai!, \aidu$ 0e arou!ed ,+e +o)e! of +i! !u0@e",!E 0u,
owi* ,o +i! addi",io ,o al"o+ol ad wome$ +e died a, ,+ir,&1oe G%auar& 77$ 1511H> :i!
0ro,+er Bu&a,u G9&ur)ari0+adraH$ Mmild$ 0eefi"e,$ ad )er!e.eri*$M w+o wa,ed ,o !u0@e",
8o*ol "adida,e! ,o ,+e !ame eAamia,io! a! ,+o!e *i.e ,o ,+e '+ie!e li,era,i$ died a, ,+ir,&1
fi.e G8ar"+ 1$ 1570H> Bu&a,uC! !o Sudd+i)ala$ a*ed !e.e,ee$ wa! a!!a!!ia,ed ,+ree &ear!
la,er 0& a "li?ue of 8o*ol di*i,arie! w+o )ro"laimed +i! "ou!i Ye!u TemIr em)eror
GSe),em0er L$ 1575H>
Ye!u TemIr$ w+o "ommaded ,+e arm& i 8o*olia$ wa! )ro"laimed em)eror i +i! "am) o
,+e 0a#! of ,+e <erule$ ad "eremoiall& "rowed i Pe#i* o (e"em0er 11$ 1575$ a, ,+e a*e
of ,+ir,&$ 0u, fi.e &ear! la,er G9u*u!, 13$ 1572H 0e died$ wor ou, 0& +i! de0au"+e!> '+ie!e
+i!,or& de)i",! +im a! a ieffe",ual$ !lu**i!+ )ri"e$ ,+e )ri!oer of a +u*e ad eA,ra.a*a,
"our,> 9, +i! dea,+$ "i.il war 0ro#e ou,> To*+ TemIr$ <+ai!+aC! !o$ !ei;ed )ower o No.em0er
16$ 1572$ 0u, "eded ,+e ,+roe ,o +i! elder 0ro,+er <u!ala$ .i"ero& of 8o*olia> <u!ala died
!uddel& o De0ruar& 77$ 1579$ ad To*+ TemIr ro!e a*ai ,o ,+e ,+roe$ 0u, 0e ,oo$ wor ou,
0& +i! eA"e!!e!$ died o O",o0er 7$ 1557$ a, ,+e a*e of ,we,&1ei*+,>
107
Ri"+e)al$ <u!alaC!
&ou*er !o$ wa! )ro"laimed em)eror a, ,+e a*e of !iA GO",o0er 75$ 1557H$ 0u, 0e died ,wo
mo,+! af,erward G(e"em0er 1LH> To*+a TemIr$ Ri"+e)alC! ,+ir,ee1&ear1old elder 0ro,+er$
!u""eeded +im o %ul& 19$ 1555>
To*+a TemIrC! rei* !aw ,+e fall of ,+e 8o*ol d&a!,&> (uri* +i! &ou,+ ,+e 8o*ol lord!
!?ua00led for )ower amid
S571T
S577T
"our, drama! ad i,ri*ue!> 9, fir!, ,+i! )ower wa! wielded 0& a lord of 8Kr#i, ori*i amed
Ba&a> 9f,er +i! fall from fa.or ad +i! dea,+ i 15L0$ ,+e !,ru**le! 0e,wee ,+e 8o*ol fa",io!
"om)le,ed ,+e rui of ,+e d&a!,&C! )re!,i*e ad ,+e ero!io of ,+e "e,ral )ower> To*+a TemIr$
a wea#$ .a"illa,i* )er!o$ foud deli*+, ol& i ,+e "om)a& of +i! fa.ori,e! ad of Ti0e,a
lama!> (ulled 0& de0au"+er&$ +e ,oo# o i,ere!, i affair! of !,a,e ad i*ored ,+e '+ie!e
a,ioal re0ellio ow rum0li* i ,+e !ou,+>
T+i! !)e",a"le of de"ade"e e"oura*ed '+ie!e M)a,rio,!M ,o re0el a*ai!, forei* domia,io>
T+e re.ol,$ li#e ,+a, of 1917$ 0e*a o ,+e lower Ya*,;e ad i ,+e 'a,o re*io> I, wa!
!)o,aeou! ad !)oradi"$ led 0& a *rea, um0er of +alf1)a,rio,$ +alf10adi, "+ief!$ w+o
?uarreled amo* ,+em!el.e! w+ile ma#i* war o ,+e 8o*ol!> 9 ,&)i"al eAam)le wa! :!I
'+ou1+uei$ w+o !ei;ed :a&a* ad Wu"+a*$ ,+e ,wi ,ow! i :u)e+$ from ,+e 8o*ol!
G1537H$ ,+e Sia*&a* G1536H$ fiall& *aii* "o,rol of ,+e *rea,er )ar, of ,+e ,wo :u G:u)e+
ad :uaH ad of <ia*!i> I 1539$ +owe.er$ +e wa! !u))la,ed 0& +i! lieu,ea, '+Ce Yu1
lia*$ !o of a !im)le fi!+erma ow )la&i* ,+e )ar, of a "adida,e ,o em)ire w+o mai,aied
re!ide"e a, <iu#ia*$ or,+ of /a#e Po&a*> 9o,+er of ,+e !ame !,am) wa! /iu Du1,Cu*$ a
ad.e,urer w+o i ,+e ame of alle*ed de!"eda,! of ,+e Su* d&a!,& a"+ie.ed 0rief ma!,er&
of <aife* i 1532$ 0u, wa! dri.e ou, 0& ,+e 8o*ol )ri"e '+a*+a TemIr i 1539> 9 four,+
re0el leader$ '+a* S+i+"+Ce*$ +ad )o!!e!!ed +im!elf of Ya*"+ow a, ,+e mou,+ of ,+e Ya*,;e
G1536H$ w+ile ,+e "oa!,! of '+e#ia* ad Du#ie were ra.a*ed 0& a 0old )ira,e amed Da*
<uo1"+e>
9ll ,+e!e de!)eradoe! were ,o 0e e"li)!ed 0& ,+e "le.ere!, of ,+em all$ '+u YIa1"+a*$ ,+e
fu,ure em)eror :u*1wu$ fouder of ,+e 8i* d&a!,&> :e wa! ,+e !o of a )oor farm la0orer of
9+wei ad +ad formerl& 0ee a 0o;e> I 1533 +e +ad ,a#e u) arm! i ,+e Tai)i* area o ,+e
0a#! of ,+e lower Ya*,;e> 9l,+ou*+ a, fir!, +e wa! merel& ,+e leader of a *rou)$ li#e all +i!
"om)e,i,or!$ +e di!,i*ui!+ed +im!elf from ,+e re!, 0& +i! )oli,i"al !e!e ad 0& ,a",fule!! ad
+umai,& i +i! deali*! wi,+ lo"al i+a0i,a,!$ w+om +e wa! a0le ,o a,,a"+ ,o +im!elf wi,+ou,
,+e u!e of for"e> I 1536 +e !ei;ed Na#i* from ,+e 8o*ol! ad made i, +i! "a)i,al> I, wa! o,
lo* 0efore +e e!,a0li!+ed S575T ,+ere$ amid all ,+e )re.aili* aar"+&$ a re*ular *o.erme,> I
1565$ +e 0ea, ad !lew +i! ri.al '+Ce Yu1lia* ear %ao"+ow o ,+e ea!,er !+ore of /a#e
Po&a* ad a))ro)ria,ed +i! +eredi,ar& domai!4 :u)e+$ :ua$ ad <ia*!i> :e ,+u! 0e"ame
ma!,er of ,+e e,ire Ya*,;e 0a!i> I 1567 +e !a,"+ed '+e#ia* from +i! o,+er ri.al '+a*
S+i+1"+Ce*$ ad i 1562 +e wo ,+e Du#ie )or,! from Da* <uo1"+e ,+e "or!air> I ,+e !ame
&ear$ 'a,o ad ,+e ,wo ,ow! amed <ua* a""e),ed +im wi,+ou, a !,ru**le$ ad wi,+ ,+a, ,+e
8i* were ma!,er! of ,+e w+ole of ,+e !ou,+>
T+e 8o*ol "our, a))ear! ,o +a.e remaied rela,i.el& idiffere, ,o ,+e lo!! of !ou,+er '+ia$
,+e former Su* em)ire$ "o?uered 0& <u0lai a "e,ur& earlier ad lo!, ,+rou*+ ,+e a)a,+& ad
ie),i,ude of +i! fee0le de!"eda,!> T+e %e*+i;1 <+ai,e! were far more i,ere!,ed i or,+er
'+ia$ ,+e former <i realm ad ,+eir fir!, "o?ue!,$ w+i"+ u) ,o ,+i! ,ime +ad remaied i,a",>
Bu, ,o defed i,$ !ome mea!ure of "o+e!io wa! eeded$ ad ,+e 8o*ol )ri"e! +ad e.er 0ee
more di.ided ,+a ,+e& were ow> I 1560$ ,wo of ,+e mo!, eer*e,i" amo* ,+em$ ,+e 0e!,
*eeral! of ,+e im)erial arm&='+a*+a TemIr$ w+o +ad re"o?uered <aife*$ ad Bolod
TemIr$ *o.eror of ,+e Ta,u* mar"+e! i S+a!i=almo!, "ame ,o 0low! o.er ,+e allo"a,io of
,+e *o.eror!+i) of Tai&Ia G,+e T!ii*H> NeA,$ from 8o*olia$ a O*JdKi )ri"e ,ried ,o ,a#e
ad.a,a*e of ,+e !i,ua,io ,o o.er,+row ,+e +ou!e of <u0lai> :e mar"+ed o ,+e Grea, Wall ad
defea,ed a im)erial arm& ear S+a*,u+o G(oloorH$ 0u, wa! ,+e #illed 0& ,rea"+er&
GNo.em0er$ 1561H> 9mo* ,+e im)erial leader! ,+em!el.e!$ "i.il war wa! ra*i*> I 1565$ a! ,+e
em)ire wa! lo!i* !ou,+er '+ia$ Bolod TemIr re!or,ed ,o armed for"e i a a,,em), ,o !ei;e
,+e *o.erme, of Tai&Ia=,+a, i!$ S+a!i=from <J#J TemIr$ '+a*+aC! +eir> Pri"e
9&ur!+irid+ara$ ,+e +eir ,o ,+e ,+roe$ !ided a*ai!, Bolod ad ordered <J#J TemIr ,o remo.e
+im from +i! *o.eror!+i) of Ta,u*> T+e$ o Se),em0er 9$ 156L$ Bolod e,ered Pe#i* a, ,+e
+ead of +i! arm& ad for"ed ,+e em)eror To*+a ,o a))oi, +im *eerali!!imo$ w+ile ,+e +eir ,o
,+e ,+roe fled ,o <J#J TemIrC! arm& a, Tai&Ia> Bu, Bolod failed ,o o.er"ome ,+e!e ,wo
ad.er!arie!$ ad i Se),em0er$ 1563$ +e wa! a!!a!!ia,ed a, Pe#i* a! ,+e re!ul, of a "our,
"o!)ira"& ,o w+i"+ ,+e em)eror +im!elf wa! a )ar,&> <J#J TemIr ,+e re,ured ,o S57LT Pe#i*
wi,+ ,+e )ri"e im)erial ad wa! a))oi,ed *eerali!!imo i +i! ,ur$ u,il ,+e da& w+e +e ,oo
fell i,o di!*ra"e G1567H> Small woder$ ,+e$ ,+a, w+ile ,+e 8o*ol "our, ad o0ili,& were
e*a*ed i ,+i! "i.il !,rife$ ,+e '+ie!e i!ur*e,! were a0le ,o wi )o!!e!!io of ,+e w+ole of
!ou,+er '+ia> I, wa! a*ai!, a demorali;ed foe ,+a, ,+e 8i* leader uder,oo# ,+e "o?ue!, of
,+e or,+>
I, wa! a ,rium)+al mar"+> '+u YIa1"+a* lef, Na#i* i 9u*u!,$ 1562$ ad e,ered :o)ei 0&
wa& of <wa*)i* ad <wa,ao> T+e 8o*ol *eeral Bu&a TemIr ,ried ,o defed ,+e
a))roa"+e! of Pe#i*$ 0u, wa! defea,ed ad #illed a, Tu*"+ow 0& :!I Ta$ ,+e 0e!, "ommader
of ,+e ew 8i* ruler> 9&ur!+irid+ara$ ,+e +eir ,o ,+e ,+roe$ fled ,o 8o*olia$ "arr&i* wi,+ +im
,+e ,a0le,! of +i! a"e!,or!> T+e em)eror To*+a TemIr +im!elf lef, Pe#i* for S+a*,u+o
G(oloorH o ,+e i*+, of Se),em0er 10> 9 8o*ol )ri"e$ TemIr10u?a$ died *alla,l& i ,r&i*
,o defed ,+e "a)i,al> T+e 8i* ,+e made ,+eir e,r& i,o Pe#i*>
Oe la!, 8o*ol arm& !,ill o""u)ied S+a!i$ uder ,+e "ommad of <J#J TemIr$ .i"ero& of
Tai&Ia$ w+o$ a",i* a! a ide)ede, )ri"e$ +ad refu!ed ,o +el) +i! !o.erei*$ )referri* ,o
"o"e,ra,e all +i! for"e! i defe!e of +i! ow fief> Bu, a, ,+e a))roa"+ of ,+e '+ie!e arm&
uder :!I Ta$ +e ,oo !u""um0ed> Tai&Ia wa! ,a#e$ w+ile <J#J TemIr fled ,o <a!u> T+e
mi!era0le em)eror To*+a TemIr$ feeli* o lo*er !afe i (oloor$ fled ,o Yi*"+a* G<ailuH
o ,+e S+ara 8ure> T+ere +e died o 8a& 75$ 1570$ filled wi,+ de!)air a, +a.i* lo!, ,+e em)ire
of '+ia$ or ra,+er ,+e deli*+,! of ,+e im)erial deme!e!4 M8& *rea, "i,& of Ta,u U Pe#i*V$
adored wi,+ .aried !)ledorE S+a*,u+o$ m& dele",a0le "ool !ummer re,rea,E ad ,+o!e
&ellowi* )lai!$ ,+e deli*+, ad refre!+me, of m& di.ie a"e!,or![ W+a, e.il I +a.e
"ommi,,ed ,o lo!e m& em)ire ,+u![M
102

T+e #+aa,e fouded i '+ia 0& %e*+i; <+aC! de!"eda,! +ad la!,ed o more ,+a a +udred
&ear!$ from <u0lai ,o To*+a TemIr> T+e !imilar #+aa,e ,+a, ,+e& +ad fouded i Tur#e!,a wa!
de!,ied$ wi,+ .ar&i* for,ue! ad de!)i,e ,+e 0rea# i "o,iui,& "au!ed 0& Tamerlae$ ,o
edure u,il ,+e !e.e,ee,+ "e,ur&>
S573T
G Tur&estan 7nder the Houseof 4a'atai
THE 4A,ATAI 2HA1ATE6 ORI,I1SA1- ,E1ERA/ CHARACHTERISTICS
%a*a,ai$
1
%e*+i; <+aC! !e"od !o$ +ad i+eri,ed ,+e I!!&# <ul re*io$ ,+e 0a!i of ,+e ri.er Ili
!ou,+ea!, of /a#e Bal#+a!+$ ad ,+e !,e))e! of ,+e '+u ad ,+e Tala!=or a, a& ra,e$ ,+e ea!,er
)ar, of ,+em> 9""ordi* ,o %u.aii$ +i! wi,er "am) wa! a, 8araw!i#1ila ad +i! !ummer oe a,
\u&a!+$ 0o,+ )la"e! 0ei* i ,+e Ili .alle&$ ,+e la,,er oe ear 9lmali# Go, far from moder
<uld@aH> 9! de)ede"ie! +e +ad <a!+*aria ad Tra!oAiaa> I a0ou, 1760$ Ui*uria$ ,+e old
Ui*ur "ou,r& of Be!+0ali*+ Gmoder (;im!aH$ Turfa G<ara1#+o@aH$ ad <u"+a$ 0e"ame a dire",
de)ede"& of ,+e %a*a,ai,e!$ al,+ou*+ u) ,o ,+a, ,ime i, !eem! ,o +a.e 0ee a,,a"+ed ,o ,+e *rad
#+a! of <ara#orum> I, wa! al!o from ,+e "our, of <ara#orum ,+a, ,+e Tra!oAiaa ,ow! of
Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad were for !ome ,ime admii!,ered>
T+e #+aa,e of %a*a,ai=for ,+e ,erri,or& ,oo# i,! ame from ,+e )ri"e="orre!)oded ,o ,+e
a"ie, #i*dom of ,+e <ara1 <+i,ai gur%khans> 9d li#e ,+e <ara1<+i,ai !,a,e$ i, wa! a Tur#i"
"ou,r& uder 8o*ol domia,io4 ,+e 8o*ol realm of Tur#e!,a> Bu, ,+e %a*a,ai ruler!$
re!em0li* i ,+i! ,+e <ara1<+i,ai gur%khans ad ,+e e.e earlier !e.e,+1"e,ur& #+a! of ,+e
we!,er TCu1"+Ie+$ +ad o "o"e),io of +ow ,o e!,a0li!+ a re*ular !,a,e o our we!,er )a,,er$
or o ,+a, of '+ia or S576T Per!ia> Dor ,+i! ,+e& la"#ed ,+e +i!,ori"al 0a"#*roud> T+eir "ou!i!
of <u0laiC! +ou!e$ or of ,+e +ou!e of :ulK*u i Per!ia$ +ad foud a, ,+eir di!)o!al ,+e a*e1old
,radi,io of a"ie, "e,rali;ed em)ire!=a w+ole +i!,or& of admii!,ra,i.e "u!,om$ of &ame!
ad di.a!> T+e& 0e"ame So! of :ea.e +ere$ !ul,a! ,+ere> T+e& "ould ide,if& ,+em!el.e!
wi,+ !,a,e! ,+a, were !+ar)l& defied$ *eo*ra)+i"all& ad +i!,ori"all& a! well a! "ul,urall&>
%a*a,aiC! !o! +ad o,+i* li#e ,+i!> T+eir realm wi,+ i,! !+if,i* 0oudarie! +ad a! i,! "e,er o
Pe#i* or Ta0ri;$ 0u, a )rairie> I, e.er o""urred ,o ,+em ,o !e,,le i <a!+*ar or <+o,a$ i ,+e
Tarim oa!e!$ for ,+e!e were *arde! e"lo!ed$ ,oo !mall for ,+eir +erd! ad "a.alr&> Nor would
,+e& !e,,le amo* ,+e Tad;+i#! ad ,+e more or le!! Irai;ed Tur#! of Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad$
i ,+o!e "rowded "i,ie! w+o!e 8u!lim faa,i"i!m ad mo0 ,ur0ule"e mu!, +a.e 0ee u,,erl&
re)u*a, ,o ,+eir omadi" a,ure!> Dor far lo*er ,+a ,+eir #i!me of o,+er ulus$ ,+e&
remaied e,irel& i*ora, of ur0a life ad la"#i* i a& uder!,adi* of i,! eed! or i,! u!e!>
T+u! ,+e #+a Bara? did o, +e!i,a,e ,o order ,+e )illa*e of Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad=+i! ow
"i,ie![=!im)l& ,o o0,ai fud! for ,+e rai!i* of a arm&>
7
U,il ,+e ed$ i ,+e fif,ee,+ "e,ur&$
,+e %a*a,ai,e! "o,iued ,o roam a! omad! 0e,wee ,+e Ili ad ,+e Tala!$ ad remaied me of
,+e !,e))e!> I a famil& ,+a, +ad )rodu"ed !,a,e!me li#e 9r*+u$ G+a;a$ Ol@ai,u$ <u0lai$ ad
TemIr$ ,+e& re)re!e,ed 8o*ol "ul,ural 0a"#warde!!> No, ,+a, ,+e& were a& more re!i!,a, ,o
,+eir !urroudi*! ,+a <u0laiC! lie$ w+i"+ 0e"ame '+ie!e$ or :ulK*uC!$ w+i"+ ,ured Per!ia>
/i.i* a! ,+e& did i a Tur#i" "ou,r&$ ,+e& 0e"ame Tur#! from ,+e four,ee,+ "e,ur& oward$ ,o
!u"+ a eA,e, ,+a, ,+e Tur#i" la*ua*e !)o#e i ,+e Ea!, 0e"ame #ow a! %a*a,ai Tur#i"> Bu,
,+e!e Tur#! of ,+e Ili$ rema,! of ,+e old TIr*i!+ ad \arlu? Tur#!$ +ad o more "ul,ural )a!,
,+a ,+e 8o*ol! ,+em!el.e!> Be,wee ,+e Ui*ur Budd+i"1 Ne!,oria "ul,ure of Be!+0ali*+ ad
,+e 9ra0o1Per!ia "ul,ure of Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad$ ,+e +ou!e of %a*a,ai remaied !u!)eded$
i"a)a0le of "+oo!i*> No dou0,$ a, ,+e 0e*ii* i, wa! !u0@e",ed more ,o Ui*ur iflue"e$ li#e
%e*+i; <+a +im!elf$ ,+e iflue"e of ,+e a"ie, Tur#o18o*ol! w+o remaied fai,+ful ,o ,+e
Budd+a ad ,o ,+e Ne!,oria "ro!!> T+e a, ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e four,ee,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e %a*a,ai,e!
,ured S577T ,o I!lam$ ,+ou*+ i ,+e 8o*ol fa!+io$ wi,+ou, faa,i"i!m ad wi,+ou, !"ri),ureE
!o ,+a, e.e ,+e$ i ,+e e&e! of ,+e de.ou, 8u!lim! of Samar#ad$ ,+e& a))eared +alf1)a*a$
w+ile TamerlaeC! "am)ai*! a*ai!, ,+em were ,o a!!ume ,+e a!)e", of a 8u!lim :ol& War>
%a*a,ai$ fouder of ,+e #+aa,e w+i"+ +e ruled from 1777 ,o 17L7$ wa!$ a! we +a.e !ee$ a
8o*ol of ,+e old ,&)e> :i! fa,+er %e*+i; <+a$ w+om +e admired ad feared$ +ad a))oi,ed
+im *uardia of ,+e yasa9=of ,+e "ode ad of di!"i)lie =ad +e !)e, +i! life i o0!er.i* ,+i!
le*i!la,io +im!elf ad i e!uri* ,+a, ,+o!e a0ou, +im did !o ,oo> Oe da&$ +a.i* ridde a ra"e
wi,+ +i! &ou*er 0ro,+er O*JdKi$ w+o wa! ,+e *rad #+a$ ad 0ea,e +im$ 0e "ame eA, da& ,o
a!# +i! for*i.ee!!$ li#e a "rimial>
5
I"ide,all&$ +e fel, o re!e,me, a, +i! &ou*er 0ro,+erC!
ele.a,io ,o ,+e )o!i,io of *rad #+a$ 0e"au!e ,+i! +ad 0ee ,+eir fa,+erC! de"i!io> Dor ,+e
!ame rea!o$ al,+ou*+ +e ruled o.er 8u!lim )eo)le!$ +e !+owed !ome +o!,ili,& ,oward I!lam$
)ar,i"ularl& i re*ard ,o ,+e ma,,er of a0lu,io! ad ,+e !lau*+,er of "a,,le$ w+ere ,+e )re"e),! of
,+e <ora were "o,rar& ,o 8o*ol "u!,om! ad ,o ,+e yasa9>
L
I !)i,e of ,+i!$ oe of +i!
mii!,er!$ \u,0 ad1(i :a0a!+ C9mid of O,rar Gd> 1760H$ wa! a 8u!lim>
3
8oreo.er$ %e*+i;
<+a +ad e,ru!,ed ,+e admii!,ra,io ad ,+e fi!"al affair! of ,+e "i,ie! of Tra!oAiaa=
Bu#+ara$ Samar#ad$ ad !o o=,o ao,+er 8u!lim$ 8a+mud Yala.a"+$ w+o !e, u) re!ide"e a,
<+od;+e, i Der*aa> T+i! did o, de,er %a*a,ai from di!mi!!i* 8a+mud from +i! )o!,$ 0u, Ga!
8a+mud wa! dire",l& re!)o!i0le ,o ,+e *rad #+aH O*JdKi$ w+o wa! ,+e i )ower$ )oi,ed
ou, ,+e irre*ulari,& of %a*a,aiC! "odu", ad rei!,a,ed 8a+mud>
6
8a+mud wa! !u""eeded 0& +i!
!o 8a!Cud Yala.a"+ or 8a!Cud10e*$ w+o "o,iued ,o admii!,er ,+e Tra!oAiaa "i,ie! i ,+e
ame of ,+e *rad #+a ad al!o$ Bar,+old ,+i#!$ ,+e o,+er M"i.ili;ed )ro.i"e!M of %a*a,ai$ all
,+e wa& ,o ,+e '+ie!e fro,ier> :e wa! )re!e, i ,+i! "a)a"i,& a, ,+e 9uriltai of 17L6$ w+ere +e
wa! "ofirmed i +i! fu",io!> I 1752159$ a )o)ular 8u!lim mo.eme,$ aimed a*ai!, 0o,+ ,+e
)ro)rie,ar& "la!!e! ad ,+e 8o*ol admii!,ra,io$ 0ro#e ou, i Bu#+ara> 8a!Cud "ru!+ed i, ad
a, ,+e !ame ,ime maa*ed ,o !a.e ,+e ,ow from ,+e .e*ea"e of 8o*ol ,roo)!>
7

S572T
9, +i! dea,+ G17L7H$ %a*a,ai lef, ,+e ,+roe ,o +i! *rad!o \ara1:ulK*u$ ,+e !o of %a*a,aiC!
elde!, !o 8I,I*e$ w+o +ad 0ee #illed i 1771 a, ,+e !ie*e of Bamia ad w+o!e dea,+ +ad
"au!ed !u"+ !orrow ,o +i! famil&> \ara1:ulK*u rei*ed from 17L7 ,o 17L6 uder ,+e ,u,ela*e of
,+e widowed #+a,u E0u!#u> I 17L6 ,+e ew *rad #+a GI&I# re)la"ed +im 0& a &ou*er
0ro,+er of %a*a,ai ad )er!oal fried$ Pri"e Yi!!u18a*u$
2
a )er!oal fried of +i! w+o!e wi,!
were dulled 0& dri# ad w+o lef, ,+e *o.erme, of ,+e "ou,r& ,o +i! wife ad ,o +i! 8u!lim
mii!,er of !,a,e ,+e Be+a ad1(i 8ar*+iai$ a ma w+om %u.aii )rai!e! a! a 8ae"ea!>
9
Bu,
Yi!!u18a*u al!o ruled ol& for a .er& !+or, ,ime G17L6137H$ ad for !imilar rea!o!> I ,+e
?uarrel! o.er ,+e im)erial !u""e!!io$ w+i"+ i 17L9130 di.ided all ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e +ou!e!$
+e !ided wi,+ ,+e +ou!e of O*JdKi a*ai!, 8o*#aC! "adida,ure> 9f,er +i! a""e!!io$ 8o*#a
de)o!ed Yi!!u18a*u ad re)la"ed +im i 9u*u!,$ 1737$ 0& ,+a, !ame \ara1:ulK*u w+om
Yi!!u18a*u +ad remo.ed fi.e &ear! 0efore> \ara1:ulK*u wa! e.e *i.e ,+e ,a!# of )u,,i*
Yi!!u18a*u$ +i! ow u"le$ ,o dea,+$ af,er +a.i* !ei;ed )ower> I, i! "lear from ,+i! !erie! of
)ala"e drama! ,+a, ,+e ulus of %a*a,ai wa! +ardl& au,oomou! a, ,+i! ,ime ad ,+a, i, wa! merel&
a de)ede"& of ,+e <ara#orum "our,$ eA)o!ed ,o all ,+e re)er"u!!io! of ,+e famil& re.ol,!
o""urri* ,+ere> I, wa! i fa", a .i"ero&al,&$ "lo!el& li#ed ,o ,+e "e,ral )ower$ a "olla,eral
0ra"+ ,rea,ed a! a @uior oe$ al,+ou*+ i fa", !eior ,o ,+e +ou!e! of O*JdKi ad Tolui>
\ara1:ulK*u died$ +owe.er$ w+ile o +i! wa& ,o re"laim +i! fief G1737H$ ad i, fell ,o +i! widow
Or*+aa ,o "arr& ou, ,+e im)erial "ommad ,o +a.e Yi!!u18a*u eAe"u,ed>
10
T+e old mii!,er
:a0a!+ C9mid$ w+o a! \ara1:ulK*uC! ad+ere, +ad !uffered uder Yi!!u18a*u$ ,oo# +i! ow
re.e*e o Be+a ad1 (i 8ar*+iai ad +ad +im )u, ,o dea,+>
11
Or*+aa ,oo# o.er "o,rol of
,+e #+aa,e of %a*a,ai ad +eld i, for ie &ear! G1737161H>
T+e old )re1%e*+i; <+a d&a!,ie! eAi!,i* uder ,+e !u;erai,& of ,+e +ou!e of %a*a,ai were
li#ewi!e affe",ed 0& ,+e )ala"e re.olu,io! a, <ara#orum> T+e Ui*ur #i*dom of Be!+0ali*+
G<u"+e*H$ Turfa$ ad <u"+a )ro.ide! a eAam)le of ,+i!> Bar"+u? ,+e Ui*ur ruler +ad 0ee$ a!
wa! o,ed$ a S579T fai,+ful .a!!al ,o %e*+i; <+a ,+rou*+ou, +i! life$ ad +ad !u))or,ed +im
a*ai!, <I"+lI*$ a*ai!, ,+e !+a+ of <+wari;m$ ad a*ai!, ,+e :!i1:!ia> 9! a reward$ %e*+i;
<+a i,eded ,o *i.e +im oe of +i! dau*+,er!=+i! fa.ori,e oe$ i, i! !aid= 9lCal,u10K#i or
9l,u10K#i> T+e marria*e e.er ,oo# )la"e$ +owe.er$ fir!, 0e"au!e of %e*+i; <+aC! dea,+ ad
,+e 0e"au!e of ,+e dea,+ of ,+e )ri"e!! +er!elf> Bar"+u? +im!elf died !+or,l& af,erward ad wa!
!u""eeded a! idi9ut=,+a, i!$ #i* of ,+e Ui*ur=0& +i! !o <i!+mai$ w+o we, ,o ,+e 8o*ol
"our, for +i! i.e!,i,ure 0& O*JdKi ,+e *rad #+a>
17
Similarl&$ o <i!+maiC! dea,+$ ,+e 8o*ol
?uee re*e, TJrK*KK "oferred Ui*ur ro&al,& u)o Saledi$ +i! 0ro,+er>
15
9 Budd+i!,$ Saledi
!eem! ,o +a.e 0ee +o!,ile ,o I!lam$ ad 8u!lim! "om)laied of +i! !e.eri,&> I ,+e ?uarrel
0e,wee ,+e O*JdKi,e! ad 8o*#a o.er ,+e !u""e!!io$ i 1731$ a, lea!, !ome of SalediC!
e,oura*e !ided wi,+ ,+e +ou!e of O*JdKi> Ideed$ oe of +i! "+ief offi"er!$ amed Bala or Bela$
wa! "odemed ,o dea,+ wi,+ O*+ul \aimi!+C! a""om)li"e! 0& ,+e ,rium)+a, 8o*#a$ ad
e!"a)ed ol& 0& a lu"#& "+a"e> Saledi$ w+o!e "o!"ie"e ma& o, +a.e 0ee al,o*e,+er ea!&$
+a!,eed ,o )a& "our, ,o 8o*#a G1737H$ ad +ad @u!, re,ured from ,+e im)erial ordu w+e ,+e
!,orm 0ro#e> T+e 8u!lim! of Ui*uria a""u!ed +im of wa,i* ,o !lau*+,er ,+em$ ad *a.e
de,ail!> T+e ma!!a"re wa! ,o ,a#e )la"e$ ,+e& +eld$ Mo a Drida&$ i ,+e mo!?ue! duri* )ra&er$M
a, Be!+0ali*+ ad all o.er ,+e "ou,r&> Oe of 8o*#aC! re)re!e,a,i.e!=a! i, ,ured ou,$ a
8u!lim amed Saif ad1(i w+o wa! a, Be!+0ali*+ a, ,+e ,ime=re"ei.ed ,+e a""u!a,io ad
made Saledi re,ur ,o <ara#orum ,o *i.e a a""ou, of ,+e affair ,o ,+e *rad #+a> T+e
ufor,ua,e Ui*ur )ri"e$ o 0ei* ?ue!,ioed ad )u, ,o ,or,ure$ eded 0& ma#i* ,+e de!ired
"ofe!!io> 8o*#a !e, +im 0a"# ,o Be!+0ali*+ ,o !uffer +i! )ui!+me,> (CO+!!o "omme,!4
M:e wa! 0e+eaded o a Drida& 0& +i! ow 0ro,+er U#e@
1L
i ,+e )re!e"e of a +u*e ,+ro* ad
,o ,+e *rea, !a,i!fa",io of ,+e 8u!lim!$ w+o !eem ,o +a.e 0ee de,ermied ,o 0ri* a0ou, ,+e
eAe"u,io of ,+i! Budd+i!, )ri"e>M I fa",$ Saledi wa! eAe"u,ed a! a )ar,i!a of ,+e +ou!e of
O*JdKi$ ad +i! 0ro,+er wa! )u, i +i! )la"e a! 8o*#aC! ad+ere,E 0u, ,+i! famil& ?uarrel *a.e
,+e 8u!lim miori,& i Ui*uria ,+e o))or,ui,& of re.e*e u)o ,+e Budd+i!, ma@ori,& G1737H>
13

S550T
A/,H70S REI,16 4A,ATAITE ATTEMPT AT I1-EPE1-E1CE
Or*+aa$ w+o i! de!"ri0ed a! a 0eau,iful$ wi!e$ ad di!"eri* )ri"e!!$ *o.ered ,+e #+aa,e of
%a*a,ai from 1737 ,o 1761> 9, ,+i! la,,er da,e$ ,+e #+aa,e 0e*a o"e more ,o feel ,+e
re)er"u!!io! of "ofli",! i 8o*olia o.er ,+e !u)reme #+aa,e=i ,+i! "a!e$ ,+e ri.alr&
0e,wee ,+e *rad #+a <u0lai ad +i! 0ro,+er 9ri?10J*K> 9ri?10J*K$ w+o a, ,+e mome, wa!
lord of 8o*olia$ omia,ed a! M#+a of %a*a,aiM a *rad!o of %a*a,ai ad !o of Baidar$ Pri"e
9l*+u or 9lu*+u$ ad *a.e +im ,+e ,a!# of *uardi* ,+e 9mu (ar&a fro,ier ,o )re.e, :ulK*u
,+e #+a of Per!ia from !edi* reifor"eme,! ,o <u0lai> 9l*+u ,+erefore we, ,o Be!+0ali*+$
remo.ed Or*+aa from )ower$ ad wa! a""e),ed wi,+ou, o))o!i,io from 9lmali# ,o ,+e 9mu
(ar&a> :i! rei* wa! ,o la!, from 1761 ,o 1766$ 0u, i, followed a .er& differe, lie from ,+a,
i,eded 0& 9ri?10J*K>
Ta#i* ad.a,a*e of ,+e !,ru**le 0e,wee <u0lai ad 9ri?0J*K$ 9l*+u a",ed a! a au,oomou!
#+a$ ad wa! ,+e fir!, of +i! +ou!e ,o do !o> :i! !u;erai 9ri?10J*K +ad !e, "ommi!!ioer! i,o
%a*a,ai ,o le.& ,aAe! ad "olle", arm! ad li.e!,o"#> 9l*+u$ "o.e,i* ,+i! weal,+$ !ei;ed i,$ )u,
,+e e.o&! ,o dea,+$ ad de"lared for <u0lai G"a> 1767H> 9ri?10J*K wa! ifuria,ed 0& ,+i!
,rea"+er& ad mar"+ed a*ai!, 9l*+u> Bu, 9l*+u made a !u""e!!ful 0e*ii*$ 0ea,i* ,+e
eem& ad.a"e *uard ear Pulad or Bolod$ 0e,wee ,+e Sairam Nor ad ,+e E0i Nor> T+e$
0elie.i* +im!elf !afe af,er ,+i! .i",or&$ +e made ,+e mi!,a#e of di!0adi* +i! ,roo)! ad
re,uri* )ea"efull& ,o +i! Ili +ead?uar,er!> 9, ,+i! mome, ao,+er of 9ri?10J*KC! lieu,ea,!
arri.ed wi,+ a fre!+ arm&$ i.aded ,+e Ili 0a!i$ o""u)ied 9lmali#$ ad for"ed 9l*+u ,o flee
,oward <a!+*ar ad <+o,a> 9ri?10J*K ,+e "ame +im!elf ,o wi,er i ,+e 9lmali# "ou,r&$ ,+e
+ear, of ,+e %a*a,ai ulu!$ w+ile 9l*+u wi,+drew ,o Samar#ad G"a> 1767165H> So !a.a*el& did
9ri?10J*K 0e+a.e i ,+i! 0eau,iful Ili re*io$ de.a!,a,i* ,+e "ou,r&!ide ad !la&i* all +i!
eem&C! )ar,i!a!$ ,+a, famie e!ued ad a um0er of +i! ow offi"er! de!er,ed +im wi,+ ,+eir
,roo)!> Seei* +i! arm& mel,i* awa&$ +e ,ried ,o ma#e )ea"e wi,+ 9l*+u> :e +ad wi,+ +im
)ri"e!! Or*+aa$ w+o +ad "ome ,o )ro,e!, a*ai!, +er remo.al from ,+e #+aa,e of %a*a,ai$ ad
,+erefore a!!i*ed +er ad 8a!Cud Yala.a"+ ,+e S551T mi!!io of "arr&i* )ea"e )ro)o!al! ,o
9l*+u i Samar#ad> Bu, +ere e.e,! ,oo# a drama,i" ,ur> O Of*+aaC! arri.al$ 9l*+u married
+er ad a))oi,ed 8a!Cud a! +i! fia"e mii!,er> 8a!CudC! !u))or, wa! i.alua0le> T+i! wi!e
admii!,ra,or !u""eeded i le.&i* !u0!,a,ial "o,ri0u,io! from Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad$ ,+u!
allowi* 9l*+u ad Or*+aa ,o re"rui, a *ood arm&> 9l*+u wa! ,+e a0le ,o re)ul!e a i.a!io
0& ,+e O*JdKi )ri"e \aidu$ w+o +ad "ome dow from +i! Imil domai!> 8eaw+ile$ de)ri.ed
of re!our"e! ad a,,a"#ed i ,+e we!, 0& 9l*+u ad i ,+e ea!, 0& <u0lai$ 9ri?10J*K wa! for"e i
176L$ a! wa! !ee$ ,o !urreder ,o <u0lai>
16

T+e re!ul, of ,+e!e e.e,! wa! de facto if o, de 3ure li0era,io of ,+e #+aa,e of %a*a,ai from ,+e
ri*id "o,rol uder w+i"+ u) ,o ,+a, ,ime i, +ad 0ee +eld 0& ,+e *rad #+a!> 8a!Cud Yala.a"+
Gd> 1729H$ w+o u,il ,+e +ad admii!,ered Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad o 0e+alf of ,+e *rad
#+a!$ ,+e"efor,+ *a,+ered ,+e ,aA le.ie! ,+ere for ,+e 0eefi, of 9l*+u> 9l*+u al!o elar*ed ,+e
,erri,orie! of +i! #+aa,e 0& ma#i* war o Ber#e ,+e #+a of <i)"+a#$ from w+om +e !ei;ed
O,rar=w+i"+ +e de!,ro&ed= ad ,+e )ro.i"e of <+wari;m>
17

9, 9l*+uC! dea,+ G1763 or 1766H$ +i! widow Or*+aa )la"ed o ,+e ,+roe +er !o 0& +er fir!,
marria*e G,o \ara1:ulK*uH$ 8o0are#1!+a+$ w+o wa! ,+e fir!, %a*a,ai,e ,o 0e "o.er,ed ,o I!lam
uder Tra!oAiaa iflue"e$ G%amal \ar!+i *i.e! ,+e da,e of +i! a""e!!io a! 8ar"+$ 1766>H
Bu, Bara?$ ao,+er %a*a,ai,e$ *rad!o of 8I,I*e$ o0,aied a yarligh from ,+e *rad #+a
<u0lai a))oi,i* +im "ore*e, wi,+ +i! "ou!i 8o0are#>
12
O"e o ,+e Ili$ Bara? !u0.er,ed ,+e
,roo)!$ !ei;ed 8o0are# +im!elf a, <+od;+e, GSe),em0er$ 1766$ a""ordi* ,o %amal \ar!+iH$
de)o!ed +im$ ad redu"ed +im ,o ,+e )o!i,io of ma!,er of ,+e ro&al +u,> 9l,+ou*+ +e owed +i!
,+roe ,o <u0lai$ Bara? !oo ?uarreled wi,+ +im> T+e *rad #+a +ad a))oi,ed +i! a*e,
8o*+ol,ai ,o ,+e *o.eror!+i) of '+ie!e Tur#e!,a> Bara? dro.e ou, ,+i! di*i,ar& ad re)la"ed
+im 0& oe of +i! ow me> <u0lai !e, a de,a"+me, of 6$000 +or!eme ,o rei!,a,e ,+e de)o!ed
*o.eror$ 0u, Bara? me, ,+em wi,+ 50$000 me$ for"i* <u0laiC! "a.alr& ,o re,ire wi,+ou,
fi*+,i*> Bara? al!o !e, ,roo)! ,o )luder ,+e "i,& of <+o,a$ w+i"+ wa! uder <u0laiC!
au,+ori,&>
S557T
THE 2HA1ATE OF 4A,ATAI 71-ER HAI-70S S7>ERAI1T(
9*ai!, \aidu$ Bara? wa! le!! for,ua,e> I, +a! 0ee o,ed +ow \aidu$ +ead of ,+e +ou!e of
O*JdKi ad ruler of ,+e Imil i Tar0a*a,ai$ "om)e,ed wi,+ <u0lai for ,+e ,i,le of *rad #+a ad
for !u;erai,& o.er ,+e o,+er %e*+i;1<+ai,e ulus> :e 0e*a 0& demadi* +oma*e from Bara?$
ad a,,a"#ed +im> I a earl& 0a,,le$ ear ,+e 9mu (ar&a$ Bara? lured ,+e eem& i,o a am0u!+
ad ,oo# ma& )ri!oer! ad mu"+ 0oo,&> Bu, \aidu o0,aied ,+e !u))or, of 8a*u Timur$ #+a
of <i)"+a#$ w+o !e, a arm& of 30$000 a*ai!, Bara? uder Pri"e Ber#e@ar> (efea,ed 0& ,+i!
leader i a *rea, 0a,,le$ Bara? wi,+drew i,o Tra!oAiaa$ w+ere$ 0& mea! of fur,+er eA,or,io!
a, ,+e eA)e!e of Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad$ +e wa! a0le ,o re1e?ui) +i! arm&> :e wa! )re)ari*
for a !u)reme effor, w+e \aidu offered +im )ea"e> \aidu$ w+o wa,ed +i! +ad! free ,o ,a"#le
<u0lai i 8o*olia$ allowed Bara? ,o #ee) Tra!oAiaa> I re,ur$ Bara? +ad ,o lea.e \aidu i
.ir,ual "ommad of ,+e Ili ad of ea!,er Tur#e!,a$ ad e.e i Tur#e!,a +e +ad ,o
a"#owled*e +im!elf a! \aiduC! .a!!al> 9 *rea, 9uriltai of re"o"ilia,io o ,+i! 0a!i! wa! +eld$
a""ordi* ,o Wa!!af$ i ,+e \a,wa !,e))e or,+ of Samar#ad i a0ou, 1767$ ,+ou*+ Ra!+id ad1
(i !,a,e! ,+a, i, ,oo# )la"e o ,+e Tala! i ,+e !)ri* of 1769>
19
Bar,+old wri,e!4 M9 em)ire
"om)le,el& ide)ede, of ,+e *rad #+a <u0lai wa! ,+u! !e, u) i 'e,ral 9!ia$ uder ,+e
!u;erai,& of \aidu> 9ll ,+e )ri"e! Uw+o ,oo# )ar, i ,+i! a*reeme,V +ad ,o "o!ider ,+em!el.e!
a! 0lood 0ro,+er! GandaH> T+e )ro)er,& of ,ow ad "ou,r& )o)ula,io! wa! ,o 0e )ro,e",ed$ ad
,+e )ri"e! +ad ,o 0e "o,e, wi,+ *ra;i* lad! i ,+e !,e))e! or mou,ai!$ ad aler, ,o #ee) ,+e
omad!C +erd! awa& from "ul,i.a,ed area!> Two,+ird! of Tra!oAiaa were lef, ,o Bara?$ 0u, ,+ere
,oo ,+e admii!,ra,io of farm lad! wa! e,ru!,ed ,o 8a!Cud UYala.a"+V 0& \aidu>M
To #ee) Bara? awa& from ea!,er Tur#e!,a$ \aidu$ ow +i! !u;erai$ !e, +im ,o wi ,+e
#+aa,e of Per!ia from ,+e +ou!e of :ulK*u$ re)re!e,ed a, ,+i! ,ime 0& ,+e #+a 90a?a$ :ulK*uC!
!o ad !u""e!!or> O"e more$ i !)i,e of 8a!CudC! eA)o!,ula,io!$ Bara? o.er,aAed ,+e
,ow!me of Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad i order ,o fi, ou, +i! arm& ad$ 0u, for 8a!CudC!
e,rea,ie!$ would S555T +a.e !a"#ed ,+e ,wo "i,ie! "om)le,el&> :e ,+e "ro!!ed ,+e 9mu (ar&a
ad )i,"+ed "am) ear 8er.$ a, ,+e +ead of a arm& di!,i*ui!+ed 0& a w+ole !,aff of %e*+i;1
<+ai,e )ri"e!$ i"ludi* BIri ad +i! "ou!i! Ni#)ai O*+ul ad 8o0are#1!+a+ G,+e
)rede"e!!or w+om +e +ad de)o!edH>
70
:i! fir!, o0@e",i.e wa! ,+e "o?ue!, of 9f*+ai!,a$ w+i"+
+e o dou0, "laimed o ,+e !,re*,+ of +i! *radfa,+er 8I,I*eC! dea,+ a, ,+e !ie*e of Bamia i
1771>
T+e "am)ai* o)eed well> Near :era,$ Bara? defea,ed Pri"e Bu"+i$ 0ro,+er of 90a?a ad
*o.eror of <+ura!a> :e o""u)ied ,+e *rea,er )ar, of ,+e )ro.i"e Ga0ou, 8a&$ 1770H$ !a"#ed
Ni!+a)ur$ ad for"ed S+am! ad1(i 8u+ammad <er, of :era, ,o reder +im +oma*e ad )a&
,ri0u,e> Bu, 90a?a ,+e #+a of Per!ia$ w+o +ad +a!,eed from 9;er0ai@a$ e,i"ed +im i,o a ,ra)
ear :era, ad$ o %ul& 77$ 1770$ ifli",ed a "ru!+i* defea, u)o +im> Bara? re,ured ,o
Tra!oAiaa wi,+ ,+e rema,! of +i! arm&> 'ri))led 0& a fall from +i! +or!e$ +e !)e, ,+e wi,er
i Bu#+ara$ w+ere +e wa! "o.er,ed ,o I!lam uder ,+e ame of Sul,a G+i&a,+ ad1(i>
Bara?C! di!a!,er )er!uaded +i! )ri"el& #i!me ad .a!!al! ,o wi,+draw ,+eir !u))or,> :e
,+erefore we, ,o Ta!+#e, ,o 0e* +el) from +i! !u;erai \aidu> \aidu ,oo# ,+e field wi,+ 70$000
me$ le!! ,o +el) +im ,+a ,o )rofi, from +i! mi!for,ue!> Bara?$ i, i! !aid$ died of fri*+,=or wa!
di!"ree,l& elimia,ed 0& \aiduC! me=a, ,+e mome, of +i! !u;eraiC! arri.al G9u*u!, 9$ 1771$
a""ordi* ,o %amal \ar!+iH>
71

9f,er Bara?C! dea,+$ +i! four !o! @oied wi,+ ,+e ,wo !o! of 9l*+u i a effor, ,o rid
Tra!oAiaa of \aiduC! armie!$ 0u, ,+e& were "o,iuall& defea,ed$ al,+ou*+ ,+e& ,oo +ad
o""a!io ,o loo, ,+e Tra!oAiaa "i,ie! w+i"+ +ad 0e*u ,o flouri!+ uder 8a!Cud Yala.a"+C!
wi!e admii!,ra,io> I, wa! ,+u! o, ,o a& of ,+em ,+a, \aidu *a.e ,+e #+aa,e of Tra!oAiaa i
1771$ 0u, ,o ao,+er %a*a,ai,e amed Ni#)ai O*+ul> W+e Ni#)ai O*+ul ,ried ,o !+a#e off +i!
&o#e$ \aidu +ad +im )u, ,o dea,+ ad re)la"ed +im a! #+a wi,+ Tu?a Timur$ ao,+er )ri"e of
,+e !ame +ou!e ad *rad!o of BIri G"a> 177LFH>
77
Tu?a Timur died !oo ,+ereaf,er$ +owe.er$
ad \aidu ,+e *a.e ,+e ,+roe ,o Bara?C! !o (uwa G"a> 177LFH> 8eaw+ile$ 90a?a ,+e #+a of
Per!ia$ w+o +ad o, for*o,,e ,+e a**re!!i.e a", of 1770$ +ad ,a#e +i! re.e*e> 9, ,+e ed of
1777$ +e !e, a arm& i,o <+wari;m ad S55LT Tra!oAiaa$ w+ere i, !a"#ed Ur*e"+ ad
<+i.a ad$ o %auar& 79$ 1775$ e,ered Bu#+ara> T+e )illa*e ad 0uri* la!,ed for a wee#$ ad
!u"+ of ,+e )o)ula,io a! +ad o, fled wa! de"ima,ed>
75
T+e arm& of ,+e +ou!e of :ulK*u "arried
30$000 "a),i.e! 0a"# ,o Per!ia>
Drom !u"+ e.e,! ma& 0e !ee ,+e a))alli* "odi,io! im)o!ed o ur0a )o)ula,io! 0& omad
domia,io> T+e omad "+ief!$ w+e ,+e& were o, ruii* ,+eir ow "i,ie!$ made ,+eir
di!@oi,ed famil& !?ua00le! ,+e )re,eA, for de!"edi* a, i,er.al! u)o ,ow! de)ede, u)o
,+e o))o!i,e )ar,& ad de!,ro&i* ,+em>
9f,er ,+e de)ar,ure of ,+e i.ader!$ 8a!Cud o"e a*ai re0uil, ,+e rui! w+i"+ 8o*ol "i.il war!
)eriodi"all& lef, 0e+id ,+em i ,+e lu"#le!! Tra!oAiaa ,ow!> :e wa! ,o "o,iue ,+i! ,a!#
u,il +i! dea,+ i O",o0er or No.em0er$ 1729> :i! wor# wa! ,+e "arried o 0& +i! ,+ree !o!$
w+o i ,ur admii!,ered Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad4 90u Ba#r u,il 8a& or %ue$ 1792$ Sa,ilmi!+1
0e* u,il 1507 or 1505$ ad ,+e Su&ui,"+>
7L
Bu, ,+e& ,oo$ 0&1)a!!i* ,+e %a*a,ai,e!$ de)eded
o ,+e ,erri0le \aidu$ w+o a))oi,ed ,+e fir!, ,wo$ w+ile ,+e ,+ird wa! )u, i )ower 0& '+K)Kr$
\aiduC! !o ad !u""e!!or>
(uwa$ w+o +ad o dou0, leared +i! le!!o from ,+e eAam)le of +i! )rede"e!!or!$ !+owed
+im!elf ,o 0e a lo&al .a!!al of \aidu> 9! ,+e Ui*ur idi9ut +ad mai,aied +i! alle*ia"e ,o ,+e
*rad #+a <u0lai$ \aidu ad (uwa i.aded Ui*uria i 1773 i order ,o "om)el +im ,o "+a*e
!ide!> T+e& ,+e mar"+ed o +i! "a)i,al GBe!+0ali*+H$ 0u, a im)erial arm& "ame u) i ,ime ad
deli.ered ,+e Ui*ur ,erri,or&>
73
I 1501 (uwa a*ai a",ed a! \aiduC! 0rillia, !e"od i ,+e la,,erC!
0a,,le! a*ai!, ,+e armie! of ,+e em)eror TemIr$ <u0laiC! !u""e!!or$ i ,+e re*io of ,+e <+a*ai
8ou,ai!$ we!, of <ara#orum> I, wa! ,+u! ,+a, i Se),em0er$ 1792$ (uwa "a),ured TemIrC!
!o1i1law$ ,+e '+ri!,ia R*I, )ri"e <Jr*I;$ w+om +e 0ar0arou!l& )u, ,o dea,+> 9f,er ,+i!
!u""e!!$ (uwa )re)ared ,o a,,a"# ,+e im)erial fro,ier 0e,wee Turfa ad <a!u$ 0u, +i! ow
arm& wa! ,a#e 0& !ur)ri!e ad "u, ,o )ie"e! 0& ,+e im)erial for"e!>
76
9, ,+a, mome,$ \aidu ad
(uwa foud ,+em!el.e! ,+rea,eed 0& a fla# a,,a"# from ,+e #+a of ,+e W+i,e :orde G,+e
ea!,er 0ra"+ of ,+e %J"+i famil&H$ Ba&a or Na&a$ w+o rei*ed or,+we!, of /a#e Bal#+a!+
ad or,+ of ,+e 9ral Sea> 9, la!,$ i 1501$ (uwa S553T a,,eded \aidu o a eA)edi,io
lau"+ed i order ,o re"o?uer <ara#orum from ,+e im)erial for"e! ad wa! ,+u! i.ol.ed i ,+e
defea, ifli",ed u)o ,+e O*JdKi,e a,i1'ae!ar 0e,wee <ara#orum ad Temir i 9u*u!, of ,+e
!ame &ear>
77
9! wa! rela,ed$ \aidu died duri* ,+e re,rea,>
\aidu$ of w+om ol& fu*i,i.e *lim)!e! are !ee i ,+e +i!,or& of ,+e YIa d&a!,&$ !eem! ,o
+a.e 0ee a mo!, remar#a0le )ri"e$ wi,+ a )owerful )er!oali,&4 a !or, of GJ&I# mar9u?> T+i!
la!, *rea, mem0er of ,+e +ou!e of O*JdKi a, a& ra,e +ad i +im ,+e !,uff of a !o.erei*> T+e
wi!e mea!ure! ,+a, +e +ad im)o!ed u)o 9l*+u for ,+e )ro,e",io of ,+e farmi* )o)ula,io ad
of ,+e ,ow! of Tra!oAiaa )ro.e ,+a, +i! .i!io eA,eded 0e&od ,+e u!ual )luderi* raid! of
,+e omad!>
72
T+e for,&1oe 0a,,le! i w+i"+ +e ,oo# )ar, Gad +e +ad 0ee a mem0er of ,+e *rea,
eA)edi,io ,o Polad ad :u*ar& i 17L1H !+owed +im ,o 0e a ,rue leader i war>
79
:e aloe i
all of 9!ia +ad 0ee a0le ,o im)ede ,+e for,ue! of ,+e *rea, <u0lai$ w+o$ e.e a, ,+e +ei*+, of
+i! )ower$ +ad e.er !u""eeded i .a?ui!+i* +im> T+e wel"ome +e *a.e ,o ,+e Ne!,oria
)il*rim! Ra00a Sauma ad 8ar#u!$ ad ,+e +o)e ,+a, Po)e Ni"+ola! IV )la"ed i +im G+e
wro,e ,o +im o %ul& 15$ 1729$ ur*i* +im ,o em0ra"e 'a,+oli"i!mH$ )ro.e ,+a,$ li#e all ,+e old
8o*ol!$ +e wa! !&m)a,+e,i" ,oward '+ri!,iai,&>
50
:i! mi!for,ue wa! ,+a, +e "ame ,oo la,e$
w+e <u0lai wa! firml& e!,a0li!+ed i '+ia ad w+e ,+e o,+er %e*+i;1<+ai,e 0ra"+e! were
alread& +alf Sii"i;ed$ Tur#i"i;ed$ or Irai;ed> I ma& re!)e",!$ ,+i! la!, #+a of 'e,ral 9!ia
wa! al!o ,+e la!, of ,+e 8o*ol!>
THE 2HA1ATE OF 4A,ATAI AT ITS >E1ITH6 -7#A3 ESE1%.7HA3 A1- 2E.E2
(uwa +ad fai,+full& followed \aidu ,o ,+e la!,> T+e dea,+ of +i! formida0le !u;erai ma& +a.e
"ome a! a relief$ 0u, +e !aw ,o i, ,+a, ,+e ,ra!i,io !+ould 0e *radual> \aidu lef, a !o$ '+K)Kr$
w+o i+eri,ed all +i! ,i,le!> (uwa re"o*i;ed +i! !u;erai,&$ 0u, ,+e *rea, O*JdKi,eC! !u""e!!or
la"#ed ,+e !,a,ure ,o )re!er.e ,+e em)ire ar,ifi"iall& "rea,ed 0& +i! fa,+er> (uwa 0e*a 0&
!u**e!,i* ,+a, 0e !+ould re"o*i;e ,+e !u;erai,& of Em)eror TemIr$ ad i 9u*u!,$ 1505$ 0o,+
of ,+em a"#owled*ed !u0mi!!io ,o Pe#i*$ ,+u! )u,,i* a ed ,o ,+e "i.il !,rife w+i"+
S556T
S557T
+ad ra.a*ed 'e,ral 9!ia for ,+e )a!, for,& &ear! ad re1e!,a0li!+i* 8o*ol ui,&>
51
Bu, a! !oo
a! +e wa! !ure of ,+e em)ireC! !u))or,$ (uwa 0ro#e wi,+ '+K)Kr> T+e armie! of ,+e ,wo )ri"e!
me, 0e,wee <+od;+e, ad Samar#ad$ ad '+K)Kr wa! a, fir!, defea,ed> I a !e"od 0a,,le$
+owe.er$ '+K)KrC! 0ro,+er S+a+1 O*+ul wa! .i",oriou!> (uwa ,+e )ro)o!ed ,o '+K)Kr ,+a, ,+e&
!+ould re!ume ,+eir old fried!+i)$ ad i, wa! a*reed ,+a, (uwa ad S+a+1O*+ul !+ould mee, ,o
di!"u!! ,+e ma,,er a, Ta!+#e,> Bu, S+a+1O*+ul$ wi,+ ,&)i"al omad ra!+e!!$ di!0aded !ome of
+i! ,roo)!> (uwa arri.ed a, Ta!+#e, wi,+ all +i! for"e!$ ,oo# S+a+1O*+ul 0& !ur)ri!e$ ad rou,ed
+im> :e ,+e !ei;ed '+K)KrC! "i,ie! of Bea#e, ad Tala!> '+K)Kr$ w+o wa! ,+e e"am)ed
0e,wee ,+e Bla"# Ir,&!+ ad ,+e Yuldu;$ !eem! o, ,o +a.e #ow of ,+i! foul )la& w+e a fre!+
0low fell4 Em)eror TemKrC! ,roo)! from <ara#orum "ro!!ed ,+e !ou,+er 9l,ai ad ,oo# +im i
,+e rear> T+e ufor,ua,e '+K)Kr +ad o "+oi"e 0u, ,o !urreder ,o (uwa> (uwa ,rea,ed +im
+oora0l&$ 0u, !ei;ed all +i! )o!!e!!io!> I, wa! ,+u! ,+a, ,+e %a*a,ai,e!$ o"e "ofied ,o
Tra!oAiaa 0& ,+e +ou!e of \aidu$ re"o.ered ,+e Ili ad <a!+*aria ad re)o!!e!!ed ,+em!el.e!
of ,+e w+ole of ,+eir ori*ial i+eri,a"e G"a> 1506H>
57

(uwa +ad li,,le ,ime ,o e@o& +i! ew for,ue$ for +e died ,oward ,+e ed of 1506> :i! elde!, !o
<u@u# G<ud@u#H o""u)ied ,+e ,+roe for o more ,+a a &ear ad a +alf> 9, +i! dea,+ Tali#u$ a
*rad!o of BIri$ !ei;ed )ower> (CO+!!o wri,e! of +im4 M:e wa! a )ri"e *row old i 0a,,le>
Profe!!i* I!lam +im!elf$ +e !,ro.e ,o )ro)a*a,e i, amo* ,+e 8o*ol!>M
55
Bu, ,+e )ar,i!a! of
(uwaC! famil& re0elled a*ai!, +im$ ad oe of ,+em a!!a!!ia,ed +im a, a 0a?ue, G1502 or
1509H> T+e "o!)ira,or! ,+e )ro"laimed <e0e#$ (uwaC! &ou*er !o$ a! #+a> 8eaw+ile ,+e!e
di!,ur0a"e! +ad !omew+a, e"oura*ed ,+e O*JdKi )re,eder '+K)Kr$ w+o +ad earlier 0ee
.a?ui!+ed ad de!)oiled 0& (uwa> '+K)Kr a,,a"#ed <e0e# 0u, wa! 0ea,eE +e re"ro!!ed ,+e Ili
ad ,oo# refu*e a, ,+e "our, of <+ai!+a$ ,+e 8o*ol em)eror of '+ia> 9f,er ,+i! .i",or&$ w+i"+
)u, a fial !,o) ,o ,+e fial !,ru**le! of ,+e +ou!e of O*JdKi$ ,+e %a*a,ai,e )ri"e! +eld a *rea,
9uriltai a, w+i"+ ,+e& de"ided ,o a))oi, a! #+a oe of (uwaC! !o! ,+e a, ,+e "our, of Pe#i*$
Pri"e E!e0u*+a or E!e10u?a> E!e10u?a ,+e "ame of +i! ow free will$ !a&! Wa!!af$ ,o ,a#e
)o!!e!!io of ,+e ,+roe "eded ,o +im 0& S552T +i! 0ro,+er <e0e#> 9, E!e10u?aC! dea,+$ a0ou,
1570$ <e0e# re,ured ,o )ower>
5L

(e!)i,e ,+e!e "+a*e! amo* idi.idual!$ ,+e %a*a,ai,e!$ re!,ored 0& (uwa ,o ,+e +ei*+, of ,+eir
!o.erei*,&$ 0e*a ,o eAer"i!e a iflue"e o ,+e ou,!ide world> 9& eA)a!io i ,+e dire",io
of '+ia or of ,+e 9ralo1'a!)ia !,e))e! ad Per!ia Gw+ere ,+e +ou!e! of <u0lai$ %J"+i$ ad
:ulK*u were firml& e,re"+edH 0ei* 0arred ,o ,+em$ ,+e& loo#ed ,o 9f*+ai!,a ad Idia> T+e
#+a! of Per!ia$ w+o!e "our, wa! a, ,+e o,+er ed of Ira$ i 9;er0ai@a$ )aid li,,le a,,e,io ,o
9f*+a affair!> T+e %a*a,ai,e! ,oo# ad.a,a*e of ,+i! ,o mo.e i,o Bada#+!+a$ ,o <a0ul ad
G+a;i> I, i! ,rue ,+a, i we!,er 9f*+ai!,a a !,ro* ad ada),a0le form of a,i.e *o.erme,
+ad 0ee "rea,ed$ ,+a, of ,+e 9f*+a1G+orid d&a!,& of ,+e <er,!$ w+o$ uder ,+e !u;erai,& of
,+e #+a! of Per!ia$ were .ir,uall& au,oomou!> Ua0le ,o a"+ie.e a&,+i* +ere$ ,+e %a*a,ai,e!
made for ea!,er 9f*+ai!,a ad from ,+ere made )rofi,a0le raid! i,o or,+we!, Idia> I 1797$
(uwa de.a!,a,ed ,+e Pu@a0$ 0u, wa! re)ul!ed> T+e em)ire of (el+i$ ruled a, ,+i! ,ime 0& Sul,a
C9la ad1(i <+il@i G179311513H$ wa! i fa", a )owerful mili,ar& moar"+& a*ai!, w+i"+ all
a!!aul,! 0& ,+e %a*a,ai,e! "rum0ledE &e, ,+ere i! o dou0, ,+a, a, oe ,ime ,+e da*er wa! .er&
*rea,$ ad i, ,oo# all ,+e effor,! of ,+e !ul,a ad +i! 8amelu#e! ,o "ou,er i,> 'o,em)orarie!
e.e 0elie.ed ,+a, a, la!,$ af,er ,+ree1?uar,er! of a "e,ur&$ Idia would !u""um0 ,o ,+e %e*+i;1
<+ai,e "o?ue!,>
\u,lu*+1#+o@a$ oe of (uwaC! !o!$ +ad !e,,led i ea!,er 9f*+ai!,a> :ardl& +ad +e ,a#e
)o!!e!!io of +i! domai! w+e +e led a )luderi* eA)edi,io ,o ,+e .er& *a,e! of (el+i G"a>
179911500FH> I 1505 "ame ao,+er %a*a,ai,e i.a!io$ led 0& Pri"e Tur*+ai wi,+ 170$000
me>
53
T+e 8o*ol! "am)ed uder ,+e wall! of (el+i ad 0lo"#aded i, for ,wo mo,+!> T+e$
+a.i* de.a!,a,ed ,+e w+ole re*io$ ,+i! .a!, arm& wi,+drew=)er+a)! for la"# of !ie*e e*ie!
=ad re,ured ,o 9f*+ai!,a> I 150L ao,+er i"ur!io wa! made> Dor,& ,+ou!ad 8o*ol
+or!eme ra.a*ed ,+e Pu@a0 or,+ of /a+ore ad ad.a"ed a! far a! 9mro+a$ ea!, of (el+i$
w+ere ,+e& were a, la!, "ru!+ed 0& Tu*+lu*+$ Sul,a C9la ad1(iC! lieu,ea,> Nie ,+ou!ad
8o*ol )ri!oer! were ,ram)led ,o dea,+ 0& ele)+a,!> To a.e*e ,+eir dea,+$ ,+e %a*a,ai,e
)ri"e <e0e# Gla,er ,o 0e #+aH de.a!,a,ed S559T ,+e 8ul,a re*io$ 0u, w+e re,uri* wa!
,a#e 0& !ur)ri!e o ,+e 0a#! of ,+e Idu! 0& Tu*+lu*+$ w+o did *rea, !lau*+,er amo* ,+e
8o*ol! G150316H> O"e more ,+e )ri!oer! were !e, 0a"# ,o (el+i ,o 0e ,ram)led 0&
ele)+a,!>
56

To ,+e #+a! of Per!ia$ ,+e forma,io of ,+i! %a*a,ai,e fief i ea!,er 9f*+ai!,a$ +eaded 0&
\u,lu*+1#+o@aC! !o ad !u""e!!or (awud1#+o@a$ wa! a e"roa"+me,> I 1515$ Ol@ai,u$ ,+e
#+a of Per!ia$ !e, a arm& w+i"+ dro.e ou, (awud1#+o@a ad for"ed +im ,o wi,+draw i,o
Tra!oAiaa> (awud1#+o@a we, ,o 0e* +el) of +i! u"le ad !u;erai E!e10u?a$ #+a of
%a*a,ai> E!e0u?a !e, a arm& a*ai!, ,+e #+aa,e of Per!ia$ "ommaded 0& +i! 0ro,+er <e0e#
ad 0& (awud1#+o@a> T+e ,wo "ommader! "ro!!ed ,+e 9mu (ar&a$ 0ea, ,+e eem& arm& o ,+e
8ur*a0$ ad ra.a*ed <0ura!a a! far a! :era, G1513H>
57
Bu, ,+e& were "om)elled ,o reli?ui!+
,+eir "o?ue!,$ for ,+e #+aa,e of %a*a,ai +ad 0ee a,,a"#ed i ,+e rear 0& ,+e 8o*ol! of '+ia>
E!e0u?a +ad i fa", !imul,aeou!l& e"um0ered +im!elf wi,+ ao,+er war$ a*ai!, ,+e "our, of
Pe#i*$ ad +ad 0ee 0ea,e 0& im)erial ,roo)! "ommaded 0& ,+e ch'eng%hsiang To*a"+i Mear
,+e Te*ri +ill!$M o dou0, 0e,wee <u"+a ad ,+e I!!&# <ul> I re.e*e +e +ad !lai
am0a!!ador! of ,+e *rad #+a Gw+o a, ,+a, ,ime wa! Bu&a,u Uor 9&ur)ari00adraVH a! ,+e& were
re,uri* from ,+e Per!ia "our, ,o Pe#i*$ w+ereu)o To*a"+iC! im)erial arm& i.aded ,+e
#+aa,e of %a*a,ai ad de.a!,a,ed E!e10u?aC! wi,er ?uar,er! o ,+e I!!&# <ul a! well a! +i!
!ummer re!ide"e o ,+e Tala!> 9 fial "om)li"a,io wa! ,+a, a %a*a,ai )ri"e amed Ya!!awur
?uarreled wi,+ E!e10u?a ad <e0e#E "ro!!ed ,+e 9mu (ar&a wi,+ all +i! ad+ere,!$ amo*
w+om were ma& of ,+e )er!o! from Bu#+ara ad Samar#adE ad offered +im!elf ,o ,+e #+a
of Per!ia$ w+o !e,,led ,+e!e ew arri.al! i ,+e alread& %a*a,ai,e fief of ea!,er 9f*+ai!,a4
Bal#+$ Bada#+!+a$ <a0ul$ ad <ada+ar G1516H>
52
Soo af,erward$ +owe.er$ Ya!!awur re0elled
a*ai!, ,+e #+a of Per!ia ad ,oo# )o!!e!!io of )ar, of <+ura!a G1512H> Bu, <e0e#$ ,+e #+a
of %a*a,ai$ w+o +ad @u!, !u""eeded +i! 0ro,+er E!e10u?a$ wa! a )er!oal eem& of Ya!!awur$
ad 0e offered ,o +el) ,+e #+a of Per!ia ,o o.er,+row +im> T+u! w+ile ,+e Per!ia arm& mo.ed
,o a,,a"# Ya!!awur i ,+e rear$ ,+e %a*a,ai,e for"e! "ro!!ed ,+e 9mu (ar&a ad made a fro,al
a,,a"# u)o +im> (e!er,ed 0& +i! ,roo)!$ Ya!!awur wa! #illed a! +e fled G%ue$ 1570H>
59

S5L0T
9""ordi* ,o ,+e "oi! ,+a, are eA,a,$ <e0e# !eem! ,o +a.e rei*ed u,il 1576> T+e im)or,a"e
of +i! rei*$ a! Bar,+old o0!er.e!$ wa! ,+a,$ uli#e +i! )rede"e!!or!$ +e ,oo# a i,ere!, i ,+e
a"ie, "i.ili;ed "ou,r& of Tra!oAiaa ad i ,+e life of ,+e "i,ie!4 MI ,+e ei*+0or+ood of
Na#+!+e0 or Na!ef U!ou,+we!, of Samar#adV +e 0uil, +im!elf a ma!io ,o w+i"+ ,+e ,ow
owe! i,! moder ame$ \ar!+i U <ar!+iV4 a 8o*ol word for )ala"e> I, wa! +e w+o !e, i
"ir"ula,io ,+e "oi! la,er "alled kebeki$ fir!, offi"ial "urre"& of ,+e !,a,e of %a*a,ai> U,il ,+a,
,ime ,+e ol& "urre"ie! +ad 0ee ,+o!e of idi.idual ,ow! or lo"al d&a!,ie!>M
L0
Ye,$ de!)i,e ,+e
"+arm! of life i Tra!oAiaa$ <e0e# did o, ,ur 8u!lim>
SCHISM I1 THE 2HA1ATE OF 4A,ATAI6 TRA1SONIA1A A1- MO,HO/ISTA1
<e0e# wa! !u""eeded 0& ,+ree of +i! 0ro,+er!4 El@i*idKi$ (uwa1 Timur$ ad Tarma!+iri> T+e
fir!, ,wo rei*ed for ol& a few mo,+!> Tarma!+iriC! rei* !eem! ,o +a.e 0ee a im)or,a, oe
G"a> 1576155FH> I 1577 +e re.i.ed ,+e ,radi,io of *rea, )luderi* eA)edi,io! i,o Idia> :e
)ee,ra,ed a! far a! (el+i ad$ a""ordi* ,o !ome !our"e!$ wi,+drew ol& o )a&me, of +ea.&
,ri0u,e> O,+er !our"e! !,a,e ,+a, ,+e !ul,a of (el+i$ 8u+ammad i01Tu*+lu*+$ re)ul!ed +im ad
)ur!ued +im a! far a! ,+e Pu@a0>
L1

I, i! al!o o,ewor,+& ,+a, Tarma!+iri$ de!)i,e +i! Budd+i!, ame Gderi.ed from ,+e Sa!#ri,
(+arma!riH$ wa! "o.er,ed ,o I!lam ad 0e"ame Sul,a C9la ad1(i> Bu, w+ile ,+i! "o.er!io
ma& +a.e !ui,ed ,+e i+a0i,a,! of Tra!oAiaa$ i, arou!ed ,+e di!a))ro.al of ,+e omad! of ,+e
I!!&# <ul ad ,+e Ili$ w+o re*arded i, a! a ifri*eme, of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e yasa9> 9
i!urre",io 0ro#e ou, i ,+o!e area! a*ai!, Tarma!+iri G"a> 155515LH ad eded i ,+e
ele.a,io of a ew #+a$ (uwaC! *rad!o %e#!+i G(@e#!+iH$ w+o rei*ed i ,+e .alle& of ,+e
Ili from a0ou, 155L ,o 1552> T+e a,i18u!lim rea",io ,+a, "+ara",eri;ed ,+i! rei* fa.ored ,+e
Ne!,oria!$ alwa&! umerou! i ,+e old '+ri!,ia "ommui,ie! of 9lmali# ad Pi!+)e#>
L7
I, wa!
al!o of 0eefi, ,o ,+e 'a,+oli" mi!!ioarie!$ w+o for a few mo,+! "ould o"e more )rea"+ ad
0uild "+ur"+e!> Oe of <+a %e#!+iC! !o!$ a*ed !e.e$ i! !aid e.e ,o +a.e 0ee 0a),i;ed G0&
,+e ame of %o+H wi,+ +i! fa,+erC! "o!e,>
L5
I 1552$ Po)e S5L1T Beedi", ZII "ould a*ai
a))oi, a 0i!+o) of M9rmale"+$M ,+a, i! ,o !a&$ 9lmali#4 ,+e Dra"i!"a Ri"+ard of Bur*ud&> Ye,
almo!, a, o"e$ a0ou, 1559 or 15L0$ Ri"+ard died a mar,&rC! dea,+ a, ,+e +ad! of ,+e Ili 8u!lim!
alo* wi,+ ,+e "am)aio! of +i! a)o!,ola,e=Dra"i! of 9leAadria$ Pa!"al ,+e S)aiard$
/aure"e of 9"oa$ ad Bro,+er Pe,er$ a MIdiaM 0ro,+er w+o a",ed a! i,er)re,er=ad ,+e
mer"+a, Gilo,,o>
LL
T+e followi* &ear$ i, i! ,rue$ Gio.ai da 8ari*olli$ a )a)al le*a,e$ arri.ed
i ,+e Ili .alle&> :e +ad 0ee !e,$ a! we +a.e !ee$ o a offi"ial mi!!io ,o ,+e *rad #+a of
Pe#i* .ia 'affa$ ,+e #+aa,e of <i)"+a#$ ad ,+e #+aa,e of %a*a,ai> (uri* +i! !,a& a, 9lmali#$
+e )rea"+ed$ 0uil, or re0uil, a "+ur"+$ ad 0a),i;ed a *rea, um0er of )eo)le>
L3
:i! )o!i,io a!
am0a!!ador ,o ,+e *rad #+a mu!, "er,ail& +a.e wo +im re!)e", i a )la"e w+ere +i!
)rede"e!!or! +ad 0ee ma!!a"red$ 0u, af,er +i! de)ar,ure ,+e '+ri!,iai,& of 9lmali# wa!
de!,ied ,o mel, ra)idl& awa&> W+a, remaied of ,+e a"ie, Ne!,oria "e,er of ,+e Ili wa! o, ,o
!ur.i.e ,+e Timurid )er!e"u,io>
L6

TRA1SONIA1A 71-ER THE R7/E OF EMIR HA>,HA1
T+e old %a*a,ai #+aa,e ow !)li, i ,wo uder differe, 0ra"+e! of ,+e ro&al famil&$ ad
0e"ame Tra!oAiaa ad$ i ,+e I!!&# <ul "ou,r& 0e,wee ,+e Tala! ad ,+e 8aa!$
8o*+oli!,a>
T+e ruler of Tra!oAiaa wa! ,+e #+a <a;a G"a> 15L51L6H$ Ya!!awurC! !o$ w+o!e "a)i,al wa!
<ar!+i> T+e Safer%name )or,ra&! +im a! a ,r&ra,$
L7
ad ideed +e !eem! ,o +a.e ,ried ,o ?uell ,+e
i!u0ordia,io of ,+e Tur#i" o0ili,& of Tra!oAiaa$ w+o +ad !e, +im u)o ,+e ,+roe> T+e
leader of ,+e!e o0le! wa! a, ,+a, ,ime ,+e emir \a;*+a$ w+o!e fief la& a0ou, Sali1Sarai o ,+e
or,+ 0a# of ,+e 9mu (ar&a$ a li,,le ,o ,+e !ou,+ea!, of moder <a0adia G8i#o&aa0adH ad
due or,+ of <udu;> :e re0elled a*ai!, <a;a$ w+o wo ,+e fir!, 0a,,le$ fou*+, or,+ of ,+e
Iro Ga,e! 0e,wee Terme; ad <ar!+i$ ad !,ru"# \a;*+a$ i, i! !aid$ i ,+e e&e wi,+ a arrow>
Bu, i!,ead of followi* u) +i! ad.a,a*e$ <a;a we, ,o !)ed ,+e wi,er a, <ar!+i$ w+ere
!ome of +i! ,roo)! a0adoed +im> T+i! "arele!!e!! )ro.ed fa,al> :e wa! a,,a"#ed o"e more 0&
\a;*+a$ w+o defea,ed ad #illed +im ear ,+a, "i,& G15L61L7H>
L2

\a;*+a$ ow ,+e ,rue lord of Tra!oAiaa$ did o, +e!i,a,e ,o 0rea# wi,+ ,+e le*i,ima,e %a*a,ai
lie ad *i.e ,+e Tra!oAiaa S5L7T ,+roe=a )u))e, ,+roe$ i a& "a!e=,o a de!"eda, of
O*JdKi amed (ai!+medi&a G"a> 15L61L7H> :owe.er$ ,+e #i*ma#er ,+e )u, +i! #i* ,o dea,+
ad$ ,uri* o"e more ,o ,+e %a*a,ai,e!$ "+o!e Bu&a1?uli$ (uwaC! *rad!o$ ,o ,a#e +i! )la"e
G15L2132H> T+e )rai!e! +ea)ed u)o Bu&a1?uli 0& ,+e Safername idi"a,e ,+a, +e )ro.ed a!
do"ile a ,ool a! \a;*+a +ad de!ired>
L9

I fa",$ ,+e %a*a,ai,e! of Tra!oAiaa were o lo*er a&,+i* 0u, fi*ure+ead!> Power +ad )a!!ed
i,o ,+e +ad! of lo"al Tur#i" o0le!4 \a;*+a ,oda&$ ,omorrow Tamerlae> T+i! !o1"alled
8o*ol #+aa,e wa! i fa", a Tur#i" realm> \a;*+aC! rei* G15L7137H wa! o, i*loriou!> :e
0e*a ,o ma#e ,+e !,re*,+ of Tra!oAiaa fel, i Ira> T+e Iraia #i* of :era,$ :u!ai <er,$
+ad made 0old ,o )luder ,+e di!,ri",! of 9d#+oi ad S+e0ur*a w+i"+$ al,+ou*+ !ou,+ of ,+e
9mu (ar&a$ were de)ede"ie! of Tra!oAiaa> \a;*+a$ ,a#i* wi,+ +im +i! )u))e, #i*$
Bu&a?uli$ 0lo"#aded :era, G1531H ad "om)elled <er, ,o a"#owled*e +im!elf a! .a!!al ad i
,+a, "a)a"i,& ,o )a& +im "our, !+or,l& af,erward a, Samar#ad>
30
T+u! a, ,+e .er& mome, w+e
,+e di!a))eara"e of ,+e 8o*ol #+aa,e of Per!ia 0rou*+, a0ou, a uloo#ed1for Iraia
re!,ora,io i ea!,er Ira G<er,! a, :era,$ Sar0edaria! a, Se0;ewar$ ad 8u;affarid! a, S+ira;H$
\a;*+a$ ,rue )re"ur!or of Tamerlae$ i,er.eed a, ,+e +ead of ,+e Tra!oAiaa o0ili,& ,o re1
e!,a0li!+ Tur#i" !u)rema"&>
\a;*+a wa! a!!a!!ia,ed i 1537$
31
ad +i! !o 8ir;a C90dalla+ )ro.ed i"a)a0le of "o,iui*
+i! wor#> 'o.e,i* ,+e wife of ,+e #+a Bu&a1?uli$ +e +ad ,+i! )ri"e a!!a!!ia,ed i
Samar#ad G1532H$ ,+u! arou!i* ,+e di!)lea!ure of ,+e Tra!oAiaa feudal lord! ad ,+e
+o!,ili,& of Ba&a Seldu;=ad e.e more$ ,+a, of :a@@i Barla!$ TamerlaeC! u"le$ lord of <e!+$
moder S+a+r1i Se0; GMGree 'i,&MH$ !ou,+ of Samar#ad> T+e!e ,wo o0le! dro.e C90dalla+ a!
far a! 9dere0$ or,+ of ,+e :idu <u!+$ w+ere +e died>
37
Su"+ "ofli",! 0e,wee Tra!oAiaa
lord! udermied ,+eir )ower ad )ro.o#ed a uloo#ed1for %e*+i;1 <+ai,e rea",io>
T7,H/7H TIM7R6 REI1TE,RATIO1 OF 4A,ATAI
W+ile ,+e %a*a,ai,e 0ra"+ of Tra!oAiaa wa! de,eriora,i* i,o a lie of )u))e, #i*! i ,+e
!er.i"e of Tur#i" feudal lord!$ ,+e omad! of M8o*+oli!,aM=,+a, i!$ of ,+e Tala!$ u))er '+u$
I!!&# S5L5T <ul$ Ili$ E0i Nor$ ad 8aa!=+ad$ af,er a )eriod of aar"+&$ re1e!,a0li!+ed
%a*a,ai,e ro&al,&> T+e "+ief 8o*ol "la of ,+e re*io wa! ,+a, of ,+e (u*+la,! or (u?la,!$ w+o
)o!!e!!ed lar*e domai! 0o,+ i 8o*+oli!,a$ roud ,+e I!!&# <ul$ ad i <a!+*aria$ w+i"+ wa!
,+e #ow a! 9l,i1!+a+r$ M,+e SiA 'i,ie!>M
35
I ,+e middle of ,+e four,ee,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e (u*+la,
"la wa! led 0& ,+ree 0ro,+er!$ Tuli#$ Bula@i or Pulad!+i$ ad \amar ad1(iE ad ,+e!e were ,+e
,rue lord! of ,+e lad> 9roud 15L3$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e Ta'rikh%i -ashidi$ Bula@i domia,ed ,+e
I!!&# <ul ,o <u"+a ad Bu*ur$ ad from ,+e Der*aa fro,ier ,o /o0 Nor$ wi,+ 9#!u a! +i!
0a!e>
3L
I, wa! +e w+o ,oo# ,+e ii,ia,i.e i !ee#i* ou, !ome mem0er of ,+e %a*a,ai,e lie w+o
wa! o, efeoffed wi,+ ,+e Tra!oAiaa! i order ,o )la"e +im a, ,+e +ead of a re!,ored #+aa,e
of ,+e Ili$ ,+e #ow a! 8o*+oli!,a>
9 "er,ai Tu*+lu*+ Timur$ alle*ed ,o 0e ,+e !o of E!e10u?a$ wa! ,+e li.i* o0!"urel& i ,+e
ea!,er )ar, of 8o*+oli!,a$ wi,+ a !erie! of fa0ulou! ad.e,ure! 0e+id +im> T+i! wa! ,+e
%a*a,ai,e$ w+e,+er *euie or !)uriou!$ w+om Bula@i ow !ummoed>
33
:e re"ei.ed +im
formall& a, 9#!u ad )ro"laimed +im #+a*a> Tuli#$ Bula@iC! elder 0ro,+er$ 0e"ame ulus%begi$ or
fir!, emir of ,+e em)ire>
If ,+e (u*+la,! +ad wa,ed o more ,+a a fi*ure+ead ,o rall& %a*a,ai,e le*i,ima"& a*ai!, ,+e
o))o!i,io=,+e %a*a,ai,e le*i,ima"& of Tra!oAiaa=,+e& ma& well +a.e 0ee di!a))oi,ed>
Tu*+lu? Timur !eem! ,o +a.e 0ee a ma of !,ro* "+ara",er ad made +im!elf fel, i e.er&
!)+ere of life> :i! rei* G15L7165H wa! oe of *rea, im)or,a"e$ fir!, from ,+e reli*iou! )oi, of
.iew> T+ou*+ ,+e Tur#o1Tad;+i#! of Tra!oAiaa or ,ow!fol# of Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad were
fer.e, 8u!lim!$ ,+e Tur#o18o*ol! of 8o*+oli!,a or !emiomad! of ,+e Ili ad of 9#!u
remaied for ,+e mo!, )ar, M)a*a!$M i>e>$ Budd+i!,! or !+amai!,!> Bu, ,+ere ,oo$ 8u!lim
)ro)a*ada wa! 0e*ii* ,o )re.ail> T+e elde!, of ,+e (u*+la,!$ Emir Tuli#$ ,+e li.i* i
<a!+*ar$ wa! +im!elf a "o.er, ,o I!lam> T+ree &ear! la,er$ Tu*+lu*+ Timur followed +i!
eAam)le$ i fulfillme, of a .ow$ ,+e Ta'rikh%i -ashidi ,ell!$ made i ,+e da&! of +i! di!,re!!> M:e
re"ei.ed "ir"um"i!io$ ad o ,+e !ame da& 160$000 )eo)le !+a.ed ,+eir +ead! ad "ofe!!ed
I!lam>M
36
Tu*+lu*+ Timur$ a! +e a))ear! i ,+e memoir! of 8u+ammad :aidar II (u*0la,$ wa! a
!+rewd ad eer*e,i" leader> Irre!)e",i.e of a& !)iri,ual a,,ra",io ,+a, I!lam ma& +a.e +ad for
+im$ +e mu!, "er,ail& +a.e "al"ula,ed ,+e ad.a,a*e ,o 0e S5LLT *aied 0& "o.er!io i +i!
*oal ,o a"?uire Tra!oAiaa> Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad were well wor,+ a <orai" )ro!,ra,io> I
a& e.e,$ o"e +e +ad "o!olida,ed +i! )o!i,io i 8o*+oli!,a$ Tu*+lu*+ Timur i,eded ,o
)re!! +i! "laim! o ,+e we!,er )ar, of old %a*a,ai> 'odi,io! were fa.ora0le> Si"e ,+e eAile of
,+e emir C90dalla+ i01\a;*+a$ Tra!oAiaa +ad rela)!ed i,o )ar,i,io ad aar"+&> T+e ,wo
emir! Ba&a Seldu; ad :a@@i Barla! +ad ,rium)+ed o.er C90dalla+$ 0u, were i"a)a0le of firm
ad "o!i!,e, rule> Ba&a Seldu;$ w+om ,+e Safer%name de!"ri0e! a! Mmer"iful ad *ood1
a,ured$M wa! i"a)a"i,a,ed 0& +a0i,ual dru#ee!!> :ai@i Barla!$ al,+ou*+ firml& i!,alled i
+i! fief of <e!+$ wa! la,er ,o !+ow +im!elf a !omew+a, fee0le "+ara",er> Diall&$ ,+e re!, of
Tra!oAiaa wa! !)li, u) amo* "ou,le!! lo"al Tur#i" feudal lord!> To Tu*+lu*+ Timur ,+e ,ime
!eemed ri)e> I 8ar"+$ 1560$ +e i.aded Tra!oAiaa$ mar"+i* !,rai*+, from Ta!+#e, ,o S+a+r1
i Se0;> :a@@i Barla!$ wi,+ ,roo)! from S+a+r1i Se0; ad <ar!0i$ i,eded a, fir!, ,o re!i!,E ,+e$ i
,+e fa"e of eem& !u)eriori,&$ +e "ro!!ed ,+e 9mu (ar&a ad wi,+drew i,o <+ura!a>
37

So "om)le,e wa! Tu*+lu*+ TimurC! ,rium)+ ,+a, :a@@i Barla!C e)+ew$ our Tamerlae$ ,+e a*ed
,we,&1!iA$ deemed i, wi!e ,o rall& ,o ,+e !ide of ,+e .i",or> T+a, Timurid )ae*&ri" #ow a! ,+e
Safer%name ma#e! eA,ra.a*a, effor,! ,o !+ow ,+a, i, wa! merel& i order ,o re!i!, ,+e i.a!io
more effe",i.el& ,+a, Tamerlae a""e),ed ,+e &o#e$ ad ,+a, +e did !o 0& a*reeme, wi,+ +i!
u"le$ ,+e .olu,ar& eAile>
32
T+e!e !,a,eme,! are "o,radi",ed$ +owe.er$ 0& ,+e "o,eA,>
Tamerlae$ i re,ur for +i! !u0mi!!io ,o Tu*+lu*+ Timur$ re"ei.ed ,+e fief of S+a+r1i Se0;$
w+i"+ u,il ,+e +ad 0elo*ed ,o :a@@i Barla!> W+e !+or,l& af,erward Tu*+lu*+ Timur lef, for
8o*+oli!,a$ :a@@i Barla! re,ured ,o Tra!oAiaa from <+ura!a$ 0ea, Tamerlae$ ad for"ed
+im o, ol& ,o re!,ore S+a+r1i Se0; ,o +im 0u, ,o re,ur a! a ,ra",a0le "lie,$ e.e a! ,+e &ou*er
Barla! would do>
39
:owe.er$ Tu*+lu*+ Timur wa! o, lo* i re,uri* ,o Tra!oAiaa from
8o*0oli!,a$ ad from ,+e mome, of +i! e,r& i,o <+od;+e, ,+e Tra!oAiaa o0ili,&
re"ei.ed +im wi,+ all !u0mi!!io> Ba&a Seldu; e!"or,ed +im a! far a! Samar#ad$ ad ,+i! ,ime
:a@@i Barla! "ame ,o )a& "our, ,o +imE 0u, w+e !oo af,er ,+e #+a )u, ,+e emir of <+od;+e, ,o
dea,+$ :a@@i Barla! 0e"ame alarmed ad fled ,o <+ura!a$ w+ere +e wa! a!!a!!ia,ed 0& 0ri*ad!
ear Se0;ewar S5L3T GS+idadH>
60
T+e re!ul, of ,+i! drama,i" e)i!ode wa! ,+a, Tamerlae
0e"ame ,+e +ead of ,+e Barla! "la$ a! well a! udi!)u,ed lord of ,+e S+a+r1i Se0; domai$ uder
,+e a"?uie!"e,l& a""e),ed !u;erai,& of <+a Tu*+lu*+ Timur> 9 *rad!o of \a;*+a$ Emir
:u!ai$ +ad "ar.ed +im!elf a domai i or,+ea!,er 9f*+ai!,a$ i"ludi* Bal#+$ <udu;$
Bada#+!+a$ ad <a0ul$ o 0o,+ !ide! of ,+e :idu <u!+> Tu*+lu*+ Timur mar"+ed a*ai!, +im$
0ea, +im o ,+e Ri.er Va#+!+$ e,ered <udu;$ )re!!ed o ,o ,+e :idu <u!+$ ad$ i ,+e
maer of +i! a"e!,or %e*+i; <+a$ !)e, !)ri* ad !ummer i ,+a, "ou,r&> O +i! re,ur ,o
Samar#ad$ +e )u, Ba&a Seldu; ,o dea,+ ad we, 0a"# ,o 8o*+o+!,a$ lea.i* +i! !o Il&a!1
#+o@a a! .i"ero& wi,+ Tamerlae a! +i! ad.i!er> TamerlaeC! "odu", a))eared a !uffi"ie,
*uara,ee of +i! lo&al,&>
61

T+u! ,+e ui,& of ,+e old #+aa,e of %a*a,ai wa! re!,ored uder a for"eful ad dreaded #+a> No
oe a, ,+a, ,ime "ould +a.e fore!ee ,+a, o, ma& &ear! la,er ,+e Tamerlae w+om +e +ad *i.e
+i! !o a! me,or ad mii!,er would 0ri* ,+i! %a*a,ai,e re!,ora,io ,o a ed ad re)la"e i, 0& a
ew em)ire> Bu, 0efore 0e*ii* ,+e +i!,or& of ,+e Tra!oAiaa "o?ueror$ we mu!, re,ra"e
our !,e)! ,o !,ud& ,+e forma,io ad fall of ,+e 8o*ol #+aa,e of Per!ia>
S5L6T
E Mon'ol Persia and the House of HulO'u
THE MO1,O/ RE,IME I1 PERSIA 71TI/ THE COMI1, OF H7/O,76
CHORMA,HA13 .AI473 A1- E/4I,I-OI
9f,er i,! "o"lu!i.e "o?ue!, 0& ,+e 8o*ol! ad ,+e de!,ru",io of ,+e eo1<+wari;mia
#i*dom of %alal ad1(i G)> 761H$ Per!ia remaied uder a ma#e!+if, ad !omew+a, di!@oi,ed
re*ime> T+e 8o*ol arm& of ,+e we!,$ ?uar,ered o ,+e lower <ura ad lower 9ra! G9raAe!H i
,+e 9rra ad 8u*a !,e))e$ wa! !,ill uder ,+e "ommad of *eeral! w+o +eld full )ower!4 fir!,
'+orma*+a$ de!,ro&er of %alal ad1(iC! #i*dom G17511L1H$ ad ,+e Bai@u$ "o?ueror of ,+e
Sel@u#! of 9!ia 8ior G17L7136H> T+e .a!!al! of ,+e we!,1Geor*ia )ri"e!$ Sel@u# !ul,a! of
9!ia 8ior$ 9rmeia #i*! of 'ili"ia$ ad a,a0e*! of 8o!ul=were dire",l& de)ede, o ,+i!
mili,ar& *o.erme, of ,+e mar"+e!$ a! were$ i ,+e earl& !,a*e! a, lea!,$ !ome of ,+e
"ommui"a,io! wi,+ ,+e /a,i world>
'+orma*+a$ w+o$ a! Pellio, )oi,! ou,$ +ad ,wo Ne!,oria 0ro,+er!$ wa! ?ui,e well di!)o!ed
,oward '+ri!,iai,&>
1
(uri* ,+e )eriod of +i! "ommad$ 0e,wee 1755 ad 17L1$ ,+e *rad #+a
O*JdKi !e, a S&ria" '+ri!,ia ,o Ta0ri;$ a ma amed Simeo 0u, 0e,,er #ow uder +i! S&ria"
,i,le of Ra00a1a,a G/i1)ie1a1,a i '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),ioH> Ra00a1a,a would la,er 0e"ome ,+e
*rad #+a GI&I#C! offi"ial "+ar*B dCaffaire! i ma,,er! "o"eri* ,+e '+ri!,ia reli*io>
7
:e
arri.ed i Per!ia furi!+ed 0& O*JdKi wi,+ eA,e!i.e )ower! ad +aded ,o S5L7T '+orma*+a
im)erial de"ree! for0iddi* ,+e ma!!a"re of di!armed '+ri!,ia "ommui,ie! ,+a, a""e),ed
8o*ol au,+ori,&> T+e 9rmeia "+roi"ler <ira#o! of Gaia re)or,!4 MT+e arri.al of Ra00a1a,a
0rou*+, mu"+ relief ,o ,+e '+ri!,ia!$ ad !a.ed ,+em from dea,+ ad !er.i,ude> :e 0uil,
"+ur"+e! i 8u!lim ,ow! w+ere$ 0efore ,+e "omi* of ,+e 8o*ol!$ i, +ad 0ee for0idde !o
mu"+ a! ,o )roou"e ,+e ame of '+ri!,$ o,a0l& i Ta0ri; ad Na#+i"+e.a> :e 0uil, "+ur"+e!$
ere",ed "ro!!e!$ "au!ed ,+e *o* ,o 0e !ouded i*+, ad da& U,+e e?ui.ale, amo* ea!,er
'+ri!,ia! of our 0ellV$ ad ,+e dead ,o 0e 0uried wi,+ ,+e readi* of ,+e Go!)el$ wi,+ "ro!!e!$
"adie!$ ad "+a,i*> E.e ,+e Ta,ar *eeral! *a.e +im )re!e,!>M Ra00a1a,aC! mi!!io mea,
,+a, ,+e 8o*ol re*ime$ af,er ,+e fir!, ma!!a"re!$ 0rou*+, far more fa.ora0le "odi,io! ,o ,+e
'+ri!,ia )o)ula,io! of we!,er Ira ,+a a& ,+e& +ad )re.iou!l& #ow>
9roud 17L1$ '+orma*+a wa! !,ri"#e wi,+ dum0e!! Go dou0, ,+e re!ul, of )aral&!i!H> Bai@u$
5
w+o re)la"ed +im i 17L7$ wa! )er+a)! le!! i !&m)a,+& wi,+ '+ri!,iai,&$ or !o i, a))ear! from
,+e re"e),io +e *a.e ,+e (omii"a 9!"eli ad +i! four "om)aio!$ w+o +ad 0ee !e, 0&
Po)e Io"e, IV> 9!"eli +ad made a de,our .ia Tifli!$ w+ere +e wa! @oied 0& ao,+er mo#$
Gui"+ard of 'remoa Gfor !i"e 17L0 ,+ere +ad 0ee a (omii"a moa!,er& a, Tifli!H> O 8a&
7L$ 17L7$ +e arri.ed a, Bai@uC! "am) i ,+e 9rra re*io$ or,+ of ,+e 9ra! ad ea!, of /a#e
Go#"+a GSe.aH>
L
Somew+a, udi)loma,i"all&$ +e eA+or,ed ,+e 8o*ol! ,o "ea!e ,+eir ma!!a"re!
ad ,o !u0mi, ,o ,+e !)iri,ual au,+ori,& of ,+e Po)eE +e al!o refu!ed ,o ma#e ,+e ,ri)le
*eufle",io due ,o Bai@u a! ,+e #+aC! re)re!e,a,i.e> Era*ed$ Bai@u ,+rea,eed ,o +a.e ,+e
(omii"a! eAe"u,ed> 9, ,+i! @u",ure ,+ere arri.ed a, Bai@uC! "am)$ o %ul& 17$ 17L7$ a !or, of
8o*ol mi!!u! domii"u!$ El@i*idKi$ w+o +ad 0ee !e, 0& ,+e *rad #+a GI&I#>
3
Bai@u
"+ar*ed 9!"eli ,o "arr& a re)l& ,o ,+e Po)e 0a!ed o ,+a, *i.e 0& GI&I# ,o Piao 'ar)ii i
No.em0er$ 17L6$ of w+i"+ El@i*idKi #ew ,+e ,eA,> T+e 8o*ol! "laimed ,+a, ,+eir! wa! a
ui.er!al em)ire 0& di.ie ri*+,$ ad e@oied ,+e Po)e ,o "ome i )er!o ,o reder +oma*e ,o
,+e #+a$ faili* w+i"+ +e would 0e ,rea,ed a! a eem&> 9!"eli lef, Bai@CuC! "am) o %ul& 73$
17L7$ a""om)aied 0& ,wo M8o*olM e.o&!$ oe 0eari* ,+e ame of 9i0e* GPellio, ,+i#! +e
ma& +a.e 0ee a Ui*ur offi"ial S5L2T i ,+e !er.i"e of ,+e 8o*ol admii!,ra,ioH ad ,+e
o,+er SKr*i!$ a '+ri!,ia$ o dou0, Ne!,oria>
6
T+i! "ara.a )ar,& mu!, +a.e ,a#e ,+e u!ual rou,e
0& wa& of Ta0ri;$ 8o!ul$ 9le))o$ 9,io"+$ ad 9"re> Drom 9"re$ i 17L2$ ,+e 8o*ol e.o&!
!ailed for I,al&$ w+ere Io"e, IV *a.e ,+em a lo* audie"e ad w+ere$ o No.em0er 72$
17L2$ +e +aded ,+em a re)l& for Bai@u>
(e!)i,e ,+e e*a,i.e re!ul, of 9!"eliC! em0a!!&$ El@i*idKi$ w+o +ad far more !&m)a,+& wi,+
'+ri!,iai,& ,+a Bai@u$ !e, ,wo ea!,er '+ri!,ia!$ (a.id ad 8ar#$ ,o /oui! IZ of Dra"e a,
,+e ed of 8a&$ 17L2$ "arr&i* a "uriou! le,,er )ro0a0l& wri,,e i Per!ia$ of w+i"+ we +a.e ,+e
/a,i ,ra!la,io> I i,$ El@i*idKi *i.e! a eA)laa,io of ,+e mi!!io e,ru!,ed ,o +im 0& ,+e
*rad #+a GI&I# ,o li0era,e ,+e ea!,er '+ri!,ia! from 8u!lim !er.i,ude ad ,o ea0le ,+em ,o
)ra",i"e ,+eir reli*iou! ri,e! wi,+ou, +idra"e> I ,+e ame of ,+e *rad #+a$ M,+e #i* of ,+e
ear,+$M +e iform! +i! M!oM ,+e #i* of Dra"e ,+a, i, i! ,+e 8o*ol!C i,e,io ,o )ro,e", all
'+ri!,ia!=/a,i$ Gree#$ 9rmeia$ Ne!,oria$ ad %a"o0i,e=wi,+ou, di!,i",io> /oui! IZ
re"ei.ed ,+i! Mem0a!!&M duri* +i! !,a& i '&)ru!$ i ,+e !e"od +alf of (e"em0er$ 17L2>
7
9l,+ou*+ !ome dou0, +a! 0ee "a!, o ,+e au,+e,i"i,& of ,+i! mi!!io$ i, doe! a))ear ,+a,$ a!
Pellio, ,+i#!$ El@i*idKi wa! ,+e )lai* ,o a,,a"# ,+e "ali)+a,e of Ba*+dad= a a",io w+i"+
:ulK*u would 0ri* ,o a !u""e!!ful "o"lu!io ,e &ear! la,er=ad ,+a, wi,+ ,+i! o0@e", i mid
+e i,eded ,o @oi for"e! wi,+ ,+e "ru!ade ,+a, Sai, /oui! wa! a0ou, ,o lau"+ a*ai!, ,+e 9ra0
world i E*&),> O %auar& 77$ 17L9$ ,+e ,wo M8o*olM '+ri!,ia! ,oo# lea.e of /oui! ad
!ailed from Ni"o!ia i '&)ru!$ a""om)aied 0& ,+ree (omii"a!4 9drB de /o*@umeau$ +i!
0ro,+er Guillaume$ ad %ea de 'ar"a!!oe> 9drB ad +i! "om)aio!$ +a.i* o dou0,
rea"+ed El@i*idKiC! "am) i 9)ril or 8a&$ 17L9$ were !e, 0& +im ,o ,+e 8o*ol "our,$ ,+e
+eaded 0& ,+e ?uee re*e, O*+ul \aimi!+$ ad lo"a,ed i ,+e old O*JdKi,e a))aa*e of ,+e Imil
ad \o0a? i Tar0a*a,ai> T+e& were ,o re,ur ,o Sai, /oui! i 'ae!area i 9)ril$ 1731$ a, ,+e
earlie!,>
2

El@i*idKi$ ,+e *rad #+a GI&I#C! "ofide,ial ad.i!er$ wa! i"luded i ,+e *eeral )ro!"ri),io
i,rodu"ed a, ,+e ele",io of ,+e *rad #+a 8o*#a ad aimed a, ,+e )ar,i!a! of ,+e O*JdKi
0ra"+
9
G!ee )a*e 77LH> Be,wee mid1O",o0er$ 1731$ ad mid1 S5L9T De0ruar&$ 1737$ 8o*#a
+ad +im arre!,ed ad )u, ,o dea,+>
10
Bai@u wa! lef, i !ole "+ar*e of ,+e mili,ar& *o.erme, of
,+e mar"+e!$ i w+i"+ )o!, +e remaied u,il ,+e arri.al of :ulK*u i 1733>
Bai@uC! a",io! were de"i!i.e i ,+e affair! of Geor*ia ad 9!ia 8ior> O ,+e dea,+ of Ru!uda$
,+e ?uee of Geor*ia$ w+o +ad alwa&! irri,a,ed +im 0& +er !,u00or refu!al ,o &ield ,o ,+e
8o*ol!$ +e i,eded ,o *i.e ,+e "row ,o +er e)+ew$ (a.id /a!+a$ w+o wa! more )lia0le> Bu,
Ba,u ,+e #+a of <i)"+a# +ad ,a#e Ru!udaC! !o (a.id Nari uder +i! )ro,e",io> T+e ,wo
)re,eder! we, ,o )lead ,+eir "au!e 0efore ,+e *rad #+a GI&I# i 8o*olia G17L6H> I, +a!
alread& 0ee rela,ed +e allo"a,ed a realm ,o ea"+$ *i.i* <ar,lia ,o /a!+a ad Imere,ia ,o Nari>
11
T+ere wa! a !imilar ar0i,ra,io i ,+e Sel@u# !ul,aa,e of 9!ia 8ior> I 17L6 ,+e *rad #+a
GI&I# awarded ,+e ,+roe ,o ,+e &ou* )ri"e \ili"+ 9r!la IV Gw+o +ad .i!i,ed +im i
8o*oliaH i )refere"e ,o +i! elder 0ro,+er <ai1<awu! II> 9, ,+e !ame ,ime$ GI&I# fiAed ,+e
aual ,ri0u,e ,o 0e )aid 0& ,+e Sel@u#!4 M1$700$000 +&)er)er!$ 300 )ie"e! of !,uff wo.e of !il#
ad *old$ 300 +or!e!$ 300 "amel!$ 3$000 +ead of !mall li.e!,o"# U!+ee)$ *oa,!$ e,">V$ ad$ i
addi,io ,o ,+i!$ )re!e,! e?ual i .alue ,o ,+e ,ri0u,e i,!elf>M I 173L$ ,+e *rad #+a 8o*#a
de"ided ,+a, <ai1<awu! !+ould rule we!, of ,+e <i;il Irma# ad \ili"+ 9r!la ,o ,+e ea!,E
+owe.er$ ,+e ,wo 0ro,+er! fou*+, ad ,+e .i",oriou! <ai1<awu! ,oo# +i! 0ro,+er )ri!oer> I
1736$ im)a,ie, a, <ai1 <awu!C dela& i )a&i* ,ri0u,e$ Bai@u a,,a"#ed ad defea,ed +im ear
9#!ara&$ af,er w+i"+ ,+e !ul,a fled ,o ,+e Gree#! of Ni"aea ad ,+e 8o*ol! re)la"ed +im 0&
\ili"+ 9r!la> No, lo* af,erward$ +owe.er$ <ai1<awu! re,ured ad i ,+e ed a*reed ,o di.ide
,+e #i*dom wi,+ +i! 0ro,+er o ,+e 0a!i! of 8o*#aC! de"i!io>
17

O ,+e w+ole$ 8o*ol !u;erai,& made i,!elf fel, ol& 0& fi,! ad !,ar,! i ,+e!e mar"+e! of ,+e
!ou,+we!,> Bo,+ '+orma*+a ad Bai@u$ w+ile 0eari* +ard u)o ,+e .a!!al !,a,e!$ were
"om)elled ,o refer "o,iuall& ,o ,+e "our, of <ara#orum$ w+ere$ owi* ,o ,+e di!,a"e!
i.ol.ed$ de"i!io! were dela&ed for mo,+! o ed$ ad w+ere "lie, )ri"e!$ li#e am0a!!ador!$
we, ,o )lead ,+eir "au!e amid all ,+e +a;ard! of %e*+i;1<+ai,e famil& re.olu,io!>
S530T
THE MO1,O/ RE,IME I1 PERSIA TO THE ARRI*A/ OF H7/O,76 2?R,L> A1-
AR,H71 A,HA
(uri* ,+i! ,ime$ ,+e rudime,! of a "i.il admii!,ra,io were a))eari* i <+ura!a ad i Ira?
C9@ami> I 1751$ ,+e 8o*ol *eeral '+i,imur +ad wi)ed ou, ,+e la!, )o"#e,! of <+wari;mia
re!i!,a"e i <+ura!a$ w+ile i ,+e or,+we!, '+orma*+a wa! ou!,i* %alal ad1(i> I, wa! ,+i!
'+i,imur w+om ,+e *rad #+a O*JdKi a))oi,ed *o.eror of <+ura!a ad 8a;adera i
1755>
15
9, ,+i! ,ime ,+e fu",io wa! a )urel& fi!"al oe> TaA re.eue!$ w+i"+ were di.ided
0e,wee ,+e *rad #+a ad ,+e "+ief! of ,+e ,+ree o,+er %e*+i;1<+ai,e ulu!$ were eA,or,ed
from ,+i! u+a))& )ro.i"e wi,+ a 0ru,ali,& i,e!ified 0& ,+e fa", ,+a, ,+e ma!!a"re! ad
)er!e"u,io! of ,+e )re"edi* &ear! +ad e,irel& ruied ,+e lad> :owe.er$ e.e !u"+ a *o.eror
a! '+i,imur wa! 0e*ii* ,o em)lo& Iraia !"+olar!4 +i! sahib%divan or fia"e mii!,er wa!
,+e fa,+er of ,+e +i!,oria %u.aii>
1L

'+i,imur$ w+o died i 1753$ wa! !u""eeded af,er a 0rief i,er.al 0& ,+e Ui*ur <Jr*I; G17531
L7H$ w+o de!)i,e +i! '+ri!,ia ame GGeor*eH wa! a Budd+i!,> :e "ame from ,+e re*io of
Be!+0ali*+ G<u"+e*H$ ad wa! re)u,ed a !"+olar amo* ,+e Ui*ur> I, wa! for ,+i! rea!o ,+a, +e
+ad 0ee mar#ed ou, duri* %e*+i; <+aC! life,ime 0& )ri"e %J"+i ad *i.e ,+e ,a!# of
i!,ru",i* ,+e "+ildre of ,+e 'o?uerorC! +ou!e+old i Ui*ur wri,i*> T+a#! ,o ,+e )ro,e",io
of ,+e Ne!,oria M"+a"ellorM '+i?ai$ O*JdKi "+ar*ed <Jr*I; wi,+ ,+e ,a!# of ,a#i* a "e!u!
ad rai!i* ,aAe! i <+ura!a> MEa"+ noyan$ ea"+ offi"er$ a",ed a! a0!olu,e lord i +i! di!,ri",$
ad a))ro)ria,ed ,+e *rea,er )ar, of ,+e re.eue! ,o +i! ow u!e> <Jr*I; )u, a ed ,o ,+i!
re*ime ad "om)elled ,+em ,o di!*or*e> :e )ro,e",ed ,+e life ad )ro)er,& of ,+e Per!ia!
a*ai!, ,+e ,&ra& of ,+e 8o*ol offi"ial!$ w+o ,+e"efor,+ mi*+, o lo*er 0e+ead )eo)le a,
,+eir ow )lea!ure>M
13
Budd+i!, ,+ou*+ +e wa!$ +e 0e"ame ,+e )ro,e",or of ,+e 8u!lim eleme,
ad i ,+e ed ,ured 8u!lim +im!elf> :a.i* !e,,led i Tu!$ w+i"+ +e re+a0ili,a,ed$ ,+i!
i,elli*e,$ !#illful$ ad eer*e,i" Ui*ur ,ried ,o i!,i,u,e a re*ular admii!,ra,io ad w+a, oe
ma& "all a "i.il !er.i"e$ a! mu"+ for ,+e 0eefi, of ,+e Iraia )o)ula,io a! for ,+a, of ,+e
8o*ol S531T ,rea!ur&> I, wa! lar*el& a, +i! )rom),i* ,+a, ,+e *rad #+a O*JdKi ordered ,+e
re+a0ili,a,io of <+ura!a i 1756> 9! a re!ul,$ :era, ow 0e*a ,o 0e re)o)ula,ed> Bu, af,er
O*JdKiC! dea,+ ,+e 8o*ol offi"ial! w+o!e de)reda,io! <Jr*I; +ad !,o))ed 0rou*+, +im 0efore
,+e ?uee re*e, TJrK*KK$ ad ,+e !e, +im ,o \ara1:ulK*u$ %a*a,aiC! *rad!o$ w+om +e +ad
offeded ad w+o )u, +im ,o dea,+ G17L7H>
16

TJrK*KK e,ru!,ed ,+e admii!,ra,io of <+ura!a ad Ira? C9@ami ,o ,+e Oira, 9r*+u 9*+a$
li#ewi!e "+o!e for +i! #owled*e of wri,,e Ui*ur$ ad w+o 0e"au!e of ,+i! +ad !er.ed i
O*JdKiC! "+a"eller&>
17
(uri* +i! *o.eror!+i) G17L5133H$ 9r*+u 9*+a ,ried$ li#e <Jr*I;$ ,o
)ro,e", ,+e Iraia )o)ula,io from ,+e fi!"al a0u!e! ad eA,or,io! of 8o*ol offi"ial!> To ,+e
*rad #+a GI&I#C! !a,i!fa",io$ +e re.o#ed ,+e 0ill!$ eAem),io!$ ad )a,e,! ,+a, ,+e @uior
%e*+i;1<+ai,e! +ad i!!ued !o 0lidl& ad i !u"+ )rofu!io$ ad ,+a#! ,o w+i"+ ,+e& +ad 0ee
a0le ,o di) i,o ,+e 8o*ol ,rea!ur&> :e foud a o le!! firm !u))or,er i ,+e *rad #+a
8o*#a$ w+o!e "our, +e .i!i,ed i 1731> 9, +i! re?ue!,$ 8o*#a eA,eded ,o Per!ia ,+e !&!,em
alread& e!,a0li!+ed i Tra!oAiaa 0& 8a+mud ad 8a!Cud Yala.a"+ i )la"e of ,+e "+ao,i"
fia"e! of ,+e earl& da&! of ,+e "o?ue!,> T+a, i!$ +e i,rodu"ed a "a)i,a,io ,aA )ro)or,ioa,e ,o
,+e mea! of ,+e ,aA)a&er$ ,+e re.eue! from ,+i! ,o 0e u!ed ,o mai,ai ,+e arm& ad ,+e
im)erial )o!,al !er.i"e> 9r*+u 9*+a died ear Tu! i 1772 a, a ad.a"ed a*e> :i! !o wa! ,+e
famou! emir Nauru;$ w+o for a !+or, ,ime 0e"ame .i"ero& of <+ura!a>
12

I 1731$ ,+e *rad #+a 8o*#a e,ru!,ed ,+e )ro.i"e of :era,$ ,+e ri!i* a*ai from i,! rui!$
,o a lord of ,+e G+or di!,ri",$ S+am! ad1(i 8u+ammad <er,$ 9f*+a 0& ra"e$ Sui,e 8u!lim
0& reli*io$ w+o +ad "ome ,o 8o*olia ,o )a& +i! re!)e",! a, "our,> S+am! ad1(i wa! ,+e
*rad!o of a di*i,ar& a,,a"+ed ,o ,+e la!, G+orid !ul,a! of ea!,er 9f*+ai!,a$ ad +ad
+im!elf i+eri,ed ,+e G+or di!,ri", i 17L3> T+e <er, )ri"e!$ w+o 0ore ,+e ,i,le of malik G#i*H$
were "om)elled ,o re,ai ,+e *ood will of ,+eir 8o*ol ma!,er! 0& )rude, ad adroi, 0e+a.ior$
,o a.i*a,e wi,+ou, !+i)wre"# amid ,+e %e*+i;1 <+ai,e war!$ ad fiall&$ i ,+eir li,,le #i*dom
of :era,$ ,o !ur.i.e 8o*ol domia,io G173111529H> S+am! ad1(iC! le*,+& rei* G1731172H
e!,a0li!+ed ,+e au,+ori,& of +i! +ou!e firml& S537T i ,+e lad> T+i! G+orid Iraia re!,ora,io i!
,+e more i,ere!,i* i ,+a, i, "ame a0ou, uder "o.er of 8o*ol rule ad i +armo& wi,+ i,>
19

T+e 8o*ol! al!o ,olera,ed$ a, lea!, i ,+e 0e*ii*$ ,+e eAi!,e"e a! .a!!al! of ,+e d&a!,& of
,+e a,a0e*! of <erma of ,+e +ou!e of ,+e \u,lu*+1!+a+$ a! well a! ,+e Sal*+urid a,a0e*! of Dar!>
T+e +ou!e of ,+e \u,lu*+1!+a+ +ad 0ee fouded 0& Bora? :a@@i0 G1771153H$ a wil& "+ara",er
w+o +ad !u""eeded i !ur.i.i* ,+e <+wari;mia !?uall! of %alal ad1(i> :i! !o Ru# ad1(i
<+o@a G"a> 1753137H wa! )rom), i )a&i* "our, ,o ,+e *rad #+a O*JdKi i 8o*olia G1753H>
\u,0 ad1(i$ w+o we, ,+ere la,er G"a> 1737137H$ af,er !er.i* i ,+e 8o*ol arm& of '+ia$ wa!
i +i! ,ur i.e!,ed wi,+ ,+e )ri"i)ali,& of <erma 0& ,+e *rad #+a 8o*#a> Similarl&$ a,
S+ira; ,+e Sal*+urid 90u Ba#r G1751160H wa! a0le ,o wi ,+e fa.or of O*JdKi ad of ,+e
!u""eedi* *rad #+a!$ w+o allowed +im ,o #ee) +i! ,+roe>
70

H7/O,70s REI,16 -ESTR7CTIO1 OF THE ASSASSI1S3 CO1H7EST OF
.A,H-A-3 A1- A11IHI/ATIO1 OF THE CA/IPHATE
No, u,il ,we,& &ear! af,er ,+eir "o?ue!, of Per!ia did ,+e 8o*ol! ,+i# of )u,,i* a ed ,o
,+eir )ro.i!ioal re*ime ,+ere ad ,o ,+e dual form of *o.erme, G,+e )urel& mili,ar& rule i
9rra ad 8u*a ad ,+e fi!"al admii!,ra,io of <+ura!a ad Ira? C9@amiH 0& !u)erim)o!i* a
re*ular )oli,i"al )ower> 9, ,+e 9uriltai of 1731$ ,+e *rad #+a 8o*#a de"ided ,o *i.e ,+e
.i"ero&al,& of Ira ,o +i! &ou*er 0ro,+er :ulK*u>
71
I addi,io$ :ulK*u wa! "+ar*ed wi,+ ,+e
,a!# of !u))re!!i* ,+e ,wo !)iri,ual )ower! ,+a, !,ill !ur.i.ed i Per!ia4 ,+e )ri"i)ali,& of ,+e
I!maCili imam! i 8a;adera ad ,+e 900a!id "ali)+a,e of Ba*+dad> 9 fur,+er ,a!# a!!i*ed ,o
+im wa! ,o "o?uer S&ria4 ME!,a0li!+ ,+e u!a*e!$ "u!,om!$ ad law! of %e*+i; <+a from ,+e
0a#! of ,+e 9mu (ar&a ,o ,+e ed! of ,+e lad of E*&),> Trea, wi,+ #ide!! ad *ood will
e.er& ma w+o !u0mi,! ad i! o0edie, ,o &our order!> W+oe.er re!i!,! &ou$ )lu*e +im i,o
+umilia,io>M
77

:a.i* @oure&ed from 8o*olia 0& !+or, !,a*e! .ia 9lmali# ad Samar#ad$ :ulK*u "ro!!ed
,+e 9mu (ar&a o %auar& 7$ 1736> O ,+e Per!ia 0a# of ,+e ri.er$ +e re"ei.ed ,+e S535T
"om)lime,! of ,+e re)re!e,a,i.e! of +i! ew .a!!al!$ from ,+e me of S+am! ad1(i <er, ,+e
malik of :era, ad of 90u Ba#r ,+e Sal*+urid a,a0e* of Dar! ,o ,+o!e of ,+e Sel@u#! of 9!ia
8ior$ <ai1<awu! II ad \ili"+ 9r!la IV> I a""orda"e wi,+ ,+e )ro*ram draw u) 0&
8o*#a$ +e we, fir!, ,o a,,a"# ,+e I!maCili! or 9!!a!!i! i ,+eir aerie! of 8a;adera$
8eimudi;$ ad 9lamu,> T+e *rad ma!,er of ,+e I!maCili!$ Ru# ad1(i <ur!+a+$ wa! 0e!ie*ed
0& :ulK*u i 8eimudi; ad "a)i,ula,ed o No.em0er 19$ 1736>
75
:ulK*u !e, +im ,o ,+e *rad
#+a 8o*#a i 8o*olia$ 0u, o ,+e wa& ,+e )ri!oer wa! murdered> T+e defeder! of 9lamu,
!urredered o (e"em0er 70> T+e ,erri0le !e", w+i"+ i ,+e ,welf,+ "e,ur& +ad defied ,+e effor,!
of ,+e Sel@u# !ul,a!$ +ad "au!ed !ul,aa,e ad "ali)+a,e ,o ,rem0le$ ad +ad 0ee a "o,ri0u,i*
fa",or i ,+e demorali;a,io ad di!i,e*ra,io of ,+e w+ole of 9!ia I!lam wa! a, la!, wi)ed ou,>
I a"+ie.i* ,+i!$ ,+e 8o*ol! redered a i"al"ula0le !er.i"e ,o ,+e "au!e of "i.ili;a,io ad
*ood order>
:ulK*u eA, a,,a"#ed ,+e 900a!id "ali)+ of Ba*+dad$ ,+e !)iri,ual leader of Sui,e I!lam ad
lord of a !mall ,em)oral domai i Ira? C9ra0i> T+e rei*i* "ali)+ al18u!,aC!im G17L71 32H wa!
"+ara",erle!! ad fa"ied +e "ould deal wi,+ ,+e 8o*ol! 0& ,ri"#er&$ a! +i! )rede"e!!or! +ad
deal, wi,+ ,+e +e*emoie! ,+a, +ad !u""eeded oe ao,+er i Ira4 ,+e Bu&id$ Sel@u#$
<+wari;mia$ ad 8o*ol>
7L
I ,+e )a!,$ w+ee.er ,+e ma!,er! of ,+e mome, +ad )ro.ed ,oo
)owerful$ ,+e "ali)+ +ad &ielded> I ,+e ,e,+ "e,ur& +e +ad a""e),ed a! "oruler ,+e Bu&id emir
el1omara$ ad i ,+e ele.e,+ ,+e Sel@u# !ul,a> Dor ,+e ,ime 0ei* 0e "ofied +im!elf ,o +i!
!)iri,ual fu",io! ad awai,ed ,+e )a!!i* of ,+e!e e)+emeral ma!,er!> W+e ,+e o))or,ui,&
"ame$ ,+e "ali)+ re1emer*ed$ ar0i,ra,ed ,+eir di!)u,e!$ ad +el)ed ,o deli.er ,+e coup de grace>
:i! wa! a ?ua!i1di.ie )ower w+i"+ would ou,li.e ,+e!e lord! of a da& or a "e,ur&$ +a.i*
e,eri,& o i,! !ide=or !o +e 0elie.ed> Bu, ,+e ,erre!,rial em)ire w+i"+ ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e!
de"lared ,o +a.e 0ee 0e!,owed u)o ,+em 0& TK*ri$ E,eral :ea.e$ would admi, of o
dero*a,io> T+e "orre!)ode"e 0e,wee :ulK*u ad ,+e "ali)+$ a! re"o!,ru",ed 0& Ra!+id ad1
(i$ i! a! lof,il& )+ra!ed a! a& i +i!,or&> Drom ,+e +eir ,o ,+e ,+ir,&!iA "ali)+! of ,+e +ou!e of
900a!$ ,+e #+a demaded ,+e ,em)oral )ower o"e "o"eded i Ba*+dad ,o ,+e Bu&id S53LT
elomara emir! ad la,er ,o ,+e *rea, Sel@u# !ul,a!4 MYou +a.e leared ,+e fa,e 0rou*+, u)o ,+e
world !i"e %e*+i; <+a 0& ,+e 8o*ol armie!> W+a, +umilia,io$ 0& ,+e *ra"e of E,eral
:ea.e$ +a! o.er,a#e ,+e d&a!,ie! of ,+e !+a+! of <+wari;m$ of ,+e Sel@u#!$ of ,+e #i*! of
(a&lam$ ad of ,+e differe, a,a0e*![ Ye, ,+e *a,e! of Ba*+dad were e.er "lo!ed ,o a& of ,+e!e
ra"e!$ w+i"+ all e!,a0li!+ed ,+eir domia,io ,+ere> :ow ,+e !+ould e,r& i,o ,+i! "i,& 0e
refu!ed ,o u!$ w+o )o!!e!! !u"+ !,re*,+ ad !u"+ )owerF Beware of ,a#i* arm! a*ai!, ,+e
S,adard[M
73

T+e "ali)+ defied ,+i! !olem wari* ad refu!ed ,o +ad o.er ,+e 900a!id ,em)oral domai$
w+i"+ +i! a"e!,or! +ad wo 0a"# from ,+e la!, Sel@u#! of Per!ia> To ,+e ui.er!al em)ire of ,+e
%e*+i;1<+ai,e! +e o))o!ed ,+e o le!! ui.er!al !o.erei*,& of ,+e 8u!lim M)a)a"&M4 MO
&ou* ma$ w+o +a.e 0arel& e,ered u)o &our "areer ad w+o$ dru# wi,+ a ,e1da& !u""e!!$
0elie.e &our!elf !u)erior ,o ,+e w+ole world$ do &ou o, #ow ,+a, from ,+e Ea!, ,o ,+e 8a*+re0$
all ,+e wor!+i)er! of 9lla+$ w+e,+er #i*! or 0e**ar!$ are !la.e! ,o ,+i! "our, of mie$ ad ,+a, I
"a "ommad ,+em ,o mu!,er FM
76
Vai ,+rea,!> T+e 9&&u0id !ul,aa,e of S&ria ad E*&),$
,errified of ,+e "lo!e a))roa"+ of ,+e 8o*ol!$ e.er !,irred$ ad :ulK*u ad +i! !+amai!,$
Budd+i!,$ ad Ne!,oria *eeral! were ?ui,e umo.ed 0& ,+e 8u!lim )ro)+e"ie! w+i"+ ,+e
"ali)+ +urled a*ai!, ,+em>
T+e de!"e, of ,+e 8o*ol armie! o Ba*+dad 0e*a i No.em0er$ 1737>
77
Bai@uC! arm&
a))roa"+ed 0& ,+e 8o!ul road ,o ,a#e Ba*+dad from ,+e rear o ,+e we!, 0a# of ,+e Ti*ri!>
:ulK*uC! 0e!, "ommader$ ,+e Naima <i,0u?a Ga Ne!,oriaH$ led ,+e lef, wi* alo* ,+e /uri!,a
rou,e ,o ,+e 900a!id "a)i,al> Diall&$ :ulK*u +im!elf "ame dow from :amada o ,+e Ti*ri! .ia
<erma!+a+ ad :olwa> B& %auar& 12$ 1732$ ,+e 8o*ol for"e! were rea!!em0led ad
:ulK*u !e, u) +i! "am) o ,+e ea!,er ou,!#ir,! of Ba*+dad> T+e "ali)+C! li,,le arm&$ +a.i* ,ried
,o )re.e, ,+e "i,&C! 0ei* !urrouded$ +ad 0ee "u, ,o )ie"e! o ,+e )re.iou! da& G%auar& 17H>
O ,+e 77d$ ,+e 8o*ol *eeral! Bai@u$ Bu?a Timur$ ad Su*u@a? or Su@a? mo.ed i ,o ,a#e
u) ,+eir )o!i,io! i ,+e !u0ur0 we!, of ,+e Ti*ri!$ w+ile o ,+e o,+er !ide :ulK*u ad <i,0u?a
)re!!ed forward ,+eir e"ir"leme,> I a a,,em), ,o )a"if& ,+e 8o*ol!$ ,+e "ali)+ !e, ,+em +i!
.i;ier$ w+o wa! a ;ealou! S+iCi,e ad ma& S533T +a.e !+ared ,+eir feeli*!E
72
ad +e al!o !e, ,+e
Ne!,oria 'a,+oli#o! 8a#i#+a> Bu, i, wa! ,oo la,e> T+e 8o*ol! +ad "arried ,+e w+ole of ,+e
ea!,er !e",or of for,ifi"a,io! 0& .i*orou! a!!aul, GDe0ruar&3 ad 6H$ ad ,+e 0elea*uered
,ow!fol# +ad o "+oi"e 0u, ,o !urreder> T+e !oldier! of ,+e *arri!o ,ried ,o e!"a)e$ 0u, ,+e
8o*ol! "au*+, ,+em$ di!,ri0u,ed ,+em amo* ,+eir "om)aie!$ ad !lew ,+em ,o ,+e la!, ma>
O De0ruar& 10$ ,+e "ali)+ "ame i )er!o ,o !urreder ,o :ulK*u$ w+o ,old +im ,o order all ,+e
)eo)le ,o lea.e ,+e "i,& ad ,o la& dow ,+eir arm!> MT+e i+a0i,a,!$ di!armed$ "ame i *rou)!
,o *i.e ,+em!el.e! u) ,o ,+e 8o*ol!$ w+o ma!!a"red ,+em o ,+e !)o,>M
79
T+e 8o*ol! ,+e
e,ered Ba*+dad$ !u0@e",ed ,+o!e ,ow!fol# w+o +ad o, o0e&ed ,+e order ,o ao,+er ma!!a"re$
ad !e, fire ,o ,+e "i,& GDe0ruar& 15H>
50
T+e !a"# la!,ed !e.e,ee da&!$ duri* w+i"+ 90$000
i+a0i,a,! are ,+ou*+, ,o +a.e )eri!+ed>
9! for ,+e "ali)+$ ,+e 8o*ol! for"ed +im ,o +ad o.er +i! ,rea!ure! ad di!"lo!e all +i! +idi*
)la"e!$ 0u, ,+e& !eem ,o +a.e a.oided !+eddi* +i! 0lood ou, of re!)e", for +i! di*i,&> I!,ead$
,+e& !ewed +im u) i a !a"# ad ,+e +ad +im ,ram)led u)o 0& +or!e! Ga0ou, De0ruar& 70H>
51
MT+e& !e, fire ,o ,+e *rea,er )ar, of ,+e "i,&$ o,a0l& ,+e @ami mo!?ue$ ad de!,ro&ed ,+e ,om0! of
,+e 900a!id!>M
H7/O,70s S(MPATH( #ITH CHRISTIA1IT(
To ,+e ea!,er '+ri!,ia! ,+e "a),ure of Ba*+dad 0& ,+e 8o*ol! !eemed li#e di.ie re,ri0u,io>
8oreo.er$ ,+e 8o*ol!$ w+o!e ra#! i"luded ma& Ne!,oria!$ !u"+ a! ,+e Naima <i,0u?a G,o
!a& o,+i* of ,+e Geor*ia auAiliarie! led 0& :a!a Bro!+$ ,+e 9rmeo1Geor*ia )ri"e of
<a#+e,iaH$ "o!i!,e,l& !)ared ,+e '+ri!,ia eleme,! i Ba*+dad a, ,+e ,ime of ,+e !a"#> T+e
9rmeia "+roi"ler <ira#o! of Ga@a wri,e!4 M9, ,+e "a),ure of Ba*+dad$ :ulK*uC! wife (o?u;1
#+a,u$ w+o wa! a Ne!,oria$ !)o#e o 0e+alf of ,+e '+ri!,ia! of ,+e Ne!,oria or a& o,+er
"ofe!!io$ ad i,er"eded for ,+eir li.e!> :ulK*u !)ared ,+em ad allowed ,+em ,o #ee) all ,+eir
)o!!e!!io!>M
57
I fa",$ a! Var,a "ofirm!$ a, ,+e ,ime of ,+e a!!aul, ,+e '+ri!,ia! of Ba*+dad
!+u, ,+em!el.e! u) i a "+ur"+ 0& order of ,+e Ne!,oria S536T )a,riar"+ 8a#i#+a$ ad ,+e
8o*ol! !)ared 0o,+ "+ur"+ ad flo"#>
55
:ulK*u e.e *a.e ,+e )a,riar"+ 8a#i#+a oe of ,+e
"ali)+al )ala"e!4 ,+a, of ,+e li,,le dewa,dar or .i"e1"+a"ellor>
5L

T+e 9rmeia <ira#o! of Ga@a +a! !)o#e of ,+e @o& ad e.e ,rium)+ of all ,+e!e ea!,er
'+ri!,ia! a, ,+e fall of Ba*+dad> MDi.e +udred ad fif,ee &ear! +ad )a!!ed !i"e ,+e foudi*
of ,+i! "i,&> T+rou*+ou, i,! !u)rema"&$ li#e a i!a,ia0le lee"+$ i, +ad !wallowed u) ,+e e,ire
world> Now i, re!,ored all ,+a, +ad 0ee ,a#e> I, wa! )ui!+ed for ,+e 0lood i, +ad !+ed ad ,+e
e.il i, +ad doeE ,+e mea!ure of i,! ii?ui,& wa! full> T+e 8u!lim ,&ra& +ad la!,ed 6L7 &ear!>M
53
I ,+e e&e! of ,+e Ne!,oria! ,oo$ ad of ,+e S&ria %a"o0i,e! ad 9rmeia!$ ,+e ,erri0le
8o*ol! a))eared a! ,+e a.e*er! of o))re!!ed '+ri!,edom$ a! )ro.ide,ial !a.ior! w+o +ad
"ome from ,+e de),+! of ,+e Go0i ,o a,,a"# I!lam i ,+e rear ad !+a#e i, ,o i,! fouda,io!> W+o
"ould +a.e ima*ied ,+a, ,+o!e +um0le Ne!,oria mi!!ioarie! w+o i ,+e !e.e,+ "e,ur& lef,
Seleu"ia o ,+e Ti*ri!$ or Bei, 90e$ ,o !)read ,+e Go!)el i ,+e 0lea# lad! of ea!,er Tur#e!,a
ad 8o*olia would !ow ,+e !eed of !o *rea, a +ar.e!,F
56

T+e fa.or e@o&ed 0& ,+e '+ri!,ia! wi,+i :ulK*uC! !)+ere of iflue"e wa! lar*el& due$ a!
o,ed$ ,o +i! "+ief wife$ (o?u;#+a,u> S+e wa! a <era&i, )ri"e!!$ ,+e ie"e of ,+e la!, <era&i,
#i*$ ,+e 0ang%khan To*rul>
57
8o*#a$ w+o *rea,l& re!)e",ed +er wi!dom$ +ad ad.i!ed :ulK*u
,o "o!ul, +er i +i! affair!>
52
M9! ,+e <era&i, +ad lo* a*o em0ra"ed '+ri!,iai,&$M wri,e! Ra!+id
ad1(i$ M(o?u;1#+a,u made i, +er "o!,a, "are ,o )ro,e", '+ri!,ia!$ ad ,+rou*+ou, +er
life,ime ,+e& )ro!)ered> To )lea!e +i! )ri"e!!$ :ulK*u +ea)ed fa.or! u)o ,+em ad *a.e ,+em
e.er& ,o#e of +i! re*ard$ !o ,+a, all o.er +i! realm ew "+ur"+e! were "o,iuall& 0ei* 0uil,$
ad a, ,+e *a,e of (o?u;1#+a,uC! ordu ,+ere wa! alwa&! a "+a)el$ w+ere 0ell! were ru*>M
59
T+e
9rmeia mo# Var,a "ofirm! ,+i!4 MT+e 8o*ol! of Per!ia "arried wi,+ ,+em a "a.a! ,e, i
,+e !+a)e of a "+ur"+> T+e 3amahar Ura,,leV "alled ,+e fai,+ful ,o )ra&er> T+e offi"e! of 8a!! were
"ele0ra,ed e.er& da& 0& )rie!,! ad dea"o!> :ere e""le!ia!,i"! draw from amo* '+ri!,ia! of
e.er& la*ua*e "ould li.e i ,ra?uilli,&> :a.i* "ome ,o a!# for )ea"e$ ,+e& o0,aied i,$ ad
re,ured +ome wi,+ *if,!>
L0
S537T (o?u;1#+a,uC! ie"e Tu?i,i1#+a,u$ w+o wa! al!o a wife of
:ulK*u$ wa! o le!! de.o,ed ,o Ne!,oria '+ri!,iai,&>
Wi,+ (o?u;1#+a,u i, wa! more ,+a a ma,,er of a"e!,ral ,radi,io> Var,a ,+e mo#$ w+o wa!
i +er "ofide"e$ !a&!4 MS+e +o)ed ,o !ee '+ri!,iai,& i"rea!e i lu!,er$ ad i,! e.er& ad.a"e i!
,o 0e a,,ri0u,ed ,o +er>M :ulK*u$ al,+ou*+ +im!elf a Budd+i!,$ !+ared ,+i! !&m)a,+&$ ad o,+i*
i! more !i*ifi"a, of ,+i! ,+a ,+e "o,iua,io of Var,aC! a""ou,> MI 176L$ ,+e ilkhan :ulK*u
!ummoed u!4 m&!elf$ ,+e vartabeds Sar#i! USer*eV ad <ri#or UGre*or&V$ ad 9.a# ,+e )rie!, of
Tifli!> We arri.ed i ,+e )re!e"e of ,+i! )owerful moar"+ a, ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e Ta,ar &ear$ i
%ul&$ ,+e ,ime of ,+e 9uriltai> W+e we were admi,,ed ,o ,+e )re!e"e of :ulK*u$ we were
eA"u!ed from 0edi* ,+e #ee ad )ro!,ra,i* our!el.e! a""ordi* ,o Ta,ar e,i?ue,,e$ !i"e
'+ri!,ia! 0ow ol& ,o God> T+e& 0ade u! 0le!! ,+e wie$ ad re"ei.ed i, a, our +ad!> :ulK*u
!aid ,o me4 CI +a.e !ummoed &ou ,+a, &ou mi*+, lear ,o #ow me ad ,+a, wi,+ all &our +ear,
&ou ma& )ra& for me>C 9f,er we were !ea,ed$ ,+e 0re,+re w+o +ad a""om)aied me !a* +&m!>
T+e Geor*ia! "ele0ra,ed ,+eir offi"e ad !o did ,+e S&ria! ad ,+e Gree#!> T+e il%khan !aid ,o
me4 CT+e!e mo#! +a.e "ome from e.er&w+ere ,o .i!i, me ad 0le!! me> T+i! i! )roof ,+a, God
i! i"lied i m& fa.or>CM
L1
:ulK*u o"e !)o#e ,o Var,a i memor& of +i! mo,+er$ ,+e Ne!,oria
Sor*+a?,ai4 MOe da& +e "au!ed all ,+e )eo)le of +i! "our, ,o wi,+draw ad$ a,,eded 0& ,wo
)er!o! ol&$ +e "o.er!ed wi,+ me a, le*,+ u)o ,+e e.e,! of +i! life ad "+ild+ood ad u)o
+i! mo,+er$ w+o wa! a '+ri!,ia>M :ulK*u +im!elf e.er em0ra"ed '+ri!,iai,&> We #ow ,+a, +e
remaied a Budd+i!,$ ad wa! i )ar,i"ular a de.o,ee of ,+e 0odd+i!a,,.a 8ai,re&a i )ar,i"ular>
Bu, +i! Iraia #i*dom i"luded o Budd+i!,!$ w+erea! '+ri!,ia!= w+e,+er Ne!,oria$
%a"o0i,e$ 9rmeia$ or Geor*ia=were umerou!$ ad i, wa! a,ural ,+a, i ,+e a0!e"e of +i!
ow "oreli*ioarie! +e !+ould fa.or ,+o!e of +i! mo,+er ad of +i! wife> (uri* ,+e i,er.iew +e
*ra,ed ,o ,+e mo# Var,a$ +e owed ,+a, +i! !&m)a,+& wi,+ '+ri!,iai,& +ad 0e*u ,o "rea,e a
rif, 0e,wee +im!elf ad +i! "ou!i! ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e #+a! of !ou,+er Ru!!ia ad Tur#e!,a
G,+e <i)"+a# ad %a*a,ai #+aa,e!H 4 MWe lo.e ,+e '+ri!,ia!$M Var,a re)or,!$ Mw+ile ,+e& U+i!
"ou!i!V fa.or 8u!lim!>M
L7

S532T
ENPE-ETIO1 OF H7/O,7 TO S(RIA
9f,er ,+e "a),ure of Ba*+dad ad ,+e de!,ru",io of ,+e "ali)+a,e$ :ulK*u ,oo# ,+e :amada
rou,e ,o 9;er0ai@a ad$ li#e ,+e 8o*ol *eeral! '+orma*+a ad Bai@u 0efore +im$ e!,a0li!+ed
,+e !ea, of +i! d&a!,& i ,+e or,+ of ,+a, )ro.i"e> T+e "i,ie! of 9;er0ai@a=Ta0ri; ad
8ara*+e+=were +i! "a)i,al!$ i !o far a! ,+i! !,ill omadi" "our, e.er +al,ed ear ,ow!> :ulK*u
+ad a um0er of 0uildi*! ere",ed i ,+e re*io of /a#e Urmia$ +i! fa.ori,e re!,i* )la"e4 Ma
o0!er.a,or& o a +ill or,+ of 8ara*+e+$ a )ala"e a, 9la,a*+$ ad !ome )a*a ,em)le!
G0u,#+aa+aH a, <+oi>M T+e 0oo,& ,a#e from Ba*+dad wa! de)o!i,ed i a for,re!! o a i!lad i
,+e la#e>
L5
T+e 9rra ad 8u*a )lai! !er.ed :ulK*u ad +i! !u""e!!or! a! wi,er ?uar,er!$
w+ere$ a! '+orra*+a ad Bai@u +ad doe$ ,+e& ,ured ,+eir +or!e! ou, ,o *ra!!> I !ummer$ ,+e
)ri"e! of :ulK*uC! +ou!e we, u) ,o ,+e 9la,a*+ +ill!$ a !)ur of 8ou, 9rara,>
T+e fall of Ba*+dad +ad )lu*ed ,+e 8u!lim world i,o a !,a,e of ,error> T+e old a,a0e* of
8o!ul$ Badr ad1(i /ulu G1755139H$ w+o wa! o.er ei*+,&$ did o, "ofie +im!elf ,o eA)o!i*
,+e +ead! of ,+e Ba*+dad mii!,er! o ,+e "i,& wall$ a! "ommaded$ 0u, "ame i )er!o ,o )a&
"our, ,o :ulK*u a, +i! "am) i 8ara*+e+> NeA,$ ,+e a,a0e* of Dar!$ 90u Ba#r$ !e, +i! !o SaCd ,o
feli"i,a,e ,+e #+a o +i! "a),ure of Ba*+dad> 9, ,+e !ame ,ime$ ,+ere arri.ed a, :ulK*uC! "am)$
,+e !i,ua,ed ear Ta0ri;$ ,+e ,wo Sel@u# !ul,a! of 9!ia 8ior$ ,+e ri.al 0ro,+er! <ai1<awu! II
ad \ili"+ 9r!la IV> <ai1<awu! ,rem0led$ for i 1736 +i! ,roo)! +ad ,ried ,o wi,+!,ad ,+e
8o*ol *eeral Bai@u$ w+o "ru!+ed ,+em a, 9#!ara&> :e )a"ified :ulK*u 0& a ,rul& remar#a0le
)ie"e of fla,,er&> :a.i* +ad +i! ow )or,rai, )ai,ed o ,+e !ole! of a )air of 0oo,!$ +e offered
,+e!e ,o ,+e i"e!ed #+a$ !a&i*$ MYour !la.e dare! ,o +o)e ,+a, +i! #i* will "ode!"ed ,o
+oor +i! !er.a,C! +ead 0& )la"i* u)o i, +i! au*u!, foo,>M
LL
T+i! i"ide, illu!,ra,e! ,+e de*ree
of a0a!eme, ,o w+i"+ I!lam wa! redu"ed>
To "om)le,e ,+e )ro*ram laid dow for +im 0& 8o*#a$ :ulK*u 0ad ow ,o !u0@u*a,e S&ria ad
E*&),> S&ria wa! di.ided 0e,wee ,+e Dra#! ad ,+e 8u!lim d&a!,& of ,+e 9&&u0id!> T+e
Dra#! )o!!e!!ed ,+e "oa!,al ;oe$ di.ided i,o ,wo di!,i", S539T !,a,e!4 i ,+e or,+$ ,+e
)ri"i)ali,& of 9,io"+ ad ,+e "ou,& of Tri)oli$ 0o,+ 0elo*i* ,o Pri"e Bo+emud VIE ad i
,+e !ou,+$ ,+e #i*dom of %eru!alem$ w+i"+ +ad 0ee lo* !i"e de)ri.ed of %eru!alem i,!elf ad
of a& effe",i.e rule ad w+i"+ i fa", "o!i!,ed of a federa,io of 0aroie! ad "ommue!$ !u"+
a! ,+e 0aro& of T&re$ ,+e "ommue of 9"re$ ad ,+e "ou,& of %affa>
L3
Bo+emud VI$ )ri"e of
9,io"+1Tri)oli$ wa! ,+e i,ima,e all& of +i! or,+er ei*+0or ,+e #i* of 9rmeia Gi>e>$ 'ili"iaH$
:e,+um I$ w+o!e dau*+,er +e +ad married>
L6
Dollowi* :e,+umC! lead$ +e a, o"e @oied ,+e
8o*ol allia"e> O))o!i,e '+ri!,ia S&ria la& ,+e i,erior of ,+e "ou,r&$ wi,+ i,! "i,ie! of 9le))o
ad (ama!"u!E ,+i! ,erri,or& 0elo*ed ,o ,+e old 9&&u0id d&a!,&$ w+i"+ wa! of <urdi!+ ori*i
0u, wa! ow e,irel& 9ra0 i "+ara",er$ ad w+i"+ +ad 0ee fouded 0& ,+e *rea, Saladi> T+e
ruler a, ,+i! ,ime wa! ,+e !ul,a a1 Na!ir Yu!uf G1756160H$ a ,imid$ iferior "+ara",er$ w+o made
+i! a", of .a!!ala*e i 1732$ w+e +e !e, +i! ow !o al1C9;i; ,o :ulK*u>
L7

No,wi,+!,adi* ,+e!e ,o#e! of !u0mi!!io$ :ulK*u wa! re!ol.ed ,o wi we!,er 8e!o)o,amia
ad 8u!lim S&ria from ,+e 9&&u0id!> T+e "am)ai* o)eed wi,+ a lo"al eA)edi,io a*ai!, ,+e
emira,e of 8ai&afari?i$ i (i&ar0a#ir$ w+i"+ 0elo*ed ,o a @uior 9&&u0id amed al1<amil
8u+ammad>
L2
Oe of ,+e 8o*ol!C *rie.a"e! a*ai!, al1<amil wa! ,+a,$ a! a faa,i"al 8u!lim$
+e +ad "ru"ified a %a"o0i,e '+ri!,ia )rie!, w+o 0ad e,ered ,+e "ou,r& o a 8o*ol )a!!)or,>
:ulK*u 0e!ie*ed 8ai&afari?i wi,+ a 8o*ol de,a"+me, !u))or,ed 0& a Geor*ia ad
9rmeia "or)! uder ,+e Geor*ia leader :a!a Bro!+> 9 9rmeia )ri"e$ Se.a,a of <a"+e$
wa! #illed duri* ,+i! !ie*e$ or=a! ,+e 9rmeia "+roi"le of Var,a !a&!=Mwo ,+e immor,al
"row$ e.er fai,+ful ,o God ad ,+e il%khanE +e will !+are ,+e ,rium)+ of ,+o!e w+o !+ed ,+eir
0lood for '+ri!,>M
L9
T+i! a!!o"ia,io of "ro!! ad %e*+i;1<+ai,e !,adard !+ould 0e 0ore i
mid4 ,+e ea!,er '+ri!,ia! fel, ,+a, i mar"+i* wi,+ ,+e 8o*ol! a*ai!, 8u!lim! of S&ria$
,+e& were ,a#i* )ar, i a !or, of "ru!ade>
9f,er a lo* !ie*e$ 8ai&afari?i wa! ,a#e$ ad al1<amil )eri!+ed uder ,or,ure> T+e 8o*ol!
,ore off )ie"e! of +i! fle!+ ad "rammed ,+em i,o +i! mou,+ u,il +e died> :i! +ead$ im)aled o
a la"e$ wa! "arried i ,rium)+ 0& ,+e 8o*ol! S560T ,+rou*+ ,+e *rea, "i,ie! of 8u!lim S&ria$
from 9le))o ,o (ama!"u!$ )re"eded 0& !i*er! ad ,a0or )la&er!> 9 lar*e )ar, of ,+e 8u!lim
)o)ula,io of ,+e 8ai&afari?i emira,e wa! ma!!a"red> T+e '+ri!,ia! aloe were !)aredE ad
,+ere were ma& of ,+e!e$ for ,+e "i,& wa! a .er& a"ie, %a"o0i,e 0i!+o)ri" ad al!o a
9rmeia "e,er> <ira#o! of Ga@a o,e!4 MT+e "+ur"+e! were re!)e",ed$ a! were ,+e "ou,le!!
reli"! "olle",ed 0& S,> 8aru,a>M
30

W+ile ,+e !ie*e of 8ai&afari?i wa! i )ro*re!!$ :ulK*u "o?uered 8u!lim S&ria> 9""ordi* ,o
,+e 9rmeia +i!,oria :a&,o$ ,+e 8o*ol!C )la of "am)ai* +ad 0ee !e,,led i ,+e "our!e of
a i,er.iew 0e,wee :ulK*u ad +i! fai,+ful .a!!al ,+e #i* of 9rmeia G'ili"iaH$ :e,+um I>
MT+e #+a +ad a!#ed :e,+um ,o @oi +im wi,+ ,+e w+ole 9rmeia arm& a, Ede!!a$ for +e
de!ired ,o *o ,o %eru!alem ,o deli.er ,+e :ol& /ad from ,+e 8u!!ulma! ad re!,ore i, ,o ,+e
'+ri!,ia!> <i* :e,+um$ @o&ful a, ,+i! ew!$ *a,+ered ,o*e,+er a *rea, arm& ad mar"+ed ,o @oi
:ulK*u>M Var,a ,ell! u! ,+a, ,+e 9rmeia )a,riar"+ "ame ,o *i.e ,+e #+a +i! 0le!!i*>
31
T+u!
,+e eA)edi,io led 0& %e*+i; <+aC! *rad!o ,oo# o ,+e a!)e", of a 9rmeo1 8o*ol
"ru!ade> I !ome re!)e",!$ i, e.e +ad ,+e a))eara"e of a Dra"o18o*ol "ru!ade> Dor$ a! o,ed
earlier$ i +i! rela,io! wi,+ ,+e 8o*ol! ,+e 9rmeia #i* :e,+um e*o,ia,ed o, ol& for
+im!elf 0u, for +i! !o1i1law Bo+emud VI$ )ri"e of 9,io"+ ad "ou, of Tri)oli> T+i! i!
0ore ou, 0& ,+e Tem)lar of T&re i ,+e Qestes des 'hiprois4 M:e,+um$ #i* of 9rmeia$ !)o#e
,o :ulK*u o 0e+alf of Bo+emud +i! !o1i1law$ ad ,+ereaf,er Bo+emud !,ood +i*+ i
:ulK*uC! fa.or>M
37

T+e *rea, 8o*ol arm& mar"+ed ou, of 9;er0ai@a for S&ria i Se),em0er$ 1739> T+e noyan
<i,0u?a$ ,+a, Ne!,oria Naima$ la!, o,ed a, ,+e !ie*e of Ba*+dad$ de)ar,ed wi,+ ,+e ad.a"e
,roo)!> T+e ri*+, wi* wa! "ommaded 0& old Bai@u ad 0& So?or$ ,+e lef, 0& Su*u@a? Gor
Su@a?H$ ad ,+e "e,er 0& :ulK*u i )er!o$ a""om)aied 0& +i! '+ri!,ia wife (o?u;#+a,u>
35
(e!"edi* 0& wa& of <urdi!,a i,o ,+e )ro.i"e of 9l %a;ira$ ,+e #+a ,oo# Ni!i0i
GNu!a&0iH$ re"ei.ed ,+e !u0mi!!io of :ara ad Ede!!a$ ad ma!!a"red ,+e )eo)le of Se&+a$
w+o +ad o))o!ed +im> 9f,er o""u)&i* Bire"i#$ +e "ro!!ed ,+e Eu)+ra,e!$ !a"#ed 8e0i@$ ad
laid !ie*e ,o 9le))o> T+e !ul,a a1Na!ir$ i!,ead of )u,,i* u) re!i!,a"e i ,+a, "i,&$ S561T +ad
remaied i (ama!"u!> T+e %a"o0i,e me,ro)oli,a of 9le))o$ Bar :e0raeu! ,+e +i!,oria$ "ame
,o mee, ,+e 8o*ol! ad reder +oma*e ,o :ulK*u>
3L

O %auar& 12$ 1760$ ,+e 8o*ol arm&$ "ommaded 0& :ulK*u ad reifor"ed 0& :e,+umC!
9rmeia! ad ,+e Dra#! of Bo+emud VI$ 0e*a ,+e !ie*e of 9le))o$ w+i"+ wa! defeded 0&
a old 9&&u0id )ri"e "alled Tura1!+a+>
33
MT+e& mo.ed ,we,& "a,a)ul,! i,o )o!i,io ad o
%auar&7L e,ered ,+e "i,&$ w+i"+ ,+e& o""u)ied a, oe !wee) !a.e for ,+e "i,adel$ w+i"+ +eld ou,
u,il De0ruar& 73>M T+e ma!!a"re wa! ,+orou*+ ad me,+odi"all& "arried ou,$ i ,+e %e*+i;1
<+ai,e maer$ ad la!,ed !iA full da&!$ u,il ,+e 50,+$ w+e a word from :ulK*u 0rou*+, i, ,o
a ed> T+e *rea, mo!?ue wa! !e, o fire 0& <i* :e,+um of 9rmeia$ 0u, ,+e %a"o0i,e "+ur"+
wa! of "our!e !)ared> :ulK*u *a.e :e,+um !ome of ,+e )luder ad re!,ored ,o +im !e.eral
di!,ri",! ad "a!,le! w+i"+ ,+e 8u!lim! of 9le))o +ad o"e !ei;ed from ,+e 9rmeia #i*dom>
To Bo+emud VI +e *a.e ,+e lad! 0elo*i* ,o ,+e )ri"i)ali,& of 9le))o w+i"+ +ad 0ee i
8u!lim +ad! !i"e ,+e da&! of Saladi>
36

Wild )ai" !)read ,+rou*+ou, 8u!lim S&ria$ ad !e.eral 8u!lim )ri"e! "ame ,o ma#e
!u0mi!!io wi,+ou, awai,i* ,+e 8o*ol!C arri.al> Before 9le))o i,!elf$ :ulK*u re"ei.ed ,+e
9&&u0id al19!+raf 8u!a$ former #i* of :om!$ w+o +ad 0ee di!)o!!e!!ed 0& +i! ow )eo)le
ad w+om :ulK*u ow rei!,a,ed> T+e fall of 9le))o "au!ed ,+a, of :ama$ w+i"+ "a)i,ula,ed
wi,+ou, a !,ru**le> T+e !ul,a a1Na!ir Yu!uf made o more effor, ,o defed (ama!"u! ,+a +e
+ad 9le))o$ ad a, ,+e ew! of ,+e la,,erC! fall +e fled ,o E*&),> (ama!"u!$ a0adoed 0& i,!
defeder!$ !urredered i ad.a"e> O 8ar"+ 1$ 1760$ <i,0u?a arri.ed i ,+e "i,& wi,+ a 8o*ol
o""u)a,io "or)!$ a""om)aied 0& ,+e #i* of 9rmeia ad Bo+emud VI> T+e admii!,ra,io of
(ama!"u! wa! )la"ed i ,+e +ad! of a 8o*ol *o.eror a!!i!,ed 0& ,+ree Per!ia !e"re,arie!>
T+e "i,adel$ w+i"+ re!i!,ed$ !urredered o 9)ril 6$ ad 0& :ulK*uC! order <i,0u?a 0e+eaded ,+e
*o.eror wi,+ +i! ow +ad>
37

I ,+e "our!e of ,+e eA, ,+ree wee#!$ <i,0u?a "om)le,ed ,+e "o?ue!, of 8u!lim S&ria> T+e
8o*ol! (ee,ra,ed Samaria ad )u, ,+e Na0lu! *arri!o ,o ,+e !word Yor +a.i* offered
re!i!,a"e> U+idered$ ,+e& ad.a"ed a! far a! Ga;a> T+e !ul,a a1Na!ir Yu!uf wa! ,a#e
)ri!oer i Bil?a!E <i,0u?a u!ed +im ,o for"e S567T ,+e "a)i,ula,io of ,+e C9@lu *arri!o$ ad
,+e !e, +im ,o :ulK*u> T+e @uior 9&&u0id$ w+o rei*ed i Bai&a!$ rallied ,o ,+e !ide of ,+e
"o?ueror>
32

To ,+e a,i.e '+ri!,ia!$ w+e,+er of ,+e S&ria"18oo)+&!i,e or Gree# ri,e$ ,+e e,r& of ,+e
8o*ol! i,o (ama!"u! a))eared a! @u!, re,ri0u,io for !iA "e,urie! of o))re!!io> T+e&
or*ai;ed !,ree, )ro"e!!io! i w+i"+ ,+e& !a* )!alm! ad "arried "ro!!e! 0efore w+i"+ ,+e
8u!lim! were for"ed ,o !,ad u) i re!)e",> T+e& we, !o far a! ,o Mri* 0ell! ad "au!e wie ,o
flow e.e i ,+e mo!?ue of ,+e Uma&&ad!>M T+e Tem)lar of T&re rela,e! ,+a, :e,+um$ #i* of
9rmeia$ ad +i! !o1i1law Bo+emud$ )ri"e of 9,io"+$ +a.i* +el)ed ,+e 8o*ol! ,o
!u0due (ama!"u!$ were allowed 0& <i,0u?a ,o de"o!e"ra,e a mo!?ue$ or ra,+er ,o re!,ore ,o
'+ri!,ia u!e a old B&;a,ie "+ur"+ w+i"+ ,+e 8u!lim! +ad a))ro)ria,ed ,o ,+eir ow wor!+i)>
T+e 8u!lim! "om)laied ,o <i,0u?aE 0u, +e$ freel& followi* +i! de.o,ioal 0e,$ .i!i,i*
"+ur"+e! ad ,+e )rela,e! of ,+e .ariou! '+ri!,ia "ofe!!io!$ "om)lied wi,+ oe of ,+eir
re?ue!,!>
39

T+e!e "o?ue!,! !eemed )ermae, u,il a ueA)e",ed e.e, !u)er.eed> O 9u*u!, 11$ 1739$
,+e *rad #+a 8o*#a died i '+ia$ ad a war of !u""e!!io 0ro#e ou, 0e,wee +i! ,wo
0ro,+er! <u0lai ad 9ri?10J*K G)> 723H> :ulK*u ,+e four,+ 0ro,+er$ 0ei* !o far awa& ad i a&
"a!e !uffi"ie,l& )ro.ided for$ did o, offer +im!elf a! "adida,e$ 0u, +i! !&m)a,+ie! were wi,+
<u0lai ad +i! !u))or, or media,io mi*+, 0e re?uired> :ulK*u al!o #ew ,+a, +i! "ou!i Ber#e$
,+e #+a of <i)"+a#$ w+o fa.ored I!lam a! :ulK*u fa.ored '+ri!,iai,& ad 0lamed +im for ,+e
Ba*+dad ma!!a"re$ wa! ,+rea,ei* +im o ,+e 'au"a!ia fro,ier>
60
Dor ,+e!e rea!o!$ :ulK*u
re,ured ,o Per!ia$ lea.i* uder <i,0u?aC! "ommad i S&ria ad Pale!,ie a arm& of
o""u)a,io redu"ed ,o 70$000$ a""ordi* ,o <ira#o!$ ,+ou*+ :a&,o *i.e! i, a! o more ,+a
10$000>
61

<i,0u?a$ ow i "o,rol of 8o*ol S&ria ad 8o*ol Pale!,ie$ wa! well1di!)o!ed ,oward ,+e
'+ri!,ia! ,+ere$ o, ol& 0e"au!e +e +im!elf wa! a Ne!,oria$ 0u, al!o$ i, !eem!$ 0e"au!e +e
a))re"ia,ed ,+e ad.a,a*e ,o 0o,+ )ar,ie! of ,+e Dra"o18o*ol allia"e>
67
Ufor,ua,el&$ ,+ou*+
Bo+emud VI$ )ri"e of 9,io"+1Tri)oli$ mi*+, !+are +i! .iew! o ,+i! !u0@e",$ ,+e 0aro! of
9"re "o,iued ,o !ee i ,+e 8o*ol! mere 0ar0aria! ,o w+om e.e ,+e 8u!lim! were ,o 0e
)referred>
65
Oe of ,+e!e 0aro!$ S565T 'ou, %ulie of Sido$ a,,a"#ed a 8o*ol )a,rol ad
#illed <i,0u?aC! e)+ew> T+e era*ed 8o*ol! re)lied 0& !a"#i* Sido> T+i! wa! ,+e ed of ,+e
allia"e$ eA)li"i, or ,a"i,$ 0e,wee Dra#! ad 8o*ol!>
6L

T+e "la!+ i!)ired ,+e 8u!lim! wi,+ fre!+ "oura*eE for al,+ou*+ ,+e 9&&u0id !ul,aa,e of
9le))o1(ama!"u! +ad 0ee "o?uered$ ,+ere !,ill remaied a *rea, 8u!lim )ower$ ,+a, of ,+e
8amelu#e!$ ,+e lord! of ,+e !ul,aa,e of E*&),> T+e 8amelu#e! were mer"earie!$ "+iefl& of
Tur#i!+ ori*i$ w+o +ad formed ,+e armie! of ,+e 9&&u0id !ul,a! of E*&), ad w+o i 1730 +ad
o.er,+row ,+a, d&a!,& ad remaied ma!,er! of ,+e "ou,r&$ ,+eir *eeral! 0e"omi* i,!
!ul,a!> T+e 8amelu#e !ul,a \u,u;$ ,+e rei*i* i 'airo G1739160H$ reali;ed ,+a, ,+e !i,ua,io
wa! ,uri* ,o +i! ad.a,a*e> O"e :ulK*u ad ,+e mai 8o*ol arm& +ad de)ar,ed for Per!ia$ i,
would 0e im)o!!i0le for <i,0u?a$ w+o!e for"e! were redu"ed ,o 70$000 me a, mo!,$ ,o mai,ai
,+e "o?ue!, eA"e), wi,+ ,+e aid of ,+e "oa!,al Dra#!> Now ,+a, ,+e!e +ad 0ro#e wi,+ +im$ ,+e
8amelu#e! "ould a",> O %ul& 76$ 1760$ ,+eir ad.a"e ,roo)!$ led 0& ,+e emir Bai0ar!$ lef, E*&),
for Pale!,ie> T+e !mall 8o*ol de,a"+me, o""u)&i* Ga;a uder Bai0ar!C "ommad wa!
o.erw+elmed>
63
T+e Dra#! of 9"re$ i!,ead of ma#i* )ea"e wi,+ <i,0u?a$ au,+ori;ed ,+e
8amelu#e! ,o "ro!! ,+eir ,erri,or& ad ,o re.i",ual uder ,+e .er& wall! of ,+eir "i,&>
66

T+i! )ermi!!io ,o mar"+ ,+rou*+ ,+e Dra#i!+ "oa!,al re*io ad refre!+ ad re)lei!+ ,+eir
arm& *a.e ,+e 8amelu#e! a *rea, ii,ial ad.a,a*e> T+eir umeri"al !u)eriori,& did ,+e re!,>
<i,0u?a$ ,ru!,i* ,o ,+e i.i"i0ili,& of ,+e old %e*+i;1<+ai,e 0ad!$ 0ad )u, u) a 0ra.e
re!i!,a"e> T+e 8amelu#e! lef, 9"re ad mar"+ed ,+rou*+ Dra#i!+ Galilee ,oward ,+e %orda>
<i,0u?a$ wi,+ +i! "a.alr& ad a few Geor*ia ad 9rmeia "o,i*e,!$ "ame ou, ,o mee,
,+em>
67
T+e e"ou,er o""urred a, C9i %alud$ ear Xeri$ o Se),em0er 5$ 1760> <i,0u?a wa!
"ru!+ed 0& ,+e for"e of um0er!$ 0u, !a.ed ,+e +oor of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e 0aer4 MS)urred o
0& +i! ;eal ad "oura*e$M wri,e! Ra!+id ad1(i$ M+e ra ,o ri*+, ad ,o lef,$ deli.eri* mi*+,&
0low!> I .ai me ,ried ,o idu"e +im ,o re,rea,> :e !+ued ,+i! "ou!el$ !a&i*4 CI, i! +ere ,+a,
I mu!, die[ Some !oldier will rea"+ ,+e #+a ,o ,ell +im ,+a, <i,0u?a refu!ed ,o ma#e a !+ameful
re,rea, ad ,+a, +e !a"rifi"ed +i! life ,o +i! du,&>
S56LT
Nor mu!, ,+e lo!! of oe 8o*ol arm& *rie.e ,+e #+a ,oo dee)l&> /e, +im refle", ,+a, for a &ear
,+e wi.e! of +i! !oldier! +a.e o, "o"ei.ed$ ,+a, ,+e +or!e! of +i! !,ud +a.e !ired o "ol,!> 9
+a))& life ,o ,+e #+a[CM Ra!+id ad1(i "o,iue!4 M(e!er,ed ,+ou*+ +e wa! 0& all$ +e !u!,aied
,+e fi*+, a*ai!, a ,+ou!ad foe!E 0u, a, la!,$ +i! +or!e 0ei* 0rou*+, dow$ +e wa! ,a#e
)ri!oer>M :i! +ad! were 0oud 0e+id +im ad +e wa! led 0efore \u,u;$ w+o i!ul,ed ,+e
.a?ui!+ed "o?ueror4 M9f,er o.er,+rowi* !o ma& d&a!,ie!$ 0e+old &ou ow$ "au*+, i ,+e
,ra)[M T+e Ne!,oria 8o*olC! re)l& i! wor,+& of ,+e %e*+i;1 <+ai,e e)i"4 MIf I )eri!+ a, &our
+ad$ I a"#owled*e ,+a, God ad o, &ou will 0e ,+e au,+or of ,+a, deed> (o o, 0e i,oAi"a,ed
0& a mome,C! !u""e!!> W+e ,+e ew! of m& dea,+ rea"+e! ,+e ear! of :ulK*u1#+a$ +i! wra,+
will 0oil li#e a !,orm& !ea> Drom 9;er0ai@a ,o ,+e *a,e! of E*&), ,+e lad will 0e "ru!+ed 0& ,+e
+oof! of 8o*ol +or!e![M I a fial ou,0ur!, of lo&al,& ,o ,+e 8o*ol! ad ,o ,+e ma@e!,& ad
le*i,ima"& of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e!$ +e flou,ed ,+e!e 8amelu#e !ul,a!$ ,+e!e "+a"e1"ome #i*!
,o w+om ,+e murder of a )rede"e!!or wa! ,+e u!ual road ,o ,+e ,+roe4 MSi"e I wa! 0or I +a.e
0ee ,+e #+aC! !la.e4 I am o,$ li#e &ou$ ,+e murderer of m& ma!,er[M :i! "a),or! ,+e "u, off +i!
+ead>
62

T+e !ul,a \u,u; made a ,rium)+a, e,r& i,o (ama!"u!$ ad ,+e '+ri!,ia! of ,+e "i,& )aid a
+ea.& )ri"e for ,+eir )ro1 8o*ol !e,ime,!E for ,+e w+ole of 8u!lim S&ria a! far a! ,+e
Eu)+ra,e! wa! aeAed ,o ,+e 8amelu#e !ul,aa,e of E*&),> :ulK*u made oe more a,,em),> 9,
,+e ed of No.em0er$ 1760$ a 8o*ol de,a"+me, a*ai e,ered S&ria ad )ludered 9le))o for
,+e !e"od ,ime$ 0u, wa! re)ul!ed 0& ,+e 8u!lim! ear :om! G(e"em0er 10H ad ,+row 0a"#
o"e more ea!, of ,+e Eu)+ra,e!>
H7/O,70S /AST (EARS
:ulK*u failed$ ,+e$ i +i! a,,em), ,o !u0@u*a,e 8u!lim S&ria$ for 0e wa! a, a !eriou!
di!ad.a,a*e i .iew of ,+e ,+rea, )o!ed 0& +i! "ou!i Ber#e$ ,+e #+a of <i)"+a#> T+i! %e*+i;1
<+ai,e of ,+e !eior 0ra"+ w+o ruled ,+e !,e))e! of !ou,+er Ru!!ia fa.ored I!lam e.e more
)er+a)! ,+a :ulK*u fa.ored '+ri!,iai,&E "o!e?ue,l&$ :ulK*uC! .i",orie! a))alled +im> Ra!+id
ad1(i S563T re)or,! +im a! !a&i* of ,+e #+a of Per!ia4 M:e +a! !a"#ed all ,+e "i,ie! of ,+e
8u!lim! ad$ wi,+ou, "o!ul,i* +i! #i!me$ +a! 0rou*+, a0ou, ,+e dea,+ of ,+e "ali)+> Wi,+ ,+e
+el) of 9lla+ I will "all +im ,o a""ou, for !o mu"+ io"e, 0lood[M
69
Deeli* a! +e did$ Ber#e
+ad o +e!i,a,io i @oii* ,+e 8amelu#e!w+o$ ,+ou*+ omiall& eemie! of ,+e 8o*ol!$ were
defeder! of ,+e 8u!lim fai,+=i order ,o o))o!e +i! "ou!i ,+e #+a of Per!ia$ w+o wa! a
)ro,a*oi!, of ,+e 8o*ol "o?ue!, &e, a, ,+e !ame ,ime a )ro,e",or of '+ri!,ia!> T+e ew
8amelu#e !ul,a Bai0ar! G1760177H$ +im!elf a Tur# of <i)"+a# ori*i$ e"oura*ed ,+i! mo.e> I
1767$ Ber#e ad Bai0ar! 0e*a ,o eA"+a*e em0a!!ie!$ ad Ber#e de"lared war o :ulK*u>
70
I
No.em0er ad (e"em0er of ,+a, &ear$ :ulK*u ,oo# ,+e offe!i.eE "ro!!ed ,+e (er0e, )a!!$
w+i"+ mar#ed ,+e 'au"a!ia fro,ier 0e,wee ,+e ,wo #+aa,e!E ad ad.a"ed i,o <i)"+a#
,erri,or& 0e&od ,+e Tere#> Soo af,er$ +owe.er$ +e wa! me, 0& a !ur)ri!e a,,a"# o ,+e Tere# 0&
Ber#eC! arm& uder ,+e "ommad of Ber#eC! e)+ew No*ai ad ,+row 0a"# i,o 9;er0ai@a>
71
T+e +o!,ili,& of ,+e <i)"+a# #+a!$ w+i"+ wa! e.ide, from ,+e 0e*ii*$ ad la,er ,+e +o!,ili,&
of ,+e #+a! of ,+e %a*a,ai 0ra"+$ !oo re!ul,ed i ,+e e"ir"leme, of ,+e #+aa,e of Per!ia$
w+i"+ wa! )aral&;ed 0& "o,iual fla# a,,a"#! from ,+e 'au"a!u! or ,+e 9mu (ar&a ad
)re.e,ed from eA)adi* i ,+e dire",io of S&ria> T+i! "i.il warfare amo* ,+e %e*+i;1
<+ai,e! )u, a fial !,o) ,o ,+e 8o*ol "o?ue!,>
:ulK*u did a, lea!, a"+ie.e ,+e ,erri,orial ui,& of Per!ia 0& a0oli!+i* a um0er of )ro.i"ial
d&a!,ie!> T+e a,a0e* of 8o!ul$ old Badr ad1(i /ulu G1755139H$ +ad !a.ed +i! ,+roe 0& +i!
a"#owled*me, of !er.ili,& ,o ,+e 8o*ol!> Bu, af,er +i! !o! ra!+l& !ided wi,+ ,+e 8amelu#e!$
:ulK*u ,oo# )o!!e!!io of 8o!ul$ !a"#ed i,$ ad aeAed ,+e )ri"i)ali,& G1767H>
77
Sel@u#!+a+ of
,+e Sal*+urid d&a!,&$ a,a0e* of Dar! from 1767 ,o 176L$ al!o re0elled ad wa! #illed 0& ,+e
8o*ol! w+e ,+e& ,oo# <a;eru G(e"em0er$ 176LH> :ulK*u ,+e *a.e ,+e ,+roe of Dar! ,o ,+e
Sal*+urid )ri"e!! C 90i!+1#+a,u ad +ad +er marr& +i! four,+ !o$ )ri"e 8a*u Timur$ a a",
e?ui.ale, ,o aeAa,io>
75
9o,+er of :ulK*uC! !o!$ +i! +eir 90a?a$ !imilarl& married Pad!+a1
#+a,u$ ,+e +eire!! of ,+e \u,lu*+1!+a+ d&a!,& of <erma>
7L

9 i,ere!,i* fea,ure$ 0u, oe a0ou, w+i"+ ,+ere i! li,,le S566T iforma,io$ rela,e! ,o Budd+i!,
a",i.i,& i Per!ia a, ,+e ,ime of :ulK*u ad +i! earl& !u""e!!or!> 9ll ,+a, i! #ow i! ,+a, a
"er,ai um0er of Budd+i!, mo#! "ame from Ui*uria$ '+ia$ ad Ti0e, ,o !e,,le i :ulK*uC!
#i*dom$ w+ere ,+e& 0uil, ma& )a*oda! adored wi,+ )ai,i*! ad !,a,ue!>
73
I )ar,i"ular$
:ulK*uC! *rad!o 9r*+u #+a em0elli!+ed !u"+ )a*oda! wi,+ )ai,i*! i w+i"+ +e +im!elf
wa! re)re!e,ed>
76
W+a, i! #ow of ,+e '+ie!e )ai,i*! of ,+e YIa *i.e! rea!o ,o de)lore
,+e lo!! of ,+e!e wor#!$ w+o!e iflue"e mi*+, eA)lai "er,ai "+ara",eri!,i"! of ,+e la,er Per!ia
miia,ure!>
9l,+ou*+$ af,er ,+e !a"# of Ba*+dad$ :ulK*u wa! re*arded 0& ,+e 8u!lim! a! ,+e !"our*e of
God$ +e wa! oe,+ele!! a )a,ro of Per!ia li,era,ure> T+e *rea, Per!ia +i!,oria C9la ad1(i
%u.aii i! ,+e 0e!, eAam)le of ,+i!> :i! fa,+er$ Be+a ad1(i Gd> 1735H$ w+o!e famil& ori*ia,ed i
,+e Ni!+a)ur "ou,r&$ wa! +im!elf a mem0er of ,+e 8o*ol admii!,ra,io ad +ad 0ee )u, i
"+ar*e of ,+e fia"e! of <+ura!a> %u.aii ,oo 0e"ame a admii!,ra,or> I 1736 +e di!!uaded
:ulK*u from 0uri* ,+e )re"iou! li0rar& "olle",ed 0& ,+e I!maCili! a, 9lamu,> :a.i* ,wi"e
.i!i,ed 8o*olia G17L9131 ad 1731135H$ ad 0ei* familiar wi,+ 'e,ral 9!ia ?ue!,io!$ +e
wro,e aroud 1760 +i! i.alua0le $istory of the 'on9ueror of the 0orld GTa'rikh%i Kahan%gushaH$
,+a, i!$ ,+e +i!,or& of %e*+i; <+a ad +i! !u""e!!or! dow ,o 1732> I 1767165$ :ulK*u
a))oi,ed +im *o.eror GmalikH of Ba*+dad> To +i! "redi, 0e i, o,ed ,+a, i 1762$ duri* a wa.e
of 8u!lim faa,i"i!m$ ,+e Ne!,oria )a,riar"+ 8ar (e+a foud !afe refu*e i +i! +ou!e>
77
:i!
0ro,+er S+am! ad1(i %u.aii wa! fia"e mii!,er Gsahib%divanH ,o ,+e #+a! :ulK*u$ 90a?a$
ad Te#uder from a0ou, 1765 ,o 172L>
A.AHA0S REI,1
:ulK*u died ear 8ara*+e+ o De0ruar& 2$ 1763$ followed !+or,l& af,erward 0& +i! ?uee
(o?u;1#+a,u> T+eir lo!! wa! fel, 0& all ea!,er '+ri!,ia!$ w+o moured i ,+em M,+e ,wo *rea,
!,ar! of ,+e '+ri!,ia fai,+M ad Mao,+er 'o!,a,ie$ ao,+er :ele$M a! Bar :e0raeu! wro,e
feeli*l& i ,+e ame of ,+e %a"o0i,e S&ria" '+ur"+ ad <ira#o! of Ga@a o 0e+alf of ,+e
9rmeia '+ur"+>
72

:ulK*u wa! !u""eeded 0& +i! elde!, !o 90a?a G1763127H> S567T T+e ew #+a "o,iued ,o li.e
i 9;er0ai@aE 0u, w+erea!$ uder :ulK*u$ 8ara*+e+ 0ad !er.ed a! "a)i,al$ Ta0ri; wa! ow
"+o!e ad wa! ,o "o,iue a! !u"+ u,il ,+e ed of ,+e d&a!,&$ eA"e), for ,+e )eriod of Ol@ai,uC!
rei* G150L116H$ w+e i, wa! ,ra!ferred ,o Sul,ai&e+> /i#e :ulK*u$ 90a?a e.er "o!idered
+im!elf a! more ,+a ,+e lieu,ea, of ,+e *rad #+a <u0lai$ w+o a, +i! re?ue!, !e, +im a
yarligh of i.e!,i,ure>
90a?a$ li#e +i! fa,+er$ wa! )ro0a0l& more Budd+i!, ,+a a&,+i* el!eE &e, 0e ,oo !+owed *ood
will ,oward ,+e '+ri!,ia "ommui,ie!=9rmeia$ Ne!,oria$ or %a"o0i,e=a, +ome$ ad
fa.ored ,+e allia"e wi,+ '+ri!,edom a*ai!, ,+e 8amelu#e! of E*&), ad S&ria a0road> I ,+e
&ear of +i! a""e!!io +e married ,+e despoina 8ar&$ dau*+,er of ,+e B&;a,ie em)eror 8i"+ael
Palaeolo*u!> O ,+e S&ria" !ide$ 90a?a wa! ,+e )ro,e",or of ,+e Ne!,oria )a,riar"+ 8ar
(e+a>
79
/a,er$ +e 0e"ame ,+e fried of ,+e )a,riar"+C! !u""e!!or$ ,+e famou! 8ar Ya+0alla+a III>
We !)o#e earlier G)a*e 505H of ,+e )il*rima*e made 0& ,+e ,wo Ne!,oria mo#!$ Ra00a Sauma
ad 8ar#u!$ w+o "ame from Pe#i* ad from ,+e To?,o re*io i or,+er S+a!i$ re!)e",i.el&$
ad w+o de!ired ,o .i!i, %eru!alem> We !aw +ow$ af,er "ro!!i* <a!+*aria 0e,wee 1773 ad
1776$ ,+e& arri.ed i Per!ia> T+eir S&ria" 0io*ra)+& !+ow! ,+e im)or,a, )o!i,io +eld 0& ,+e
Ne!,oria '+ur"+ i Per!ia uder ,+e 8o*ol!> O ,+eir arri.al i <+ura!a$ ,+e& "ame u)o a
Ne!,oria moa!,er& ear Tu!$ ,+a, of 8ar Se+&o>
20
Near 8ara*+e+ i 9;er0ai@a$ ,+e& me, ,+e
)a,riar"+ 8ar (e+a$ w+o$ a! +a! 0ee !aid$ wa! +i*+l& e!,eemed 0& ,+e 8o*ol au,+ori,ie!>
21
Drom ,+ere ,+e& we, dow ,o Ba*+dad$ w+ere ,+e Ne!,oria )a,riar"+al !ee wa! !i,ua,ed=i,
wa! !,ill de!i*a,ed 0& ,+e a"ie, ame of Seleu"ia= ad ,+e i,o 9!!&ria$ wi,+ i,! famou!
!a",uarie! ad moa!,erie! of 9r0ela$ Be,+ Garmai$ ad Ni!i0i>
27
Ra00a Sauma ad 8ar#u!
+ad wi,+draw i,o ,+e moa!,er& of S,> 8i"+ael of Tarel ear Ni!i0i w+e ,+e )a,riar"+ 8ar
(e+a !ummoed ,+em ,o uder,a#e a mi!!io ,o ,+e #+a 90a?a> T+e #+a o, ol& *a.e ,+em
,+e mo!, "ordial re"e),io 0u, furi!+ed ,+em wi,+ le,,er! )a,e, ,o fa"ili,a,e ,+eir )il*rima*e ,o
%eru!alem> :owe.er$ ,+e& were ua0le ,o ma#e ,+i! @oure& owi* ,o ,+e !,a,e of war ,+a, eAi!,ed
0e,wee ,+e #+aa,e of Per!ia$ o ,+e oe +ad$ ad ,+e #+aa,e of <i)"+a# ad ,+e 8amelu#e!$
o ,+e o,+er>
T+e )a,riar"+ 8ar (e+a ,+e a))oi,ed 8ar#u! me,ro)oli,a S562T of ,+e R*I, ad <+i,a
"ou,rie!=,+a, i!$ of or,+er '+ia= wi,+ Ra00a Sauma a! +i! "oad@u,or>
25
Bu, 0efore ,+e&
+ad !e, off for ,+eir ew !ee!$ 8ar (e+a died GDe0ruar& 7L$ 1721H$ ad a Ne!,oria "ou"il
w+i"+ me, ear Ba*+dad ele",ed 8ar#u! )a,riar"+ uder ,+e ame of 8ar Ya+0alla+a III> I, i!
"lear ,+a, ,+i! ele",io wa! lar*el& a ma,,er of )oli"&> (e!)i,e +i! *rea, )ie,&$ ,+e ew )o,iff +ad
ol& a !li*+, #owled*e of ,+e S&ria" la*ua*e ad oe a, all of 9ra0i"> Bu, +e wa! a M8o*olM
ad a, a& ra,e 0elo*ed ,o ,+a, Tur#o1R*I, )eo)le w+o!e )ri"e! were "lo!el& allied ,o ,+e
%e*+i;1<+ai,e famil&> T+e Ne!,oria Da,+er! fel, ,+a, ,+e& "ould +a.e o )a,riar"+ more
a""e),a0le ,o ,+e #+a of Per!ia> 9d ideed$ w+e 8ar Ya+0alla+a we, ,o !ee# i.e!,i,ure a,
,+e +ad! of 90a?a$ ,+e 8o*ol ruler wel"omed +im a! a fried> M:e )u, u)o +i! !+oulder! a
"oa, ad offered +im +i! ow "+air$ w+i"+ wa! a !mall ,+roe> :e *a.e +im al!o a )ara!ol of
+oor ad a pai!a or *olde ,a0le, 0eari* ,+e ro&al i!i*ia ad ,+e *rea, !eal of ,+e
)a,riar"+!>M
2L
O No.em0er 7$ 1721$ ,+e )rela,e from Pe#i* wa! "o!e"ra,ed )a,riar"+ of ,+e
Ne!,oria '+ur"+ i ,+e "a,+edral of 8ar <o#a ear Seleu"ia$ i ,+e )re!e"e of 8ar 90ra+am$
me,ro)oli,a of %eru!alemE 8ar %ame!$ me,ro)oli,a of Samar#adE ad 8ar %e!u!a0ra$
me,ro)oli,a of Ta*u,$ i>e>$ <a!u i '+ia>
23

90road$ 90a?a eded ,+e war !,ar,ed 0& +i! fa,+er a*ai!, Ber#e$ #+a of <i)"+a#> I ,+e !)ri*
of 1766$ Ber#eC! e)+ew No*ai +ad re!umed ,+e offe!i.e$ "ro!!i* ,+e (er0e, )a!! ad ,+e
<ura$ 0u, +e wa! 0ea,e o ,+e 9#!u 0& 90a?aC! lieu,ea,! ad ,+ru!, 0a"# i,o S+ir.a> Ber#e
+im!elf ,+e "ame ,+rou*+ ,+e (er0e, wi,+ a lar*er arm& ad wa! mar"+i* u) ,+e <ura i
order ,o ma#e ,+e "ro!!i* w+e +e died G1766H> 9, +i! dea,+$ +i! for"e! wi,+drew>
26

I ,+e or,+ea!,$ a! +a! 0ee !ee$ 90a?a +ad ,o fa"e ,+e o!lau*+, of ,+e %a*a,ai,e Bara?$ #+a
of Tra!oAiaa$ w+o i 17691 70 i.aded <+ura!a ad o""u)ied 8er. ad Ni!+a)ur> 9f,er a
fei,ed re,rea, ,o de"ei.e ,+e eem&$ 90a?a al!o "ru!+ed Bara? ear :era, o %ul& 77$ 1770>
27
T+e !#ill wi,+ w+i"+ S+am! ad1(i <er,$ ,+e malik of :era,$ a.oided "ommi,,i* +im!elf i
,+e!e i,er18o*ol war! !+ould 0e o,ed> To !a.e +i! "i,&$ ,+i! adroi, 9f*+a$ fa"ed wi,+ a
i.a!io of %a*a,ai,e!$ "o!e,ed ,o reder ,+em +oma*eE 0u, w+e 90a?a arri.ed i <+ura!a
wi,+ +i! arm&$ S+am! ad1(i rallied ,o +im a*ai ad$ 0& +i! eer*e,i" S569T defe!e of :era,$
ea0led ,+e #+a of Per!ia ,o draw ,+e i.ader! i,o a am0u!+$ w+ere ,+e& were "ru!+ed>
I %auar&$ 1775$ 90a?a "om)le,ed +i! re.e*e> 'arr&i* ,+e war i,o Tra!oAiaa$ +e !e, a
arm& ,o !a"# Bu#+ara G!ee a0o.eH> No,wi,+!,adi* ,+e lo&al,& di!)la&ed i 1770 0& S+am! ad1
(i$ malik of :era,$ 90a?a mi!,ru!,ed +im> I 1777$ +a.i* !+owered ,i,le! ad +oor! u)o
+im$ +e lured +im ,o Ta0ri; ad ,+ere +ad +im di!"ree,l& )oi!oed G%auar&$ 1772H> Ye, i 1779 i,
wa! ,+e !o of +i! .i",im$ Ru# ad1(i$ w+om +e made )ri"e of :era, uder ,+e ame of
S+am! ad1(i II>
22

I ,+e we!,$ 90a?a +ad ,o "o,iue +i! fa,+erC! !,ru**le a*ai!, ,+e 8amelu#e!$ w+o were ow
ma!,er! o, ol& of E*&), 0u, al!o of 8u!lim S&ria> T+e 8amelu#e !ul,a Bai0ar!$ I!lamC!
)ro,a*oi!, ad oe of ,+e mo!, redou0,a0le warrior! of +i! ,ime G1760177H$ ,oo# ,+e offe!i.e 0&
de.a!,a,i* ,ime ad a*ai ,+e 9rmeia #i*dom of 'ili"ia$ "lie, ad "lo!e all& of ,+e
8o*ol!> I 9)ril$ 1773$ +e )ludered i,! )ri"i)al "i,ie!=Si!$ 9daa$ Tar!u!$ ad /a@a;;o=
af,er w+i"+ +e i,er.eed i ,+e affair! of ,+e Sel@u# !ul,aa,e of 9!ia 8ior> T+i! !,a,e wa!
"lo!el& 0oud i .a!!ala*e ,o ,+e #+aa,e of Per!ia> (uri* ,+e miori,& of ,+e &ou* !ul,a <ai1
<+o!rau III G1763125H$ i, wa! admii!,ered$ uder ,+e 8o*ol )ro,e",ora,e$ 0& ,+e pervane
G"+a"ellorH 8uCi ad1(i Suleima> T+i! mii!,er$ a *rea, i,ri*uer$ a))ear! ,o +a.e e,ered i,o
!e"re, "orre!)ode"e wi,+ Bai0ar!$ w+om +e wa! o dou0, ur*i* ,o deli.er ,+e "ou,r& from
8o*ol "o,rol> I 1777$ a, a& ra,e$ Bai0ar! e,ered ,+e Sel@u# !ul,aa,e ad o 9)ril12
o.er"ame ,+e 8o*ol arm& of o""u)a,io a, 9l0i!,a o ,+e u))er %i+u$ a, ,+e e,ra"e ,o
'a))ado"ia$ w+ile ,+e pervane$ w+o wa! i "ommad of ,+e Sel@u# "o,i*e,$ ,oo# fli*+,>
Bai0ar! made a ,rium)+al e,r& i,o <a&!eri i 'a))ado"ia G9)ril 75H ad ,+e re,ured ,o S&ria>
9, ,+e ew! of ,+i! defea,$ 90a?a +a!,eed ,o 9a,olia G%ul&$ 1777HE !,erl& )ui!+ed ,+e Sel@u#
Tur#!$ w+o$ more lo&al ,o ,+e 8u!lim fai,+ ,+a ,o ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e!$ +ad )u, u) a )oor fi*+,E
ad$ af,er a i?uir&$ eAe"u,ed ,+e pervane G9u*u!, 7H>
29

90a?a would +a.e li#ed ,o "o"lude a firm allia"e wi,+ ,+e /a,i )ower! a*ai!, ,+e
8amelu#e!$ ad i 1775 +e wro,e ,o ,+i! effe", ,o ,+e Po)e ad ,o Edward I of E*lad> I 8a&1
%ul&$ 177L$ ,wo of +i! am0a!!ador! +ad a audie"e wi,+ Gre*or& Z ad were re"ei.ed 0& ,+e
Da,+er! of ,+e 'ou"il of /&o!> S570T O,+er e.o&! from ,+e !ame #+a are me,ioed a!
a))eari* i I,al& i No.em0er$ 1776 G%o+ ad %ame! Va!ellu!H$ ad i E*lad$ a, ,+e "our, of
Edward I$ i 1777> Bu, ei,+er ,+e Pa)a"& or Dra"e or E*lad re!)oded ,o ,+e 8o*ol
offer!>
90

90a?a de,ermied ,o a", aloe> 9, ,+e ed of O",o0er$ 1771$ +e +ad !e, 10$000 +or!eme ,o
+arr& ,+e "ou,r&!ide i ,+e )ro.i"e of 9le))o> I Se),em0er ad O",o0er$ 1720$ +e !e, a
lar*er de,a"+me, w+i"+ for a !+or, ,ime o""u)ied ,+e "i,& of 9le))o$ eA"e), for ,+e "i,adel$ ad
!e, fire ,o ,+e mo!?ue! GO",o0er 70H> T+i! wa! o more ,+a a re"oai!!a"e> I Se),em0er$
1721$ a 8o*ol arm& of 30$000 me )ee,ra,ed S&ria> T+e #i* of 9rmeia G'ili"iaH /eo III$ a!
lo&al a .a!!al ,o ,+e 8o*ol! a! +i! fa,+er :e,+um$ rallied ,o ,+i! arm& wi,+ +i! ow for"e!> T+u!
,o ,+e 30$000 8o*ol! were added 50$000 9rmeia!$ Geor*ia!$ ad Dra#!> 9ll ,+e!e ,roo)!
were "ommaded 0& Pri"e 8a*u Timur$ 90a?aC! 0ro,+er> O O",o0er 50$ 1721$ ear :om!$
,+e& e"ou,ered ,+e 8amelu#e arm&$ led 0& ,+e !ul,a \alawu> T+e 8o*ol ri*+, wi*$
+eaded 0& <i* /eo III wi,+ ,+e 9rmeia! ad Geor*ia!$ )u, ,+e for"e! o))o!i,e ,+em ,o
fli*+,$ 0u, a, ,+e "e,er 8a*u Timur re,ired wouded from ,+e 0a,,lefield$ ad +i! wi,+drawal
demorali;ed +i! me> O"e more ,+e 8o*ol! +ad ,o re,rea, a"ro!! ,+e Eu)+ra,e!$
91
ad !+or,l&
af,er ,+i! !e,0a"#$ o 9)ril 1$ 1727$ 90a?a died>
AR,H710S REI,1
Te#uder$
97
90a?aC! 0ro,+er ad !u""e!!or G8a& 6$ 1727H$ 0ro#e wi,+ ,+e ,radi,ioal )oli"& of +i!
+ou!e> 9l,+ou*+ +i! mo,+er GPri"e!! \u,ui1#+a,uH ma& +a.e 0ee Ne!,oria ad al,+ou*+ +e
+im!elf wa! 0a),i;ed i +i! &ou,+$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e mo# :a&,o$ +e em0ra"ed ,+e 8u!lim fai,+
af,er +i! a""e!!io$ ,oo# ,+e ame of 9+med ad ,+e ,i,le of !ul,a$ ad !e, a0ou, reorie,a,i*
,+e #+aa,e of Per!ia ,o I!lam> T+e mo# :a&,o wri,e!4 M:e de.o,ed all +i! uder!,adi* ,o
0ri* a0ou, ,+e "o.er!io of ,+e Ta,ar! ,o ,+e fal!e law of 8u+ammad>M
95
I 9u*u!,$ 1727$
Te#uder !e, ,+e 8amelu#e! a offer of )ea"e ad allia"e> T+e Budd+i!, ad Ne!,oria MOld
8o*olM )ar,& )ro,e!,ed ,o <u0lai$ *rad #+a of '+ia$ Te#uderC! u"le ad !,ill !u;erai of ,+e
#+aa,e of Per!ia> Grea,l& di!)lea!ed$ a""ordi* ,o 8ar"o Polo$ <u0lai ,+rea,eed ,o i,er.ee>
Te#uder 0lamed S571T ,+e leader! of ,+e Ne!,oria '+ur"+$ ,+e )a,riar"+ 8ar Ya+0alla+a III ad
+i! "oad@u,or Ra00a Sauma$ for ,+e!e a))eal! ,o ,+e "our, of Pe#i*> T+e )a,riar"+ wa! ,+row
i,o )ri!o ad mi*+, +a.e lo!, +i! life 0u, for ,+e ?uee mo,+er$ \u,ui1#+a,u$ w+o o0,aied +i!
relea!e>
9L

8eaw+ile ,+e w+ole of ,+e old 8o*ol )ar,& of mal"o,e,!$ Budd+i!,! ad Ne!,oria! ali#e$
rallied ,o Pri"e 9r*+u$ 90a?aC! !o ad *o.eror of <+ura!a$ ad !oo "i.il war 0ro#e ou,>
T+e !,a#e! were +i*+> Would 8o*ol Per!ia remai 8o*ol or 0e"ome a mere 8u!lim
!ul,aa,eF Would Ne!,oria! ad %a"o0i,e! a, +ome ad 9rmeia! ad Dra#! a0road "o,iue
,o re"ei.e fa.ora0le ,rea,me,$ or would ,+e "ou,r& e,er i,o a allia"e wi,+ ,+e 8amelu#e!F
9, fir!, ,+e !,ru**le we, a*ai!, 9r*+u> :e +ad !,irred ,o re0ellio +i! ow ,erri,or& of
<+ura!a$ w+e"e +e mar"+ed o Ira? C9@ami> Bu, 0ea,e a, 9?1#+o@a$ ear <a;.i$ o 8a& L$
172L$ +e wa! for"ed ,o !urreder ,o Te#uder> :owe.er$ !+or,l& af,erward a "o!)ira"& amo* ,+e
arm& leader! re!ul,ed i a )ala"e re.olu,io> Te#uder$ de!er,ed 0& +i! ,roo)!$ wa! )u, ,o dea,+ o
9u*u!, 10$ 172L$ ad o ,+e followi* da& 9r*+u a!"eded ,+e ,+roe>
9r*+u +al,ed ,+e a,ioal ,red ,oward I!lam> Bei* +im!elf !ome,+i* of a Budd+i!,$ li#e
90a?a ad :ulK*u$ +e e,ru!,ed ma& of ,+e "i.il a))oi,me,! ,o '+ri!,ia! or %ew!$ e!)e"iall&
i ,+e fia"ial admii!,ra,io> :e "+o!e a! fia"e mii!,er ad "+ief ad.i!er ,+e %ewi!+
)+&!i"ia SaCd ad1(aula$ w+o from 1722 u,il 9r*+uC! la!, ille!! GDe0ruar&$ 1791H e@o&ed ,+e
)ri"eC! e,ire "ofide"e> Bei* i,elli*e,$ ada),a0le$ flue, i Tur#i!+ ad 8o*olia$ ad a
a0le "our,ier G+e owed +i! fa.or ,o a ,imel& )ur*e admii!,ered ,o +i! !o.erei*H$ SaCd made
+im!elf a*reea0le ,o 9r*+u$ w+o al!o a))re"ia,ed +i! de.o,io ,o ,+e welfare of ,+e !,a,e> :e
wa! a ou,!,adi* admii!,ra,or$ ad re!,ored order i ,+e fia"ial !)+ere 0& )re.e,i* ,+e
de)reda,io! of ,+e lord!> :e for0ade mili,ar& "ommader! ,o flou, !e,e"e! )a!!ed 0& ,+e
,ri0ual! ad i!!ued order! ,o ,+e )ur.e&or! of ,+e *rea, ,o refrai from im)o!i* "ru!+i*
re?ui!i,io! o ,+e )eo)le> I !+or,$ 0e +u,ed dow a0u!e! ad ,ried ,o i,rodu"e i,o ,+e )urel&
mili,ar& *o.erme, of ,+e 8o*ol! ,+e )ra",i"e of a re*ular "i.il admii!,ra,io> I!,ead of
i,erferi* wi,+ ,+e 8u!lim reli*io$ 0e "au!ed law!ui,! 0e,wee 8u!lim! ,o 0e "odu",ed
a""ordi* ,o <orai" law ad o, 8o*ol "u!,om> :e al!o S577T i"rea!ed ,+e edowme,! of
)iou! i!,i,u,io! ad e"oura*ed ad !u0!idi;ed !"+olar! ad me of le,,er!> T+e 8u!lim! "ould
"om)lai of o,+i* 0e&od ,+e fa", ,+a, +e re!er.ed ,+e "+ief admii!,ra,i.e )o!,! for +i! fellow
%ew!$ ad e!)e"iall& ,+a, +e farmed ou, all ,aAa,io ,o +i! #i!me$ eA"e), for ,+a, of <+ura!a
ad 9!ia 8ior$ ,+e!e )ro.i"e! 0ei* ,+e a))aa*e! of ,+e )ri"e! G+a;a ad Gai#+a,u$ !o
ad 0ro,+er of 9r*+u> Ne.er,+ele!!$ ,+e %ewi!+ mii!,er arou!ed fier"e +o!,ili,&> T+e 8o*ol
lord! were a*r& wi,+ +im for !,o))i* ,+eir )illa*e$ ad de.ou, 8u!lim! "laimed ,+a, +e ad
9r*+u were *oi* ,o !,ar, a ew reli*io$ for"e ,+e fai,+ful ,o 0e"ome M)a*a!$M ad ,ur ,+e
<aa0a of 8e""a i,o a ,em)le of idol!=)ro0a0l& a Budd+i!, !a",uar&=ad !o o> T+e
a""u!a,io! were of "our!e a0!urd$ 0u, i ,+e ed ,+e& were ,o de)ri.e ,+e !,a,e of a *rea, ma>
93

Oe of 9r*+uC! wi.e!$ Uru#1#+a,u$ <era&i, 0& 0ir,+ ad ie"e of ,+e la,e ?uee (o?u;1#+a,u$
wa! a Ne!,oria> I 9u*u!,$ 1729$ !+e +ad oe of +er !o!$ ,+e fu,ure #+a Ol@ai,u$ 0a),i;ed 0&
,+e ame of Ni"+ola!$ i +oor of Po)e Ni"+ola! IV> T+e mo# :a&,o wri,e!4 M9r*+u *rea,l&
lo.ed ad +oored ,+e '+ri!,ia!> :e re0uil, ,+e '+ri!,ia "+ur"+e! ,+a, Te#uder +ad )ulled
dow>M T+e life of ,+e Ne!,oria )a,riar"+ 8ar Ya+0alla+a ,ell! ,+a, +e wa! ow a0le ,o re0uild a
um0er of former !a",uarie!$ i"ludi* ,+e "+ur"+ of 8ar S+ali,a a, 8ara*+e+>
RA..A1 SA7MA0S EM.ASS( TO THE #EST
Wi!+i* ,o re!ume ,+e !,ru**le a*ai!, ,+e 8amelu#e!$ 9r*+u ,ried ,o wi aew a allia"e of
'+ri!,edom> :e )ro)o!ed ,o ma#e a "o"er,ed a,,a"#4 a i.a!io of 8u!lim S&ria ,o "oi"ide
wi,+ ,+e ladi* of a "ru!ade a, 9"re or (amie,,a$ followed 0& ,+e )ar,i,io of S&ria> 9le))o ad
(ama!"u! were ,o 0e *i.e ,o ,+e 8o*ol!$ %eru!alem ,o ,+e "ru!ader!> Wi,+ ,+i! o0@e",$ 9r*+u
!e, a le,,er i 1723 ,o Po)e :ooriu! IV$ ,+e /a,i ,ra!la,io of w+i"+ +a! 0ee )re!er.ed a, ,+e
Va,i"a ad w+i"+ !e,! for,+ a de,ailed )la> I ,+i! famou! do"ume,$ ,+e #+a of Per!ia$ af,er
i.o#i* ,+e ame of %e*+i; <+a$ M,+e a"e!,or of all ,+e Ta,ar!$M ad me,ioi* ,+e *rad
#+a <u0lai=em)eror of '+ia ad +i! *rea,1u"le$ !u;erai$ ad all&=re"all! ,+e 0od! w+i"+
+ad ui,ed ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e d&a!,& wi,+ '+ri!,edom4 +i! '+ri!,ia mo,+er$ +i! *radfa,+er
:ulK*u$ ad +i! S575T fa,+er 90a?a$ all )ro,e",or! of '+ri!,ia!> T+e *rad #+a <u0lai$ +e !a&!$
+a! "+ar*ed +im ,o deli.er ad ,a#e uder +i! )ro,e",io M,+e lad of ,+e '+ri!,ia!>M :e ed! 0&
a!#i* ,+a, a "ru!adi* arm& ma& 0e laded w+ile +e +im!elf i.ade! S&ria> M9! ,+e lad of ,+e
Sara"e! will lie 0e,wee &our!el.e! ad u!$ ,o*e,+er we will !urroud ad !,ra*le i,> > > > We
will dri.e ou, ,+e Sara"e! wi,+ ,+e +el) of God$ ,+e Po)e$ ad ,+e Grad <+a[M
96

I 1727$ 9r*+u !e, ao,+er em0a!!& ,o ,+e We!,$ wi,+ ,+e !ame o0@e",$ led 0& Ra00a Sauma$
,+e Ne!,oria )rela,e> T+e eA,raordiar& od&!!e& of ,+i! R*I, or Ui*ur mo#$ 0or ear Pe#i*$
from '+ia ,o Per!ia wa! de!"ri0ed earlier> Ra00a Sauma ,oo# !+i) o ,+e Bla"# Sea$ o dou0,
a, Tre0i;od$ ad laded a, 'o!,a,io)le> T+e B&;a,ie em)eror 9droi"u! II G172711572H
*a.e a "ordial wel"ome ,o 9r*+uC! re)re!e,a,i.e$ ,+e more !o a! Sel@u# 9a,olia$ w+i"+
0ordered u)o ,+e B&;a,ie Em)ire$ wa! a de)ede"& of ,+e #+a of Per!ia>
97
9f,er )erformi*
+i! de.o,io! a, ,+e "+ur"+ of Sai, So)+ia$ Ra00a Sauma !ailed for I,al& ad we, a!+ore a,
Na)le!$ w+ere +e wi,e!!ed a a.al 0a,,le fou*+, i ,+e 0a& o %ue 75$ 1727$ 0e,wee ,+e
9*e.i ad 9ra*oe!e flee,!>
92
Drom Na)le! +e we, o ,o Rome> Ufor,ua,el&$ Po)e
:ooriu! IV +ad @u!, died G9)ril 5$ 1727H ad +i! !u""e!!or +ad o, &e, 0ee ele",ed> Ra00a
Sauma wa! re"ei.ed 0& ,+e a!!em0led "ardial!> :e eA)laied ,o ,+em ,+e im)or,a"e of 8o*ol
'+ri!,edom4 M<ow ,+a, ma& of our Da,+er! U,+e Ne!,oria mi!!ioarie! of ,+e !e.e,+ ad
!u""eedi* "e,urie!V +a.e *oe i,o ,+e lad! of ,+e Tur#!$ 8o*ol!$ ad '+ie!e ad +a.e
,au*+, ,+em> Toda&$ ma& 8o*ol! are '+ri!,ia$ amo* ,+em "+ildre of #i*! ad ?uee!$
w+o +a.e 0ee 0a),i;ed ad "ofe!! '+ri!,> T+e& +a.e "+ur"+e! i ,+eir "am)!> <i* 9r*+u i!
ui,ed i fried!+i) wi,+ m& lord ,+e Pa,riar"+> :e de!ire! ,o )o!!e!! +im!elf of S&ria ad
e,rea,! &our aid ,o deli.er %eru!alem>M
99

9f,er de.o,ioal .i!i,! ,o Sai, Pe,erC! ad ,+e o,+er "+ur"+e! of Rome$ Ra00a Sauma lef, for
Dra"e 0& wa& of Geoa> T+e Geoe!e$ w+o +ad im)or,a, "ou,i*+ou!e! i ,+e 'rimea ad i
Tre0i;od$ ad ma& mer"+a,! i 8o*ol Per!ia$ were al!o )rom), ad warm i ,+eir wel"ome
,o 9r*+uC! e.o&>
100
Ra00a Sauma arri.ed i Pari! a0ou, Se),em0er 10$ 1727$ ad wa!
re"ei.ed 0& P+ili) ,+e Dair$ w+o "odu",ed +im i )er!o ,o ,+e Sai,e1'+a)elle> 9f,er +a.i*
!ee Pari! from ,+e Sor0oe ,o ,+e S57LT a00e& of Sai,1(ei!$ Ra00a Sauma we, ,o
BordeauA ,o .i!i, Edward I of E*lad Ged of O",o0er ad 0e*ii* of No.em0erH> /i#e ,+e
#i* of Dra"e$ Edward *a.e ,+e 8o*ol am0a!!ador ,+e mo!, fla,,eri* wel"omeE &e, ei,+er
moar"+ would "o"lude ,+e defii,e mili,ar& )a", w+i"+ i, wa! Ra00a SaumaC! mi!!io ,o
!e"ure>
101
Somew+a, di!"oura*ed$ Ra00a Sauma re,ured ,o Rome$ w+ere a ew Po)e$ Ni"+ola!
IV$ +ad a, la!, 0ee ele",ed o De0ruar& 70$ 1722> Ni"+ola! li!,eed ,o ,+e 8o*ol )rela,e wi,+
,+e *rea,e!, i,ere!, ad affe",ioE +e admi,,ed +im ,o ,+e "eremoie! of :ol& Wee#$ re!er.i* a
)la"e of +oor for +im e.er&w+ere ad *i.i* +im "ommuio wi,+ +i! ow +ad> Ra00a
Sauma de)ar,ed filled wi,+ "o!ola,ioE from ,+e a""ou, of +i! mi!!io$ i, i! "lear ,+a, ,+i!
)rela,e 0or ear Pe#i* +ad e.er dreamed of eA)erie"i* !u"+ warm,+ ad !u"+ reli*iou!
!a,i!fa",io>
107
Bu, from ,+e )oli,i"al )oi, of .iew$ +i! mi!!io +ad failed> T+e we!,er )ower!
would o, or*ai;e ,+e "ru!ade w+i"+$ i "o@u",io wi,+ ,+e 8o*ol arm& of Per!ia$ mi*+,
+a.e !a.ed ,+e Dra#i!+ "oloie! of S&ria> Ra00a SaumaC! "om)lai, ,o ,+e "ardial of
Tu!"ulum a, ,+e ,ime of +i! !e"od "all a, Geoa !)ea#! for i,!elf4 MW+a, "a I ,ell &ou$ dear ad
.eera0le lordF I "ame +i,+er o a em0a!!& o 0e+alf of <i* 9r*+u ad ,+e Pa,riar"+
"o"eri* %eru!alem> 9 w+ole &ear +a! ela)!ed> > > > W+a, am I ,o !a&E w+a, a!wer !+all I ma#e
,o ,+e 8o*ol! o m& re,urFM
105

Ra00a Sauma we, 0a"# ,o Per!ia "arr&i* le,,er! from Ni"+ola! IV$ P+ili) ,+e Dair$ ad
Edward I for <+a 9r*+u>
10L
:e mu!, +a.e re,ured ,o "our, a0ou, ,+e ed of ,+e !ummer of
1722> 9r*+u eA)re!!ed dee) *ra,i,ude ad a,,a"+ed +im ,o +i! ordu a! Ne!,oria "+a)lai4
M9r*+u "au!ed a "+a)el ,o 0e ere",ed .er& ear ,o ,+e ro&al ,e,$ !o ,+a, ,+e ro)e! of ,+e ,wo
,e,! i,er,wied> 9d +e "ommaded ,+a, ,+e !oud of ,+e 0ell !+ould e.er "ea!e ,o 0e +eard i
,+i! "+ur"+>M
103

9f,er ,+e Ea!,er "ele0ra,io! G9)ril 10H of 1729$ 9r*+u !e, a ew am0a!!ador$ ,+e Geoe!e
Bu!"arel de Gi!olf$ ,o Po)e Ni"+ola! IV ad ,o P+ili) ,+e Dair ad Edward I> Bu!"arel arri.ed i
Rome 0e,wee %ul&13 ad Se),em0er 50$ 1729> O 0ei* re"ei.ed 0& Ni"+ola! ad la,er
GNo.em0er ad (e"em0erH 0& P+ili)$ +e rei,era,ed +i! !o.erei*C! offer of a offe!i.e allia"e
wi,+ ,+e o0@e", of deli.eri* ,+e :ol& /ad> We +a.e ,+e ,eA, of ,+e le,,er addre!!ed ,o P+ili)$
wri,,e i 8o*olia i Ui*ur S573T "+ara",er!4 MB& ,+e )ower of E,eral :ea.e ad uder ,+e
au!)i"e! of ,+e !u)reme #+a U<u0laiV$ ,+i! i! our word4 <i* of Dra"e$ we i.i,e &ou ,o !e,
for,+ o "am)ai* i ,+e la!, wi,er mo,+ of ,+e &ear of ,+e )a,+er U %auar&$ 1791V ad ,o
)i,"+ "am) 0efore (ama!"u! a0ou, ,+e fif,ee,+ da& of ,+e fir!, mo,+ of !)ri* Ua0ou, De0ruar&
70$ 1791V> If &ou o &our )ar, will !ed ,roo)! a, ,+e ,ime fiAed$ we will re"a),ure %eru!alem ad
*i.e i, ,o &ou> Bu, i, will 0e u!ele!! for our ,roo)! ,o mar"+ if &ou fail a, ,+e rede;.ou!>M
9,,a"+ed ,o ,+i! le,,er wa! a do"ume, wri,,e i Dre"+ ad +aded ,o P+ili) ,+e Dair 0&
Bu!"arel$ 0& w+i"+ 9r*+u )romi!ed ,o !u))l& ,+e e"e!!ar& )ro.i!io! ad 50$000 remou,! for
a Dre"+ "ru!ade ladi* i S&ria>
106
I 1790$ 9r*+u !e, a four,+ am0a!!ador ,o ,+e Po)e ad
,o P+ili) ad Edward$ a "er,ai '+a*a or Xa*a$ w+o!e '+ri!,ia ame wa! 9drew ad w+o
wa! a""om)aied 0& Bu!"arel de Gi!olf$ w+o!e !e"od mi!!io ,+i! wa!>
107
Bu, o"e a*ai ,+e
we!,er )ower! re,ured o a!wer 0e&od formal "om)lime,!$ ad ,+e Dra"o1 8o*ol
eA)edi,io a*ai!, ,+e 8amelu#e! e.er ,oo# )la"e>
9r*+u +ad ,o ,ur +i! a,,e,io i!,ead ,o ,+e defe!e of +i! or,+er fro,ier! aloe i <+ura!a
ad Tra!"au"a!ia> :e +ad a))oi,ed +i! elde!, !o G+a;a *o.eror of <+ura!a$ wi,+ Emir
Nauru;$ !o of ,+e Oira, admii!,ra,or 9r*+u 9*+a$ a! +i! de)u,&> Drom 17L5 ,o 1733$ 9r*+u
9*+a$ a! we !aw$ +ad admii!,ered ea!,er ad "e,ral Per!ia for ,+e #rad #+a wi,+ almo!,
ulimi,ed )ower!$ ad e.e af,er ,+e a""e!!io of ,+e :ulK*u d&a!,& +e +ad re,aied
"o!idera0le au,+ori,& u,il +i! dea,+$ ear Tu!$ i 1772> Nauru;$ 0or ad 0red ,o +oor!$
re*arded <+ura!a a! .ir,uall& +i! ow )ro)er,&> I 1792 +e ro!e i re.ol, ad almo!, !u""eeded
i "a),uri* Pri"e G+a;a +im!elf> Bu, af,er a !u""e!!ful 0e*ii*$ +e wa! )ur!ued 0&
9r*+uC! armie! ad +ad ,o ,a#e refu*e i Tra!oAiaa wi,+ ,+e #+a \aidu$ "+ief of ,+e +ou!e of
O*RdKi G1790H>
102
I ,+e 'au"a!u!$ ,+e #+a of <i)"+a# a,,a"#ed ,+e Per!ia fro,ier 0& ,+e
(er0e, )a!!$ 0u, 9r*+uC! lieu,ea,! defea,ed ,+e eem& .a*uard o 8a& 11$ 1790$ o ,+e
0a#! of ,+e <ara1Su i 'ir"a!!ia$ ad ,+e i.a!io wa! re)ul!ed>
109

THE REI,1S OF ,AI2HAT7 A1- .AI-7
T+e rea",io a*ai!, 9r*+uC! )oli"& of "e,rali;a,io 0e*a a, ,+e ,ime of +i! la!, ille!!> :e
died o 8ar"+ 7$ 1791> O S576T De0ruar& 50$ +i! "our,ier! remo.ed ad eAe"u,ed ,+e %ewi!+
mii!,er SaCd ad1(aula> T+e mo!, iflue,ial of ,+e mili,ar& leader! omia,ed 9r*+uC! 0ro,+er
Gai#+a,u=,+e *o.eror of Sel@u# 9a,olia=a! #+a> T+i! wa! a )ri"e of li,,le meri,$ addi",ed
,o wie$ wome$ ad !odom&$ wildl& eA,ra.a*a,$ ad la"#i* i a& !e!e of *o.erme,> :e
ad +i! mii!,er$ sadr%3ihan 9+med al1<+alidi$ were !o mi!*uided a! ,o i,rodu"e i Per!ia i
8a&$ 179L$ ,+e u!e of )a)er "urre"&$ or ch'ao$ i imi,a,io of w+a, ,+e *rad #+a <u0lai +ad
doe i '+ia>
110
T+e fir!, i!!ue wa! made i Ta0ri; o Se),em0er17 of ,+e !ame &ear> T+e re!ul,
wa! e.e more di!a!,rou! ,+a i '+ia ad$ i ,+e fa"e of a #id of mer"+a,!C !,ri#e ad of
0a;aar rio,!$ ,+e )a)er moe& +ad ,o 0e wi,+draw>
I ,+e ma,,er of reli*io$ ,+e life of 8ar Ya+0alla+a III a!!ure! u! ,+a, Gai#+a,u ,rea,ed ,+a,
)a,riar"+$ o le!! ,+a Ra00a Sauma$ wi,+ *rea, 0ee.ole"e$ ad ,+a, +e did ,+em ,+e )lea!ure
of .i!i,i* ,+e Ne!,oria "+ur"+ 0uil, 0& ,+e la,,er a, 8ara*+e+>
111
Ne.er,+ele!! ,+e )oli"& of ,+e
sadr%3ihan$ ,+e all)owerful mii!,er w+o!e aim i, wa! ,o remo.e 8o*ol emir! from *o.erme,
)o!,!$ fa.ored "+iefl& ,+e 8u!lim!$ a! Bar,+old )oi,! ou,>
Gai#+a,u wa! o.er,+row 0& a )ar,& of 8o*ol lord!$ w+o o0@e",ed ,o !u"+ ,ede"ie!> O 9)ril
71$ 1793$ +e wa! !,ra*led i +i! 8u*a e"am)me, wi,+ a 0ow!,ri*$ Mwi,+ou, 0lood!+ed>M I
+i! )la"e ,+e o0le! a))oi,ed +i! fir!, "ou!i Baidu$ ao,+er of :ulK*uC! *rad!o!> T+e ew
#+a wa! a !omew+a, i!i*ifi"a, )er!o w+o a""e),ed )ower ol& uder "om)ul!io>
117
9""ordi* ,o Bar :e0raeu!$ +e wa! .er& fa.ora0l& i"lied ,o '+ri!,iai,&> MDrom 0ei* i ,+e
"om)a& of ,+e Gree# )ri"e!!$ 90a?aC! wife$ +e +ad "o"ei.ed a *ood o)iio of ,+e '+ri!,ia!$
ad +e allowed ,+em ,o +a.e "+a)el! ad ri* 0ell! i +i! ordu> :e e.e ,old ,+em ,+a, +e wa! a
'+ri!,ia +im!elf ad wore a "ro!! a0ou, +i! e"#$ 0u, +e dared o, !+ow +i! li#i* for ,+em ,oo
o)el&> > > > T+e 8u!lim! oe,+ele!! re!e,ed +i! )ar,iali,& for ,+e '+ri!,ia!$ w+o duri* +i!
.er& 0rief rei* re"ei.ed ma& "i.il a))oi,me,!>M
115

Pri"e G+a;a$ 9r*+uC! !o ad .i"ero& of <+ura!a$ w+o!e am0i,io i, wa! ,o !u""eed ,o +i!
fa,+erC! ,+roe$ re0elled a*ai!, Baidu> I ,+i! 0e wa! !u))or,ed 0& Emir Nauru;$ w+o$ +a.i*
0e"ome re"o"iled wi,+ +im i 179L$ ow !er.ed a! +i! lieu,ea,> Nauru;$ a ;ealou! 8u!lim$
)er!uaded G+a;a ,o for!a#e Budd+i!m for I!lam$ !o ,+a, i ,+e !,ru**le a*ai!, Baidu +e mi*+,
S577T o0,ai ,+e !u))or, of ,+e Per!ia eleme,> T+i! wa! a a,ural eou*+ )oli"&$ !i"e Baidu
wa! 0a"#ed 0& ,+e '+ri!,ia!>
11L
Baidu$ a! i, ,ured ou,$ wa! a .i",im of +i! ow "leme"&> I ,+e
"our!e of a mee,i* wi,+ G+a;a$ +i! follower! +ad ur*ed +im ,o rid +im!elf of ,+i! )ri"eE 0u,$
mo.ed 0& a lo*1!,adi* affe",io$ +e +ad refu!ed> :i! eemie! were le!! !"ru)ulou!> Owi* ,o
Nauru;C i,ri*ue!$ +e foud +im!elf *raduall& de!er,ed 0& +i! ow follower! ad wa! .a?ui!+ed
wi,+ou, a fi*+,> :e ,ried ,o flee from 9;er0ai@a ,o Geor*ia$ 0u, wa! ,a#e )ri!oer ear
Na#+i"+e.a ad )u, ,o dea,+ o O",o0er 3$ 1793>
,HA>A10S REI,1
G+a;a a, la!, a!"eded ,+e ,+roe w+i"+ +e +ad "o.e,ed e.er !i"e ,+e dea,+ of +i! fa,+er
9r*+u> Dor all +i! "o.er!io ,o I!lam$ +e wa! a ,+orou*+ 8o*ol> :e i! de!"ri0ed 0& ,+e mo#
:a&,o a! !+or, ad u*l&=u*lier ,+a a&oe i +i! arm&> :i! eer*& wa! ,irele!!E +e wa! "raf,&$
di!!em0li*$ )a,ie,$ a! will 0e !ee i +i! deali*! wi,+ Nauru;E +e wa! ru,+le!! ,o +i! eemie!
ad +eld +uma life a! of o a""ou, w+ere ,+e )ur!ui, of +i! )oli"& wa! "o"eredE &e, 0e wa! a
!oud admii!,ra,or ad ,o ,+a, eA,e, +umae> :e wa! al!o a *ood *eeral ad a 0ra.e !oldier>
GT+i! wa! )ro.ed a, ,+e 0a,,le of :om!$ w+i"+ +e wo$ !o ,o !)ea#$ !i*le+aded w+e +i! me
were rou,ed>H I !+or,$ allowi* for "+a*i* ,ime!$ +e re"all! !omew+a, +i! a"e!,or %e*+i;
<+a> 8oreo.er$ +e wa! .er& i,elli*e, ad well1iformed> Ra!+id ad1(i !a&! ,+a, M8o*olia
wa! +i! mo,+er ,o*ue$ 0u, 0e #ew a li,,le 9ra0i"$ Per!ia$ :idi$ Ti0e,a$ '+ie!e$ ad
Dra#i!+> :i! !)e"ial field of #owled*e wa! 8o*ol +i!,or&$ w+i"+$ li#e all of +i! a,io$ +e
+eld i +i*+e!, e!,eem> Be,,er ,+a a& o,+er 8o*ol eA"e), Bolod 9*+a$ 0e #ew 0& +ear, ,+e
*eealo*& of +i! a"e!,or! ad of all ,+e 8o*ol "+ief! ad arm& leader!>M
113
No %e*0i;1
<+ai,e wa! e.er more "o!"iou! of +i! ra"e ,+a ,+i! )ri"e$ w+o 0& for"e of "ir"um!,a"e
would !,ar, all uaware! ,+e dea,ioali;a,io of +i! )eo)le 0& leadi* ,+em o ,o ,+e )a,+ of
I!lam>
9, ,+e ou,!e, of +i! rei*$ de!)i,e ,+e !,re*,+ of +i! )er!oali,&$ G+a;a wa! "om)elled ,o follow
o, +i! ow )oli"& 0u, ,+a, of +i! )ar,i!a!> :a.i* a,,aied ,+e ,+roe ,+rou*+ ,+e !u))or, of
Emir Nauru; ad of ,+e 8u!lim )ar,&$ +e +ad fir!, ,o !a,i!f& S572T ,+em> T+e 8o*ol !,a,e of
Per!ia 0e"ame offi"iall& 8u!limE ad a! a ou,ward ad .i!i0le !i* of ,+i!$ ,+e 8o*ol!
a!!umed ,+e ,ur0a> 9 .iole, 8u!lim rea",io$ i!)ired 0& Nauru;$ ow ra "ou,er ,o ,+e e,ire
)oli"& of :ulK*u$ 90a?a$ ad 9r*+u> Drom ,+e mome, +e e,ered Ta0ri;$ +i! "a)i,al$ G+a;a$ a
)ri!oer of +i! ad+ere,!$ *a.e order! for ,+e de!,ru",io of '+ri!,ia "+ur"+e!$ %ewi!+
!&a*o*ue!$ 8a;dea fire ,em)le!$ ad Budd+i!, )a*oda!> Budd+i!, idol! ad '+ri!,ia i"o!$
!ma!+ed ad ,ied ,o*e,+er$ were )araded i mo"#er& ,+rou*+ ,+e !,ree,! of Ta0ri;> Budd+i!,
0o;e! were ordered ,o em0ra"e I!lam> 9r*+u$ G+a;aC! fa,+er$ +ad +ad +i! )or,rai, )ai,ed o
,+e wall! of a )a*odaE e.er,+ele!!$ G+a;a "au!ed ,+e!e )ai,i*! ,o 0e de!,ro&ed>
116
'+ri!,ia!
ad %ew! mi*+, o lo*er a))ear i )u0li" eA"e), i a di!,i",i.e dre!!> Nauru;$ eA"eedi* +i!
!o.erei*C! i!,ru",io!$ e.e i!,i,u,ed ma!!a"re! amo* 0o;e! ad '+ri!,ia )rie!,!> 8a&
Budd+i!, mo#! +ad ,o a0@ure ,+eir fai,+> (e!)i,e +i! *rea, a*e ad M8o*olM ori*i$ ,+e
.eera0le Ne!,oria )a,riar"+ 8ar Ya+0alla+a III wa! arre!,ed i +i! 8ara*+e+ re!ide"e$
im)ri!oed$ +u* +ead dowward$ ad 0ea,e$ w+ile ,+e 8u!lim )o)ula"e !a"#ed ,+e Ne!,oria
!a",uar& of 8ar S+ali,a> 8ar Ya+0alla+a$ w+om Nauru; wa,ed ,o )u, ,o dea,+$ wa! !a.ed 0&
,+e i,er.e,io of :e,+um II$ #i* of 9rmeia G'ili"iaH$ w+o +a))eed ,o 0e !,a&i* a, ,+e "our,
of Ta0ri; ad i,er"eded wi,+ G+a;a i 0e+alf of ,+e old ma> No,wi,+!,adi* ,+e .iole"e of
,+e )er!e"u,io$ ,+e 8o*ol "our, dared o, o))o!e ,+e lo&al 9rmeia .a!!al w+o )ro.ided ,+e
em)ireC! defe!e o ,+e fro,ier of ,+e 8amelu#e !ul,aa,e> G+a;a +ad ,ured 8u!lim for *ood$
o dou0, 0e"au!e 0e fel, ,+a, ,+e "o.er!io of ,+e d&a!,& wa! e!!e,ial ,o ruler! of a 8u!lim
"ou,r&$ 0u, +e !+ared oe of ,+e reli*iou! +a,red! of +i! mii!,er Nauru;E +e wa! ,oo mu"+ of a
8o*ol for ,+a,>
117
9! !oo a! +e *aied !ome freedom of mo.eme,$ 0e rei!,a,ed 8ar
Ya00alla+a$ w+o!e 8o*ol ori*i! "ao, +a.e failed ,o e*a*e +i! !&m)a,+& G8ar"+1%ul&$
1796H> Ne.er,+ele!!$ i 8ar"+$ 1797$ ,+e ulea!+ed 8u!lim! of 8ara*+e+ fome,ed a ew rio,$
!a"#i* 0o,+ ,+e )a,riar"+al re!ide"e ad ,+e Ne!,oria "a,+edral> 9, ,+e !ame ,ime$ ,+e <urdi!+
+illme$ !,irred u) 0& Nauru;C a*e,!$ 0e!ie*ed ,+e "i,adel of 9r0ela$ ,+e Ne!,oria!C )la"e of
refu*e>
112

8eaw+ile G+a;a$ w+o wa! a !,ro* "+ara",er ad .er& @ealou! of +i! au,+ori,&$ +ad 0e"ome
ir#ed 0& ,+e di",a,or!+i) of S579T Nauru;> Nauru; wa! ,+e !o of a 8o*ol w+o 0ad 0ee ,+e
almo!, ide)ede, .i"ero& of ea!,er Per!ia$ ad wa! +im!elf ,+e +u!0ad of a ro&al )ri"e!!$
<+a 90a?aC! dau*+,er> Si"e )la"i* G+a;a o ,+e ,+roe$ 0e +ad fa"ied +im!elf i.iola0le
ad free ,o a", a! +e )lea!ed> I re"o*i,io of +i! !er.i"e!$ G+a;a +ad made +im lieu,ea,
*eeral of ,+e realm> Now +i! arro*a"e ad i!ole"e #ew o 0oud!> Suddel& ,+e 0ad of
,+e moar"+ fell u)o +im> I 8ar"+$ 1797$ wi,+ou, wari* G+a;a arre!,ed ad eAe"u,ed all
Nauru;C "lie,! w+o +a))eed ,o 0e a, "our,> Nauru; +im!elf$ ,+e a, ,+e +ead of ,+e <+ura!a
arm&$ wa! a,,a"#ed 0& lo&ali!, ,roo)! ad 0ea,e ear Ni!+a)ur> :e ,oo# refu*e wi,+ ,+e malik of
:era,$ Da#+r ad1(i <er,$ Ru# ad1(iC! !o ad !u""e!!or$ w+om +e ,+ou*+, 0e "ould ,ru!,> Bu,
<er, )oli"& "o!i!,ed i !ur.i.i* amid ,+e 8o*ol war! 0& mea! of ,imel& ad+ere"e ,o ,+e
!,ro*er !ide> Wa! i, li#el&$ ,+e$ ,+a, ,+i! a!,u,e famil& of 9f*+a! would "la!+ wi,+ ,+e %e*+i;1
<+ai,e d&a!,& for ,+e !a#e of a falle mii!,erF W+e ,+e im)erial arm& "ame ,o la& !ie*e ,o
:era, ad !ei;e Nauru;$ Da#+r ad1(i "&i"all& +aded o.er ,+e fu*i,i.e$ w+o wa! eAe"u,ed ,+e
ad ,+ere G9u*u!, 15$ 1797H>
119

Dreed ow from Nauru;C ,u,ela*e$ G+a;a ,+rew +im!elf i,o +i! ,a!#> :e +ad remaied a ,rue
8o*ol for all +i! "o.er!io ,o I!lam$ ad 0e wa! a eer*e,i" ruler$ 0o,+ eli*+,eed ad !,ri",>
:e re!,ored au,+ori,& ,o ,+e "e,ral )ower 0& mer"ile!! eAe"u,io1!ome,ime! o mere !u!)i"io
=of )ri"e! of ,+e 0lood$ emir!$ ad offi"ial! w+o mi*+, +ider +i! )ur)o!e> M9! !o.erei* ad
le*i!la,or$M Bar,+old wri,e!$ M+e di!)la&ed ,remedou! a",i.i,&$ "om)le,el& free from 0i*o,r&> :e
de.o,ed +i! a,,e,io! o !,a,e fia"e$ )ar,i"ularl& ,o ,+e "urre"&> O +i! "oi!$ i!"ri0ed i
,+ree la*ua*e! G9ra0i"$ 8o*olia$ ad Ti0e,aH$ G+a;a o lo*er fi*ure!$ a! did +i!
)rede"e!!or!$ a! re)re!e,a,i.e of ,+e *rad #+a of Pe#i*$ 0u, a! !o.erei* 0& ,+e *ra"e of
God4 t)ngri%yin kuchundur Gli,erall&$ 0& ,+e .ir,ue of :ea.eH>M
170
Ne.er,+ele!!$ de!)i,e ,+i!
de"lara,io of !o.erei*,&$ G+a;aC! am0a!!ador! i '+ia "o,iued ,o reder +oma*e ,o ,+e
*rad #+a TemIr a! +ead of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e famil& ad$ more e!)e"iall&$ of ,+e +ou!e of
Tolui>
Pi,ile!! ,+ou*+ G+a;a ma& +a.e 0ee i +i! mea!ure! a*ai!, "o!)ira"& ad ,+e )e"ula,io! of
,+e *rea,$ +i! e.er1wa,"+ful S520T admii!,ra,io M)ro,e",ed ,+e rural )o)ula,io from
mole!,a,io ad eA,or,io>M :e !aid oe da& ,o +i! offi"ial!4 MYou wa, me ,o le, &ou )luder ,+e
Tad;+i#! UPer!ia "ul,i.a,or!V> Bu, w+e &ou +a.e de!,ro&ed ,+e farmer!C "a,,le ad "ro)!$ w+a,
will &ou doF If &ou "ome ,o me !ee#i* )ro.i!io!$ I will )ui!+ &ou "ruell&[M
171
9f,er !o mu"+
+arr&i* ad de.a!,a,io$ a lar*e )ar, of ,+e ara0le lad i <+ura!a ad Ira? C9@ami la& wa!,e>
Nomad rule wa! #illi* ,+e !oil> Ra!+id ad1(i o,e!4 MT+e field! remaied lar*el& u,illed>
W+e,+er ,+e& 0elo*ed ,o ,+e )u0li" domai or ,o idi.idual!$ o oe dared ,ed ,+em for fear of
0ei* di!)o!!e!!ed af,er +a.i* !)e, mu"+ la0or ad moe& o ,+eir "ul,i.a,io>M G+a;a !e,
a0ou, Mrema#i* ,+e lad>M Ra!+id ad1(i *oe! o4 M:e fel, ,+e eed for e"oura*i* !u"+
e,er)ri!e ad i!!ued a edi", *uara,eei* ,o "ul,i.a,or! ,+e frui, of ,+eir ,oil uder fair
"odi,io!> Pu0li" lad! w+i"+ +ad remaied u"ul,i.a,ed for !ome &ear! were ,o 0e *i.e ,o
,+o!e w+o would ,ill ,+em$ wi,+ eAem),io from ,aA for ,+e fir!, &ear> B& ,+e !ame edi",$
+eredi,ar& e!,a,e! ,+a, +ad 0ee e*le",ed for a "er,ai um0er of &ear! mi*+, 0e a))ro)ria,ed 0&
ew !e,,ler! wi,+ou, ,+e "o!e, of ,+e ori*ial ower!>M
177
T+e wa,"+ #e), u)o de)reda,io! 0&
,+e o0le! rai!ed !,a,e re.eue! from 1$700 ,o 7$100 ,oma!>
G+a;aC! mii!,er wa! ,+e *rea, Per!ia +i!,oria Ra!+id ad1 (i GDadl 9lla+ Ra!+id ad1(i
Ta0i0$ of :amada$ 0or a0ou, 17L7$ died i 1512$ rai!ed ,o ,+e di*i,& of sadr i 1792H>
175
I,
wa! G+a;a w+o a!#ed Ra!+id ad1(i ,o wri,e ,+e +i!,or& of ,+e 8o*ol!$ ad !o ,+e immor,al
Kami%ut%Tavaikh 0& ,+a, famou! !"+olar "ame i,o 0ei*> G+a;a$ w+o$ a! !ee$ +ad a
remar#a0l& ,+orou*+ #owled*e of +i! )eo)leC! )a!,$ wa! oe of Ra!+id ad1(iC! "+ief !our"e! of
iforma,io$ a! wa! ,+e ch'eng%hsiang Bolod$ e.o& of ,+e *rad #+a of '+ia ,o ,+e "our, of
Per!ia>
G+a;a al!o "o.ered Ta0ri; +i! "a)i,al wi,+ !)ledid 0uildi*!4 mo!?ue!$ madra!a+! Gmo!?ue
!"+ool!H$ "+ari,a0le i!,i,u,io!$ ad !o o> 9! Ra!+id ad1(i o0!er.ed4 MT+e 8o*ol!$ w+o u,il
,+e +ad ol& de!,ro&ed$ ow 0e*a ,o 0uild>M G+a;aC! rei* mar#! ,+e )oi, a, w+i"+ i Per!ia
,+e!e )er)e,ual omad! ,oo# ,o a almo!, !ede,ar& life> Ufor,ua,el&$ ,+i! ,red +ad i,!
draw0a"#!> I a0adoi* ,+eir ui.er!al ,olera"e i order ,o ado), a i"rea!i*l& !e",aria
form of I!lam Gre"all Ra!+id S521T ad1(iC! ordealH$ ,+e 8o*ol! of Per!ia !oo lo!, ,+eir
a,ioal "+ara",eri!,i"! ad ?uali,ie!E ,+e& mer*ed wi,+ ,+e re!, of ,+e i+a0i,a,!$ ad fiall&
di!a))eared>
T+ere wa! ei,+er ,ime or o))or,ui,& for ,+e!e re*re,,a0le ,ede"ie! ,o de.elo) duri* ,+e
eer*e,i" G+a;aC! rei*> I 9!ia 8ior$ for i!,a"e$ ,+i! )ri"e deal, !+ar)l& wi,+ !e)ara,i!,
maife!,a,io!> Sulami!+$ *rad!o of ,+e noyan Bai@u$ !ou*+, ,o "rea,e for +im!elf a
ide)ede, )ri"i)ali,&$ +el)ed 0& ,+e Tur#oma emir 8a+mud10e*$ ,rue fouder of ,+e
<arama d&a!,& i old /&"aoia G!ou,+ea!,er 'a))ado"iaH> O 9)ril 77$ 1799$ ,+i! re.ol, wa!
"ru!+ed 0& ,+e ro&al arm& a, 9#!e+ir ear Er;i"a> 9d ,+e la!, Sel@u# !ul,a! of <o&a$
a))oi,ed ad de)o!ed a, ,+e w+im of ,+e "our, of Ta0ri;$ 0ad le!! au,+ori,& ,+a a& 8o*ol
)refe",> T+u! G+a;a remo.ed Sul,a 8a!Cud 11 G1793H$ e,+roed <ai1\o0ad II G1797H ad
de,+roed +im G1500H$ ad re!,ored 8a!Cud II Gd> 150LH$ ,+e la!, )ri"e of ,+a, illu!,riou! +ou!e>
G+a;a$ followi* i ,+i! re!)e", ,+e forei* )oli"& of :ulK*u ad 90a?a$ lau"+ed a fre!+
i.a!io of ,+e 8amelu#e em)ire$ i S&ria> :e o""u)ied 9le))o eA"e), for ,+e "i,adel
G(e"em0er 17$ 1799H$ defea,ed ,+e 8amelu#e arm& 0efore :om! G(e"em0er 77H$ ad e,ered
(ama!"u! G%auar& 6$ 1500H> :e,+um II$ #i* of 9rmeia G'ili"iaH$ a lo&al .a!!al of ,+e 8o*ol!
li#e all of +i! +ou!e$ !u))or,ed +im wi,+ !ome of +i! ow for"e!> Bu, af,er ,+e fall of ,+e la!,
Dra#i!+ )o!!e!!io! ad ,+e )ermae, "o.er!io of ,+e Per!ia 8o*ol! ,o I!lam$ ,+e!e
8o*ol .i",orie! +ad li,,le !i*ifi"a"e$ 0ei* i a !e!e M)o!,+umou!>M I a& e.e,$ af,er ,+i!
0rillia, "a.al"ade$ G+a;a re,ured ,o Per!ia GDe0ruar&$ 1500H ad ,+e 8amelu#e! were a0le ,o
reo""u)& S&ria>
I, i! ,rue ,+a, a %a*a,ai,e di.er!io i ,+e Iraia Ea!, 0ad o"e more )aral&;ed ,+e #+aa,e of
Per!ia> Pri"e \u,lu*+1#+o@a$ !o of (uwa ,+e #+a of Tur#e!,a$ +ad "ar.ed +im!elf ou, a fief
a, G+a;i ad G+or i 9f*+ai!,a$ ad duri* G+a;aC! eA)edi,io i,o S&ria +e +ad ra.a*ed
<erma ad Dar!> I ,+e !)ri* of 1505$ G+a;a !e, a fre!+ arm& i,o S&ria$ 0u, \u,lu*+!+a+$
,+e *eeral w+om +e 0ad )u, i "+ar*e of ,+e eA)edi,io$ wa! 0ea,e 0& ,+e 8amelu#e! i 8ar@
a!1Soffar$ ear (ama!"u! G9)ril 71$ 1505H> T+i! wa! ,+e la!, 8o*ol i,er.e,io i S&ria>
Oe ma& !a& ,+a, G+a;a +ad !u""eeded i "om0ii* a S527T e,irel& 8u!lim i,eral )oli"&
wi,+ a forei* )oli"& deri.ed from :ulK*u$ 90a?a$ ad 9r*+u> I, +a! 0ee !ee1ad Ra!+id ad1
(i )ro.ide! !uffi"ie, ,e!,imo& ,+ere,o1,+a, ,+ere i! o rea!o ,o dou0, ,+e !i"eri,& ad
)ermae"e of +i! "o.er!io ,o I!lam> :e +ad irre.o"a0l& 0ro#e wi,+ Budd+i!m$ ,+e reli*io
of +i! famil&$ ad !o "om)elled Budd+i!, 0o;e! ad lama! ei,+er ,o a0@ure ,+eir fai,+ or ,o lea.e
,+e "ou,r&> O ,+e o,+er 0ad$ o dou0, ,o !ui, +i! forei* )oli"&$ +e )u, a !,o) ,o ,+e
)er!e"u,io of Ne!,oria! ad *a.e +i! fried!+i) ,o ,+eir )a,riar"+ 8ar Ya00alla+a III> I %ue$
1505$ ,+e la,,er +ad .i!i,ed ,+e old )o,iff i ,+e moa!,er& +e +ad @u!, re0uil, a, 8ara*+e+ ad
loaded +im wi,+ +oor!$ *if,!$ ad ,o#e! of +i! re*ard>
17L

O/4AIT7S REO,1
G+a;a died o 8a& 17$ 150L$ ad wa! !u""eeded 0& +i! &ou*er 0ro,+er Ol@ai,u G150L116H>
173
9l,+ou*+ !o of ,+e Ne!,oria )ri"e!! Uru#1#+a,u ad 0a),i;ed 0& +er wi,+ ,+e ame of
Ni"+ola!$ Ol@ai,u wa! la,er "o.er,ed ,o I!lam uder ,+e iflue"e of oe of +i! wi.e!> Dor a ,ime
+e wa! e.e a ad+ere, of Per!ia S+iCi!m>
176
(uri* +i! rei*$ I!lam made fre!+ !,ride! i
Per!ia> T+e Ne!,oria )a,riar"+ 8ar Ya+0alla+a$ w+o +ad +o)ed ,o e@o& ,+e !ame fa.or from
Ol@ai,u a! +e +ad from G+a;a$ wa! re"ei.ed wi,+ o more ,+a !,raied )oli,ee!!$ !o ,+e
0io*ra)+er !a&!> T+e 8u!lim! ,oo# ad.a,a*e of ,+i! ,o )er!e"u,e ,+e Ne!,oria!> T+e "+ur"+ i
Ta0ri; would +a.e 0ee ,ured i,o a mo!?ue 0u, for ,+e i,er.e,io of ,+e 8o*ol emir Ira@i$
a )ri"e of <era&i, ori*i1(o?u;1#+a,uC! e)+ew ad 0ro,+er of Ol@ai,uC! mo,+er=w+o li#e all
,+e <era&i, +ad +eld o ,o ,+e '+ri!,ia !&m)a,+ie! of old> T+e Ne!,oria!$ a! o,ed$ +ad oe
!,ro*+old$ ,+e "i,adel of 9r0ela or Er0il> I ,+e !)ri* of 1510$ ,+e *o.eror of ,+e re*io
a,,em),ed ,o !ei;e i, from ,+em wi,+ ,+e +el) of ,+e <urd!> (e!)i,e 8ar Ya+0alla+aC! effor,! ,o
a.oid irre)ara0le di!a!,er$ ,+e '+ri!,ia! of 9r0ela re!i!,ed> T+e "i,adel wa! a, la!, ,a#e 0& ro&al
,roo)! ad <urdi!+ +illme o %ul& 1$ 1510$ ad all ,+e defeder! were ma!!a"red> 8ar
Ya+0afla+a wa! ,o ou,li.e +i! wor#E +e died a, 8ara*+e+ o No.em0er 15$ 1517$ full of
0i,,ere!! a*ai!, ,+e!e 8o*ol! w+om +e +ad !er.ed !o fai,+full& ad w+o di!owed +im i
0ei* fal!e ,o ,+em!el.e!>
177

S525T
No,wi,+!,adi* +i! a0adome, of ,radi,ioal %e*+i;1 <+ai,e !&m)a,+ie! ,oward ,+e
Ne!,oria!$ Ol@ai,u followed +i! 0ro,+er G+a;aC! )oli"& i *eeralE ad al,+ou*+ +i! wa! a le!!
)owerful )er!oali,&$ +e mai,aied ,+e !olid admii!,ra,i.e framewor# ,+a, G+a;a +ad
fouded> 8u!lim !our"e! de!"ri0e +im a! a ma of li0erali,& ad i,e*ri,&>
172
:e re,aied a!
mii!,er ,+e *rea, +i!,oria Ra!+id ad1(i$ a ou,!,adi* admii!,ra,or ad wi!e !,a,e!ma w+o
uder ,+i! rei* eAer"i!ed a &e, *rea,er iflue"e ,+a +e +ad uder G+a;a> :e e.e !u""eeded
i "o.er,i* Ol@ai,u ,o ,+e S+afiCi,e do",rie> Ol@ai,u 0e!,owed +i! )a,roa*e al!o u)o ,+e o,+er
+i!,oria of ,+e da&$ Wa!!af> /a!,l&$ Ol@ai,u wa! a *rea, 0uilder> I 150316 +e e!,a0li!+ed +i!
"a)i,al a, Sul,ai&e+$ i ,+e or,+we!,er )ar, of Ira? C9@ami$ o a !i,e w+i"+ +ad 0ee "+o!e 0&
+i! fa,+er 9r*+u ad w+i"+ +e em0elli!+ed> :e al!o di!)la&ed i,ere!, i ,+e o0!er.a,or& of
8ara*+e+> Ra!+id ad1(i ,oo wa! a 0uilder$ ad i 1509 +e laid ou, a w+ole ew ?uar,er i ,+e
"i,& of G+a;ai&e+$ ea!, of Ta0ri;>
179

(e!)i,e +i! 8u!lim )ie,&$ Ol@ai,uC! forei* )oli"&$ li#e G+a;aC!$ followed ,+e !ame lie a! ,+a,
of +i! a"e!,or!4 +e o))o!ed ,+e 8amelu#e! ad !ou*+, a allia"e wi,+ '+ri!,ia Euro)e> To ,+e
"our,! of ,+e We!, +e !e, ,+e '+ri!,ia T+oma! Ildu"+i a! am0a!!ador> T+e le,,er! ,+a, +e
addre!!ed o ,+i! o""a!io ,o Po)e 'leme, V$ P+ili) ,+e Dair of Dra"e$ ad Edward II of
E*lad +a.e 0ee )re!er.ed> T+e Dre"+ 9r"+i.e! Na,ioale! "o,ai o,a0l& Ol@ai,uC! le,,er ,o
P+ili) ,+e Dair$ da,ed 8a&$ 1503$ i w+i"+ +e "o*ra,ula,e! +im!elf u)o ,+e +armo& )re.aili*
0e,wee +im$ ,+e #+a of Per!ia$ ad ,+e o,+er "+ief! of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e ulus4 TemIr$ *rad
#+a of '+iaE '+I)Ir$ +ead of ,+e ulus of O*JdKiE (uwa$ "+ief of ,+e %a*a,ai ulusE ad To?,ai$
#+a of <i)"+a#> Ol@ai,u al!o eA)re!!e! ,+e de!ire ,o )re!er.e +i! )rede"e!!or!C *ood rela,io!
wi,+ ,+e leader! of '+ri!,edom>
150

8eaw+ile$ ,+e fro,ier war 0e,wee ,+e #+aa,e of Per!ia ad ,+e 8amelu#e !ul,aa,e of E*&),
+ad 0e*u a*ai> (uri* ,+e &ear! 150L ad 1503$ ,+e 8amelu#e! "arried ou, )luderi* raid! i
,+e 9rmeia #i*dom of 'ili"ia$ a .a!!al !,a,e of ,+e 8o*ol!> O ,+e !e"od of ,+e!e raid!$
,+e& were me, 0& ,+e 8o*ol *arri!o! of 9!ia 8ior ad !u!,aied "o!idera0le S52LT
lo!!e!>
151
I 1515$ Ol@ai,u 0e!ie*ed ,+e for,re!! of Ra+i0a$ a 8amelu#e fro,ier )o!, o ,+e
middle Eu)+ra,e!$ 0u, ,+e +ea, o0li*ed +im ,o a0ado ,+e !ie*e 0efore ,+e "i,& "a)i,ula,ed>
157

I 9!ia 8ior$ ,+e Sel@u# d&a!,& +ad 0e"ome eA,i", i 1507$ !o ,+a, ,+e 8o*ol .i"ero&! of
<o&a were ow ,+e ruler! ,+ere> I reali,&$ ,+e di!a))eara"e of ,+e "o.eie, Sel@u# M!"reeM
lef, ,+e 8o*ol! "ofro,ed 0& )e,,& Tur#i!+ emir! w+o were all ,r&i* ,o ,a#e ad.a,a*e of ,+e
a0!e"e of a "e,ral )ower ,o *ai ,+eir ide)ede"e> T+i! wa! ,+e "a!e wi,+ ,+e <arama
emir!$ Tur#oma "+ief! e!,a0li!+ed i ,+e mou,aiou! re*io of Ermea# w+o a, ,+i! ,ime were
!ee#i* ,o ,a#e ,+e )la"e of ,+e Sel@u#! i <o&a ad w+om G+a;a +ad +ad ,o "a!,i*a,e i 1799
G!ee a0o.eH> Be,wee 1502 ad 151L$ ,+e <arama emir 8a+mud10e* made +im!elf lord of
<o&a> Ol@ai,u !e, ou, a*ai!, +im Geeral '+o)a$ w+o for"ed +im fir!, ,o flee ad ,+e
!+or,l& af,erward$ i 1519$ ,o "ome ad ma#e +i! !u0mi!!io>
155
T+e O,,oma!$ o ,+eir )ar,$
w+o were e!,a0li!+ed i or,+we!,er P+r&*ia ad i Bi,+&ia$ were 0e*ii* ,o eA)ad a, ,+e
eA)e!e of B&;a,ium> T+e fouder of ,+e O,,oma Em)ire$ CU,+ma I$ ,+rea,eed e!)e"iall& ,+e
*rea, B&;a,ie "i,& of Ni"aea> T+e B&;a,ie em)eror$ 9droi"u! II$ !ou*+, ,+e allia"e of
Ol@ai,u ad offered +im +i! !i!,er 8aria i marria*e>
15L
I, a))ear! ,o +a.e 0ee i "o!e?ue"e of
,+i! allia"e ,+a, a for"e of 8o*ol! i.aded ,+e O,,oma di!,ri", of E!#i!e+ir$ from w+i"+ i, wa!
re)ul!ed 0& U,+maC! !o Or#+a>
153

T+e Tur#o1B&;a,ie "ofie! of or,+we!,er 9a,olia were ol& of mode!, i,ere!, ,o ,+e
8o*ol! of Per!ia> :ow "ould ,+e& +a.e !u))o!ed ,+a, ,+e )e,,& O,,oma emira,e !o re"e,l&
fouded ,+ere would wi,+i a "e,ur& 0e"ome ,+e *rea,e!, 8u!lim )ower i ,+e worldF T+e&
)aid far "lo!er a,,e,io ,o ,+e affair! of ,+e Iraia Ea!,$ for ,+ere ,+e& +ad "o,iuall& ,o *uard
a*ai!, ,+e e"roa"+me,! of ,+eir "ou!i!$ ,+e %a*a,ai,e #+a! of Tra!oAiaa$ ad a, ,+e !ame
,ime )u, dow ,+e !,eal,+& a,,em),! of ,+eir ow .a!!al!$ ,+e 9f*+a! of ,+e <er, famil& of
:era,$ ,o a"+ie.e ide)ede"e>
I 1506$ Ol@ai,u !e, Geeral (ai!+med Ba+adur ,o 0e!ie*e ,+e "i,& of :era,$ w+ere ,+e malik
Da#+r ad1(i$ ,+ird )ri"e of ,+e <er, d&a!,&$ wa! a",i* li#e a ide)ede, !o.erei*> S523T
Da#+r ad1(i "o!e,ed ,o wi,+draw i,o ,+e for,re!! of 9ma#o+$ ad (ai!+med wa! a0le ,o
o""u)& ,+e "i,& i,!elfE 0u, ,+e "i,adel$ +eld 0& a lieu,ea, of Da#+r ad1(iC! amed 8u+ammad
Sam$ remaied im)re*a0le> I Se),em0er$ 1506$ 8u+ammad Sam lured ,+e o.er"ofide,
(ai!+med i,o ,+e )la"e ad #illed +im> Ol@ai,u ,+e !e, a fre!+ arm& "ommaded 0& Emir
Ya!!awur ad (ai!+medC! !o Bu@ai> 9f,er a lo* 0lo"#ade ad !ome drama,i" i"ide,!$ ,+e
,ow ad "i,adel of :era, !urredered$ a! mu"+ from !,ar.a,io a! ,+rou*+ ,rea"+er& ad 0e,ra&al
G1507H> Da#+r ad1(i i ,+e mea,ime +ad died a, 9ma#o+>
156
Bu, i!,ead of ,a#i* ad.a,a*e
of ,+i! !i,ua,io ,o di!)o!!e!! ,+e <er, d&a!,&$ Ol@ai,u a, o"e *a.e ,+e )ri"i)ali,& of :era, ,o
G+i&a,+ ad1(i$ Da#+r ad1(iC! 0ro,+er G%ul&$ 1507H> Su!)e",ed for a ,ime of wi!+i* ,o fome, a
ew re.ol,$ G+i&a,+ ad1(i "ame 0efore Ol@ai,u ,o eAoera,e +im!elf ad wa! ,+e lef,
)ermae,l& i )o!!e!!io of :era, G1513H>
157

I 1515 G!ee )a*e 513H$ Ol@ai,u ,oo# ea!,er 9f*+ai!,a from ,+e @uior %a*a,ai,e (awud1#+o@a$
a a",io w+i"+ led ,o a i.a!io 0& ,+e #+a of %a*a,ai$ E!e10u?a +im!elf$ w+o u)o
"o?ueri* 8ur*a0 o""u)ied )ar, of <+ura!a G1513H> Bu, Per!ia wa! !oo relea!ed from ,+i!
!,ru**le$ ,+a#! ,o a di.er!io uder,a#e 0& ,+e *rad #+a of '+ia$ w+o!e armie!$ a,,a"#i*
,+e %a*a,ai ,erri,or& i ,+e rear$ )ee,ra,ed a! far a! ,+e Tala! G"a> 1516H>
152
:owe.er$ <+ura!a
wa! ,+rea,eed a*ai !+or,l& af,erward 0& a eAiled %a*a,ai,e )ri"e amed Ya!!awur$ w+om
Ol@ai,u +ad 0ee ra!+ eou*+ ,o wel"ome$ ad w+o ow ,ried ,o 0e"ome ide)ede, G1512H>
/u"#il& for Per!ia$ Ya!!awur wa! #illed i %ue$ 1570$ 0& a )er!oal eem&$ <e0e#$ ,+e #+a of
%a*a,ai>
159
I ,+e "our!e of ,+i! war$ G+i&a,+ ad1(i <er,$ emir of :era,$ w+o 0ad 0ee 0e!ie*ed
i +i! "i,& 0& Ya!!awur duri* 8a&$ 1519$ +ad +eld ou, a*ai!, +im> :e ,+u! a))eared ,o 0e a
defeder of ,+e lo&ali!, "au!e of ,+e +ou!e of :uld*u$ ad ,+e "our, of Ta0ri; feli"i,a,ed +im
warml&> I fa",$ 0e wa! merel& ,i*+,ei* +i! *ri) o ,+e )ri"i)ali,& of :era,>
1L0
B& ,+e ed of
+i! life G+e died i 1579H +e +ad 0e"ome .ir,uall& ide)ede,$ ,+ou*+ ,+e "our, of Ta0ri; !,ill
,+ou*+, of +im a! ,+e idi!)e!a0le fro,ier *uard of ,+e or,+ea!,er mar"+e!>
S526T
A.7 SA0I-0S REI,1
T+e!e la!, e.e,! o""urred i ,+e rei* of 90u SaCid$ w+o a, ,+e a*e of ,wel.e +ad !u""eeded +i!
fa,+er Ol@ai,u o ,+e la,,erC! dea,+ a, Sul,ai&e+$ (e"em0er 16$ 1516> :e o""u)ied ,+e ,+roe
from 1517 ,o 155L$ 0u, ,+rou*+ou, +i! life +e remaied ,+e )u))e, of ,+e 8o*ol lord! w+o
*o.ered i +i! ame ad ?uarreled wi,+ oe ao,+er for )ower ad )o!!e!!io!> T+e *rea,
+i!,oria Ra!+id ad1(i$ w+o a! mii!,er +ad alwa&! defeded ,+e i,ere!,! of ,+e !,a,e$ fell a
.i",im ,o ,+i! "amarilla ad wa! eAe"u,ed o fal!e ad +ideou! "+ar*e! G%ul& 12$ 1512H>
1L1

Dor ,+e fir!, )ar, of 90u SaCidC! rei*$ )ower la& i ,+e +ad! of a 8o*ol emir amed '+o)a or
%u0a>
1L7
Drom 1517 ,o 1577$ '+o)a wa! ,+e real ruler of Per!ia$ ad +e ruled i, firml&> I 1577$
+e ?uelled a re.ol, led 0& +i! ow !o Timur,a!+$ .i"ero& of 9!ia 8iorE i 1573$ +e led a
.i",oriou! eA)edi,io a! far a! ,+e Tere# a*ai!, ,+e #+aa,e of <i)"+a#E i 1576$ ear G+a;i$
+i! !o :u!ai 0ea, Tarma!+iri$ #+a of %a*a,ai$ w+o +ad i.aded <+ura!a$ ad dro.e +im
0a"# i,o Tra!oAiaa> Bu, 0& 1577$ 90u SaCid wa! wear& of +i! ,u,ela*e ad 0ro#e wi,+ +im>
1L5
'+o)a$ ,+e i <+ura!a$ rai!ed ,+e fla* of re0ellio ad )re)ared ,o mar"+ from 8e!+ed u)o
9;er0ai@a> :e wa! de!er,ed 0& +i! ,roo)!$ +owe.er$ ad "om)elled ,o !ee# refu*e a, :era, wi,+
malik G+i&a,+ ad1(i> T+e malik +ad +im !,ra*led ad M!e, +i! fi*erM ,o 90u SaCid GO",o0er1
No.em0er$ 1577H>
1LL
Timur,a!+$ oe of '+o)aC! !o! ad .i"ero& of 9!ia 8ior$ fled ,o 'airo$
w+ere ,+e 8amelu#e!$ for fear of di!)lea!i* 90u SaCid$ )u, +im ,o dea,+>
1L3

T+e fall of a !,ro* ma li#e '+o)a$ followi* !o "lo!el& u)o ,+e le*al a!!a!!ia,io of ,+e
*rea, mii!,er Ra!+id ad1(i$ !,ru"# a mor,al 0low ,o ,+e #+aa,e of Per!ia> W+e af,er a few
&ear! 90u SaCid +im!elf +ad *oe$ ,+ere wa! o leader$ ei,+er mili,ar& or "i.il$ ,o +old ,+e
8o*olo1Per!ia !,a,e ,o*e,+er$ ad ,+e ulus of :ulK*u wa! di!!ol.ed>
'+o)aC! dowfall +ad ao,+er "o!e?ue"e4 ,+e a0adome, of Tur#i" 9a,olia ,o i,! ow fa,e>
E.er !i"e ,+e di!a))eara"e of ,+e Sel@u# !ul,aa,e of <o&a af,er ,+e dea,+ of 8a!Cud II i
150L$ ,+e 8o*ol .i"ero&! a))oi,ed 0& ,+e "our, of Per!ia +ad !+ow a ,ede"& ,o 0e+a.e li#e
au,oomou!
S527T
S522T
)ri"e!> We +a.e !ee +ow '+o)aC! !o Timur,a!+ wa! alread& aimi* a, ide)ede"e> I, i!
.er& )ro0a0le ,+a, 0u, for ,+e di!a!,er ,o +i! famil& +e would$ af,er 90u SaCidC! dea,+$ +a.e
fouded a 8o*ol !ul,aa,e of 9a,olia a, ei,+er <o&a or <a&!eri$ ad ,+a, ,+i! !ul,aa,e would
+a.e )ro.ed a !,um0li* 0lo"# ,o ,+e eA)a!io of ,+e O,,oma Em)ire>
1L6
9! i, wa!$ Timur,a!+C!
fall i 1577$ followed ei*+, &ear! la,er 0& ,+e dea,+ of 90u SaCid$ lef, 9a,olia ma!,erle!! ad
freed ,+e lo"al Tur#i" emir! of ,+e +ou!e of <arama i ,+e !ou,+ea!, ad of ,+e +ou!e of
O,,oma GO!maH i ,+e or,+we!,> T+u! ,+e ri!e of ,+e O,,oma Em)ire re!ul,ed idire",l& from
,+e "ofli",! a, ,+e 8o*ol "our, of Per!ia duri* ,+e "ru"ial &ear! 1577153>
-ISSO/7TIO1 OF THE MO1,O/ 2HA1ATE OF PERSIA
90u SaCidC! dea,+ GNo.em0er 50$ 1553H led ,o ,+e di!!olu,io of ,+e 8o*ol #+aa,e of Per!ia>
I!,ead of "+oo!i* a ew #+a from ,+e +ou!e of :ulK*u$ ,+e o0le! ele",ed a %e*+i;1<+ai,e
of ao,+er 0ra"+4 9r)a*ao or 9r)a#awa$ a de!"eda, of 9ri?0J*K$ ,+e 0ro,+er of 8o*#a$
:ulK*u$ ad <u0lai> I 1556$ ,+i! ufore!ee #+a wa! defea,ed ad #illed 0& a re0el
*o.eror>
1L7
9f,er ,+i!$ ,wo feudal lord!$ ea"+ drawi* ,o +i! !ide a )or,io of ,+e 8o*ol
o0ili,&$ !,ru**led for )ower uder "o.er of )u))e, #i*!> Oe of ,+e!e ri.al! wa! ,+e *o.eror
of 9!ia 8ior$ :a!a Bu;ur* G,+e TallH or :a!a ,+e %elair$ a! +e wa! al!o "alled$ af,er ,+e
8o*ol ,ri0e from w+i"+ +e de!"eded>
1L2
T+e o,+er$ :a!a <I"+I# G,+e SmallH$ al!o of 8o*ol
!,o"#$ wa! a *rad!o of '+o)a ad +ad e!"a)ed ,+e ma!!a"re of +i! #i!me>
1L9
I 1552$
:a!a ,+e de!"eda, of '+o)a !u""eeded i !a,"+i* Ta0ri;$ ,+e "urre, Per!ia "a)i,al$ from
+i! ri.al$ :a!a ,+e %elair> :e ,+e "ar.ed +im!elf a #i*dom i ,+e or,+we!,$ i"ludi*
9;er0ai@a ad Ira? C9@ami> 9, +i! dea,+ i 15L5$ +i! 0ro,+er 9!+raf !u""eeded ,o ,+e!e domai!$
!,ill wi,+ Ta0ri; a! ,+e "a)i,al>
130
8eaw+ile$ ,+e %elair rei*ed i Ba*+dad$ w+ere i 15L0 +e
)ro"laimed +im!elf a ide)ede, #i* ad from w+i"+ i 15L7 +e re)ul!ed all of 9!+raf!
a,,a"#!>
O ,o) of ,+i! aar"+& "ame forei* i.a!io> I 1533$ %ai0e*$ #+a of <i)"+a# G!ou,+er
Ru!!iaH$ )ee,ra,ed 9;er0ai@a ad #illed 9!+raf ,+e '+o)aiaE +e ,+e re,ured ,o Ru!!ia
wi,+ou, ,rou0li* ,o e!,a0li!+ +i! domia,io o a !olid 0a!i!>
131
S529T T+i! di!a!,er ,ured ,o ,+e
ad.a,a*e of ,+e %elair!> :a!a Bu;ur* +ad @u!, died G1536H$ 0u, +i! !o Uwei!$ w+o !u""eeded
+im o ,+e ,+roe of Ba*+dad$ mar"+ed o 9;er0ai@a ad "a),ured i, af,er a )relimiar& !e,0a"#
G1532H>
137
9! ruler ow of 0o,+ Ba*+dad ad Ta0ri;$ +e rei*ed o.er we!,er Per!ia u,il +i!
dea,+ i 157L$ w+e +e wa! re)la"ed 0& +i! !o :u!ai %elair G157L127H> /a,er$ a! will 0e !ee$
:u!aiC! 0ro,+er ad !u""e!!or 9+med %elair di!)u,ed )o!!e!!io of Ta0ri; ad Ba*+dad wi,+
Tamerlae>
8eaw+ile i :era, ad ea!,er <+ura!a ,+e 9f*+a #i*dom of ,+e <er, ruler! wa! 0e"omi*
e,irel& ide)ede,> T+e a!,u,e G+i&a,+ ad1(i +ad died i O",o0er$ 1579$ ad +i! ,wo elder
!o!$ S+am! ad1(i II ad :afi;$ rei*ed ol& for a few mo,+!> Bu, ,+e ,+ird !o$ 8uCi;; ad1
(i :u!ai$ w+o wa! )ro"laimed #i* de!)i,e +i! &ou,+$ rei*ed from 1557 ,o 1570 ad duri*
,+a, ,ime made +i! #i*dom a rela,i.el& )owerful !,a,e$ w+i"+ a, oe ,ime wa! 0old eou*+ ,o
i,er.ee i ,+e affair! of Tra!oAiaa G!ee a0o.e$ )> 5L5H>
135

I we!,er <+ura!a$ a 0ri*ad "+ief amed C90d ar1Ra;;a?$ w+o i 1557 0ad !ei;ed ,+e for,re!!
of Se0;ewar$ fouded a ew )ri"i)ali,&$ ,+a, of ,+e Sar0edaria!> :i! 0ro,+er Wa@i+ ad1(i
8a!Cud$ w+o #illed +im G1552H$ "o,iued +i! wor# 0& a, o"e "a),uri* Ni!+a)ur>
13L
I ,+e
*eeral u)roar$ a 8o*ol )ri"e amed To*+ul Timur$ a de!"eda, of %e*+i; <+aC! 0ro,+er
\a!ar$ 0ad 0ee )ro"laimed #+a i 1557>
133
:e e!,a0li!+ed +im!elf a, Bi!,am i or,+we!,er
<+ura!a ad rei*ed o.er 8a;adera a! well> :e im)ro.ed ,+e "i,& of 8e!+ed$ ad i, i!
#ow ,+a, +e !)e, +i! !ummer! ear0&$ a, Rad#a$ ad +i! wi,er! o ,+e Gur*a o, far from
,+e 'a!)ia> T+e Sar0edaria! re"o*i;ed o more ,+a +i! omial !u;erai,&> 90ou,
(e"em0er$ 1535$ ,+e& a!!a!!ia,ed +im ad !o remaied ma!,er! of ,+e w+ole or,+we!, of
<+ura!a$ ,+e !ou,+ea!, remaii* i ,+e )o!!e!!io of ,+e <er,!> Na,urall&$ ,+e!e ,wo Iraia
d&a!,ie! wa*ed !a.a*e war u)o ea"+ o,+er$ em0i,,ered 0& reli*iou! differe"e!$ ,+e <er,! 0ei*
Sui,e 9f*+a!$ ,+e Sar0edaria! S+iCi,e Per!ia!>
9 ,+ird Iraia=or$ more a""ura,el&$ 9ra0o1Iraia=d&a!,&$ ,+e 8u;affarid$ +ad e!,a0li!+ed
i,!elf i <erma ad Dar!>
136
I,! fouder$ ,+e 9ra0 8u0ari; ad1(i 8u+ammad$ w+o wa! alread&
i )ower a, Ye;d ad i <erma$ wo "o,rol of S+ira; i 1535 ad I!)a+a i 1536137> I 1532
+e wa! de)o!ed ad 0lided 0& S590T +i! !o$ S+a+ S+u@a Gd> 152LH$ w+o !u""eeded +im a,
S+ira;$ w+ile I!)a+a )a!!ed ,o o,+er 8u;affarid!>
To "om)le,e ,+e )i",ure$ i, !+ould 0e o,ed ,+a, 0e!ide ,+e!e lord! of ,+e mome,$ ,+o!e of ,+e
morrow were alread& emer*i*> T+e& i"luded$ i we!,er Per!ia$ ,+e !,ill omadi" Tur#oma
,ri0e #ow from i,! em0lem a! ,+e ,ri0e of ,+e Bla"# S+ee)4 \ara1\o&ulu> 9, ,+e ,ime of ,+e
)ar,i,io of ,+e :ulK*u #+aa,e$ ,+e \ara1\o&ulu dwel, i ,+e 9rmeia di!,ri", of 8u! ad
were e"roa"+i* u)o 8o!ul$ w+e"e Uwei! %elair dro.e ,+em ou, G"a> 1556H> O Uwei!C dea,+
i 157L$ ,+e \ara1\o&ulu "+ief Bairam <+wa@a reo""u)ied 8o!ul ad Xe@a> :i! *rad!o
\ara1 Yu!uf wa! ,o foud ,+e for,ue! of +i! +ou!e 0& "a),uri* Ta0ri; from ,+e %elair! ad
remaii* ,+ere u,il ,+e "omi* of Tamerlae>
137

I ,+e former realm of Sel@u# 9!ia 8ior$ w+i"+ +ad falle i,o a0e&a"e !i"e ,+e
di!a))eara"e fir!, of ,+e Sel@u# +ou!e G"a> 150LH ad ,+e of ,+e !u;erai #+aa,e of Per!ia$ ,wo
Tur#oma )ri"i)ali,ie! were di!)u,i* )o!!e!!io of 'a))ado"ia> 9, Si.a! ad <a&!eri$ i, wa!
,+e 9r,ea1o*+lu "la$ w+o!e ruler from 1520 ,o 1599 wa! ,+e famou! )oe,1)ri"e Bur+a ad1
(i$
132
followed i 1L00 0& ao,+er Tur#oma "la$ #ow a! ,+e W+i,e S+ee) G9?1\o&uluH>
139
9, /arada G,+e <arama of ,oda&H$ ,+ere aro!e ,+e d&a!,& of ,+e <arama emir! Gli#ewi!e
Tur#omaH$ w+o for a ,ime were ,o fi*+, ,+e O,,oma Tur#! of ,+e Bi,+&o1 P+r&*ia 0order! for
,+e +e*emo& of 9!ia 8ior ad ,+e Sel@u# !u""e!!io>
160

/a,er Tamerlae wa! ,o irru), i,o ,+e mid!, of ,+e!e 0i,,er "o,e!,!>
S591T
C; The 2hanate of 2ipcha&
4ICHI A1- HIS SO1S6 THE ,O/-E1 HOR-E3 THE #HITE HOR-E3 A1- THE
7/7S OF SHA(.A1
%e*+i; <+a +ad *i.e +i! !o %J"+i=w+o )rede"ea!ed +im 0& !iA mo,+!$ i a0ou, De0ruar&$
1777=,+e )lai! we!, of ,+e Ir,&!+4 ,+a, i! ,o !a&$ Semi)ala,i!#$ 9#moli!#$ Tur*ai$ Ural!#$
9da@$ ad <+wari;m )ro)er G<+i.aH> 9, +i! dea,+$ +e lef, ,+i! domai ,o %J"+iC! !o!$ more
)ar,i"ularl& ,o ,+e !e"od !o Ba,u$ w+o$ af,er ,+e !u""e!!ful "am)ai*! of 1756=L0$ added ,o i,
,+e w+ole of ,+e former <i)"+a# ad Bul*ar ,erri,orie!$ 0e!ide! ,+e !u;erai,& of ,+e Ru!!ia
)ri"i)ali,ie!>
T+e Euro)ea )ar, aloe of Ba,uC! #+aa,e wa! a .a!, domai$ "o!i!,i* fir!, of ,+e lo*i,udial
0el, of !,e))e! or,+ of ,+e Bla"# Sea$ amel&$ ,+e Ural 0a!i$ ,+e lower rea"+e! of ,+e (o$ ,+e
(oe,!$ ,+e (ie)er$ ad ,+e Bu*$ ,+e mou,+ of ,+e (ie!,er$ ad ,+e lower Pru,> I, al!o
"om)ri!ed ,+e !,e))e! ,+a, "o,iued or,+ of ,+e 'au"a!u! a"ro!! ,+e 0a!i! of ,+e <u0a$ ,+e
<uma$ ad ,+e Tere#> I !+or,$ i, i"luded ,+e w+ole of a"ie, Euro)ea S"&,+ia> Be&od ,+i!$ i,
!,re,"+ed ,o ,+e Bul*ar "ou,r&$ or ;oe of fore!, ad "ul,i.a,io wa,ered 0& ,+e middle Vol*a
ad i,! ,ri0u,ar& ,+e <ama> /i#e ,+e a"ie, S"&,+ia de!"ri0ed 0& :erodo,u!$ ,+e limi,le!! !,e))e!
of ,+i! M8o*olia i Euro)eM were em),& eA)a!e!> Ru0ru"#C! a""ou, *i.e! !ome idea of ,+i!4
M,ra.eli* e.er ea!,ward$ we foud o,+i* alo* our wa& 0u, !#& ad ear,+$ ad !ome,ime! ,o
our +ad ,+e !ea$ ad ow ad a*ai ,+e 0urial )la"e! or kurgans of ,+e 'uma!$ w+i"+ we "ould
di!"er a, a di!,a"e of ,wo lea*ue!>M
1
O.er ,+e!e loel& S597T eA)a!e! ro.ed 8o*ol +orde!$
or ra,+er Tur#i" ,roo)! offi"ered 0& 8o*ol!$ for$ a""ordi* ,o Ra!+id ad1(i$ %e*+i; <+aC!
MwillM allo"a,ed o more ,+a four ,+ou!ad *euie 8o*ol! ,o Ba,u$ all ,+e re!, of +i! armie!
"o!i!,i* of Tur#! w+o +ad rallied ,o ,+e 8o*ol "au!e=<i)"+a#!$ Bul*ar!$ O*+u;$ ad !o o
=w+i"+ eA)lai! +ow ,+e %J"+id #+aa,e a"?uired a Tur#i" "+ara",er !o ra)idl&>
7

Ba,uC! omadi" !o@our! ,oo# +im alo* ,+e Vol*a$ u)!,ream i !)ri* ,o ,+e old Bul*ar "ou,r&
of ,+e <ama ad ,+e ,radi* ,ow of Bol*ar$ w+ere ,+e 8o*ol "oia*e wa! mi,ed> I 9u*u!,$
+e 0e*a ,+e de!"e, ,o ,+e mou,+ of ,+e ri.er$ w+ere +i! e"am)me, fore!+adowed ,+e
foudi* of ,+e la,er "a)i,al$ ,+e *rea, Sarai>
5
I, wa! o ,+e lower Vol*a ,+a, Ru0ru"# wa!
admi,,ed ,o +i! ,e,4 M Ba,u wa! !ea,ed u)o a +i*+ "+air or ,+roe ,+e !i;e of a 0ed$ *ilded all
o.er ad a))roa"+ed 0& ,+ree !,e)!> Near +im wa! oe of +i! wi.e!> T+e o,+er me were !ea,ed
,o ,+e ri*+, ad lef, of ,+i! lad&> 9, ,+e e,ra"e$ ,+ere wa! a 0e"+ u)o w+i"+ !,ood !ome
#umi!! ad !e.eral lar*e "u)! of *old ad !il.er eri"+ed wi,+ )re"iou! !,oe!> Ba,u loo#ed a, u!
i,e,l&> :i! fa"e wa! !omew+a, rudd&>M
L

Oe of Ba,uC! 0ro,+er!$ Orda$ w+o al,+ou*+ ,+e elde!, of ,+e famil& )la&ed ol& a mior )ar, i
i,! affair!$ +ad re"ei.ed a a))aa*e i w+a, i! ,oda& <a;a#+!,a>
3
I ,+e !ou,+$ +i! lad!
"om)ri!ed ,+e ri*+, 0a# of ,+e S&r (ar&a from a))roAima,el& ,+e ,ow of Si*a#+i$ ear ,+e
<ara1Tau 8ou,ai!$ ,o ,+e del,a of ,+a, ri.er i ,+e 9ral Sea$ i"ludi* al!o$ i, !eem!$ a !,ri) of
,erri,or& o ,+e lef, 0a# of ,+e !ame del,a eA,edi* a! far a! ,+e del,a of ,+e 9mu (ar&a> :e
,+u! "o,rolled almo!, ,+e w+ole of ,+e ea!,er !+ore of ,+e la#e> I ,+e or,+$ +e +eld ,+e 0a!i
of ,+e Sar&1Su ad ,+e Ulu1Tau ma!!if w+i"+ !e)ara,e! ,+i! 0a!i from ,+a, of ,+e Tur*ai> I
1576$ OrdaC! la!, !u""e!!or$ To?,ami!+$ a"?uired ,+e ,ow! of Si*a#+i ad O,rar$ )oi,! of
"o,a", wi,+ ,+e !ede,ar& world>
6
Ba,uC! #+aa,e wa! ,o 0e #ow ,o +i!,or& a! ,+e #+aa,e of
<i)"+a# ad a! ,+e Golde :orde G9l,a1ordo$ 9l,u1orduH$ ad OrdaC! a! ,+e W+i,e :orde
G'+a*+a1ordo$ 9?1orduH>
S+a&0a$ ao,+er of Ba,uC! 0ro,+er! G+eard of duri* ,+e :u*aria "am)ai* i 17L1H$ +ad
re"ei.ed a! +i! !+are ,+e ,erri,orie! ,o ,+e or,+ of OrdaC!$ ,+a, i!$ ,+e "ou,r& ea!, ad !ou,+ea!,
of ,+e !ou,+er Ural$ o,a0l&$ i ,+i! la,,er ?uar,er$ a S595T *ood )ar, of ,+e moder Ru!!ia
re*io! of 9#,&u0i!# ad Tur*ai> I !ummer$ i, a))ear! ,+a, +i! ordu "am)ed 0e,wee ,+e Ural
8ou,ai!$ ,+e Ri.er Ile# G,ri0u,ar& of ,+e Ri.er Ural !ou,+ of Ore0ur*$ ow '+#alo.H$ ad ,+e
Ri.er Ir*i;E i wi,er$ +e mu!, +a.e mo.ed !ou,+ ,oward OrdaC! ulus> /a,er ,+e S+a&0aid! o
dou0, would eA,ed ,+eir domiio i,o we!,er Si0eria>
7

.AT7 A1- .ER2E
To re,ur ,o ,+e )ri"i)al +orde$ Ba,u$ w+o rei*ed from 1777 ,o 1733$ eAer,ed "o!idera0le
iflue"e o 8o*ol )oli"& i *eeral a! +ead Go dou0, wi,+ OrdaC! a))ro.alH of ,+e !eior
%e*+i;1<+ai,e 0ra"+>
2
Ye, i, i! ,o 0e o,ed ,+a, +e e.er laid a& "laim ,o ,+e !u)reme
#+aa,e> I ,+e 0e*ii*$ +e e.e re!)e",ed ,+e de"i!io! of +i! *radfa,+er$ w+o +ad
0e?uea,+ed ,+e em)ire ,o ,+e +ou!e of O*JdKi> T+i! a0!,e,io ma& 0e eA)laied 0& ,+e dou0,
rela,i* ,o %J"+iC! 0ir,+> %e*+i; <+aC! wife BJr,e$ ,+e mo,+er of ,+e four im)erial )ri"e!$ +ad
0ee a0du",ed 0& a Ta,ar "+ief a0ou, ,+e ,ime of %J"+iC! "o"e),io> T+e ?ue!,io of +i!
le*i,ima"& !eem! ,o +a.e 0ee deli0era,el& !+el.ed> T+e la"# of affe",io fel, 0& %e*+i; <+a
for +i! elde!, !o +a! 0ee o,ed$ a! well a! %J"+iC! !,ra*e 0e+a.ior af,er ,+e !ie*e of Ur*e"+$
w+e +e !)e, ,+e la!, fi.e &ear! of +i! life i +i! a))aa*e of ,+e Tur*ai$ Em0a$ ad Ural
wi,+ou, ,a#i* )ar, i %e*+i; <+aC! "am)ai*!> B& ,+e ed$ ,+e di!a*reeme, 0e,wee ,+em
wa! almo!, )u0li" #owled*e> T+e!e "ir"um!,a"e! a, fir!, "odemed ,+e +ou!e of %J"+i ,o a
!omew+a, i"o!)i"uou! role>
I 1730131$ Ba,u ,oo# +i! re.e*e 0& 0ri*i* a0ou, ,+e fall of O*JdKiC! +ou!e ad ,+e a""e!!io
of ToluiC!> :i! de"i!i.e i,er.e,io a, 9la?ma? i 1730 +a! 0ee o,ed$ ad +ow i 1731 +e !e,
+i! 0ro,+er Ber#e ,o 8o*olia ,o e,+roe 8o*#a$ ToluiC! !o$ a, ,+e eA)e!e of ,+e +ou!e of
O*JdKi> U?ue!,ioa0l& 8o*#a owed +im +i! ,+roe$ ad +e e.er for*o, ,+i! o0li*a,io> :e
,old Ru0ru"# i 173L ,+a, +i! )ower ad Ba,uC! eA,eded o.er all ,+e ear,+$ li#e ,+e ra&! of ,+e
!u$ a remar# ,+a, !eem! ,o im)l& a !or, of "odomiium or @oi, em)ire> Ru0ru"# o0!er.e! ,+a,
i 8o*#aC! ,erri,orie! Ba,uC! re)re!e,a,i.e! were ,rea,ed wi,+ far more defere"e ,+a wa!
!+ow i Ba,uC! S59LT domai! ,o 8o*#aC! me>
9
O ,+e w+ole$ a! Bar,+old )oi,! ou,$
0e,wee 1731 ad 1733 ,+e 8o*ol world wa! .ir,uall& di.ided 0e,wee ,+e *rad #+a
8o*#a ad ,+e Mdo&eM Ba,u$ ,+eir @oi, 0oudar& rui* a"ro!! ,+e !,e))e! 0e,wee ,+e '+u
ad ,+e Tala!>
10
9mo* ,+e o,+er mem0er! of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e famil&$ Ba,u e@o&ed ,+e
)o!i,io of !u)reme ar0i,er ad #i*ma#er> T+e ma +im!elf +a! 0ee .er& .ariou!l& a!!e!!ed>
T+e 8o*ol! "alled +im Sain%khan$ M,+e *ood )ri"e$M ad )rai!ed +i! *ood a,ure ad
*eero!i,&> To '+ri!,edom$ +owe.er$ +e a))eared a! ,+e i!,i*a,or of ,+e amele!! a,ro"i,ie! ,+a,
"+ara",eri;ed ,+e "am)ai*! of 17571L1 i Ru!!ia$ Polad$ ad :u*ar&> Piao 'ar)ii !ummed
u) ,+e!e "o,radi",io! 0& de!"ri0i* +im a! Mmild$ affa0le$ ad 0ei* ,o +i! ow )eo)le$ 0u,
.er& "ruel i warfare>M
11

T+i! MEuro)ea "am)ai*M of 17571L1$ ,+rou*+ Sla.i" Ru!!ia$ Polad$ Sile!ia$ ad 8ora.ia$ ad
i,o :u*ar& ad Rumaia$ i w+i"+ re)re!e,a,i.e! of all ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e 0ra"+e! +ad
,a#e )ar,$ +ad 0ee or*ai;ed mail& ,o Ba,uC! ad.a,a*e> :e +ad 0ee "ommader i "+ief$ a,
lea!, offi"iall& G,+e dire",io of !,ra,e*& fell ,o SI0J,Ki$ ,+ou*+ i Ba,uC! ameH$ ad +e aloe
*aied 0& i, i ,+e ed> No, ol& +ad ,+e la!, of ,+e <i)"+a# Tur#! 0ee "ru!+ed$ 0u, ,+e Ru!!ia
)ri"i)ali,ie! of R&a;a$ Su;dal$ T.er$ <ie.$ ad Gali"ia +ad 0ee "o?uered$ ad were ,o remai
.a!!al! of ,+e Golde :orde for more ,+a ,wo +udred &ear!> 9d a !,ri", .a!!ala*e i, wa!$
dow ,o ,+e ed of ,+e fif,ee,+ "e,ur&$ for ,+e #+a a))oi,ed ad de)o!ed a, +i! )lea!ure ,+e
Ru!!ia )ri"e! w+o were uder o0li*a,io ,o "ome ,o M!,ri#e ,+eir fore+ead!M 0efore +im i +i!
e"am)me,! o ,+e lower Vol*a> T+i! )oli"& of +um0le de)ede"e ori*ia,ed wi,+ ,+e Grad
Pri"e Yaro!la. of Vladimir$ w+o "ame fir!, i 17L5 ,o reder +oma*e ,o Ba,u ad ,o 0e
re"o*i;ed 0& +im a! Mdea of ,+e Ru!!ia )ri"e!>M
17
I 1730$ Pri"e (aiel of Gali"ia Gw+o i
1733 ,oo# ,+e ro&al ,i,leH al!o "ame ,o "ofirm +i! !u0mi!!io ad ,o re?ue!, "o!e"ra,io> Grad
Pri"e 9leAader Ne.!#& G1737165H$ Yaro!la.C! !o ad !u""e!!or$ made ,+e 0e!, of ,+e !,er
8o*ol )ro,e",ora,e i order ,o 0e a0le a, lea!, ,o fa"e Ru!!iaC! eemie! i ,+e Bal,i" re*io>
9""e),a"e of ,+i! !er.i,ude wa! ,+e ol& mea! 0& w+i"+ ,+e "ou,r& "ould "ome ,+rou*+ ,+o!e
,erri0le ,ime!> 8u!"o.& wa! ,o remai i 0oda*e u,il i,! li0era,io 0& I.a III a, ,+e ed of ,+e
fif,ee,+ "e,ur&>
S593T
T+e +i!,or& of ,+e #+aa,e of <i)"+a# i! fudame,all& differe, from ,+a, of ,+e o,+er %e*+i;1
<+ai,e #+aa,e!> I ,+e o,+er lad! w+i"+ ,+e& "o?uered$ ,+e 8o*ol! ada),ed ,+em!el.e! i
!ome de*ree ,o ,+eir !urroudi*! ad leared le!!o! from ,+e .a?ui!+ed> I '+ia$ <u0lai
ad +i! de!"eda,! 0e"ame '+ie!eE w+ile i Ira$ ,+e de!"eda,! of :ulK*u$ re)re!e,ed 0&
G+a;a$ Ol@ai,u$ ad 90u SaCid$ 0e"ame !ul,a! of Per!ia> T+eir "ou!i! ,+e #+a! of !ou,+er
Ru!!ia$ o ,+e o,+er +ad$ refu!ed ,o 0e wo o.er 0& ,+e Sla.o1B&;a,ie "i.ili;a,io ad
0e"ome Ru!!ia!> T+e& remaied$ a! ,+eir *eo*ra)+i" ome"la,ure im)lie!$ M#+a! of
<i)"+a#$M ,+a, i!$ +eir! of ,+e Tur#i" +orde of ,+a, ame> T+e& were ,+u! mere "o,iua,or! of
,+o!e M'umaM Tur#! or Polo.,!&$ wi,+ou, a )a!, or remem0ra"e of ,+i*! )a!,$ w+o!e !o@our
o ,+e Ru!!ia !,e))e mi*+,$ !o far a! +i!,or& i! "o"ered$ e.er +a.e o""urred> T+e
I!lami;a,io of ,+e <i)"+a# #+a!=a, o"e !o !u)erfi"ial from a "ul,ural )oi, of .iew ad$
from a Euro)ea )oi, of .iew$ !o i!ola,i*=i o wa& al,ered ,+e !i,ua,io> O ,+e "o,rar&$
,+eir I!lami;a,io$ wi,+ou, ea0li* ,+em reall& ,o !+are i ,+e a"ie, "i.ili;a,io of Ira ad
E*&),$ !e.ered ,+em fiall& from ,+e we!,er world ad made of ,+em=a! i, la,er made of ,+e
O,,oma!=forei*er! e"am)ed o Euro)ea !oil$ e.er ,o 0e a!!imila,ed>
15
W+ile ,+e Golde
:orde edured$ 9!ia 0e*a a, ,+e !ou,+er ou,!#ir,! of <ie.> Piao 'ar)ii ad Ru0ru"# well
"o.e& ,+e im)re!!io made o We!,erer! e,eri* Ba,uC! #+aa,e4 ,+e& fel, ,+e& were e,eri*
ao,+er world>
1L
T+ere were "er,ail& ma& more maife!,a,io! of MWe!,eri!mM amo* ,+e
<+a;ar Tur#! of ,+e ,e,+ "e,ur& ,+a amo* %J"+iC! +eir!>
13

I, mu!, 0e re"o*i;ed$ +owe.er$ ,+a, e.e,! mi*+, +a.e ,a#e ao,+er "our!e> W+a,e.er Ru0ru"#
ma& !a&=ad +e wa! ,oo *rea,l& !+o"#ed 0& ,+e i*ora"e ad dru#ee!! of ,+e Ne!,oria
"ler*& ,o 0e full& aware of ,+e )oli,i"al im)or,a"e of Ne!,oriai!m i ,+e 8o*ol Em)ire=
'+ri!,iai,& wa! roo,ed i Ba,uC! ow +ou!e+old>
16
Ba,uC! !o Sar,a? wa! a Ne!,oria$ de!)i,e ,+e
Dra"i!"aC! !,a,eme,! ,o ,+e "o,rar&>
17
9rmeia G<ira#o!H$ S&ria" GBar :e0raeu!H$ ad
8u!lim G%u;@ai ad %u.aiiH !our"e! all a*ree o ,+i! )oi,>
12
Ol& "er,ai u)redi",a0le dea,+!
)re.e,ed a Ne!,oria )ri"e from !u""eedi* +i! fa,+er> W+e Ba,u died i 1733 a, ,+e a*e of
for,&1ei*+, a, +i! "am) o ,+e lower Vol*a$ Sar,a? wa! i 8o*olia$ w+ere +e +ad S596T *oe ,o
)a& "our, ,o ,+e *rad #+a 8o*#a$ +i! fa,+erC! fried> 8o*#a a))oi,ed +im #+a of
<i)"+a#$ 0u, Sar,a? died$ ei,+er o +i! +omeward @oure& or !+or,l& af,er +i! arri.al o ,+e
Vol*a> I +i! )la"e$ 8o*#a ,+e omia,ed ,+e &ou* )ri"e Ula?"+i$ w+om %u.aii ide,ifie!
a! a !o ad Ra!+id ad1(i a! a 0ro,+er of Sar,a?> T+e re*e"& wa! )la"ed i ,+e +ad! of Ba,uC!
widow Bora?"+i> Bu, Ula?"+i died$ mo!,l& )ro0a0l& i 1737$ ad Ba,uC! 0ro,+er Ber#e 0e"ame
#+a of <i)"+a#>
19

Ber#eC! rei* Ga))roAima,el& 0e,wee 1737 ad 1766H im)re!!ed u)o ,+e #+aa,e a de"i!i.e
reorie,a,io>
70
If Sar,a? +ad li.ed$ i, i! rea!oa0le ,o !u))o!e=Ru0ru"# o,wi,+!,adi*=,+a,
'+ri!,iai,& would +a.e 0eefi,ed 0& ro&al )ro,e",io> Bu, Ber#e i"lied ra,+er ,oward I!lam>
No, ,+a, +e would +a.e de)ar,ed from ,+e reli*iou! ,olera"e ,+a, wa! "+ara",eri!,i"=e!)e"iall&
amo* 8o*ol!=of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e!> Ne!,oriai!m wa! oe of ,+e reli*io! of +i! )eo)le$
ad +e would "er,ail& o, +a.e 0aed i,> Ne.er,+ele!!$ i forei* affair! e!)e"iall&$ +i!
!&m)a,+ie! were "+iefl& wi,+ ,+e 8u!lim!> I, i! ,o ,+i! fa", ,+a,$ 0eari* i mid Bar,+oldC!
eA)o!i,io$ ,+e 0e*ii*! of a ,red ,oward I!lam i ,+e #+aa,e of <i)"+a# !+ould 0e
a,,ri0u,ed>
71

Ber#e$ a! we +a.e !ee$ wa! i.ol.ed i all ,+e i,er1%e*+i;1 <+ai,e war!> We #ow ,+a, +e
!ided wi,+ 9ri?10J*K a*ai!, <u0lai$ ,+ou*+ wi,+ou, *i.i* +im a& .er& effe",i.e +el)> :e ,+e
fou*+,$ u!u""e!!full&$ a*ai!, 9l*+u$ ,+e %a*a,ai #+a of Tur#e!,a$ w+o 0e,wee 1767 ad
1763 de)ri.ed +im of <+wari;m> Re*arded u,il ,+e a! a de)ede"& of ,+e <i)"+a# #+aa,e$
<+wari;m would ,+ereaf,er form )ar, of ,+e #+aa,e of %a*a,ai> No, lo* af,erward G0efore
1766H$ 9l*+u "a),ured$ ei,+er from Ber#e or from Ber#eC! 0ro,+er Orda$ ,+e for, of O,rar Ga
im)or,a, rela& !,a,io for "ara.a! o ,+e or,+ 0a# of ,+e middle S&r (ar&aH ad de!,ro&ed i,>
I ,+i! wa&$ ,+e we!,er !,e))e of ,+e '+u wa! added ,o ,+e #+aa,e of %a*a,ai a, ,+e eA)e!e of
%J"+iC! de!"eda,!> Ber#e$ w+o!e for"e!$ a! we !+all !ee$ were e*a*ed i ,+e 'au"a!u!$ "ould
do o,+i* a*ai!, ,+i! ad.er!ar&>
T+ou*+ Ber#eC! 8u!lim !&m)a,+ie! ma& o, +a.e "au!ed ,+e 0rea"+ 0e,wee +im ad :ulK*u
,+e #+a of Per!ia$ a! 9ra0o1 Per!ia +i!,oria! +a.e de"lared$ ,+e& did a, lea!, !er.e a! a
di)loma,i" )re,eA, a, ,+a, @u",ure> 9""ordi* ,o Per!ia wri,er!$ ideed$ ,+e #+a of <i)"+a#
re0u#ed :ulK*u for +a.i* S597T !lau*+,ered ,+e )o)ula,io of Ba*+dad ad ,or,ured ,+e "ali)+
wi,+ou, "o!ul,i* ,+e o,+er %e*+i;1<+ai,e )ri"e!>
77
I fa",$ %J"+iC! +ou!e mu!, +a.e
"o!idered :ulK*uC! o""u)a,io of 9;er0ai@a a! a !or, of u!ur)a,io ad a! a e"roa"+me,>
75
Ber#e ,+u! did o, !"ru)le ,o all& +im!elf wi,+ ,+e ,radi,ioal eemie! of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e!
ad )ro,a*oi!,! of 8u!lim re!i!,a"e$ ,+e 8amelu#e! of E*&),$ ,+e *o.ered 0& ,+e !ul,a
Bai0ar!$ a*ai!, +i! "ou!i! ,+e 8o*ol! of Per!ia> Drom 1761$ am0a!!ador! were eA"+a*ed
0e,wee ,+e ,wo "our,!$ ,+o!e from Bai0ar! ladi* a, Suda# i ,+e 'rimea$ ad ,+o!e of Ber#e
a, 9leAadria> I 1765$ a !)e"ifi" allia"e wa! "o"luded 0e,wee ,+e ,wo !o.erei*! a*ai!, ,+e
#+aa,e of Per!ia>
7L

Bai0ar! *aied dou0l& 0& ,+i! arra*eme,> T+e"efor,+ +e "ould re"rui, ew 8amelu#e! for +i!
armie! from amo* ,+e Tur#! of <i)"+a#$ !u0@e",! of ,+e Golde :orde G+e +im!elf$ i, will 0e
remem0ered$ wa! a <i)"+a# Tur#H> 8ore im)or,a, !,ill$ 0& ,+e mo!, for,ua,e of di)loma,i"
.i",orie!$ +e wa! +el)i* ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e! ,o eu,rali;e oe ao,+er> T+a#! ,o ,+e !u))or, of
,+e +ou!e of %J"+i$ ad ,o ,+e di.er!ioar& a",io! "arried ou, 0& Ber#e i ,+e 'au"a!u!$ +e
!u""eeded i )ermae,l& 0lo"#i* ,+e ad.a"e of ,+e +ou!e of :ulK*u ,oward S&ria> T+rea,eed
a, ,+e (er0e, )a!!$ ,+e #+a! of Per!ia "ould o, ,a#e ,+eir re.e*e a, 9le))o for ,+e di!a!,er of C
9i %alud G!ee )> 56LH> :ulK*u$ a! me,ioed earlier$ 0i,,erl& re!e,ed ,+e i@ur& doe +im 0&
Ber#e> I No.em0er1(e"em0er$ 1767$ +e "ro!!ed ,+e (er0e, )a!!$ w+i"+ !er.ed a! ,+e
'au"a!ia fro,ier 0e,wee ,+e ,wo #+aa,e!$ ad ad.a"ed a! far a! ,+e Tere#> Soo af,erward$
+e wa! !ur)ri!ed ear ,+i! ri.er ad ,+row 0a"# i,o 9;er0ai@a 0& ,+e eem& arm& "ommaded
0& No*ai Gor No*+aiH$ Ber#eC! *rea,1e)+ew> 8a& +or!eme of :ulK*uC! arm& were drowed i
a,,em),i* ,o re"ro!! ,+e Tere# o.er i"e ,+a, 0ro#e uder ,+e +oof! of ,+eir mou,!> T+e!e i,er1
%e*+i;1 <+ai,e ?uarrel! +ad de)lora0le "o!e?ue"e!4 :ulK*u "au!ed all <i)"+a# mer"+a,! i
Per!ia o w+om +e "ould la& +ad! ,o 0e )u, ,o dea,+$ ad Ber#e did ,+e !ame wi,+ Per!ia
mer"+a,! ,radi* i <i)"+a#>
73
I 1766$ No*ai i ,ur "ro!!ed ,+e (er0e, )a!! ad ,+e ,+e
Ri.er <ura$ ,+u! dire",l& ,+rea,ei* 9;er0ai@a$ ,+e +ear, of ,+e Per!ia #+aa,e> Bu, +e wa!
0ea,e o ,+e 9#!u 0& 90a?a$ :ulK*uC! !u""e!!or$ ad wouded i ,+e e&e$ ad +i! arm&
re,rea,ed i di!order ,o S+ir.a> Ber#e +im!elf S592T made +a!,e ,o 0ri* reifor"eme,! i
)er!o> Bu, w+ile mo.i* u) ,+e or,+ 0a# of ,+e <ura i ,+e !ame &ear 1766$ i order ,o "ro!!
,+e ri.er ear Tifli!$ +e died>
I '+ri!,ia Euro)e$ ,+e Ru!!ia )ri"e (aiel of Gali"ia +ad re0elled a*ai!, 8o*ol
domia,io G1737H> :e e.e .e,ured a a,,a"# u)o ,+e fro,ier! of ,+e #+aa,e$ 0u, wa!
0rou*+, 0a"# i,o !u0@e",io wi,+ou, Ber#e +a.i* ,o i,er.ee i )er!o> B& ,+e #+aC! order$ +e
wa! for"ed ,o )ull dow mo!, of ,+e for,re!!e! ,+a, +e +ad 0uil,> El!ew+ere$ uder ,+e +eadi* of
,+e &ear 1739$ ,+e "+roi"le of 'romeru! ,ell! of ao,+er 8o*ol eA)edi,io ,o ,+e We!,> 9f,er
a i"ur!io i,o /i,+uaia$ w+ere ,+e i.ader! !lau*+,ered all ,+e i+a0i,a,! w+o +ad o, +ad
,ime ,o +ide i ,+e wood! or !wam)!$ ,+e 8o*ol! e,ered Polad wi,+ Ru!!ia auAiliarie!
w+om ,+e& for"ed ,o a""om)a& ,+em> M9f,er 0uri* Sadomier; for a !e"od ,ime$ ,+e&
0e!ie*ed ,+e "i,adel i w+i"+ ,+e )o)ula,io +ad ,a#e refu*e> T+e "ommader$ Pe,er of 'rem)a$
refu!ed ,o !urreder> T+e 8o*ol! ,+e !e, ,o +im ,+e 0ro,+er ad !o of (aiel of Gali"ia$ w+o
)er!uaded +im ,o &ield o .er& fa.ora0le ,erm!> Bu, ,+e 8o*ol! 0ro#e ,+eir oa,+ i ,+eir u!ual
fa!+io ad ma!!a"red all ,+o!e u+a))& )eo)le> Drom ,+ere ,+e& we, o ,o 'ra"ow$ w+i"+ ,+e&
!e, o fire> <i* Bole!la. ,+e '+a!,e +ad fled ,o :u*ar&> T+e 8o*ol! ra.a*ed ,+e "ou,r& a!
far a! B&,om$ i ,+e O))el di!,ri",$ ad af,er ,+ree mo,+! re,ured ,o <i)"+a# lade wi,+
!)oil!>M
(uri* Ber#eC! rei*$ ,+e <i)"+a# 8o*ol! were "alled i 0& 'o!,a,ie T&"+$ ";ar of ,+e
Bul*ar!$ ,o i,er.ee i Bal#a affair! a*ai!, ,+e B&;a,ie em)eror 8i"+ael Palaeolo*u!> T+e
8o*ol )ri"e No*ai$ Ber#eC! *rea,1e)+ew$ "ro!!ed ,+e (au0e wi,+ 70$000 +or!eme$ ad
8i"+ael Palaeolo*u! "ame ,o mee, ,+em> Bu,$ Pa"+&mere! a"#owled*e!$ o ,+eir arri.al a, ,+e
Bul*aria fro,ier ,+e Gree#! were !ei;ed wi,+ )ai" a, ,+e !i*+, of ,+e 8o*ol!> T+e& 0ro#e ad
fled$ ad almo!, all of ,+em were "u, dow G!)ri* of 1763H> 8i"+ael Palaeolo*u! re,ured ,o
'o!,a,io)le i a Geoe!e .e!!el$ w+ile ,+e 8o*ol! ra.a*ed T+ra"e>
76
I ,+e "our!e of ,+i!
eA)edi,io G,+ou*+ o,+er !our"e! !,a,e ,+a, i, wa! o, u,il ,+e wi,er of 1769170H$ No*ai
deli.ered ,+e former Sel@u# !ul,a <ai1<awu! II from +i! !emi"a),i.i,& i 'o!,a,io)le> <ai1
<awu! followed ,+e 8o*ol! o ,+eir wa& +ome wi,+ ,+eir )luder ad married a dau*+,er of
<+a S599T Ber#e$ w+o$ i ,+e "our!e of ,+e &ear! 1763166$ 0e!,owed u)o +im a! a))aa*e ,+e
im)or,a, 'rimea ,radi* "e,er of Suda# GSoldaiaH>
77
8eaw+ile$ 8i"+ael Palaeolo*u! +ad
0e*u ,o a))re"ia,e ,+e im)or,a"e of ,+e 8o*ol fa",or> To ,+e )owerful No*ai +e *a.e +i!
a,ural dau*+,er Eu)+ro!&e i marria*e ad !e, +im ma*ifi"e, !il#e fa0ri"!=u)o
re"ei.i* w+i"+$ i"ide,all&$ ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e o0!er.ed ,+a, +e )referred !+ee)!#i>
72
Bu,
,+e allia"e ,+e"efor,+ !u0!i!,i* 0e,wee 8i"+ael Palaeolo*u! ad ,+e #+aa,e of <i)"+a#
)ro.ed *rea,l& ,o ,+e ad.a,a*e of ,+e former$ a! will 0e !ee> Dor a ,ime$ ,+e& ad ,+e 8amelu#e
!ul,aa,e of E*&), "o!,i,u,ed a real Tri)le 9llia"e$ i o))o!i,io 0o,+ ,o ,+e /a,i! G'+arle! of
9@ou ad Vei"eH ad ,o ,+e #+aa,e of Per!ia>
79

8amelu#e am0a!!ador! +a.e lef, a mo!, .i.id )or,rai, of Ber#e> :e wa! a ,rue 8o*ol$ wi,+ a
&ellow !#i$ !)ar!e 0eard$ ad +air *a,+ered i,o )lai,! 0e+id +i! ear!> :e wore a ,all "a) ad i
oe ear a *old ri* !e, wi,+ a )re"iou! !,oe> :e wa! *irded wi,+ a 0el, of *ree Bul*aria
lea,+er$ *ilded ad @eweled$ ad wa! !+od wi,+ red lea,+er 0oo,!>
T+e fir!, <i)"+a# 8o*ol! +ad +ad o o,+er dwelli* )la"e ,+a ,+o!e +u*e "am)! of fel, ,e,!
ad wa*o! w+i"+$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e !ea!o$ "+a*ed ,+eir lo"a,io alo* ,+e 0a#! of ,+e Vol*a$
*i.i* Ru0ru"# ,+e im)re!!io of a ,ow o ,+e mar"+> Ber#e ordered ,+e 0uildi* of a !ede,ar&
"a)i,al$ Sarai$ or +e "om)le,ed w+a, ma& +a.e 0ee 0e*u 0& Ba,u> T+i! ,ow$ w+i"+ mu!, +a.e
!)ru* u) roud oe of Ba,uC! u!ual "am)!$ wa! !i,ua,ed o ,+e ea!, 0a# of ,+e lower Vol*a$
ear i,! mou,+ o ,+e 'a!)iaE ule!!$ a! Bar,+old !a&!$ Ba,uC! Sarai "orre!)od! ,o moder
Seli,reoe ad !+ould 0e di!,i*ui!+ed from ,+e Sarai of Ber#e a, ,+e !i,e of T!are.$ !omew+a,
,o ,+e or,+>
50
:owe.er ,+i! ma& 0e$ Ber#eC! Sarai wa! ,+e "a)i,al of ,+e <i)"+a# #+aa,e$ from
i,! fouda,io i a))roAima,el& 1735 u,il 1593$ ,+e da,e of i,! de!,ru",io 0& Tamerlae> I,
a"?uired e.e more im)or,a"e ,+a ,+e old <+a;ar "a)i,al !i,ua,ed i ,+e !ame re*io a! a
!,ar,i* )oi, for "ara.a! 0oud for 'e,ral 9!ia ad ,+e Dar Ea!, .ia O,rar$ 9lmali#$
Be!+0ali*+$ ad :ami ad ,+e Ta*u, ad R*I, "ou,rie! ,o Pe#i*>
51
Ber#e ad +i! !u""e!!or!$
)ar,i"ularl& ,+e #+a! R;0e* ad %ai0e*$ drew 8u!lim do",or!$ 0o,+ :aefi,e! ad S+afiCi,e!$ ,o
Sarai$ ad ,+e!e *a.e fre!+ im)e,u! ,o ,+e I!lami;a,io of ,+e "ou,r&>
57

SL00T
Ber#eC! !u""e!!or wa! 8a*u Timur Gi Tur#i"H or 8o*#a TemIr Gi 8o*oliaH$ Ba,uC!
*rad!o 0& Tu,u?a or Tu?u?a>
55
I ,+e i,er1%e*+i;1<+ai,e "i.il war! of 'e,ral 9!ia$
8a*u Timur$ w+o rei*ed o.er <i)"+a# from 1766 ,o 1720$ !ided wi,+ \aidu of O*JdKi
a*ai!, Bara? of %a*a,ai$ ,+e #+a of Tur#e!,a> I 1769$ a! o,ed$ +e !e, 30$000 me i,o
'e,ral 9!ia uder ,+e "ommad of Pri"e Ber#e@ar ,o +el) \aidu ,rium)+ o.er Bara?> I
\aiduC! !,ru**le ,o wre!, ,+e em)ire from ,+e *rad #+a <u0lai$ 8a*u Timur ,oo# \aiduC!
)ar,$ a, lea!, i ,+e realm of di)loma"&> We +a.e !ee ,+a, i, wa! ,o +im ,+a, Pri"e Nomo#+a$
<u0laiC! !o$ wa! deli.ered af,er +e +ad 0ee made )ri!oer i 8o*oliaE 8a*u Timur la,er
re!,ored +im ,o +i! fa,+er> Owi* ,o ,+i! "ofli",$ ,+e #+aa,e of <i)"+a# wa! a0le ,o reaffirm i,!
ide)ede"e i rela,io ,o ,+e *rad #+a> T+e "oi! of ,+e Golde :orde$ w+i"+ were mi,ed
i Bol*ar ad w+i"+ u) ,o ,+a, ,ime +ad 0ore ,+e ame! of ,+e *rad #+a!$ were ,+e"efor,+
i!"ri0ed ol& wi,+ ,+e ame of 8a*u Timur or of +i! !u""e!!or!>
I +i! rela,io! wi,+ ,+e 8amelu#e !ul,aa,e of E*&),$ o ,+e oe +ad$ ad ,+e B&;a,ie
Em)ire$ o ,+e o,+er$ 8a*u Timur )re!er.ed ,+e )oli"& of fried!+i) i,rodu"ed 0& Ber#e> :e
i!!ued a edi", ,o !afe*uard ,+e )ri.ile*e! of ,+e )rie!,! of ,+e Gree# Or,+odoA '+ur"+$ ad o
.ariou! o""a!io! em)lo&ed T+eo*o!,e! ,+e 0i!+o) of Sarai a! am0a!!ador ,o ,+e "our, of
'o!,a,io)le>
5L

1O,AI A1- TOHTAI
9""ordi* ,o Nowairi$ 8a*u TimurC! 0ro,+er ad !u""e!!or Tuda 8a*u G1720127H wa! a .er&
de.ou, 8u!lim$ Mo0!er.i* !,ri", fa!,! ad alwa&! !urrouded 0& !+ei#+! ad fa#ir!$M 0u, 0e wa!
a i"a)a0le ruler> :e +ad ,o a0di"a,e ad wa! re)la"ed o ,+e ,+roe 0& Tula10u?a G1727190H$
e)+ew of ,+e ,wo )re"edi* #+a!> T+e real ma!,er of ,+e #+aa,e wa! No*ai$ ,+a, %J"+id of a
@uior 0ra"+ w+o led armie! o Ber#eC! eA)edi,io! ,o Per!ia i 1767 ad 1766$ ad a*ai!, ,+e
B&;a,ie Em)ire i 1763>
53
T+e Dra"i!"a /adi!la!$ leader of ,+e mi!!io of Ga;aria G'rimeaH$
i re)or,i* ,o ,+e *eeral of +i! order$ 9)ril 10$ 1727$ !)ea#! of No*ai a! of e?ual ra# wi,+
Tula10u?a$ ad e.e a! "oem)eror>
56
I, a))ear! ,+a, w+erea! Tuda 8a*uC! domai$ SL01T ad
la,er Tula10u?aC!$ wa! i ,+e Sarai area o ,+e lower Vol*a$ ,+a, of No*ai !+ould 0e !ou*+, i ,+e
re*io of ,+e (o ad ,+e (oe,!>
57
T+e "orre!)ode"e 0e,wee ,+e Dra"i!"a! )ro.e! al!o
,+a, No*ai wa! o, +o!,ile ,o '+ri!,iai,&> Oe of +i! wi.e!$ for eAam)le$ w+om ,+e Dra"i!"a!
"all (@a&la# G,+a, i!$ %a&la#H ad Pa"+&mere! ide,ifie! a! 9la#a$ +ad "ome ,o 0e 0a),i;ed 0& ,+e
Dra"i!"a! a, <ir#i or '+ufu,1<ale> T+e$ w+e 8u!lim! +ad remo.ed ,+e 0ell from ,+e
'a,+oli" "+a)el of Sol+a, or Sol*a, i ,+e 'rimea$ a 8o*ol di*i,ar& arri.ed ,o )ui!+ ,+e
"ul)ri,!>
To ,+e B&;a,ie!$ No*ai )ro.ed a de)eda0le all&> I 1779$ 0e +el)ed ,+em ,o o.er,+row I.ailo
or /a#+aa!$ #i* of ,+e Bul*ar!$ w+o wa! !u""eeded af,er .ariou! .i"i!!i,ude! 0& a 0o&ar of
M'umaM ori*i$ ,+a, i! ,o !a&$ a <i)"+a# Tur# 0& ,+e ame of Geor*e Ter,er>
52
(uri* Ter,erC!
rei* G1720197H$ a! P> Ni#o. ad G> 'a+e +a.e !+ow$ Bul*aria wa! a ,rue 8o*ol
)ro,e",ora,e$ 0oud 0& "lo!e )er!oal rela,io!+i)! ,o No*ai +im!elf> Ter,erC! !o S.e,o!la. "ame
,o li.e a, No*aiC! "our, a! +o!,a*e$ ad +i! !i!,er married '+a#a or %e#u$ a !o of ,+a, redou0,a0le
"+ief>
59

9, le*,+ No*aiC! )ower di!?uie,ed ,+e &ou* #+a Tula0u?a$ w+o mu!,ered +i! ,roo)! ,o
remo.e +im> Bu, ,+e old warrior !u""eeded i alla&i* +i! !u!)i"io! ad i.i,ed +im ,o a !o1
"alled friedl& mee,i*$ w+i"+ wa! i fa", a ,ra)> I ,+e "our!e of ,+eir "o.er!a,io$ Tula10u?a
foud +im!elf !urrouded 0& No*aiC! ,roo)!$ w+o ,+rew +im off +i! +or!e ad 0oud +im> No*ai
+aded +im o.er ,o a !o of 8a*u Timur amed To?,ai$ To?,a$ or To?,oa$ w+o wa! a )er!oal
eem& of ,+e ufor,ua,e &ou* ma ad )u, +im ,o dea,+> No*ai ,+e )la"ed ,+i! !ame To?,ai
o ,+e ,+roe G1790H$ "ofide, ,+a, ,+e ew #+a$ if a&oe$ would 0e a o0edie, ,ool i +i!
+ad!> Bu, To?,ai !oo ,ired of 0ei* a, ,+e #i*ma#erC! order!> :e a,,a"#ed No*ai ad$ a, a fir!,
0a,,le ear ,+e (o i 1797$ wa! "om)le,el& defea,ed> T+e a*i* No*ai made ,+e mi!,a#e of o,
mar"+i* a, o"e o Sarai$ w+i,+er +i! ad.er!ar& 0ad wi,+draw>
L0
I 1799$ i a !e"od 0a,,le
fou*+, ear ,+e (ie)er$ +e wa! 0ea,e 0& To?,ai ad de!er,ed 0& +i! ow me> M:i! !o! ad +i!
,roo)! ,oo# fli*+, a, ,+e ed of ,+e da&> :e wa! far ad.a"ed i a*e ad +i! lo* e&e0row!
"o.ered +i! e&e!> :e wa! a""o!,ed 0& a Ru!!ia !oldier SL07T of To?,aiC! arm&$ w+o wa,ed ,o
#ill +im> No*ai made +im!elf #ow ,o ,+e !oldier ad a!#ed +im ,o lead +im ,o To?,ai$ 0u, ,+e
Ru!!ia "u, off +i! +ead ad "arried i, ,o ,+e #+a> To?,ai wa! *rie.ed 0& ,+e old maC! dea,+ ad
+ad ,+e murderer eAe"u,ed>M
L1

No*aiC! !o! ea"+ ,ried ,o !ei;e ,+e i+eri,a"e$ 0u, ,+eir ?uarrel! ea0led To?,ai ,o defea, ,+em>
Nowairi rela,e! ,+a, oe of ,+em$ '+a#a$ )ur!ued 0& To?,ai$ ,oo# refu*e fir!, wi,+ ,+e Ba!+#ir!$
,+e wi,+ ,+e 9! or 9la!$ ad la!,l& i Bul*aria$ w+ere +i! 0ro,+er1i1law S.e,o!la. wa! ruler>
Bu, feari* re)ri!al! from <+a To?,ai$ S.e,o!la. #illed '+a#a a, Tiro.o G1500H>
L7

W+ile ,+e!e "i.il war! were di!,ur0i* ,+e Golde :orde$ !a&! Ra!+id ad1(i$ ,+e W+i,e :orde
of ,+e !,e))e! of Sar&1Su ad Tur*ai were !,ru**li*=uder i,! <+a Na&a or$ more
a))ro)ria,el&$ Ba&a G150119H$ *rad!o of Orda ,+e fouder=,o ?uell ,+e re.ol, of Ba&aC!
"ou!i ad ri.al <uile# or <o0lu#$ w+o wa! !u))or,ed 0& <+a \aidu of O*JdKi ad <+a
(uwa of %a*a,ai$ ,+e ,wo lord! of Tur#e!,a> Ba&a !ou*+, +el) from TemIr$ *rad #+a of
'+ia$ 0u, ,+e di!,a"e wa! ,oo *rea, for +im ,o o0,ai ma,erial aid> Ne.er,+ele!!$ +e !u""eeded
i remaii* ma!,er of +i! a,i.e !,e))e!>
L5

Dor ,+e )a!, fif,& &ear!$ ,radi* a*e"ie! +ad 0ee e!,a0li!+ed 0& ,+e Geoe!e ad Vee,ia! i
,+e 'rimea$ or Ga;aria G<+a;ariaH$ !o amed af,er ,+e Tur#i" )eo)le w+o +ad o"e li.ed ,+ere>
9))are,l&$ aroud 1766$ ,+e 8o*ol *o.erme, "eded a )ie"e of lad ,o ,+e Geoe!e of 'affa
o w+i"+ ,o 0uild a "o!ula,e ad !ome ware+ou!e!E ,+i! mu!, +a.e 0ee ,+e !,ar,i* )oi, of ,+e
*rea, Geoe!e "olo& i ,+e 'rimea>
LL
I,alia mer"+a,! were a",i.e al!o i Sarai o ,+e lower
Vol*a$ "a)i,al of ,+e <i)"+a# #+a! ad ,+e *rea, mar#e, for fur! from ,+e Nor,+> I, i! #ow ,+a,
,+e& al!o 0ou*+, &ou* Tur#i!+ !la.e! for re!ale a! re"rui,! ,o ,+e 8amelu#e! of E*&),>
(i!)lea!ed 0& a ,raffi" w+i"+ de)ri.ed ,+e !,e))e of i,! 0e!, !oldier!$ <+a To?,ai ado),ed a
+o!,ile a,,i,ude ,oward ,+e!e I,alia mer"+a,!> I 1507$ +e arre!,ed ,+e Geoe!e re!ide,! i
Sarai ad ,+e !e, a arm& ,o 0e!ie*e ,+e Geoe!e "olo& of 'affa> O 8a& 70$ 1502$ ,+e
Geoe!e !e,,ler! !e, fire ,o ,+eir ow "i,& ad e!"a)ed a0oard ,+eir !+i)!> T+e !i,ua,io remaied
,e!e u,il To?,aiC! dea,+ i 9u*u!,$ 1517>
L3

SL05T
I>.E, A1- 4A1I.E,
To?,ai wa! !u""eeded 0& +i! e)+ew R;0e* G15171L0H> T+e a.aila0le iforma,io "o"eri*
R;0e*C! reli*iou! ou,loo# i! !omew+a, "o,radi",or&> 9""ordi* ,o Ra!+id ad1(i$ +e 0ad
di!)lea!ed ,+e 8o*ol "+ief! duri* To?,aiC! rei* 0& +i! ill"o!idered 8u!lim )ro)a*ada> MBe
"o,e, wi,+ our o0edie"e$M wa! ,+eir re)l&> M:ow doe! our reli*io "o"er &ouF 9d w+&
!+ould we for!a#e %e*+i; <+aC! yasa9 for ,+e 9ra0 fai,+FM 9, To?,aiC! dea,+$ ,+erefore$ 0efore
omia,i* +i! !o a! #+a$ ,+e 8o*ol "+ief! re!ol.ed ,o !e, a!ide R;0e*C! "adida,ure 0&
e,i"i* +im ,o a fea!, ad ,+ere a!!a!!ia,i* +im> Bu, R;0e*$ wared of ,+i!$ +ad ,ime ,o *allo)
off ad re,ur wi,+ ,roo)!> Surroudi* ,+e )lo,,er!$ +e ma!!a"red ,+em$ alo* wi,+ To?,aiC! +eir$
ad ,+e a!"eded ,+e ,+roe +im!elf> W+e ,+e 8amelu#e !ul,a of E*&), a1Na!ir a!#ed
R;0e* for a %e*+i;1<+ai,e )ri"e!! i marria*e$ R;0e* *a.e +i! "o!e,$ ,+ou*+ af,er mu"+
.a"illa,io> I, wa! a u)re"ede,ed fa.or i 8o*ol e&e!$ ad i, !ealed ,+e 0od 0e,wee ,+e
<i)"+a# #+aa,e ad ,+e offi"ial defeder! of I!lam G1570H>
L6

Ye, *eerall& !)ea#i*$ R;0e*C! 8o+ammedai!m did o, )re.e, +im from ,rea,i* '+ri!,ia!
li0erall&>
L7
9 le,,er from Po)e %o+ ZZII da,ed %ul& 15$ 1552$ ,+a#! ,+e #+a for +i! #ide!! ,o
'a,+oli" mi!!io!>
L2
I 1559$ R;0e* re"ei.ed ,+e Dra"i!"a Gio.ai da 8ari*olli$ w+o +ad
0ee !e, 0& Beedi", ZII ad w+o made +im a )re!e, of a ma*ifi"e, "+ar*er 0efore *oi* o
,+rou*+ <i)"+a# ,o %a*a,ai ad Pe#i*>
L9
9, ,+a, ,ime$ R;0e* al!o "o"luded a ,rade a*reeme,
wi,+ ,+e Geoe!e ad Vee,ia! ad *ra,ed ,+e am0a!!ador! from Geoa$ 9,oio Grillo ad
Ni"olo di Pa*aa$ au,+ori;a,io ,o re0uild ,+e wall! ad ware+ou!e! of 'affa> B& 1516$ ,+i!
"olo& wa! a*ai i a flouri!+i* !,a,e>
30
I 1557$ R;0e* allowed ,+e Vee,ia! ,o foud a "olo&
a, Taa$ a, ,+e mou,+ of ,+e (o>
31

I Ru!!ia$ +owe.er$ o 9u*u!, 13$ 1577$ ,+e )eo)le of T.er ma!!a"red ,+e 8o*ol
"ommi!!ioer! "+ar*ed wi,+ ,+e le.&i* of ,ri0u,e$ ad e.e #illed a "ou!i of R;0e*C!E R;0e*
,+erefore !e, 30$000 me ,o Pri"e I.a of 8o!"ow$ "ommadi* +im ,o ,a#e re)re!!i.e
mea!ure!> I, wa! a! eAe"u,or! of ,+e #+aC! wi!+e! ,+a, ,+e )ri"e! of 8o!"ow ,oo# ,+eir fir!,
!,e)! ,oward fu,ure *rea,e!!>
SL0LT
<+a %ai0e* G15L0137H$ R;0e*C! !o ad !u""e!!or$ a, fir!, "ofirmed ,+e )ri.ile*e! of ,+e
I,alia mer"+a,! G15L7HE 0u, af,er a 0rawl a, Taa i 15L5 0e,wee I,alia! ad 8u!lim!$ 0e
dro.e ,+e Vee,ia! ad Geoe!e from ,+a, ,ow ad ,wi"e laid !ei*e ,o 'affa G15L5$ 15L3H>
37
T+e Geoe!e "olo& )u, u) !o !,ou, a re!i!,a"e ,+a, +e wa! "om)elled ,o rai!e ,+e !ie*e>
35
Geoa ad Vei"e ,+e !,ar,ed ,o 0lo"#ade ,+e 8o*ol "oa!,! of ,+e Bla"# Sea$ ea!, of <er"+>
Diall&$ i 15L7$ %ai0e* +ad ,o au,+ori;e ,+e re1e!,a0li!+me, of ,+e Taa "olo&>
3L
:o!,ili,& ,o
We!,erer! we, +ad1i1+ad wi,+ a fre!+ wa.e of I!lami;a,io> T+e ad.a"e of I!lam$ !o
o,i"ea0le uder R;0e*$ ow 0ore frui, ad ,+e iflue"e of 8amelu#e E*&), made i,!elf fel, i
e.er& !)+ere of )oli,i"al ad !o"ial life> Drom ,+e ,radi,ioal reli*iou! ,olera"e of ,+e %e*+i;1
<+ai,e!$ ,+e Golde :orde wa! !wi*i* o.er ,o ,+e M,o,ali,ariaM 8u!lim faa,i"i!m of ,+e
8amelu#e!>
33

%ai0e* ,oo# ad.a,a*e of ,+e aar"+& ,+a, +ad )re.ailed i Per!ia !i"e ,+e fall of ,+e :ulK*u
#+aa,e ,o reali;e ,+e old am0i,io of +i! famil&4 ,+e "o?ue!, of 9;er0ai@a> T+i! +e a"+ie.ed i
1533$ "a),uri* al!o Ta0ri;$ ,+e former "a)i,al of ,+e #+a! of Per!ia> :e #illed ,+e lo"al "+ief
9!+raf ,+e '+o)aia ad +u* +i! +ead a, ,+e *a,e of ,+e *rea, mo!?ue of Ta0ri;> Bu, +i! !o
Berdi0e*$ w+om +e lef, a! .i"ero& i Ta0ri;$ wa! !oo re"alled ,o <i)"+a# 0& +i! fa,+erC! ille!!$
ad i 1532 ,+e <i)"+a# ,roo)! were dri.e from 9;er0ai@a 0& ,+e %elair!>
36

MAMAI A1- TOHTAMISH
Berdi0e*C! rei* wa! !+or, G1537139H> 9f,er +im$ <i)"+a# fell i,o a !,a,e of aar"+&$ w+ile
!e.eral %J"+id! !,ru**led for ,+e ,+roe> Power la& "+iefl& i ,+e +ad! of a ew #i*ma#er$ ,+e
eer*e,i" 8amai or 8ama?$ w+o from 1561 ,o 1520 wa!$ a! No*ai +ad o"e 0ee$ ,+e ,rue
ma!,er of ,+e Golde :orde>
37
:owe.er$ ,+e 8o*ol!C )re!,i*e +ad o, !ur.i.ed ,+eir "i.il war!$
ad from 1571 oward ,+e Ru!!ia )ri"e! "ea!ed ,o reder +oma*e a, ,+e "our, of Sarai$ or e.e
,o )a& ,ri0u,e> Grad (u#e (imi,rii (o!#oi of 8o!"ow re)ul!ed a 8o*ol )ui,i.e i.a!io
G1575H ad i +i! ,ur o)eed re,alia,or& "am)ai*! i ,+e dire",io of <a;a G1576H> O 9u*u!,
11$ 1572$ +e defea,ed 8amaiC! armie! for ,+e fir!, ,ime o ,+e Vo;+a> O Se),em0er 2$ 1520$ +e
fou*+, a !e"od ad more im)or,a, 0a,,le o ,+e field SL03T of <uli#o.o$ a, ,+e "oflue"e of
,+e (o ad ,+e Ne)r&ad.a> T+e fi*+,i* wa! fier"e ad ,+e i!!ue a, fir!, u"er,ai$ 0u, i ,+e
ed$ wea#eed 0& +i! lo!!e!$ 8amai re,rea,ed> (e!)i,e +i! a",i.i,&$ +e wa! o more for,ua,e
a*ai!, ,+e Geoe!e "olo& of ,+e 'rimea$ ad af,er a frui,le!! a!!aul, ,+e 8o*ol! were
"om)elled ,o re"o*i;e Geoe!e )o!!e!!io of ,+e w+ole of MGo,+iaM 0e,wee Suda# ad
Bala#la.a G1520H>
32

Drom ,+a, mome,$ i, !eemed a! if ,+e #+aa,e of <i)"+a# wa! 0oud ,o "olla)!e 0eea,+ ,+e
.e*ea"e of ,+e '+ri!,ia )ower!$ 0u, i, wa! ueA)e",edl& !,iffeed ad reewed 0& ,+e
a))eara"e o ,+e !"ee of a fre!+ a",or from ,+e Ea!,4 To?,ami!+$ #+a of ,+e W+i,e :orde>
T+e Sar&1Su !,e))e!$ from Ulu1Tau i ,+e or,+ ad ,+e lower S&r (ar&a i ,+e !ou,+ ,o Si*a#+i
Gear )re!e,1da& T&umeH$ a! +a! 0ee rela,ed$ +ad 0ee allo"a,ed a, ,+e di.i!io of ,+e
i+eri,a"e amo* %J"+iC! !o! ,o ,+e W+i,e :orde$ of w+i"+ ,+e fir!, "+ief wa! Orda$ elder
0ro,+er of Ba,u ad Ber#e> T+e !iA,+ i !u""e!!io from Orda$ <+a Uru! G"a> 1561177H$ we, ,o
war wi,+ a #i!ma amed To?,ami!+> Some !our"e! !,a,e ,+a, ,+i! ma wa! a e)+ew of Uru!$
0u, 90uCl G+a;i me,io! +im a! a di!,a, "ou!i$ ,+e de!"eda, of Tu?a Timur$ ,+e 0ro,+er of
Orda$ Ba,u$ ad Ber#e>
39
To?,ami!+ we, ,o Samar#ad ,o e,rea, ,+e !u))or, of Tamerlae$ #i*
of Tra!oAiaa> Tamerlae wa! )lea!ed ,o re"ei.e ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e )re,eder i,o +i!
"lie,ele ad *a.e +im ,+e "i,ie! of O,rar$ Sa0ra$ ad Si*a#+i o ,+e or,+ 0a# of ,+e middle
S&r (ar&a$ a, ,+e fro,ier of Tra!oAiaa ad ,+e W+i,e :orde ,erri,or&>
60
Ne.er,+ele!!$
To?,ami!+ wa! o, lef, i )ea"eful )o!!e!!io$ ad wa! dri.e ou, !e.eral ,ime! 0& Uru! ad
Uru!C ,+ree !o!$ \u,lu*+10u?a$
61
To#+,a1?i&a$ ad Timur1mali#> \u,lu*+10u?a 0ea, +im ad )u,
+im ,o fli*+,$ 0u, wa! #illed a, ,+e mome, of +i! .i",or&> To?,ami!+ re,ured ,o Tra!oAiaa ,o
im)lore TamerlaeC! +el)$ ad wa! ea0led ,o e,er Sa0ra o"e more$ ,+ou*+ for ol& a !+or,
,ime$ for To#+,a1?i&a a*ai "+a!ed +im ou, wi,+ou, diffi"ul,&> Tamerlae +im!elf ,+e "ame i,o
,+e !,e))e ad a, ,+e 0e*ii* of 1577 ifli",ed a !e.ere defea, o ,+e W+i,e :orde> Old <+a
Uru! died !oo af,erward ad wa! !u""eeded 0& +i! ,wo !o! i ,ur4 To#+,a1?i&a fir!,$ ,+e
Timur1mali#> No real de"i!io +ad 0ee rea"+ed> 9! !oo a! Tamerlae wi,+drew i,o
Tra!oAiaa$ Timur1mali# a*ai 0ea, To?,ami!+ i ,+a, !ame SL06T &ear 1577> Diall&$ duri*
,+e wi,er of 1577172$ To?,ami!+$ !,ill wi,+ TamerlaeC! +el)$ !u""eeded i ,rium)+i* o.er
Timur1mali# ad ma#i* +im!elf #+a of ,+e W+i,e :orde>
To?,ami!+$ w+o u,il ,+e +ad 0ee TamerlaeC! !omew+a, fee0le "ofedera,e$ ow 0e"ame
more am0i,iou!> We!, of ,+e Ural Ri.er$ ,+e Golde :orde=or #+aa,e of <i)"+a#=wa!
!,ru**li* ,o ?uell ,+e re.ol, of i,! Ru!!ia .a!!al!> Ta#i* ad.a,a*e of ,+e!e ,rou0le!$ ad
addi* ,o ,+em 0& +i! i,erfere"e$ To?,ami!+ )ro"laimed +im!elf a "adida,e for ,+e <i)"+a#
,+roe> I ,+e !)ri* of 1572$ a""ordi* ,o Bar,+oldC! "+roolo*&$ +e lef, Si*a#+i wi,+ ,+e
i,e,io of "o?ueri* 8o*ol Ru!!ia> T+i! "ofli",$ of w+i"+ li,,le i! #ow$ la!,ed !e.eral
&ear!> 8amai$ leader of ,+e Golde :orde$ wa! a,,a"#ed from ,+e or,+ 0& ,+e Ru!!ia )ri"e!E
o Se),em0er 2$ 1520$ a! o,ed$ +e wa! 0ea,e a, <uli#o.o 0& (imi,rii (o!#oi$ *rad du#e of
Ru!!ia> S+or,l& af,erward$ To?,ami!+$ a,,a"#i* 8amai o ,+e !ou,+er fro,$ o.erw+elmed +im
i a 0a,,le fou*+, ear ,+e Sea of 9;o.$ i ,+e 8ariu)ol area 0& ,+e Ri.er <al#a or <almiu!$
w+ere 132 &ear! earlier SI0J,Ki 0ad wo +i! famou! .i",or&> 8amai fled ,o 'affa i ,+e 'rimea$
w+ere +e wa! #illed !omew+a, ,rea"+erou!l& 0& ,+e Geoe!e>
To?,ami!+ ,+e a!"eded ,+e ,+roe of ,+e Golde :orde> Bei* alread& leader of ,+e W+i,e
:orde$ +e ,+u! reui,ed ,+e )o!!e!!io! of +i! a"e!,or %J"+i> Drom +i! "a)i,al Sarai +e would
rei* o.er all ,+e !,e))e! l&i* 0e,wee ,+e mou,+ of ,+e S&r (ar&a ad ,+e mou,+ of ,+e
(ie!,er>
To?,ami!+ a, o"e u!ed +i! )ower ,o "laim from ,+e Ru!!ia )ri"e! ,+e +oma*e ,radi,ioall&
)aid 0& ,+em ,o ,+e #+a! of <i)"+a#> Ela,ed 0& ,+eir .i",or& a, <uli#o.o$ ,+e& refu!ed G1521H>
To?,ami!+ ,+e i.aded ,+e Ru!!ia )ri"i)ali,ie!$ )u, ,+em ,o fire ad ,+e !word$ ad !a"#ed ,+e
,ow! of Su;dal$ Vladimir$ Yuriel$ 8o;+ai!#$ ad$ i 9u*u!, of 1527$ 8o!"ow$ w+i"+ 0e ra;ed ,o
,+e *roud> T+e /i,+uaia!$ w+o +ad !ou*+, ,o i,er.ee i Ru!!ia affair!$ !uffered i ,+eir
,ur a 0lood& defea, ear Pol,a.a> Dor ao,+er "e,ur& '+ri!,ia Ru!!ia wa! for"ed 0a"# uder
,+e 8o*ol &o#e>
B& a ueA)e",ed re"o.er&$ To?,ami!+ +ad "om)le,el& re!,ored ,+e )ower of ,+e #+aa,e of
<i)"+a#> T+e uio of ,+e Golde :orde wi,+ ,+e W+i,e :orde ad ,+e ai+ila,io of 8u!"o.&
made of +im a ew Ba,u$ a ew Ber#e> :i! re"o.er& SL07T +ad ,+e *rea,er im)a", i ,+a, 0& ow
,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e! +ad 0ee dri.e ou, of '+ia$ elimia,ed from Per!ia$ ad ai+ila,ed i
Tur#e!,a> 9loe of ,+a, illu!,riou! famil&$ To?,ami!+ !,ood firm> 9! ,+e re!,orer of 8o*ol
*rea,e!!$ +e fel, +im!elf a,urall& eou*+ "alled u)o ,o follow i ,+e foo,!,e)! of +i! a"e!,or
%e*+i; <+a$ ad i, wa! o dou0, wi,+ ,+i! i mid ,+a, +e !e, a0ou, ,+e re"o?ue!, of
Tra!oAiaa ad Per!ia> Twe,& &ear! earlier$ amid ,+e aar"+& ,+e )re.aili* i ,+o!e ,wo
lad!$ +e mi*+, well +a.e !u""eeded> Bu, for !ome &ear! ow Tra!oAiaa ad Per!ia +ad 0ee
,+e )ro)er,& of a leader of ,+e fir!, ma*i,ude$ ,+e .er& ma ideed w+o +ad +el)ed To?,ami!+ ,o
ri!e4 Tamerlae> T+e war ,+a, 0ro#e ou, 0e,wee ,+em i 1527 ad la!,ed u,il 1592 would !+ow
w+e,+er ,+e em)ire of ,+e !,e))e! wa! ,o remai wi,+ ,+e a"ie, 8o*ol d&a!,& or )a!! ,o ,+e
ew Tur#i" "o?ueror>
SL02T
CC Ta"erlane
THE 2I1,-OM OF TRA1SONIA1A -E/I*ERE- FROM THE MO1,O/S .(
TAMER/A1E
Timur$ #ow a! Timur lenk G,+e /ameH$ w+e"e our Tamerlae$ wa! 0or o 9)ril 2$ 1556$ a,
<e!+$ moder S+a+r1i Se0; G,+e Gree 'i,&H$ !ou,+ of Samar#ad> Timurid +i!,oria! +a.e
a,,em),ed ,o ,ra"e +i! de!"e, from a "om)aio or e.e a #i!ma of %e*+i; <+a> I fa",$ +e
wa! o 8o*ol 0u, a Tur#> :e 0elo*ed ,o a o0le Tra!oAiaa famil& of ,+e Barla! "la$ wi,+
e!,a,e! roud <e!+$ w+i"+ i, *o.ered>
I "oe",io wi,+ ,+e #+aa,e of %a*a,ai$ we o0!er.ed ,+e "odi,io! )re.ale, a, ,+i! ,ime i i,!
de)ede"& of Tra!oAiaa G)a*e 5L5H> S)urred o 0& ,+e eer*& of \a;*+a$ Mma&or of ,+e
)ala"e$M ,+i! "ou,r&$ w+i"+ i ,+eor& wa! a 8o*ol #+aa,e ad i reali,& a Tur#i"
"ofedera,io$ +ad 0e*u o"e more ,o )la& !ome )ar, i 'e,ral 9!ia> Bu, ,+e a!!a!!ia,io of
Emir \a;*+a i 1537 0rou*+, 0a"# aar"+&> :i! !o$ 8ir;a C90dalla+$ wa! dri.e ou, 0&
TamerlaeC! u"le :a@@i Barla!$ lord of <e!+$ ad 0& ao,+er lo"al Tur#i" o0le amed Ba&a
Seldu; G1532H> Nei,+er of ,+e!e me +ad !uffi"ie, )oli,i"al !#ill ,o "o,rol ,+e Tur#i" o0ili,& of
Tra!oAiaa> 8oreo.er$ a *rad!o of \a;*+a$ 8ir :u!ai$ made +im!elf ma!,er of a
im)or,a, )ri"i)ali,& i 9f*+ai!,a$ i"ludi* <a0ul$ Bal#+$ <udu;$ ad Bada#+!+a> T+i!
wa! a feudal )ar,i,io of ,+e "ou,r&> T+e %a*a,ai,e #+a of ,+e Ili$ Tu*+lu*+ Timur$ ,oo#
ad.a,a*e of ,+i! aar"+& ,o i.ade Tra!oAiaa$ !u0@u*a,e i,$ ad ,+u! reui,e ,o +i! ow
ad.a,a*e ,+e former %a*a,ai ulus
SL09T
Gi 8ar"+$ 1560$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e Safer%nameH>
1
:a@@i Barla!$ TamerlaeC! u"le$ *a.e u) ,+e
+o)ele!! !,ru**le ad fled from <e!+ ,o <+ura!a>
Tamerlae wa! mu"+ "le.erer> T+i! &ou* ma of ,we,&fi.e !aw ,+a, ow wa! ,+e mome, ,o
emer*e from o0!"uri,&> No, ,+a, +e )la&ed ,+e role of ,+e de!)era,e "+am)io of ,+e
Tra!oAiaa Tur#! a*ai!, ,+e reewed offe!i.e of ,+e Ili 8o*ol!> O ,+e "o,rar&$ i ,+e
e.e,! ,+e ,a#i* )la"e$ +e !aw a mea! of !u""eedi* le*all& ,o +i! u"le :a@@i Barla! a! +ead
of ,+e Barla! "la ad of ,+e *o.erme, of <e!+> Wi,+ ,+i! o0@e", i .iew$ +e made a ,imel& a",
of .a!!ala*e ,o Tu*+lu*+ Timur$ ,+e i.adi* #+a> T+e !)ee"+ ,+a, S+arif ad1(i )u,! i,o +i!
+eroC! mou,+ o ,+i! o""a!io i! a li,,le ma!,er)ie"e of !eeml& +&)o"ri!&4 i !u0mi,,i*$ a,
w+a,e.er )er!oal "o!,$ +e wa! !a"rifi"i* +im!elf ,o ,+e )u0li" i,ere!, i )la"e of +i! u"le$
w+o!e fli*+, ,+rea,eed ,+e dowfall of ,+eir +ou!e>
7
Tu*+lu*+ Timur$ *lad of !o .alua0le a
!u))or,er$ rewarded Tamerlae ad "ofirmed +im i ,+e )o!!e!!io of <e!+> 8eaw+ile$ :a@@i
Barla! )rofi,ed 0& a ,em)orar& wi,+drawal of %a*a,ai,e ,roo)! ,o re,ur ,o <e!+> T+e .ir,uou!
Tamerlae did o, !+ri# from a,,a"#i* +im$ 0u, de!)i,e a fir!, !u""e!!ful 0a,,le +e wa! de!er,ed
0& +i! ,roo)! ad +ad o "+oi"e 0u, ,o ma#e amende honorable ,o :a@@i Barla!$ w+o )ardoed
+im>
5
Tu*+lu*+ TimurC! re,ur from ,+e Ili re,rie.ed ,+e !i,ua,io for Tamerlae G1561H>
L
O ,+e
#+aC! arri.al$ all ,+e Tra!oAiaa o0le!=8ir Ba&e;id$ ,+e emir of <+od;+e,$ Ba&a Seldu;$
Tamerlae$ ad :a@@i Barla! +im!elf ,+i! ,ime= "ame ,o )a& "our, ,o +im> Bu, ,+e 8o*ol
wa,ed ,o ma#e a eAam)le$ ,o im)re!! ,+e!e all ,oo ,ur0ule, Tur#!$ ad$ for o a))are, rea!o$
eAe"u,ed 8ir Ba&e;id>
3
9, ,+i! :a@@i Barla! ,oo# fri*+, ad de)ar,ed a! a di!!ide,> :e !uffered
for +i! a",ioE o arri.i* i <+ura!a$ +e wa! a!!a!!ia,ed ear Se0;ewar> Tamerlae a, o"e !e,
ou, ,o )ui!+ ,+e murderer!E 0u, i fa",$ +e wa! ow "o.eie,l& rid of a ri.al ad o"e more
0e"ame )ermae, ad !ole lord of <e!+ ad +ead of ,+e Barla! "la> Tu*+lu*+ Timur$ )lea!ed
0& ,+e ma,ure a!,u,ee!! of ,+e &ou* ma$ a))oi,ed +im ad.i!er ,o +i! !o Il&a!1#+o@a$ w+om$
o +i! ow re,ur ,o ,+e Ili$ +e made .i"ero& of Tra!oAiaa>
6

U) ,o ,+i! ,ime$ Tamerlae +ad )la&ed ,+e "ard of lo&al,& SL10T ,o ,+e %a*a,ai,e!$ o dou0,
+o)i* ,o wi for +im!elf ,+e leadi* )o!, i ,+e %a*a,ai,e admii!,ra,io> I!,ead$ +e wa! *i.e
!e"od )la"e w+e ,+e #+a a))oi,ed ao,+er emir$ Be*@i#$ ,o wield ,+e !u)reme )ower a, +i!
!oC! !ide> Tamerlae ,+ereu)o 0ro#e wi,+ ,+e #+aC! re)re!e,a,i.e! ad we, ,o @oi +i!
0ro,+er1i1law 8ir :u!ai$ #i* of Bal#+$ <udu;$ ad <a0ul$ w+om +e +ad o"e +el)ed i ,+e
!u0@u*a,io of Bada#+!+a> Bo,+ ,+e we, ,o Per!ia$ w+ere ,+e& led ,+e life of ad.e,urer! ad
)la"ed ,+eir !word! a, ,+e !er.i"e of a )ri"e of Sei!,a> 9f,er ,+i! eA)erie"e$ ,+e& re,ured ,o
re1form ,+eir for"e! i 9f*+ai!,a$ ear <udu;$ wi,+i 8ir :u!aiC! )o!!e!!io!$ ad ,+e re1
e,ered Tra!oAiaa>
7
9 %a*a,ai,e arm& a,,em),ed ,o !,o) ,+em a, ,+e S,oe Brid*e GPul1i Se*iH
o.er ,+e Va#+!+>
2
B& a ru!e Tamerlae "ro!!ed ,+e ri.er$ 0ea, ,+e eem&$ ad we, o 0& wa& of
,+e Iro Ga,e! ,o li0era,e +i! "i,& of <e!+> T+e %a*a,ai,e )ri"e Il&a!1#+o@a made oe more effor,$
0u, +e wa! defea,ed i a *rea, 0a,,le w+i"+ ,+e Safer%name )la"e! 0e,wee Ta!+ 9ri*+i ad
<a0a1ma,a$ or 8i,a$ ear <e!+ ad Samar#ad> Narrowl& e!"a)i* "a),ure$ +e fled wi,+ all
!)eed ,o ,+e Ili>
9
Tamerlae ad 8ir :u!ai )ur!ued +im 0e&od <+od;+e, ad did o, !,o)
u,il ,+e& rea"+ed Ta!+#e,> Tra!oAiaa wa! ,+u! deli.ered from ,+e 8o*ol! G1565H> Be,wee
,+e 0a,,le of ,+e S,oe Brid*e ad ,+a, of <a0a1ma,a$ Il&a!1#+o@a leared ,+a, +i! fa,+er
Tu*+lu*+ Timur +ad died o ,+e Ili>
Tra!oAiaa wa! deli.ered from ,+e 8o*ol! ad freed from %a*a,ai,e au,+ori,&$ 0u, ei,+er
Tamerlae or 8ir :u!ai or a& o,+er leader! of ,+e lo"al Tur#i" o0ili,& fel, a0le ,o do
wi,+ou, a %a*a,ai,e !o.erei*> So u?ue!,ioed did %e*+i;1 <+ai,e le*i,ima"& remai$ a, lea!,
formall&$ ,+a, ,+e "o?ueror! deemed i, e"e!!ar& ,o !a",io ,+eir .i",or& 0& a %a*a,ai,e
fi*ure+ead$ uder w+o!e "o.er$ of "our!e$ ,+e& ,+em!el.e! would rule> T+e& foud a *rea,1
*rad!o of (uwa amed <a0il1!+a+ or <a0ul1!+a+$ w+o wa! +idi* i ,+e di!*ui!e of a der.i!+>
T+i! wa! ,+e ma ,+e& eeded> MT+e& !e, +im o ,+e ,+roe$ ,+e& )re!e,ed +im wi,+ ,+e ro&al
*o0le,$ ad all ,+e lord! ,o*e,+er made ,+e ie ri,ual *eufle",io! 0efore +im$M af,er w+i"+ ,+e&
)aid +im o fur,+er a,,e,io> Bu, +i! )re!e"e a, ,+e +ead of ,+e #i*dom of Tra!oAiaa
!uffi"ed ,o le*i,imi;e ad "o!e"ra,e ,+a, #i*dom 0& %e*+i;1<+ai,e law>
10
SL11T Il&a!#+o@a$
,+e %a*a,ai,e of ,+e Ili$ +ad o fur,+er rea!o ,o meddle i Tra!oAiaa affair!$ !i"e a, Bu#+ara
ad Samar#ad ,+ere wa! ao,+er au,+e,i" %a*a,ai,e$ ao,+er #+a 0& di.ie ri*+,$ i w+o!e
ame Tamerlae ad 8ir :u!ai "ould a", wi,+ a "lear "o!"ie"e ad !a,i!f& all ,+eir le*ali!,i"
!"ru)le!>
9f,er *a,+eri* ,+e rei! of !u""e!!io i,o +i! +ad! followi* +i! re,ur ,o ,+e Ili$ Il&a!1#+o@a
made oe la!, a,,em),> I 156L +e re,ured wi,+ a ew arm& ad a, fir!, defea,ed Tamerlae ad
8ir :u!ai o ,+e or,+ 0a# of ,+e S&r (ar&a$ 0e,wee Ta!+#e, ad '+ia;$ i w+a, i! #ow
a! ,+e Ba,,le of ,+e 8ar!+e! G1563H> 8ir :u!ai ad Tamerlae re,rea,ed a! far a! ,+e 9mu
(ar&a$ ,+e former ,oward Sali1Sarai Gor,+ of <udu;H$ ,+e la,,er ,o Bal#+$ lea.i* Tra!oAiaa
o)e ,o i.a!io 0& Il&a!1#+o@a$ w+o laid !ie*e ,o Samar#ad>
11
T+e ,+e ,ide ,ured> T+e
)o)ula,io of Samar#ad$ !,imula,ed 0& i,! 8u!lim M"ler*&$M )u, u) a !)iri,ed defe!e$ w+ile ,+e
ra#! of ,+e 0e!ie*er! were ,+ied 0& a e)idemi"> 9, la!,$ i 1563$ Il&a!1#+o@a e.a"ua,ed
Tra!oAiaa ad re,ured ,o ,+e Ili> 9! will 0e !ee$ +e 0arel& !ur.i.ed +i! defea,$ for !oo
af,erward +e fell a .i",im ,o ,+e re0ellio of a (u*+la, emir>
-7E/ OF TAMER/A1E A1- MIR H7SAI1
Tamerlae ad 8ir :u!ai +ad effe",i.el& li0era,ed Tra!oAiaa> T+i! duum.ira,e$ w+i"+ wa!
fur,+er ui,ed 0& TamerlaeC! marria*e ,o :u!aiC! !i!,er$ !+owed !i*! of !,rai from ,+e
0e*ii*> :u!ai a))eared ,+e more )owerfulE i addi,io ,o Tra!oAiaa$ +e +ad +i! ow
9f*+a #i*dom wi,+ i,! "i,ie! of Bal#+$ <udu;$ <+ulm$ ad <a0ul>
17
Bu, Tamerlae$ firml& i
"o,rol i +i! domai of <e!+ ad <ar!+i$ a, ,+e .er& *a,e! of Samar#ad$ +ad ,+e more for"eful
)er!oali,&> 9f,er Il&a!1#+o@aC! fli*+,$ 0o,+ me we, ,o Samar#ad ,o reor*ai;e ,+eir !,a,e>
:u!ai )la&ed ,+e o.erlord$ le.&i* ,aAe! o e.e ,+e mo!, eAal,ed o0le!> Tamerlae$ ,o wi
,+em ,o +i! "au!e$ wa! )rom), i !u))l&i* ,+em wi,+ ,+e e"e!!ar& !um! from +i! ow "offer!>
:e we, fur,+er ad$ wi,+ a fei*ed !u0mi!!io a! i!ul,i* a! a& a""u!a,io$ re,ured ,o
:u!ai ,+e @ewel! 0elo*i* ,o +i! wife$ :u!aiC! !i!,er>
15
T+e )ri"e!!C! dea,+ "om)le,ed ,+e rif,
0e,wee ,+e ,wo ri.al!> 9, fir!,$ :u!ai +ad ,+e u))er +ad ad dro.e Tamerlae from <ar!+i>
Tamerlae ,+e re"a),ured SL17T ,+e "i,& 0& e!"alade ad ,+rou*+ ,+i! !ame a",io 0e"ame
ma!,er of Bu#+ara> :u!ai re,alia,ed 0& !e,,i* for,+ from +i! re!ide"e a, Sali1Sarai$ or,+ of
<udu;$ ,o re"o?uer Tra!oAiaa wi,+ a lar*er arm&> Drom ,+e Timurid! +e ,oo# Bu#+ara ad
Samar#ad$ w+ile Tamerlae$ 0elie.i* +i! for"e! ,oo *rea,l& ou,um0ered$ fled !+amele!!l& ,o
<+ura!a>
1L

T+i! fli*+,$ followi* u)o ,+e earlier wi,+drawal! or re,rea,! from Tu*+lu*+ Timur ad Il&a!1
#+o@a$ )u,! ,+e fii!+i* ,ou"+ ,o our im)re!!io of TamerlaeC! "+ara",er> No, ,+a, +e "a 0e
a""u!ed of "owardi"e> :i! mili,ar& .alor i! 0e&od ?ue!,io> Ye, o,wi,+!,adi* ,+e da!+ ad
dari* ,+a, im)elled +im ,o ,+e a!!aul, li#e oe of +i! ow !oldier! w+e ,+e eed aro!e$
Tamerlae wa! )oli,i"all& !+rewd ad #ew w+e ,o 0rea# off ad 0ide +i! ,ime> 8eaw+ile$ +e
a*ai led ,+e life of a #i*+,erra,$ *allo)i* from ad.e,ure ,o ad.e,ure$ from <+ura!a ,o ,+e
Ta!+#e, re*io$ w+ere$ i"ide,all&$ +e did o, !+ri# from ma#i* a !e"od )a", wi,+ ,+e
8o*ol! of ,+e Ili$ +i! )eo)leC! +eredi,ar& foe!> Wor!e !,ill$ +e !,ro.e ,o )ro.o#e a i.a!io 0&
,+em$ ,o o""ur ,+e followi* !)ri*>
13
T+u!$ +a.i* !we), Tra!oAiaa "lear of ,+e %a*a,ai,e
8o*ol! of ,+e Ili$ +e made read& ,o re"a),ure ,+e "ou,r& from :u!ai a, ,+e +ead of ,+eir arm&>
T+e Safer%name 0e"ome! ?ui,e 0rea,+le!! i i,! effor,! ,o fid eA"u!e! for ,+i! )eriod of ,+e *rea,
ad.e,urerC! life> We !+ould add ,+a, Tamerlae wa! e.er "alled u)o ,o im)leme, ,+i!
medi,a,ed ,rea"+er&E for w+e ,+rea,eed 0& ao,+er 8o*ol i.a!io$ led ,+i! ,ime 0& +i! ri.al$
8ir :u!ai ,oo# fri*+,> :e offered )ea"e ,o Tamerlae$ a))eali* of "our!e ,o ,+e 8u!lim fai,+
,+a, 0oud ,+em 0o,+ ad ,o ,+e eed ,o ui,e ad ,o )re.e, ,+e +alf1M)a*aM 8o*ol! of ,+e Ili
ad ,+e Yuldu; from "omi* ,o )luder ,+e !a"red !oil of Tra!oAiaa>
16

T+i! wa! w+a, Tamerlae +ad 0ee wai,i* for> :e )rofe!!ed +im!elf ,o 0e mo.ed 0& ,+e!e )iou!
"o!idera,io! ad "laimed e.e ,o +a.e +ad a dream ,o a", a""ordi*l&> Pea"e wa! madeE ,+e
status 9uo=,+a, !omew+a, ill1defied "odomiium 0e,wee +im ad :u!ai=wa! re1
e!,a0li!+ed> :e ,+u! al!o re"o.ered +i! domai of <e!+>
T+e !e?uel )re!e,! a rare "omed& of Orie,al +&)o"ri!&$ "om)le,e wi,+ )ro,e!,a,io! of
fried!+i)$ "o"ilia,or& em0ra"e!$ ad )iou! maAim! from ,+e <ora e@a"ula,ed a, e.er& ,ur$
SL15T followed 0& 0e,ra&al!$ !ur)ri!e a,,a"#!$ ad !ummar& eAe"u,io! T la tur9ue>
Tamerlae a))eared ,o 0e )la&i* +i! )ar, lo&all& a! :u!aiC! all&E +e +el)ed +im ,o !u0due ,+e
"i,adel of <a0ul w+e i, re.ol,ed ad ,+e ,+e e?uall& re0elliou! +illme of Bada#+!+a> Bu, ,+i!
+el) ow a!!umed ,+e a!)e", of !u)er.i!io$ "oer"io$ e.e mea"e> :u!ai$ "o!"iou! ,+a,
Tra!oAiaa would remai i +i! ri.alC! 0ad!$ "ofied +im!elf more ad more ,o 9f*+ai!,a
ad +urriedl& re0uil, ,+e "i,adel of Bal#+$ a a",$ we are ,old$ ,+a, wa! Mdi!)lea!i* ,o
Tamerlae>M
17

MW+e God will! !ome,+i*$M ,+e Safer%name aou"e! )iou!l&$ M:e furi!+e! ,+e "au!e! 0&
w+i"+ i, ma& 0e 0rou*+, a0ou, a""ordi* ,o :i! )ro.ide"e> To Tamerlae ad +i! )o!,eri,&$ :e
+ad de!,ied ,+e em)ire of 9!ia$ fore!eei* ,+e milde!! of +i! rule$ w+i"+ would 0ri*
+a))ie!! ,o +i! !u0@e",!>M
12
T+i! *odl& ,oe$ w+i"+ ma& !eem !omew+a, )aradoAi"al$ i! i fa",
mo!, a))ro)ria,e> S+arif ad1(i *oe! o ,o morali;e u)o 8ir :u!aiC! *reed$ u)o ,+e
ifleAi0ili,& ,+a, aliea,ed +im from ,+e o,+er feudal lord!$ ad u)o +i! im)oli,i" 0e+a.ior>
T+ere follow! a ,a*le of i,ri*ue i w+i"+ of "our!e :u!ai i! "o!i!,e,l& i ,+e wro* ad i!
a""u!ed of )lai* a ,ra) for Tamerlae> Ne.er,+ele!!$ i, wa! Tamerlae w+o$ wi,+ou, de"lari*
war$ lau"+ed a !udde a,,a"# u)o :u!ai> O lea.i* <e!+$ 0e "ro!!ed ,+e 9mu (ar&a a,
Terme; ad i.aded Ba",ria$ +i! ad.er!ar&C! fief> :u!aiC! *arri!o a, <udu;$ ,a#e uaware!$
!urredered$ a! did ,+e lord of Bada#+!+a$ ad Tamerlae a))eared ueA)e",edl& 0efore Bal#+$
w+ere :u!ai$ all u)re)ared$ foud +im!elf 0e!ie*ed> T+u! ,ra))ed$ wi,+ou, +o)e of relief$ ,+i!
ufor,ua,e ma wa! for"ed ,o "a)i,ula,e$ reli?ui!+ )ower$ ad !e, for,+ o )il*rima*e ,o
8e""a> Tamerlae *eerou!l& )ardoed +im ad ideed !+ed ,ear! of emo,io o !eei* +im
a*aiE 0u,$ Mu#ow ,o +im$M de"lare! ,+e Safer%name$ ,+e "o?uerorC! e,oura*e )u, ,+e
fu*i,i.e ,o dea,+> T+e i+a0i,a,! of Bal#+$ *uil,& of fideli,& ,o :u!ai$ for ,+e mo!, )ar, !uffered
,+e !ame fa,e>
19

R7/ER OF TRA1SONIA1A A1- THE TIM7RI- EMPIRE
T+i! "la!!i" ,ra*ed& wa! a eA)re!!io of TamerlaeC! .er& !e If>
70
I,! domia,i* fea,ure wa! a
far!i*+,ed 8a"+ia.elliai!m$ a SL1LT "o!i!,e, +&)o"ri!& 0a!ed o ad ide,ified wi,+ rea!o!
of !,a,e> :e i! a Na)oleo wi,+ ,+e !oul of a Dou"+B$ a P+ili) II de!"eded from 9,,ila> MGra.e
ad !om0er$ a foe ,o mir,+$M li#e ,+e ma i ,+e E!"orialE a! de.ou, a! +e$ &e, a da!+i* !oldier
ad a eA)erie"ed ad )rude, leaderE ,+e fried of ar,i!,! ad me of le,,er!$ !a.ori* Per!ia
)oe,r& li#e a S+ira;i =!u"+ wa! ,+e ma w+o 0& ,+e "a),ure of Bal#+ 0e"ame !u)reme lord of
'e,ral 9!ia> T+e deli0era,ee!! of +i! ri!e ,o )ower$ wi,+ ,+e "old "al"ula,io ,+a, ea0led +im
,o &ield w+e e"e!!ar& ad *o i,o eAile w+e ,+e *ame re?uired i,$ i! remii!"e, of %e*+i;
<+a> /i#e ,+e 8o*ol "o?ueror$ ,+e leader of Tra!oAiaa +ad o0!"ure 0e*ii*! ad
!u0mi,,ed ,o wor#i* a! a !u0ordia,e uder a feudal lord la"#i* i 0olde!! ad firme!! li#e
:u!ai$ @u!, a! %e*+i; <+a +ad !er.ed uder ,+e ie), Wa*1#+a> TamerlaeC! fli*+, ,o
<+ura!a ad +i! ad.e,urou! life from Sei!,a ,o Ta!+#e, are remii!"e, of %e*+i; <+aC!
da&! of mi!for,ue o ,+e Bal@ua> :e wa! a! le*ali!,i"all& !"ru)ulou!=o!,e!i0l&$ a, a& ra,e=
i +i! 0rea"+ wi,+ :u!ai a! %e*+i; <+a +ad 0ee i 0rea#i* wi,+ ,+e <era&i, #i*4 ,+e /i.&1
li#e di!"our!e of ,+e Safer%name$ )lu! ,+e )ie,i!,i" 8u!lim ,oe ad miu! ,+e rou*+ !im)li"i,&
of ,+e 8o*ol +erd!ma$ re"all! ,+e famou! )oe,i" "om)lai, of ,+e Secret $istory> Bu, a! !oo
a! +e +ad law o +i! !ide$ 0a"#ed u) wi,+ i.o"a,io! from ,+e <ora$ Tamerlae defeded
+im!elf a*ai!, ,+e 0e,ra&al!$ real or !u))o!ed$ of +i! old all& 0& re!or,i* i +i! ,ur ,o
,rea"+er&E +e !ur)ri!ed ad 0rou*+, +im a! low a! %e*+i; <+a +ad 0rou*+, dow To*rul>
%e*+i; <+a$ +owe.er$ +ad "om)le,ed +i! wor#> :e +ad )ro"laimed +im!elf ?a$ !ole ad
!u)reme em)eror> I, did o, o""ur ,o +im ,o mai,ai a0o.e +im !ome fi*ure+ead$ !ome dire",
de!"eda, of ,+e a"ie, 8o*ol #i*!$ of a more !olidl& e!,a0li!+ed le*i,ima"& ,+a +i! owE
e.e le!! did +e ,+i# of "o?ueri* ,+e Dar Ea!, uder ,+e ae*i! of a &ou*er 0ro,+er of ,+e
<era&i, #i* or of ,+e <i em)eror> Tamerlae did ideed )ro"laim +im!elf #i* i "o?uered
Bal#+> O 9)ril 10$ 1570 G+e wa! ,+e ,+ir,&1fourH$ M+e a!"eded ,+e ,+roe$ )la"ed ,+e "row of
*old u)o +i! +ead$ ad *irded +im!elf wi,+ ,+e im)erial 0el, i ,+e )re!e"e of ,+e )ri"e! ad
emir!$ w+o fell u)o ,+eir #ee!>M T+e Safer%name a!!ure! u! ,+a, +e de"lared +im!elf a! ,+e +eir
ad "o,iua,or of %e*+i; <+a ad %a*a,ai> SL13T Bu, +i! ,i,le remaied ide,ermia,e$ ad i,
wa! o, u,il 1522 ,+a, +e "learl& ado),ed ,+a, of !ul,a> 90o.e all$ +e dared o, a0oli!+ ,+e
)u))e, em)eror! of %e*+i; <+aC! +ou!e$ al,+ou*+ <+a <a0ul1!+a+$ w+om +e ad :u!ai +ad
)la"ed o ,+e ,+roe$ +ad !ided o)el& wi,+ :u!ai a*ai!, +im> I reali,&$ a! ,+e TaCri#+1i
Ra!+idi "ofide!$ +e did ,+i# of riddi* +im!elf of ,+e 0urde of a #+a$ 0u, +e !oo refle",ed
,+a, i order ,o eAa", o0edie"e from ,+e Tra!oAiaa o0ili,& +e mu!, eAer, +i! au,+ori,& from
0e+id ,+e !"ree of a udi!)u,ed le*al )ri"i)le>
71
:e ,+erefore "ofied +im!elf ,o 0ri*i*
a0ou, ,+e dea,+ of <a0ul1!+a+ ad re)la"i* +im 0& ao,+er <e*+i;1 <+ai,e$ So&ur*+a,mi!+$
w+o wa! fai,+ful ,o +im ad rei*ed a! #+a of Timurid Tra!oAiaa from 1570 ,o 1522>
77
9f,er
+i! dea,+$ Tamerlae amed a! !u""e!!or ,+i! )ri"eC! !o$ 8a+mud #+a G152211L07H>
75
Wi,+ all
due re!)e", ad a""ordi* ,o )ro,o"ol$ ,+e firma! i!!ued 0& ,+e Timurid *o.erme, 0ore ,+e
ame! of ,+e!e de!"eda,! of ,+e illu!,riou! famil&>
7L
No dou0, ,+e& were mere !+adow #i*!$
e,irel& !u0!er.ie, ,o Tamerlae ad a))oi,ed a, +i! )lea!ure$ )oor$ o0!"ure me of !,raw
w+om o oe e.er ,+ou*+, or "ared a0ou,> MI m& da&$M 8u+ammad :aidar II (u*+la, wa! ,o
wri,e$ M#+a! are ,rea,ed i Samar#ad li#e )oli,i"al )ri!oer!>M
I, i! e.er,+ele!! ,rue ,+a, Tamerlae a))roa"+ed ,+e ?ue!,io of )oli,i"al !o.erei*,& o0li?uel&
ad "a!ui!,i"all&> :e dared o, "rea,e a e,irel& ew lawE i!,ead$ +e wa! "o,e, ,o )rodu"e a
ew !i,ua,io$ !u0!,i,u,i* i fa", Tur#i" rule for 8o*ol$ a Timurid em)ire for a %e*+i;1
<+ai,e> I law +e "laimed ,o +a.e "+a*ed .ir,uall& o,+i*> T+u! +e e.er !aid ,+a, +e would
a0oli!+ ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e &a!a? i fa.or of ,+e !+ariCa$ or 8u!lim law> Ideed$ !,ra*e ,+ou*+
i, ma& !eem$ I0 C9ra0!+a+ "all! +im a 0ad 8u!lim for +a.i* M)referred %e*+i; <+aC! law ,o
,+e law of I!lam>M
73
T+i! of "our!e ma& 0e a )urel& formal a""u!a,io$ !i"e i ,+e e&e! of ,+e
'e,ral 9!ia )o)ula,io! Tamerlae +ad !ou*+, ,o fi*ure a! %e*+i; <+aC! !u""e!!or$ e.e a! a
ew %e*+i; <+a> I )ra",i"e ,+e re.er!e wa! ,rue> I, i! ,+e <ora ,o w+i"+ +e "o,iuall&
a))eal!$ ,+e imam! ad der.i!+e! w+o )ro)+e!& +i! !u""e!!> :i! war! were ,o iflue"e ,+e
"+ara",er of ,+e @i+ad$ ,+e :ol& War$ e.e w+e=a! wa! almo!, alwa&! ,+e "a!e=+e wa!
fi*+,i* 8u!lim!> :e +ad ol& ,o a""u!e ,+e!e 8u!lim! of lu#ewarme!!$ SL16T w+e,+er ,+e
%a*a,ai,e! of ,+e Ili ad Ui*uria$ w+o!e "o.er!io wa! !o re"e,$ or ,+e !ul,a! of (el+i$ w+o
,olera,ed=ad refraied from ma!!a"ri*=,+eir millio! of :idu !u0@e",!>
Drom ,+e 0e*ii*$ TamerlaeC! em)ire wa! ou, of 0ala"e ad la"#ed ,+e !olidi,&$ !oude!!$
ad !,a0ili,& of %e*+i; <+aC!> I,! "ul,ure wa! Tur#o1Per!ia$ i,! le*al !&!,em Tur#o1 %e*+i;1
<+ai,e$ ad i,! )oli,i"o1reli*iou! di!"i)lie 8o*olo1 9ra0> I ,+i! re!)e",$ Tamerlae
"om)ri!ed a! ma& "+ara",er! a! ,+e Euro)ea em)eror '+arle! V> Bu, i +im ,+e!e
"o,radi",io! were o, a))are,E or ra,+er ,+eir !+if,i* li*+,! +ei*+,eed +i! )er!oali,&$ oe
?ui,e wi,+ou, )arallel$ ,+a, of a !u)erma )ere*ria,i* ,+rou*+ !e.eral "i.ili;a,io! a, ,+e
"ofie! of ,wo *rea, )eriod!> Tall$ wi,+ a lar*e +ead ad a dee) reddi!+ "om)leAio$ ,+i! lame
ma e.er "our!i* a0ou, ,+e world=,+i! "ri))le wi,+ +i! +ad e.er "la!)ed a0ou, +i! !word$ ,+i!
0owma w+o!e mar#!ma!+i)$ a! +e Mdrew ,+e 0ow!,ri* ,o +i! ear$M wa! a! ifalli0le a! %e*+i;
<+aC!=domia,ed +i! a*e li#e %e*+i; <+a 0efore +im> Bu,$ ,+ou*+ %e*+i; <+a .ai!+ed$
+i! em)ire=e.e uder medio"re ruler!= !ur.i.ed> TamerlaeC! em)ire$ ,o w+i"+ me of ,ale,
ad e.e *eiu! !u""eeded$ !u"+ a! S+a+ Ru#+$ Olu*+10e*$ :u!ai1i Bai?ara$ ad Ba0er$ wa! ,o
di!a))ear immedia,el&$ ,o dwidle ,o ,+e li,,le a,i.e lad of Tra!oAiaa ad aeA of <+ura!a>
T+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e !ur.i.al ma& 0e a""ou,ed for 0& ,+e fouda,io! u)o w+i"+ ,+e em)ire
+ad 0ee 0uil,> %e*+i; <+a +ad rai!ed u) ,+e a"ie, em)ire of 8o*olia$ ,+a, e,eral em)ire
of ,+e !,e))e! w+i"+$ "e,ered u)o ,+e Or#+o$ +ad edured from ,+e ,ime of ,+e old :!iu*1
uE ,+e em)ire ,+a, ,+e :u! +ad +aded o ,o ,+e %ua1@ua ad ,+e E)+,+ali,e!$ ,+e %ua1@ua ,o
,+e TCu1"+Ie+$ ,+e Tu1"+Ie+ ,o ,+e Ui*ur$ ad w+i"+ a, ,+e ,ime of %e*+i; <+aC! 0ir,+ wa!
)a!!i* i,o ,+e +ad! of ,+e <era&i,> :ere wa! a )+&!i"al framewor#$ ,+a, of ,+e !,e))eE a
e,+i" ad !o"ial framewor#$ ,+a, of Tur#o1 8o*ol omadi!m$ ,+e firmer for 0ei* !im)le$ ad
for 0ei* 0a!ed !olel& o ,+e law of a,ure w+i"+ im)el! ,+e omad +erd!ma ,o !ee# )luder
ad$ if )o!!i0le$ ,o !u0@e", !ede,ar& farmer! ,o +i! "o,rol> T+e fouda,io ad )eriodi"al
re!urre",io of ,+e em)ire of ,+e !,e))e! wa! i ,+i! re!)e", a law of +uma *eo*ra)+&> U,il ,+e
!,ill di!,a, da& w+e ,+e !ede,ar& )eo)le! u)o i,! 0order! would a"?uire a ar,ifi"ial
!u)eriori,& SL17T 0& mea! of !"ie,ifi" wea)o!$ ,+e& would 0e domia,ed 0& ,+e omad$
w+o!e em)ire wa! re*eera,ed a, !+or,er or lo*er i,er.al!$ li#e ,+e floodi* of a ri.er>
T+ere wa! o,+i* li#e ,+i! a0ou, ,+e em)ire ,+a, Tamerlae wa! ,o foud> :i! Tra!oAiaa wa!
a *eo*ra)+i"al "e,er i a))eara"e ol&$ w+i"+ mea! ,+a, i, wa! o, i i,!elf a !our"e of
d&ami!m> 'ir"um!,a"e! w+i"+ a, ,+e ed of ,+e four,ee,+ "e,ur& made i, a !,orm "e,er were
)urel& a""ide,al> I ,+e "our!e of 9!iaC! +i!,or& ,+ere +a.e 0ee ,wo #id! of domia,io> Oe
wa! ,+a, of ,+e a"ie, !ede,ar& "i.ili;a,io! o ,+e )eri)+er&='+ia$ Idia$ Ira=w+i"+$ li,,le
0& li,,le ad i !)i,e of e.er&,+i*$ o.er"ame oe MBar0ar&M or ;oe of 0ar0ari!m af,er ao,+er
0& a!!imila,io$ a more )owerful )ro"e!! i ,+e lo* ru ,+a for"e of arm!> T+e !e"od$ !ur*i*
from ,+e +ear, of ,+e "o,ie,$ wa! ,+e rude !,re*,+ of ,+e omad!$ eAer,ed 0e"au!e ,+e& were
+u*r& ad 0e"au!e ,+e ra.ei* wolf will alwa&!$ 0& !ome mea! ad a, !ome ,ime$ *e, ,+e
0e,,er of dome!,i"a,ed aimal!> Bu, ,+e Tra!oAiaa em)ire of Tamerlae fell i,o ei,+er
"a,e*or&> If for !ome &ear! +e wa! a0le ,o di!ru), ,+e Old World$ i, wa! a0o.e all 0& .ir,ue of +i!
eA"e),ioal )er!oali,&$ !o well eA)re!!ed 0& ,+e Tur#i" meai* of +i! ame4 Timur$ ,+e ma of
iro>
T+ere i! al!o ,+e fa", ,+a, ,+e "ro!!i* of ,+i! iro$ Tur#i" ra"e of ,+e Old World wi,+ ,+e 8o*ol
ra"e$ or a, lea!, i,! ,raii* uder %e*+i;1<+ai,e di!"i)lie$ )rodu"ed 0& ,+e ed of ,+e
four,ee,+ "e,ur& a formida0le mili,ar& )ower 0e,wee Ta!+#e, ad ,+e 9mu (ar&a> I, mu!, 0e
!,re!!ed a*ai ,+a, i, wa! a ,ra!ie, )+eomeo> W+o were more udi!"i)lied$ for all ,+eir
0ra.er&$ ,+a ,+e Tra!oAiaa Tur#! 0efore %e*+i; <+aF T+e fa", i! illu!,ra,ed .i.idl& eou*+
0& ,+o!e lame,a0le #i*+,!1erra, of ,+e ,+ir,ee,+ "e,ur&4 8u+ammad of <+wari;m ad %alal
ad1(i$ for eAam)le$ ,o !a& o,+i* of Sa@ar 0efore ,+em> Nor eed ,+e aar"+& of ,+e
Tur#me! ad <ir*+i; of more moder da&! 0e em)+a!i;ed> I "o,ra!, ,o ,+i!$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e
"omme, i ,+e Safer%name$ ,+e Tra!oAiaa Tur#! of ,+e Timurid )eriod +ad mili,ar&
di!"i)lie i ,+eir 0loodE ra#! formed wi,+ou, word of "ommad$ order! were a,i"i)a,ed 0efore
drum or ,rum)e, !ouded$ ad ,+e &ou* me were 0ro#e ,o ,+e )rofe!!io of arm! 0& ,wo
"e,urie! of &a!a?$ ri*orou!l& a))lied> TamerlaeC! mar"+e! ,+rou*+ Si0eria SL12T wi,er! or
,+e +ea,! of Idia *i.e !,ri#i* e.ide"e of ,+i!> T+e!e for"e!$ 0or of %e*+i;1<+ai,e di!"i)lie
im)o!ed u)o Tur#i!+ .alor$ edured for ,wo +udred &ear! wi,+ou, e.er +a.i* a o))or,ui,&
,o *i.e free rei ,o ,+eir warli#e ,em)erame,> 8e of ,+e Or#+o uder <u0lai +ad ,+e w+ole of
,+e Dar Ea!, a! ,+eir ,+ea,er of "o?ue!,E ,+o!e of ,+e Golde :orde *allo)ed ,o ,+e *a,e! of
VieaE ,+o!e of :ulK*u !,ro.e ,o rea"+ ,+e wa,er! of ,+e ri.er of E*&),> Ol& ,+e Tur#o1
8o*ol! of ,+i! Mmiddle #i*domM of Tur#e!,a i %a*a,ai$ e"ir"led 0& ,+e o,+er ,+ree %e*+i;1
<+ai,e ulus$ were for"ed ,o mar# ,ime> Bu, ow !uddel& ,+e 0arrier! a0ou, ,+em were dow>
We!,ward$ o #+aa,e of Per!ia +emmed ,+e Tra!oAiaa! iE ,+e or,+we!, wa! +eld 0& a
Golde :orde i de"lie$ i"a)a0le ow of 0arri* ,+e wa&E i ,+e dire",io of ,+e Go0i ,+e wa&
wa! o)e$ for M8o*+oli!,aM la& i rui!E ,+e !ul,aa,e of (el+i wa! i mome,ar& "olla)!e ad
i o !,a,e ,o *uard ,+e Idu! a! i ,+e da&! of ,+e fir!, %a*a,ai,e!> TamerlaeC! Tra!oAiaa!
!)ed for,+ i all dire",io!> T+e& +ad a lo* )eriod of efor"ed idlee!! ,o ma#e u) for$ duri*
w+i"+ "o?ue!, +ad 0ee e@o&ed 0& ,+e ou,er Tur#o18o*ol ulus aloe$ w+ile ,+e me of
Tra!oAiaa +ad 0ee "u, off from ,+e *lorie! ad reward! of 8o*ol warfare> Now a, la!, ,+eir
+our +ad "ome>
T+e Timurid e)i"=if oe ma& !o de!"ri0e ,+a, !erie! of 0e,ra&al! ad ma!!a"re!=w+ile
e,+i"all& Tur#i"$ wa! !,ill )ar, of ,+e 8o*ol e)i"$ ,+ou*+ a 0ela,ed )ar,>
CO1H7EST OF 2H#ARI>M
TamerlaeC! "o?ueri* a",i.i,ie! were "arried o from ,+e Vol*a ,o (ama!"u!$ from Sm&ra ,o
,+e Ga*e! ad ,+e Yuldu;$ ad +i! eA)edi,io! i,o ,+e!e .ariou! re*io! followed o
*eo*ra)+i"al order> :e !)ed from Ta!+#e, ,o S+ira;$ from Ta0ri; ,o <+od;+e,$ a! eem&
a**re!!io di",a,edE a "am)ai* i Ru!!ia o""urred 0e,wee ,wo i Per!ia$ a eA)edi,io i,o
'e,ral 9!ia 0e,wee ,wo raid! i,o ,+e 'au"a!u!> T+ere i! o,+i* +ere of %e*+i; <+aC!
!,rai*+,forward )lai*4 "am)ai*! i 8o*olia$ "am)ai*! i ,+e Dar Ea!,$ "am)ai*! i
Tur#e!,a ad 9f*+ai!,a$ ad a re,ur ,o ,+e Dar Ea!,> TamerlaeC! eA)edi,io! followed u)o
oe ao,+er +i**led&)i**led& 0e"au!e$ uli#e %e*+i; <+a$ w+o made a "lea SL19T !wee)
w+ere.er +e we,$ Tamerlae a, ,+e ed of e.er& !u""e!!ful "am)ai* lef, ,+e "ou,r& wi,+ou,
ma#i* a& di!)o!i,io! for i,! "o,rol eA"e), i <+wari;m ad Per!ia$ ad e.e ,+ere o, u,il
,+e .er& ed> I, i! ,rue ,+a, +e !lau*+,ered all +i! eemie! a! ,+orou*+l& ad "o!"ie,iou!l& a!
,+e *rea, 8o*ol$ ad ,+e )&ramid! of +uma +ead! lef, 0e+id +im a! a wari* eAam)le ,ell
,+eir ow ,ale> Ye, ,+e !ur.i.or! for*o, ,+e le!!o *i.e ,+em ad !oo re!umed !e"re, or o.er,
a,,em),! a, re0ellio$ !o ,+a, i, wa! all ,o do a*ai> I, a))ear!$ ,oo$ ,+a, ,+e!e 0lood!oa#ed
)&ramid! di.er,ed Tamerlae from ,+e e!!e,ial o0@e",i.e> Ba*+dad$ Bru!!a GBur!aH$ Sarai$ <ara
S+a+r$ ad (el+i were all !a"#ed 0& +im$ 0u, +e did o, o.er"ome ,+e O,,oma Em)ire$ ,+e
Golde :orde$ ,+e #+aa,e of 8o*+oli!,a$ or ,+e Idia !ul,aa,eE ad e.e ,+e %elair! of Ira?
C9ra0i ro!e u) a*ai a! !oo a! +e +ad )a!!ed> T+u! +e +ad ,o "o?uer <+wari;m ,+ree ,ime!$ ,+e
Ili !iA or !e.e ,ime! Gwi,+ou, e.er maa*i* ,o +old i, for lo*er ,+a ,+e dura,io of ,+e
"am)ai*H$ ea!,er Per!ia ,wi"e$ we!,er Per!ia a, lea!, ,+ree ,ime!$ i addi,io ,o wa*i* ,wo
"am)ai*! i Ru!!ia ad o,+er eA)edi,io!>
TamerlaeC! "am)ai*! Malwa&! +ad ,o 0e fou*+, a*ai$M ad fi*+, ,+em a*ai +e did> (e!)i,e
,+eir me,i"ulou! !,ra,e*& ad im)e""a0le ,a",i"!$ ,+e& !eem from ,+e .iew)oi, of )oli,i"al
+i!,or& ,o 0e la"#i* i all "o+e!io> '+roolo*i"al !,ud& de)ri.e! ,+em of i,ere!,$ 0e&od ,+e
)urel& )er!oal i,ere!, oe ma& feel i ,+e "+ara",er of ,+e +ero> :i!,ori"al "lari,& i! 0e!,
a"+ie.ed 0& *rou)i* ,+em a""ordi* ,o ,+e *rea, re*io! of "o?ue!,$ !,ar,i* from Tra!oAiaa
ad wor#i* ou,ward> T+u! we !+all !,ud& TamerlaeC! a",i.i,& i <+wari;m$ ea!,er Tur#e!,a$
Per!ia$ Ru!!ia$ Tur#e&$ ad Idia>
'om)ri!i* ,+e lower "our!e of ,+e 9mu (ar&a ad i,! del,a o ,+e 9ral Sea$ <+wari;m or ,+e
)re!e, lad of <+i.a +ad )la&ed a "o!idera0le if e)+emeral )ar, i ,+e +i!,or& of ,+e Orie, a,
,+e ed of ,+e ,welf,+ "e,ur& ad for ,+e fir!, ei*+,ee &ear! of ,+e ,+ir,ee,+ uder ,+e *rea,
<+wari;mia d&a!,& of Tur#i" !,o"# w+i"+ %e*+i; <+a eA)elled i 1770> I, +ad af,erward
0ee a,,a"+ed i )ri"i)le ,o ,+e <i)"+a# #+aa,e u,il "a),ured from <+a Ber#e of <i)"+a# 0&
9i*+u ,+e #+a of %a*a,ai G0e,wee 1760 ad 176LH> <liwari;m ,+e 0e"ame a i,e*ral )ar, of
,+e #+aa,e of %a*a,ai$ a! wa! *eo*ra)+i"all& SL70T a))ro)ria,e> Bu, ,+i! "o?ue!, wa!
a))are,l& of !+or, dura,io> S+or,l& af,erward$ a""ordi* ,o Bar,+old$ <+wari;m wa! di.ided
0e,wee <i)"+a# ad %a*a,ai$ wi,+ ,+e <i)"+a# #+aa,e i "o,rol of ,+e S&r (ar&a del,a ad
Ur*e"+ ad ,+e #+aa,e of %a*a,ai ruli* ,+e !ou,+er re*io$ i"ludi* <a,+ GS+a+ 900a!waliH
ad <+i.a>
76
Soo af,er 1560$ a Tur#i" "+ief of ,+e \u*rad ,ri0e amed :u!ai Sufi ,oo#
ad.a,a*e of ,+e aar"+& )re.aili* i <i)"+a# ,o foud a ide)ede, #i*dom of <+wari;m>
:e eA, )rofi,ed 0& ,+e war! i Tra!oAiaa ,o ,a#e <a,+ ad <+i.a from ,+e Tra!oAiaa!> Bu,
a! !oo a! Tamerlae 0e"ame ruler of Tra!oAiaa$ +e re"laimed ,+e ,erri,or& of ,+e!e ,wo "i,ie!
G1571H>
77
(efied 0& :u!ai Sufi$ +e ,oo# <a,+ ad laid !ie*e ,o +i! eem& i Ur*e"+>
72
:u!ai
Sufi died duri* ,+e !ie*e$ ad +i! 0ro,+er Yu!uf Sufi$ w+o !u""eeded +im$ !ued for ad wa!
*ra,ed )ea"e i re,ur for re!,ori* ,o Tamerlae ,+e lad of <a,+ G<+i.a re*ioH>
79
Yu!uf Sufi
!oo re*re,,ed ,+i! "e!!io ad de.a!,a,ed ,+e "ou,r& of <a,+>
50
Tamerlae a*ai o)eed
+o!,ili,ie! i 1575$
51
0u, rele,ed o o0,aii* Yu!ufC! dau*+,er$ ,+e 0eau,iful <+a;ade$ for +i!
!o %a+a*ir> War 0ro#e ou, a*ai i 1573$
57
0u, Tamerlae wa! re"alled ,o Samar#ad 0& ,+e
re.ol, of ,wo of +i! lieu,ea,!> T+e )ea"e ,+a, followed wa! 0rief> W+ile Tamerlae wa! fi*+,i*
,+e W+i,e :orde or,+ of ,+e lower S&r (ar&a$ Yu!uf Sufi !ei;ed ,+e o""a!io ,o de.a!,a,e ,+e
"ou,r& a0ou, Samar#ad dee) i Tra!oAiaa> T+i! da*erou! ei*+0or$ w+o ,+rea,eed ,+e
"a)i,al a! !oo a! ,+e Timurid arm& wa! e*a*ed el!ew+ere$ +ad ,o 0e remo.ed> I 1579$
55
)ro.o#ed 0& Yu!uf$ Tamerlae arri.ed a, ,+e *a,e! of Ur*e"+ ,o mee, +i! ad.er!ar& i !i*le
"om0a,> M:e doed +i! li*+, "uira!!$ *irded +i! !word a0ou, +im$ !lu* +i! !+ield u)o +i!
!+oulder$ ad$ weari* ,+e ro&al +elme,$ +e mou,ed +i! +or!e ad ad.a"ed ,oward ,+e "i,&>
Pla"i* +i! ,ru!, i God$ +e we, forward aloe ,o ,+e ed*e of ,+e di,"+ ad !ummoed Yu!uf ,o
ma,"+ +i! !,re*,+ wi,+ +im> Bu, Yu!uf$ )referri* life ,o +oor$ re,ured o a!wer>M
5L
T+e !ie*e
of Ur*e"+ la!,ed ,+ree mo,+!> Yu!uf$ i"rea!i*l& 0ard1)re!!ed$ died of de!)air> T+e "i,& wa!
fiall& ,a#e 0& a!!aul,$ followed 0& ,+e u!ual ma!!a"re G1579H>
53

T+e aeAa,io of <+wari;m "om)le,ed ,+e forma,io of ,+e Tra!oAiaa realm>
SL71T
ENPE-ITIO1S TO MO,HO/ISTA1 A1- 7I,7RIA
S"ar"el& +ad Tamerlae a!!ured +im!elf of ,+e ,+roe of Tra!oAiaa w+e +e wa! "alled for,+
a*ai ,o wa*e war i ,+e old #+aa,e of ea!,er %a*a,ai G,+e Ili ad Yuldu; re*io!H>
Re.olu,io +ad re"e,l& 0ro#e ou, i ,+a, "ou,r&> We +a.e !ee ,+e domia, )o!i,io a"?uired
,+ere 0& ,+e 8o*ol (,i*+la, famil&$ w+i"+ wa! almo!, e,irel& i "o,rol of <a!+*aria$ wi,+
9#!u a! i,! "e,er$ ad w+i"+ )o!!e!!ed i addi,io lar*e e!,a,e! i ,+e !)e"ifi"all& %a*a,ai,e ;oe
of ,+e Ili$ w+ere ,+e #+a! +ad ,+eir +ead?uar,er!>
56
9l!o$ ,+e (u*+la, emir Pulad!+i or Bula@i i
15L7 ,oo# ,+e ii,ia,i.e=af,er !e.eral &ear! of aar"+&=i re)la"i* o ,+e Ili ,+roe ,+e
%a*a,ai,e <+a Tu*+lu*+ Timur>
57
9f,er Bula@iC! dea,+$ w+i"+ o""urred duri* ,+e rei* of
Tu*+lu*+ Timur G15L7165H$ ,+e )o!, of ulu!10e*i Ga))roAima,i* ,o ,+a, of ma&or of ,+e )ala"eH
wa! *i.e ,o +i! &ou* !o <+udaidad> Bula@iC! 0ro,+er$ Emir \amar ad1(i$ w+o "o.e,ed ,+e
a))oi,me,$ )ro,e!,ed i .ai ,o <+a Tu*+lu*+ Timur ad a, ,+e la,,erC! dea,+ ,oo# +i! re.e*e
0& #illi* ,+e de"ea!ed #+aC! !o Il&a!1#+o@a$ w+o +ad @u!, re,ured from Tra!oAiaa$ dri.e
,+e"e 0& ,+e .i",oriou! Tamerlae G"a> 1563166H> \amar ad1(i$ o.er,+rowi* ,+e %a*a,ai,e
d&a!,&$ u!ur)ed ,+e ,i,le of #+a ad ruled o.er Nlo*+oli!,a G,+a, i!$ o.er ,+e re*io of ,+e
Tala!$ I!!&# <ul$ Ili$ Yuldu;$ ad 8aa!$ ad mo!, li#el& al!o o.er ,+e *rea,er )ar, of ,+e 9l,i1
!+a+r or <a!+*ariaH from a0ou, 1566 ,o 1597>
52
9 &ou*er 0ro,+er of Il&a!1#+o@a amed <+i;r1
#+o@a e!"a)ed ,+e fur& of \amar ad1(i$ ,+a#! ,o <+udaidad$ w+o +el)ed +im ,o flee from
<a!+*ar i,o ,+e Pamir!$ w+ere ,+e &ou* ma we, i,o +idi* u,il ,+e daw of 0e,,er da&!>
59

I, wa! a*ai!, \amar ad1(i ,+a, Tamerlae lau"+ed a !erie! of eA)edi,io!$ far le!! "ele0ra,ed
,+a ,+o!e of Per!ia$ (el+i$ or 9#ara$ &e, )er+a)! more remar#a0leE for ,+e& were "odu",ed i
more diffi"ul, "ou,r& a*ai!, a elu!i.e eem&> T+e!e were )re.e,i.e eA)edi,io!$ de!i*ed ,o
)ro,e", Tra!oAiaa from )eriodi"al omad i.a!io!> TamerlaeC! offi"er! made a
re"oai!!a"e i ,+e dire",io of 9lma19,a$ la,er al!o #ow a! Ver&$ or,+ of ,+e I!!&# <ul$
ad re,ured af,er +a.i* made a )ea"e or ,ru"e wi,+ ,+e eem&$ w+i"+ Tamerlae SL77T
re)udia,ed> /ea.i* Ta!+#e,$ Tamerlae mar"+ed from Sairam Gor,+ of ,+a, "i,&H ,o a )la"e
referred ,o i ,+e Ta'rikh%i -ashidi a! Ta#i ad 0elie.ed 0& Elia! ad (ei!o Ro!! ,o 0e Ya*i$
,+a, i!$ Tala!$ al!o #ow a! 9ulie19,a> :ere +e )u, ,+e omad! ,o fli*+, ad "a),ured mu"+
)luder>
L0

I 1573$ Tamerlae fou*+, +i! ,+ird "am)ai*>
L1
:e lef, Sairam ad "ro!!ed ,+e Tala! ad
To#ma# re*io! 0& ,+e +eadwa,er! of ,+e '+u> \amar ad1(i$ ado),i* ,+e u!ual omad ,a",i"!$
re,rea,ed 0efore +im ,o a )la"e "alled Bir#e+1i Guria or 9r!+al 9,ar a""ordi* ,o ,+e Xafer1
ame$ 0elie.ed 0& Elia! ad (ei!o Ro!! ,o re)re!e, O,ar$ ear ,+e u))er 0a!i of ,+e Ili$ 0&
oe of ,+e or,+er !)ur! of ,+e 9la1Tau>
L7
I, !eem! a, a& ra,e ,+a, ,+e !i,e !+ould 0e loo#ed for
i ,+e mou,ai! or,+we!, of ,+e I!!&# <ul> %a+a*ir$ TamerlaeC! elde!, !o$ ,oo# ,+e eem& 0&
!ur)ri!e +ere ad ,+e& !"a,,ered ,oward ,+e Ili> Tamerlae de.a!,a,ed ,+a, )ar, of ,+e Ili re*io
G9)1iliH w+i"+ "o!,i,u,ed ,+e +ear, of old ea!,er %a*a,ai ad ,+e$ i, !eem!$ we, o i,o ,+e
.alle& of ,+e u))er Nar&$ w+ere ,+e Xaferame !+ow! +im o)era,i* 0& ,+e ri.er! 9r)a ad
Ya;i$ or,+we!, of <a!+*ar>
L5
:e +ad "a),ured Pri"e!! (il!+ad 9*+a$ \amar ad1(iC! dau*+,er$
ad added +er ,o +i! +arem> :e re,ured ,o Samar#ad 0& wa& of U;*e ad <+od;+e, i
Der*aa>
Bu, \amar ad1(i wa! o, 0ea,e> W+e ,+e Timurid arm& +ad *oe 0a"# ,o Tra!oAiaa$ +e
a,,a"#ed Der*aa$ a )ro.i"e 0elo*i* ,o Tamerlae$ ad !a"#ed ,+e "i,& of 9di;+a> Era*ed
Tamerlae +a!,eed ,o Der*aa ad "+a!ed +im 0e&od U;*e ad ,+e Ya!!& 8ou,ai! a! far a!
,+e .alle& of ,+e 9,1Ba!+i$ a !ou,+er ,ri0u,ar& of ,+e u))er Nar&>
I e,eri* ,+i! area of ,+e TCie S+a$ Tamerlae fell i,o a am0u!+ w+ere \amar ad1(i wa!
awai,i* +im> :e e!"a)ed$ ,+a#! !olel& ,o +i! )er!oal "oura*e$ Mwi,+ +i! la"e$ +i! war "lu0$
+i! !word$ ad +i! la!!o$M ad re,ured ,o )u, +i! eem& ,o fli*+, o"e a*ai> :e ,+e re*aied
Samar#ad$ w+ere +i! !o %a+a*ir +ad @u!, died G1573 or 1576H>
LL

(uri* ,+e &ear! ,+a, followed G1576177H$ Tamerlae led a fif,+ eA)edi,io a*ai!, \amar ad1
(i> :e fou*+, +im i ,+e *or*e! we!, of ,+e I!!&# <ul ad )ur!ued +im ,o <o"+#ar$ a, ,+e
we!,er )oi, of ,+e la#e>
L3
T+e Xafer1ame me,io! e.e a !iA,+ eA)edi,io !e, 0& Tamerlae
,o ,+e I!!&# <ul a*ai!, SL75T \amar ad1(i aroud 1525$ 0u, a*ai ,+e #+a wa! o, ,o 0e
"au*+,>
L6

I 1529190$ Tamerlae made a de"i!i.e effor, ,o rid +im!elf of ,+e omad! of 8o*+oli!,a>
L7
I
1529$ +e "ri!!"ro!!ed ,+e Ili ad Imil re*io! i all dire",io!$ !ou,+ ad ea!, of /a#e Bal#+a!+
G,+e 9,re#1<ul of ,+e Safer%nameH ad roud ,+e 9la1<ul$ ,erri,orie! w+i"+ +a.e !i"e 0e"ome
,+e Ru!!ia )ro.i"e of Semire"+&e ad ,+e '+ie!e )ro,e",ora,e of Tar0a*a,ai$ ad w+i"+ were
,+e ,+e +ear, of 8o*+oli!,a> Pla&i* ,+e role of lord ad "o?ueror$ +e !e, +i! mo0ile
!?uadro! !)eedi* a"ro!! ,+e +i!,ori" !,e))e! w+ere ,+e #+a! of %a*a,ai ad 5gd)i +ad o"e
+eld ,+eir omadi" "our,$ i ,+e re*io of moder <uld@a ad '+u*u"+a#$ w+ile +i! .a*uard
*allo)ed i )ur!ui, of 8o*ol! a! far a! ,+e Bla"# Ir,&!+$ !ou,+ of ,+e 9l,ai>
L2
T+e +i! arm&$
mo.i* i !e)ara,e "olum! a"ro!! ,+e TCie S+a ma!!if$ )a!!ed from ,+e Bal#+a!+ 0a!i ,o ,+a,
of ,+e Ba*ra"+ <ol> T+e *eeral rede;.ou! wa! ,+e .alle& of ,+e Yuldu;$ w+i"+ Tamerlae
rea"+ed 0& wa& of ,+e <u*e! .alle&>
L9
O ,+e e.ide"e of ,+e Safer%name$ ,+e Timurid ad.a"e
,roo)! )u!+ed far,+er ea!,ward ,o <ara1#+o@a$ or almo!, ,o Turfa>
30

9mo* ,+e 8o*ol "+ief! w+om Tamerlae fou*+, i ,+a, re*io$ ,+e Safer%name me,io!
<+i;r1#+o@a$ +eir ,o ,+e +ou!e of %a*a,ai$ w+o +ad 0ee ,em)oraril& dri.e from +i! ,+roe 0& ,+e
u!ur)i* \amar ad1(i> We #ow from ,+e TaCri#+1i Ra!+idi ,+a, <+i;r1#+o@a 0ad fled ,o ,+e
mo!, ea!,erl& )ar, of ea!,er Tur#e!,a Gfir!, ,o ,+e <+o,a$ ,+e ,+e /o0 Nor areaH$ w+ere +e
!,ro.e ,o foud a ew realm$ meaw+ile for"i0l& "o.er,i* ,+e la!, Ui*ur of Turfa ,o I!lam>
31
9l,+ou*+ TamerlaeC! "+ief eem&$ \amar ad1(i$ wa! al!o ,+e eem& of <+i;r1#+o@a$
Tamerlae did o, +e!i,a,e ,o a,,a"# ,+e la,,er$ e.ide,l& feari* le!, ,+e +ou!e of %a*a,ai mi*+,
re"rui, ew !,re*,+ i Ui*uri!,a> <+i;r1#+o@a wa! 0ea,e ad fled i,o ,+e Go0i>
31
T+e
.i",oriou! Tamerlae +eld a mili,ar& a!!em0l& a, '+ali!+ or %ali!+$ moder <ara S+a+r$ ad
!+ared ou, amo* +i! me ,+e 0oo,& ,a#e from ,+e omad!>
35
T+e Safer%name "rea,e! ,+e
im)re!!io ,+a,$ +a.i* ,+u! e!,a0li!+ed +im!elf i ,+e +ear, of 'e,ral 9!ia$ +e a!!umed ,+e )o!e
of !u""e!!or ,o %e*+i; <+a> Ye, i fa",$ +e de!,ro&ed 8o*ol domia,io i ea!,er Tur#e!,a
a, ,+e .er& mome, w+e ,+e a""e!!io of ,+e 8i* +ad o.er,+row i, i '+ia>
SL7LT
Before re,uri* ,o Samar#ad$ Tamerlae !e, +i! !o CUmar!+ai#+ o a+ead from ,+e Yuldu;
0& ,+e U"+ Derma GU"+ TurfaH ad <a!+*ar rou,e>
3L
We do o, #ow w+e,+er +e +im!elf wi,+
,+e mai 0od& of ,+e arm& "+o!e ,+i! wa&$ or w+e,+er +e "ame 0a"# from ,+e Yuldu; .ia ,+e Ili$
,+e '+u$ ad ,+e Tala!>
Ye, ,+i! ,ime ,oo$ al,+ou*+ Tamerlae +ad "arried de.a!,a,io ,o ,+e +ear, of ,+e Go0i$ +i! *rea,
foe <+a \amar ad1(i remaied udefea,ed> S"ar"el& +ad ,+e Timurid arm& re1e,ered
Tra!oAiaa w+e \amar ad1(i 0uil, u) +i! )ower a*ai i ,+e Ili .alle&> I 1590$ ,+erefore$
Tamerlae a*ai !e, a arm& a*ai!, +im> Drom Ta!+#e, ,+e!e for"e! mar"+ed 0& ,+e I!!&#
<ul$ "ro!!ed ,+e Ili a, 9lmali#$ ad.a"ed 0e&od ,+e <ara1Tal$ ad ,railed \amar ad1(i ,o ,+e
Bla"# Ir,&!+$ w+ere ,+e& lo!, +im> \amar ad1(i .ai!+ed i,o ,+e 9l,ai$ Mi,o ,+e "ou,r& of
mar,e! ad !a0le!$M ad wa! +eard of o more> TamerlaeC! me amu!ed ,+em!el.e! 0& 0uri*
,+eir leaderC! ame wi,+ red1+o, iro! i,o ,+e )ie ,ru#! of ,+e 9l,aiE ,+e$ !#ir,i* ,+e 0a#! of
,+e 9,re#1<ul=i>e>$ /a#e Bal#+a!+=,+e& re,ured ,o Tra!oAiaa>
33

T+e di!a))eara"e of ,+e u!ur)er \amar ad1(i ea0led <+i;r1#+oia of %a*a,ai ,o re"o.er ,+e
,+roe of 8o*+oli!,a> T+e ew "+ief of (u*+la,C! +ou!e$ Emir <+udaidad$ \amar ad1(iC!
e)+ew$ w+o +ad alwa&! 0ee a Mle*i,imi!,$M wa! ,+e fir!, ,o !ummo <+i;r1#+o@a ad ,o !u))or,
ad e!ure +i! re!,ora,io>
36
T+e ew #+a wa! a w+ole+ear,ed 8u!lim> We +a.e !ee ,+a,$
+a.i* !u0@u*a,ed Turfa$ +e for"i0l& "o.er,ed ,+e la!, of ,+e Ui*ur eleme,! ,+ere>
37
T+i!
ou,loo# drew +im earer ,o Tamerlae$ ad )ea"e wa! ul,ima,el& "o"luded 0e,wee ,+e ,wo
)ri"e!> 9roud 1597$ a! a re!ul,$ <+i;r1#+o@ao *a.e +i! dau*+,er i marria*e ,o Tamerlae$ w+o
*rea,l& .alued ,+e allia"e !i"e i, 0rou*+, +im i,o ,+e *rea, %e*+i;1<+ai,e famil&>
32

<+i;r1#+o@a died i 1599> T+e TaCri#+1i Ra!+idi re)or,! ,+a, +e wa! !u""eeded o ,+e Ili ,+roe
0& +i! ,+ree !o!$ S+ama1i %a+a or S+am1i %a+a G"a> 15991 1L02H$ Na#!+1i %a+a$ ad
8u+ammad1#+a Gd> "a> 1L72H$ ,+e la,,er 0ei* )rai!ed i ,+i! !ame ,eA, for +i! 8u!lim )ie,&>
39
9ll ,+ree li.ed uder ,+e !ur.eilla"e ad )ro,e",io of ,+e (u*+la, emir <+udaidad> Tamerlae
"ould o, refrai from ,a#i* ,+e o))or,ui,& offered 0& +i! fa,+er1i1lawC! dea,+ ,o !ed a fre!+
eA)edi,io$ if o, ,o ,+e Ili i,!elf$ a, lea!, i,o <a!+*aria G15991 1L00H> T+i! arm&$ led 0& ,+e
SL73T "o?uerorC! *rad!o 8ir;a I!#ader$ e,ered <a!+*ar$ )ludered Yar#ad$ !ei;ed ,+e
for,ified "i,& of 9#!u=w+o!e i+a0i,a,! ra!omed ,+em!el.e! 0& +adi* o.er ,+e ri"+ '+ie!e
mer"+a,! dwelli* amo* ,+em=ad ,+e !e, a de,a"+me, ,o ,+e or,+we!, ,o )illa*e Bai ad
<u"+a> 8ir;a I!#ader ,+e )ro"eeded ,o <+o,a$ w+ere ,+e i+a0i,a,! wel"omed +im wi,+
)re!e,! ad de"lared ,+em!el.e! TamerlaeC! !u0@e",!> :e fiall& re,ured ,o Samar#ad 0& ,+e
9di;+a rou,e ,+rou*+ Der*aa>
60

CO1H7EST OF EASTER1 IRA1
W+e Tamerlae +ad e!,a0li!+ed +i! #i*dom of Tra!oAiaa= a e!!e,iall& Tur#i" #i*dom$
,+ou*+ uder ,+e fi",io of 0ei* a %e*+i;1<+ai,e #+aa,e=+e re!umed i Ira ,+e !,ru**le of
,+e Tur#o18o*ol a*ai!, ,+e Tad;+i#>
T+e *eeral !)li,,i* u) of ,+e "ou,r& mea, ,+a, ,+e Iraia )eo)le were a, ,+e mer"& of ,+e
fir!, re!olu,e i.ader> %e*+i; <+a i +i! da& +ad a, lea!, 0ee fa"ed wi,+ a ui,ed )ower$ ,+e
<+wari;mia Em)ire$ w+i"+ eA,eded from <a0ul ,o :amada> Da"i* Tamerlae$ o ,+e
"o,rar&$ were four or fi.e ri.al )ower!$ amo* w+i"+ ,+e former :ulK*id em)ire +ad 0ee
)ar"eled ou, a, radomE ,+e!e !,a,e! were .er& dee)l& di.ided ad ,+eir ruler! e.er e.e ,+ou*+,
of ui,i* a*ai!, ,+e Tur#> T+e <er, were 9f*+a 0& ra"e ad Sui,e 0& reli*io$ ad li.ed i
:era,> T+e& were ,+e !wor eemie! of ,+e Sar0edaria! of Se0;ewar$ w+o were S+iCi,e Per!ia!>
T+e 9ra0o1Per!ia 8u;affarid! of Dar! were ri.al! of ,+e %elairid!$ ,+e 8o*ol ma!,er! of Ta0ri;
ad Ba*+dad> 8oreo.er$ i ,+a, 8u;affarid famil&$ w+ere !o! ,+ou*+, o,+i* of )u,,i* ou,
,+eir fa,+er!C e&e!$ all ,+e )ri"e! de,e!,ed ad 0e,ra&ed oe ao,+er$ ad fou*+, amo*
,+em!el.e! for a mere .illa*e> Tamerlae$ w+o +ad +ad ,o ma#e !u"+ !,reuou! effor,! i +i!
0a,,le! wi,+ ,+e omad! of 8o*+oli!,a ad <i)"+a#$ +ere foud +i! o))oe,! deli.ered i,o +i!
+ad!> T+e Per!ia of 1520 i.i,ed "o?ue!,>
Ideed$ af,er ,+e fall of ,+e :ulK*id #+aa,e$ ea!,er Ira !oo fel, ,+e wei*+, of ,+e
Tra!oAiaa Tur#i" ,+rea,> I 1531$ a! +a! 0ee o,ed$ ,+e famou! emir \a;*+a$ "+ief of ,+e
Tra!oAiaa!$ 0ad "ome ,o la& !ie*e ,o :era, ad +ad redu"ed ,+e rei*i* <er, ,o a !,a,e of
.a!!ala*e> T+i! a", wa! ow re)ea,ed 0& Tamerlae> SL76T I 1520$ +e !ummoed ,+e malik or
#i* of :era,$ G+i&a,+ ad1(i II Pir C9li$ ,o a))ear a! a .a!!al a, +i! 9uriltai> G+i&a,+ ad1(i II
G1570121H$ !o ad !u""e!!or ,o 8uCi;; ad1(i :u!ai ad !e.e,+ )ri"e of ,+e <er, d&a!,&$ o
dou0, la"#ed ,+e )oli,i"al ada),a0ili,& w+i"+ +ad ea0led +i! fa,+er ad earlier fore0ear! ,o ,a"#
a0ou, amid ,+e :ulK*id war! ad ,+e ,o 0e a""e),ed 0& \a;*+a> W+ile de"lari* +i!
!u0mi!!io$ +e &e, dela&ed> I ,+e !)ri* of 1521$ Tamerlae mar"+ed o :era,> G+i&a,+ ad1(i
+ad @u!, "a),ured Ni!+a)ur from ,+e o,+er ea!,er Iraia d&a!,&$ ,+e Sar0edaria!$ ad ,+i! war$
w+i"+ !e, ,+e <er, ad ,+e Sar0edaria! a, ea"+ o,+erC! ,+roa,!$ added ,o ,+e "ofu!io ad ,umul,
i <+ura!a>
61
8oreo.er G+i&a,+ ad1(iC! 0ro,+er$ w+o "ommaded ,+e for,re!! of Sara#+!
!ou,+ of :era,$ made !u0mi!!io ,o Tamerlae of +i! ow a""ord Mad wa! admi,,ed ,o ,+e +oor
of #i!!i* ,+e im)erial "ar)e,>M Bu!+a* for,re!!$ or,+ea!, of :era,$ wa! ,a#e 0& a!!aul,> I
:era, i,!elf$ w+ere G+i&a,+ ad1(i +ad !+u, +im!elf u)$ ,+e *arri!o$ "om)o!ed of rou*+
9f*+a! from G+or$ wa! all for re!i!,i*$ ad e.e made a !or,ie> Bu, ,+e ,ow!fol# M)referred
)ea"e for ,+eir +ome!$ w+i"+ were adored wi,+ 0eau,iful )o,,er& from <a!0a$M ad refu!ed ,o
fi*+,> G+i&a,+ ad1(i +ad ,o "a)i,ula,e>
67
Tamerlae re"ei.ed +im well ad Madmi,,ed +im ,o ,+e
+oor of #i!!i* ,+e "ar)e, of +i! ,+roe$M 0u, "au!ed all ,+e ri"+e! of ,+e "i,& ,o 0e +aded o.er
,o +im!elf> Oe of ,+e mali#C! !o!$ w+o +eld ,+e im)re*a0le for, of 9ma#o+ or I!+#al"+a$ wa!
)er!uaded 0& +i! fa,+er ,o !urreder>
Tamerlae lef, G+i&a,+ ad1(i a! ,i,ular ruler of :era,$ 0u, ,+e "i,&$ i,! wall! demoli!+ed$ wa!
ow o more ,+a a de)ede"& of ,+e Timurid Em)ire> G+i&a,+ ad1(i +im!elf$ redu"ed ,o ,+e
role of a +um0le .a!!al$ wa! !e, i,o "om)ul!or& re!ide"e a, Samar#ad> T+i! !i,ua,io mi*+,
+a.e 0ee )rolo*ed idefii,el& 0u, for +ad! of 9f*+a! from G+or w+o$ a, ,+e ed of 1527$
+el)ed 0& ,+e )eo)le of :era,$ made a !ur)ri!e a!!aul, o ,+e "i,& ad ,oo# )o!!e!!io of i,>
65
Pri"e 8ira!+a+$ TamerlaeC! ,+ird !o$ !,erl& re)re!!ed ,+i! re.ol,$ ad ,ower! were 0uil, of
+uma +ead!> T+e Safer%name rela,e! la"oi"all& ,+a, af,er ,+e!e e.e,! G+i&a,+ ad1(i ad +i!
famil&$ o dou0, !u!)e",ed of "om)li"i,&$ re"ei.ed ,+e order ,o die>
6L
T+u! eded ,+e 9f*+a
d&a!,& of ,+e <er,$ w+o 0& ,+eir adroi,e!! +ad SL77T maa*ed ,o !ur.i.e amid all i.a!io! for
earl& a +udred ad ,+ir,& &ear! i ,+i! for,re!! of :era,$ eA)o!ed ,+ou*+ i, wa! ,o ,+e ra)a"i,&
of all "o?ueror!>
:a.i* !u0dued ,+e <er, realm of :era,$ Tamerlae mar"+ed o ea!,er <+ura!a i 1521> Two
!,a,e! were ,+e ?uarreli* o.er )o!!e!!io of ,+i! "ou,r&4 ,+e Sar0edaria )ri"i)ali,& +eaded
0& C 9li 8uCa&&ad G156L121H$ wi,+ Se0;ewar a! i,! "a)i,al$
63
ad 8a;adera> 8a;adera$
i"ludi* ,+e ,erri,orie! of 9!,era0ad$ Bi!,am$ (am*+a$ ad Sama$
66
wa! ,+e uder ,+e
"o,rol of ,+e ad.e,urer Emir Wali$ w+o af,er Tu*+a TimurC! dea,+ +ad made +im!elf #i*
G156012LH> T+ere wa! al!o a ,+ird lord$ C9li 0e*$ ruler of <ela, ad Tu!> 9, TamerlaeC! a))roa"+$
C9li 0e* !u0mi,,ed of +i! ow a""ord>
67
C 9li 8uCa&&ad$ ,+rea,eed 0& Emir Wali$ +ad a))ealed ,o
Tamerlae> :e ,+u! wel"omed ,+e "o?ueror$ did +im +oma*e i Se0;ewar$ ad de"lared +im!elf
+i! !u0@e", G1521H>
62
T+e"efor,+ +e a,,a"+ed +im!elf ,o Tamerlae ad i 1526 died fi*+,i* i
+i! !er.i"e> 9f,er a 0rief !ie*e$ Tamerlae "a),ured I!farai from Emir Wali ad de!,ro&ed i,>
69

Tamerlae ,+e re,ured ,o Samar#ad for a !+or, ,ime 0efore "o,iui* o)era,io! i Ira>
(uri* ,+e wi,er of 1521127$ +e 0e!ie*ed C9li 0e* i ,+e e&rie of <ela, ad a*ai for"ed +im ,o
!u0mi,>
70
No, lo* af,erward$ C9li 0e* wa! !e, ,o Tra!oAiaa ad eAe"u,ed G1527H> Tamerlae
"o,iued ,+e "am)ai* a*ai!, Emir Wali$ )ri"e of %ur@a ad 8a;adera$ w+o eded 0&
!edi* +im ,ri0u,e>
71

I 1525$ Tamerlae re,ured from Samar#ad ,o Per!ia ad ifli",ed a a))alli* )ui!+me, o
re0elliou! Se0;ewar> MNearl& ,wo ,+ou!ad )ri!oer! were )iled ali.e$ oe o ,o) of ,+e o,+er$
wi,+ mud ad 0ri"#$ ,o form ,ower!$M
77
Re0elliou! Sei!,a !uffered ,+e !ame fa,e> MOur !oldier!
made a mou,ai of dead 0odie!$ ad 0uil, ,ower! wi,+ ,+e +ead!>M 9, Xara@$ "a)i,al of Sei!,a$
Tamerlae M)u, ,+e i+a0i,a,! ,o dea,+$ me ad wome$ &ou* ad old$ from "e,earia! ,o
ifa,! i ,+e "radle>M
75
90o.e all$ Tamerlae de!,ro&ed ,+e irri*a,io !&!,em of ,+e Sei!,a
"ou,r&!ide$ w+i"+ re.er,ed ,o de!er,> M9d w+e ,+e& +ad "ome ,o ,+e 0a#! of ,+e Ri.er
:elmad$ ,+e& de!,ro&ed ,+e dam "alled ,+e (am of Ru!,am$ ad o .e!,i*e of ,+i! a"ie, wor#
wa! lef,>M
7L
T+e de!ola,io ,+a, !,ri#e! ,+e ,ra.eler i ,+i! re*io e.e ,oda& i! ,+e re!ul, of ,+e!e
a",! of de!,ru",io ad ma!!a"re>
73
T+e Timurid "+ief! were fii!+i* w+a, ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e
8o*ol! SL72T +ad 0e*u> Bo,+$ ,+rou*+ ,+eir a"e!,ral omadi!m ad ,+eir !&!,em of
me,+odi"al de.a!,a,io$ made ,+em!el.e! ,+e a",i.e a*e,! of ,+i! MSa+arif&i*M )ro"e!!$ ,o
w+i"+ ,+e "e,er of 9!ia$ 0& i,! *eo*ra)+i" e.olu,io$ i! alread& ,oo )roe> B& de!,ro&i*
"ul,i.a,io o.er a .a!, area ad ,uri* ,+e lad i,o !,e))e$ ,+e& were u"o!"iou! "olla0ora,or!
i ,+e dea,+ of ,+e !oil> E!)e"iall& o ,+e +i*+ )la,eau of Ira$ w+ere wa,er ad ,ree! are rari,ie!$
w+ere dili*e, "ul,i.a,io )re!er.e! oe 0& mea! of ,+e o,+er$ ad w+ere "o!er.a,io of ara0le
lad i! a "o!,a, 0a,,le$ ,+e omad #illed ,+e ,ree!$ dried ou, ,+e *arde!$ ad redu"ed ,+e
mea*er ,ri"#le of wa,er ,o 0o* ad ,+e )lowed field ,o de!er,>
Drom Sei!,a$ Tamerlae we, i,o 9f*+ai!,a ,o )o!!e!! +im!elf of <ada+ar G1525H> 9f,er a
,+ree mo,+!C re!, i +i! 0elo.ed Samar#ad$ +e re,ured ,o Per!ia ,o deal fiall& wi,+ Emir Wali$
)ri"e of 8a;adera> T+i! ma 0ra.el& defeded e.er& !,e) of +i! *roud$ from ,+e 9,re# Ri.er
,o ,+e +ear, of ,+e fore!,E ideed$ +e earl& !u""eeded i a !ur)ri!e a,,a"# 0& i*+, o ,+e Timurid
"am)$
76
0u, Tamerlae i ,+e ed *o, ,+e u))er +ad ad i 152L !ei;ed 9!,era0ad$ ,+e eem&
"a)i,al$ w+ere e.er&oe wa! !lau*+,ered$ Me.e ifa,! a, ,+e 0rea!,>M
77
Wali fled ,o 9;er0ai@a>
Tamerlae ,+e e,ered Ira? C9@ami>
CO1H7EST OF #ESTER1 IRA1
Ira? C9@ami$ 9;er0ai@a$ ad Ba*+dad 0elo*ed G)> 529H ,o ,+e 8o*ol d&a!,& of ,+e %elair!$
re)re!e,ed a! of 1527 0& Sul,a 9+med %elair i01Uwei!> 9+med wa! a ,&)i"al eAam)le of a
8o*ol o0le modified 0& +i! !urroudi*! ad ,ra!formed i,o a 9ra0o1Per!ia !ul,a$ li#e
,+e Sel@u#! ad <+wari;m1!+a+! of ,+e ,welf,+ "e,ur&4 Ma "ruel ad fai,+le!! de!)o,$ &e, a, ,+e
!ame ,ime a 0ra.e warrior ad ,+e )ro,e",or of !"+olar! ad )oe,!>M
72
:e +ad a"+ie.ed )ower 0&
eAe"u,i* +i! elder 0ro,+er :u!ai i 1527 ad ,+e$ i 1525 ad 152L$ o.er"omi* +i! o,+er
0ro,+er!> :e wa! i Sul,ai&e+$ ,+e )ri"i)al "i,& of Ira? C9@ami a, ,+a, ,ime$ w+e Tamerlae
ad.a"ed u)o i,> :e lef, i all +a!,e ad Tamerlae !e, u) +i! "our, ,+ere>
79
9+med %elair +ad
fled ,o Ta0ri;$ 0u, Tamerlae did o, )ur!ue +im$ re,uri* i!,ead 0& ,+e 9mul ad Sari rou,e ,o
Samar#ad$ w+ere +e wa! i ,+e +a0i, of re!,i* af,er ea"+ "am)ai* G1523H>
I, wa! o, u,il 1526 ,+a, Tamerlae em0ar#ed u)o ,+e SL79T "o?ue!, of we!,er Per!ia$ w+i"+
re?uired a "am)ai* of ,wo &ear!> Oe )re,eA, for ,+e eA)edi,io wa! +i! !udde )iou! im)ul!e
,o "+a!,i!e ,+e mou,aieer! of /uri!,a$ w+o +ad )ludered ,+e "ara.a ,o 8e""a> 9d +e did
ideed "arr& ,+rou*+ ,+i! )oli"e a",io wi,+ !u""e!!=M,+e *rea,er um0er of ,+e!e ro00er!
+a.i* 0ee "a),ured$ +e "au!ed ,+em ,o 0e +urled from ,+e mou,ai,o)!>M
20
Tamerlae ,+e
mar"+ed i,o 9;er0ai@a ad e,ered Ta0ri;E a, +i! a))roa"+$ 9+med %elair fled ,o Ba*+dad>
21
Tamerlae ,+e +eld "our, a, Ta0ri;$ w+ere +e !)e, ,+e !ummer of 1526$ 0efore *oi* o 0& wa&
of Na#+i"+e.a ,o i.ade Geor*ia>
9! ,+e Geor*ia! were '+ri!,ia!$ Tamerlae wa! a0le ,o *i.e +i! "am)ai* ,+e "olor of a :ol&
War> /ea.i* <ar!$ w+i"+ +e +ad @u!, de!,ro&ed$ i ,+e wi,er of 1526 +e ,oo# Tifli! 0& a!!aul,
ad ,+ere made )ri!oer ,+e #i* of Geor*ia$ Ba*ra, V$ w+o !+or,l& af,erward o0,aied +i!
relea!e 0& a )re,eded "o.er!io ,o I!lam>
27

Tamerlae ,+e re,ured ,o wi,er ?uar,er! a, <ara0a#+$ i ,+e !,e))e! of ,+e lower <ura> :ere
+e +ad ,+e !ur)ri!e of 0ei* a,,a"#ed 0& +i! )ro,B*B To?,ami!+$ #+a of <i)"+a#$ w+o a, ,+e
0e*ii* of 1527 "ro!!ed ,+e (er0e, )a!! wi,+ a !,ro* arm& ,o di!)u,e )o!!e!!io of
9;er0ai@a> 9 *rea, 0a,,le wa! fou*+, or,+ of ,+e <ura> T+e arm& "or)! !e, 0& Tamerlae wa!
a, fir!, 0ea,e$ 0u, +i! !o )ri"e 8ira!+a+ arri.ed wi,+ reifor"eme,!$ o.er"ame ,+e eem&$
ad dro.e +im 0a"# or,+ of (er0e,> 8er"ile!! i ,+e "a!,i*a,io of 9f*+a! ad Per!ia!$
Tamerlae +ere !+owed uwo,ed "leme"&$ ad !e, all ,+e )ri!oer! 0a"# ,o ,+e #+a of
<i)"+a#$ ,o w+om +e addre!!ed o more ,+a a fa,+erl& re0u#e> T+e u)!,ar, Tur# !,ill !,ood i
awe of ,+e le*i,ima,e %e*+i;1<+ai,e lie$ re)re!e,ed 0& To?,ami!+>
25

9f,er +oldi* "our, o ,+e !+ore! of /a#e Go#"+a$ Tamerlae uder,oo# ,+e "o?ue!, of ,+e
we!,er area! of Grea, 9rmeia> T+i! "ou,r& wa! ,+e di.ided amo* a um0er of Tur#oma
emir!$ all *ood 8u!lim!$ 0u, a*ai!, w+om$ "omme,! ,+e Xaferame$ Tamerlae )ro)o!ed ,o
"odu", a :ol& War$ *i.i* a! +i! eA"u!e ,+a, ,+e!e Tur#oma! 0ad a,,a"#ed ,+e 8e""a
"ara.a>
2L
:e "a),ured Er;erum i oe da&> T+e Tur#oma emir Ta+er,e$ lord of Er;i"a$
a"#owled*ed +im!elf ,ri0u,ar& ad Tamerlae "ofirmed +im i +i! lord!+i)> NeA, Tamerlae
!e, +i! !o 8ira!+a+ ,o 8u! ad <urdi!,a ,o fi*+, ,+e Tur#oma +orde amed ,+e Bla"#
S+ee) or \ara1\o&ulu$ ,+e "ommaded 0& SL50T \ara18u+ammad Turmu!+> Tamerlae
+im!elf !a"#ed ,+e 8u! di!,ri",$ 0u, ,+e Tur#oma! e!"a)ed amo* ia""e!!i0le *or*e!>
9f,er "om)le,i* ,+e "o?ue!, of 9rmeia 0& ,a#i* Va ad +urli* i,! i+a0i,a,! from ,+e
"ra*!$ Tamerlae +eaded for ,+e 8u;affarid !,a,e! of Dar! GS+ira;H$ I!)a+a$ ad <erma> T+e
8u;affarid )ri"e S+a+ S+u@a$ w+om I0 C9ra0!+a+ de)i",! a! a model of all ,+e .ir,ue! GeA"e),
i !o far a! +e +ad "au!ed +i! old fa,+er ,o 0e 0lided ad ,o )eri!+ i )ri!oH$ +ad !+or,l& 0efore
0ee !ummoed ,o ma#e !u0mi!!io ,o Tamerlae>
23
:e a, o"e re"o*i;ed ,+e la,,erC! !u;erai,&
ad !o )re!er.ed +i! domai! from ,+e ,+rea, of i.a!io> W+e +e died i +i! "a)i,al of S+ira;$
+e lef, i, ad Dar! ,o +i! !o Xai al1C90idi ad <erma ,o +i! 0ro,+er 9+med$ w+ile I!)a+a
ad Ye;d were ?uarreled o.er 0& +i! e)+ew! S+a+ Ya+&a ad S+a+ 8a!ur> GI ,+e ed$ ,+e
former wa! a0le ,o #ee) Ye;d ad ,+e la,,er ul,ima,el& !ei;ed I!)a+a>H
26
Before +e died$ S+a+
S+u@a +ad )la"ed all +i! famil& uder TamerlaeC! )ro,e",io> (e!)i,e ,+e "ofide, ,oe of ,+i!
le,,er Gof w+i"+ ,+e Safer%name "laim! ,o re)rodu"e ,+e ,eA,H$ i, i! e.ide, ,+a, ,+e wri,er wa!
a&,+i* 0u, rea!!ured>
27

Ideed$ Tamerlae a, o"e ,oo# ad.a,a*e of +i! .a!!alC! dea,+ ,o i.ade ,+e 8u;affarid ,erri,or&
GO",o0er1No.em0er$ 1527H$ mar"+i* dire",l& u)o I!)a+a 0& wa& of :amada> T+e
8u;affarid *o.eror of I!)a+a$ 8u;affar1i <a!+i$ +a!,eed ,o 0ri* +im ,+e #e&! of ,+e "i,&E
Tamerlae made a ,rium)+al e,r& ad ,+e "am)ed ou,!ide> E.er&,+i* !eemed )ea"eful u,il
duri* ,+e i*+, ,+e i+a0i,a,! ro!e u) ad !lau*+,ered ,+e Timurid offi"er! a))oi,ed ,o "olle",
,aAe!$ a! well a! a& Tra!oAiaa !oldier! w+om ,+e& "ould !ei;e> Tamerlae i fur& ordered a
w+ole!ale ma!!a"re> Ea"+ arm& ui, +ad ,o "o,ri0u,e a fiAed um0er of +ead! ,o ,+e *eeral
M)ool>M T+e Safer%name$ TamerlaeC! offi"ial a)olo*ia$ !)ea#! of 70$000 +ead!$ Mw+i"+ were
)iled i +ea)! ou,!ide ,+e wall! of I!)a+a ad of w+i"+ ,ower! were ,+e 0uil, i .ariou! )ar,!
of ,+e ,ow>M T+e !"ee! of +orror de!"ri0ed 0& I0 C 9ra0!+a+ are wor!e ,+a ,+o!e re)or,ed 0&
%e*+i; <+aC! +i!,oria! i "oe",io wi,+ ,+e ma!!a"re! of Bal#+$ :era,$ ad G+a;i i 1771E
for ,+e earl& 8o*ol! were !im)le !a.a*e!$ w+erea! Tamerlae wa! a "ul,ured Tur# ad a *rea,
lo.er of Per!ia )oe,r& w+o &e, de!,ro&ed ,+e flower of Iraia "i.ili;a,io$ a de.ou, 8u!lim
w+o !a"#ed all ,+e "a)i,al! of ,+e 8u!lim world>
22

SL51T
Drom I!)a+a$ ow redu"ed ,o a "+arel +ou!e$ Tamerlae mar"+ed o S+ira;$ w+e"e ,+e
8u;affarid Pri"e Xai al1C90idi +ad @u!, fled> T+e ,errified "i,& !,ro.e ,o )la"a,e +im$ ad
Tamerlae +eld "our, ,+ere> T+e 8u;affarid! of <erma ad Ye;d$ S+a+ 9+med ad S+a+ Ya+&a$
"ame ,rem0li* ,o M#i!! ,+e ro&al "ar)e,ME i re,ur$ S+a+ 9+med wa! lef, i )o!!e!!io of
<erma$ ad S+a+ Ya+&a of Dar!> T+e mo!, +i*+l& !#illed of S+ira;i ar,i!a! were de)or,ed ,o
Samar#ad ,o "o,ri0u,e ,o ,+e em0elli!+me, of ,+e Timurid "a)i,al>
29

Tamerlae +im!elf wa! "om)elled a, ,+i! mome, ,o re,ur ,o Samar#ad 0e"au!e of ,+e #+a of
<i)"+a#C! i.a!io of Tra!oAiaa a, ,+e ed of 1527> :e did o, re.i!i, Per!ia u,il 1597 for ,+e
!o1"alled Di.e1Year!C War of 159711596> :i! fir!, "am)ai* o)eed i 8a;adera> :e "a),ured
9mul$ Sari$ ad 8e!+ed1i1 Sar GBa0ul!arH from a lo"al 0ra"+ of Sa&&id!$ 0la;ed ,rail! ,+rou*+
,+e .ir*i fore!,! ,+a, "o.er ,+i! !,ra*e "ou,r&$ ad ,ried ,o "o.er, ,+e S+iCi,e i+a0i,a,!=
w+o!e fai,+ wa! !,ill "orru),ed 0& I!maCili !ur.i.al!=,o ,+e or,+odoA Sui,e do",rie>
90
9f,er
wi,eri* i 8a;adera$ +e ,oo# ,+e Ne+a.ed road ,o /uri!,a$ w+ere +e )ui!+ed ,+e /ur for
,+eir i.e,era,e 0adi,r&> T+e$ ,ra.eli* 0& wa& of (i;ful ad S+u!+,ar$ +e we, o ,o !u0@u*a,e
,+e re0el 8u;affarid!>
9f,er TamerlaeC! de)ar,ure$ oe of ,+e 8u;affarid )ri"e!$ S+a+ 8a!ur$ more eer*e,i" ,+a
,+e re!,$ +ad remo.ed +i! fellow )ri"e! ad rei,e*ra,ed ,+e a"e!,ral domai i o))o!i,io ,o
Tamerlae> :e +ad 0lided +i! "ou!i Xai al1C90idi$ for"ed +i! 0ro,+er Ya+&a ,o wi,+draw
from S+ira; ,o Ye;d$ ad ,+e !ei;ed S+ira;$ w+i"+ +e made +i! "a)i,al$ alo* wi,+ I!)a+a>
Trea"+erou! li#e all +i! #i 0u, a",i.e ad eer*e,i" ad of eA,raordiar& "oura*e$ +e defied e.e
Tamerlae> I 9)ril$ 1595$ af,er mu!,eri* +i! arm& a, S+u!+,ar$ Tamerlae mar"+ed o S+ira;>
O +i! wa&$ a, ,+e 0e*ii* of 8a&$ +e ,oo# ,+e for,re!! of \alCa1i1Sefid$ u,il ,+e "o!idered
im)re*a0le> 8a!ur "ame ou, ,o mee, +im ad fou*+, a !a.a*e 0a,,le wi,+ +im o ,+e ou,!#ir,!
of S+ira;> B& !+eer 0ra.er&$ ,+e 8u;;affarid !u""eeded i 0rea#i* ,+rou*+ ,+e ra#! of ,+e
Tra!oAiaa *uard> :e ,+e we, u) ,o Tamerlae ad !,ru"# +im ,wo 0low! wi,+ +i! !word$ 0u,
,+e 0low! were deadeed 0& TamerlaeC! ma!!i.e +elme,> 9, la!,$ 8a!ur wa! #illed>
TamerlaeC! !e.e,ee1&ear1old !o SL57T S+a+ Ru#+ i! !aid ,o +a.e "u, off +i! +ead ad ,+row
i, a, ,+e .i",orC! fee, G8a&$ 1595H>
91

Tamerlae made a ,rium)+al e,r& i,o S+ira;> :e "ommaded all ,+e ,rea!ure! of ,+e a"ie,
"i,& ,o 0e +aded o.er ,o +im$ a! well a! a +u*e war "o,ri0u,io> M:e !)e, ,+ere a mo,+ of
fea!,i* ad re@oi"i*$M eAul,! ,+e Safer%name> MT+ere wa! )la&i* of or*a! ad +ar)!$ ad ,+e
*ood red S+ira; wie wa! )re!e,ed i *olde "u)! 0& ,+e )re,,ie!, *irl! of ,+e "i,&>M T+e
!ur.i.i* 8u;affarid!=S+a+ 9+med$ )ri"e of <erma$ ad S+a+ Ya+&a$ )ri"e of Ye;d="ame
+um0l& ,o )a& ,+eir "our,$ 0u, !oo af,erward! Tamerlae +ad almo!, all ,+e mem0er! of ,+a,
famil& )u, ,o dea,+ ad *a.e ,+eir fief! ,o +i! "a),ai!>
97
9r,i!,! ad me of le,,er! from Dar!
were de)or,ed ,o Samar#ad$ w+i"+ Tamerlae i,eded ,o ma#e ,+e "a)i,al of 9!ia>
I %ue$ 1595$ Tamerlae lef, S+ira; for I!)a+a ad :amada$ w+ere +e +eld "our,$ ad ,+e
o)eed +i! "am)ai* ,o !ei;e Ba*+dad ad Ira? C9ra0i from Sul,a 9+med %elair$ la!,
re)re!e,a,i.e of ,+e 8o*ol d&a!,& of ,+a, ame> 9, ,+e 0e*ii* of O",o0er$ 0e a))eared
0efore Ba*+dad$ ad a, +i! a))roa"+ 9+med %elair fled we!,ward> :e wa! earl& "au*+, ear
<ar0ala 0& 8ira!+a+$ w+o +ad 0ee !e, i )ur!ui,$ 0u, +e "o,ri.ed ,o e!"a)e ad ,o flee ,o
E*&),$ w+ere +e wa! re"ei.ed 0& ,+e 8amelu#e !ul,a Bar?u?> Tamerlae e,ered Ba*+dad
wi,+ou, a fi*+,> MT+e Ta,ar ,roo)!$M !i*! ,+e Safer%name$ M+urled ,+em!el.e! u)o Ira? li#e
armie! of a,! ad *ra!!+o))er!E ,+e& o.erra ,+e "ou,r&!ide ad !)ed i all dire",io!$
)luderi* ad ra.a*i*>M Tamerlae !)e, ,+ree mo,+! i relaAa,io a, Ba*+dad$ Mdeli*+,i* i
,+e +ou!e! of )lea!ure !i,ua,ed o ,+e 0a#! of ,+e Ti*ri!>M
95

9f,er ,+i!$ Tamerlae re,ured or,+> I )a!!i*$ +e redu"ed ,+e !,ro*+old of Ti#ri, GTe#ri,H ad
we, o ,o !u0@u*a,e ,+e for,re!!e! of ,+e )ro.i"e! of <urdi!,a ad (i&ar0a#ir> I ,+i!
"am)ai* +e lo!, +i! !e"od !o C Umar1!+ai#+$ w+o wa! #illed 0& a arrow 0efore a <urdi!+
for, GDe0ruar&$ 159LH>
9L
9f,er a 0ard !ie*e$ +e ,oo# 8ardi G8ar"+$ 159LH
93
ad 9mid
G(i&ar0a#irH$ ad ,+e$ mo.i* u)ward a*ai i,o Grea, 9rmeia$ +e dro.e ou, from ,+e 8u!
re*io ,+e Tur#oma \ara1Yu!uf$ "+ief of ,+e Bla"# S+ee) G\ara1\o&uluH +orde> NeA, +e
ad.a"ed alo* ,+e Va rou,e ,o fi*+, i Geor*ia Ged of 159LH>
I 1593$ w+ile Tamerlae mar"+ed .ia ,+e 'au"a!u! ,o wa*e SL55T war u)o ,+e #+a of
<i)"+a# i !ou,+er Ru!!ia$ ,+e Geor*ia! defea,ed +i! ,+ird !o 8ira!0ali$ w+o 0ad laid !ie*e
,o 9li@a? ear Na#+i"+e.a>
96
W+e Tamerlae re,ured ,o ,+e 'au"a!u! i 1599$ +e a.e*ed
8ira!+a+ 0& de.a!,a,i* ,+e re*io of <a#0e,0 Gea!,er Geor*iaH> E.e !,erer wa! +i!
.e*ea"e i ,+e !)ri* of 1L00$ w+e 0e mar"+ed o Tifli!$ i!,alled a *arri!o ,+ere$ ad
"om)le,el& de.a!,a,ed ,+e "ou,r&$ w+ile ,+e #i*$ Gior*i VI$ fled i,o ,+e mou,ai!> I 1L01$
Tamerlae *ra,ed +im ,+e ama G"leme"&H i re,ur for ,ri0u,e> Ne.er,+ele!!$ i 1L05$ +e
re,ured ,o ra.a*e ,+e "ou,r& a*ai$ de!,ro&i* !ome !e.e +udred *rea, .illa*e! ad mior
,ow!$ ma!!a"ri* ,+e i+a0i,a,!$ ad demoli!+i* all ,+e '+ri!,ia "+ur"+e! of Tifli!>
97
I, +a!
0ee o,ed ,+a, ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e 8o*ol i.a!io of ,+e ,+ir,ee,+ "e,ur& wa! le!! "ruel$ for
,+e 8o*ol! were mere 0ar0aria! w+o #illed !im)l& 0e"au!e for "e,urie! ,+i! 0ad 0ee ,+e
i!,i",i.e 0e+a.ior of omad +erd!me ,oward !ede,ar& farmer!> To ,+i! fero"i,& Tamerlae
added a ,a!,e for reli*iou! murder> :e #illed from )ie,&> :e re)re!e,! a !&,+e!i!$ )ro0a0l&
u)re"ede,ed i +i!,or&$ of 8o*ol 0ar0ari,& ad 8u!lim faa,i"i!m$ ad !&m0oli;e! ,+a,
ad.a"ed form of )rimi,i.e !lau*+,er w+i"+ i! murder "ommi,,ed for ,+e !a#e of a a0!,ra",
ideolo*&$ a! a du,& ad a !a"red mi!!io>
T+e la!, a,,em),! a, re!i!,a"e ,o Timurid domia,io i Ira were made 0& ,+e former !ul,a
9+med %elair ad 0& ,+e Tur#oma "+ief \ara1Yu!uf$ emir of ,+e Bla"# S+ee)> I (e"em0er$
1595$ ad %auar&$ 159L$ u)o 0ei* dri.e from Ba*+dad 0& Tamerlae$ 9+med %elair +ad$ a!
o,ed$ ,a#e refu*e i E*&), wi,+ ,+e 8amelu#e !ul,a Bar?u?> Wi,+ ,+e la,,erC! aid$ af,er ,+e
wi,+drawal of ,+e Timurid arm&$ +e !u""eeded i rei!,a,i* +im!elf a, Ba*+dad i ,+e !ame &ear
159L> Si"e Tamerlae wa! e*a*ed el!ew+ere$ +e wa! a0le ,o remai ,+ere$ )ar,l& owi* ,o ,+e
!u))or, of ,+e emir of ,+e Bla"# S+ee) \ara1Yu!uf$ u,il ,+e !ummer of 1L01> W+e Tamerlae
re,ured ,o Ira? C9ra0i a, ,+a, ,ime$ 9+med %elair a*ai fled ,o ,+e 8amelu#e!$ 0u, +i! offi"er!
!,a&ed o 0& ,+eir ow wi!+ ,o defed ,+e "i,&> Ba*+dad wa! ,a#e 0& Tamerlae o %ul& 10$
1L01> T+e defeder! +ad fou*+, wi,+ ,+e eer*& of de!)air$ ad TamerlaeC! .e*ea"e wa!
mer"ile!!> W+erea! !e.e &ear! 0efore +e 0ad ,rea,ed Ba*+dad wi,+ !ome modera,io$ +e ow
ordered a *eeral ma!!a"re> Ea"+ !oldier +ad ,o 0ri* ,+e +ead of a i+a0i,a,$ !a&! S+arif ad1
(iE SL5LT ,wo +ead!$ !a&! I0 C9ra0!+a+>
92
9mid all ,+e "ara*e$ ,+e li,erar&mided Tamerlae
!)ared "er,ai me of le,,er! ad e.e offered ,+em "oa,! of +oor> 9)ar, from ,+e!e me$ ,+e
e,ire )o)ula,io wa! !lau*+,ered$ ad all 0uildi*! eA"e), mo!?ue! demoli!+ed> I0 C9ra0!+a+
e!,ima,e! ,+e um0er of .i",im! a, 90$000> %ul& +ea, uder ,+e !#& of Ira? !oo 0red e)idemi"!
from ,+e +ea)ed "or)!e! ad for"ed ,+e .i",or ,o wi,+draw>
I ,+e "our!e of ,+e war 0e,wee Tamerlae ad ,+e O,,oma !ul,a Ba@a;e,$ di!"u!!ed 0elow$ ,+e
!,u00or 9+med %elair ,oo# ,+e o))or,ui,& ,o re,ur &e, a*ai ,o Ba*+dad$ 0u, wa! !oo
defea,ed ad dri.e ou, 0& +i! former all& \ara1Yu!uf$ "+ief of ,+e Bla"# S+ee) +orde> \ara1
Yu!uf +im!elf wa! ,+e eA)elled 0& a reewed a,,a"# from ,+e Timurid arm& uder ,+e "ommad
of 90u Ba#r$ TamerlaeC! *rad!o G1L05H> \ara1Yu!uf ad 9+med %elair 0o,+ fled ,o E*&),$ o,
,o re,ur u,il af,er TamerlaeC! dea,+>
99

TAMER/A1E A1- 2IPCHA2
I 1576$ Tamerlae +ad re"ei.ed a .i!i, i Samar#ad from To?,ami!+$ a %e*+i;1<+ai,e of ,+e
%J"+i 0ra"+> To?,ami!+ "ame ,o a!# for !u))or, a*ai!, +i! !u;erai Uru!$ #+a of ,+e W+i,e
:orde$ w+i"+ +eld !wa& or,+ of ,+e lower S&r (ar&a$ i ,+e Sar&1Su !,e))e$ ad aroud ,+e
Ulu1Tau 8ou,ai!>
100
I, i! u"er,ai w+e,+er To?,ami!+ wa! a e)+ew or a more di!,a,
#i!ma of Uru! #+a>
101
Glad ,o i"lude amo* +i! "lie,ele ,+i! %e*+i;1 <+ai,e )re,eder$
w+o mi*+, )ro.e u!eful ,o +im$ Tamerlae *a.e +im ,+e "i,ie! of O,rar$ Sa0ra$ ad Si*a#+i o
,+e or,+ 0a# of ,+e middle S&r (ar&a$ o))o!i,e ,+e !,e))e! of ,+e W+i,e :orde$ To?,ami!+ wa!
,wi"e dri.e from ,+i! li,,le domai 0& Uru! #+a$ ad o ea"+ o""a!io wa! !u""ored 0&
Tamerlae a, Samar#ad> 9""ordi* ,o ,+e Safer%name$ Uru! demaded +i! eA,radi,io> Dar from
a""edi* ,o ,+i! demad$ Tamerlae ad.a"ed ,o defed ,+e S&r (ar&a lie> :e 0ea, Uru!
0e,wee Si*a#+i ad O,rar ad ,+ru!, +im 0a"# i,o ,+e !,e))e G0e*ii* of 1577H>
107

Uru! died ,+e !ame &ear ad wa! !u""eeded i ,ur 0& +i! ,wo !o!$ To#+,a1?i&a fir!,$ ,+e
Timur1mali#> No !ooer +ad Tamerlae re,ured ,o Tra!oAiaa ,+a To?,ami!+ wa! a*ai
defea,ed 0& Timur1mali#> O"e more Tamerlae re!,ored +im ,o Si*a#+i SL53T ad le, +im
reifor"eme,! wi,+ w+i"+ To?,ami!+ a, la!, ,oo# ,+e eem& 0& !ur)ri!e i ,+eir wi,er ?uar,er!$
a re*io amed <ara1Tal i ,+e Safer%name>
105
T+i! .i",or& wa! de"i!i.e ad ea0led To?,ami!+
,o a!"ed ,+e ,+roe of ,+e W+i,e :orde Gwi,er 1577172H>
10L

U) ,o ,+a, ,ime$ To?,ami!+ !eem! o, ,o +a.e di!)la&ed a& *rea, )er!oal ?uali,ie!$ i a& "a!e$
a""ordi* ,o ,+e Safer%name$ w+i"+ +old! ,+a, +e owed +i! ele.a,io !olel& ,o TamerlaeC!
!u))or,> Ye, o"e +e 0e"ame #+a of ,+e W+i,e :orde +e !eem! of a !udde ,o +a.e 0e"ome
remar#a0l& a",i.e> 9lmo!, a, o"e +e !ou*+, ,o !u0@u*a,e ,+e Golde :orde or #+aa,e of
<i)"+a#$ ,+a, i!$ ,+e 8o*ol em)ire of !ou,+er Ru!!ia> I 1520$ +e .a?ui!+ed 8amai$ leader
of ,+e Golde :orde$ i a de"i!i.e 0a,,le ear ,+e <al#a or <almiu!$ i ,+e 8ariu)ol di!,ri", o,
far from ,+e "oa!,! of ,+e Sea of 9;o.> :e wa! ,+e a"#owled*ed a! #+a 0& ,+e Golde :orde$
ad ,+u! reui,ed Golde ad W+i,e :orde!$ w+i"+ ,o*e,+er "o!,i,u,ed almo!, ,+e w+ole of ,+e
former %J"+i domai> T+e"efor,+ +e rei*ed from ,+e lower S&r (ar&a ,o ,+e (ie!,er$ from
Si*a#+i ad O,rar ,o ,+e *a,e! of <ie.> Drom Sarai$ +i! "a)i,al o ,+e lower Vol*a$ +e ow !,ood
for,+ a! oe of ,+e *rea,e!, )o,e,a,e! of +i! "e,ur&> Re.i.i* ,+e ,radi,io of +i! %e*+i;1
<+ai,e a"e!,or!$ +e lau"+ed *rea, mou,ed eA)edi,io!E i.aded '+ri!,ia Ru!!iaE 0ured
8o!"ow i 9u*u!, of 1527E !a"#ed Vladimir$ Yuriel$ 8o;+ai!#$ ad o,+er Ru!!ia ,ow!$ e.e
defea,i* ear Pol,a.a ,+e /i,+uaia!$ w+o +ad a,,em),ed ,o i,er.eeE ad for"ed 8u!"o.&
0a"# uder ,+e 8o*ol &o#e for ao,+er +udred &ear!>
T+e!e ,rium)+! ,ured +i! +ead> W+a, wa! Tamerlae$ ,+i! u)!,ar, Tur# wi,+ou, a )a!,$ wi,+ou,
a& well1defied lawful ,i,le$ "om)ared ,o +im!elf$ ,+e ,rue !"io of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e lieF
8oreo.er$ +i! idi!)u,a0le ri*+,! ow +ad ,+e 0a"#i* of all ,+e +orde! of ,+e or,+we!,$ a
imme!e re!er.e of !,e))e fi*+,er!> To +im$ ,+e "ommader of ,+e or,+er omad!$ Tamerlae$
#i* of Tra!oAiaa ad Ira$ mu!, +a.e a))eared a mere Tad;+i#> 9! a 8o*ol$ To?,ami!+ mu!,
+a.e fel, for ,+i! ,+ree1?uar,er! !ede,ar&$ ,+i! 0uilder of a Tur#$ !ome,+i* of TamerlaeC! !e"re,
"o,em), for ,+e )eo)le of I!)a+a ad S+ira;> Eer*e,i"$ a",i.e$ ad of *ood !,a,ure$ ad famed
amo* ,+e 8o*ol! for +i! @u!,i"e$ +e wearied of 0e+a.i* a! ,+e "lie, of a u)!,ar, Tur# w+o
"alled +im +i! !o> :e wa! wro* ,o for*e, ,+a, +e owed +i! ri!e ,o ,+a, SL56T !ame Tur#$ ad
dou0l& wro* i faili* ,o a!!e!! ,+e formida0le for"e ,+a, +e re)re!e,ed>
/i#e +i! )rede"e!!or! ,+e <i)"+a# #+a! !i"e ,+e ,ime of Ber#e$ To?,ami!+ laid "laim ,o
9;er0ai@a> I, will 0e remem0ered ,+a, e.er$ from 1760 ,o 1550$ +ad ,+e lord! of Sarai 0ee
e,irel& re"o"iled ,o ,+e fa", ,+a, ei,+er Tra!"au"a!ia or or,+we!,er Per!ia wa! a
de)ede"& of ,+eir ulus> I 1523$ ,+erefore$ w+ile i, !,ill 0elo*ed ,o Sul,a 9+med %elair ad
0efore Tamerlae +ad i,er.eed ,+ere$ To?,ami!+ i.aded 9;er0ai@a 0& ,+e S+ir.a rou,e ad
"a),ured ad )ludered Ta0ri; Gwi,er of 1523126H>
103
:e ,+e re,ired wi,+ +i! 0oo,& i ,+e
8o*ol fa!+io$ w+ile 9+med %elair re)o!!e!!ed +im!elf of ,+e )ro.i"e> I, wa! a, ,+i! @u",ure
,+a, Tamerlae$ w+o +ad @u!, !u0@u*a,ed Per!ia$ aeAed 9;er0ai@a ,o +i! em)ire G1526H> T+i!
aeAa,io "au!ed a 0rea"+ 0e,wee ,+e ,wo former allie!$ or$ ra,+er$ i, led To?,ami!+ ,o lau"+ a
!udde a,,a"# u)o +i! 0eefa",or wi,+ou, a& de"lara,io of war$ ad ,o "ome ear ,o "a,"+i*
+im uaware!>
Tamerlae +ad !)e, ,+e wi,er of 1526127 or,+ of 9;er0ai@a i ,+e )ro.i"e of <ara0a#+$ ad
+e wa! !,ill ,+ere w+e i ,+e !)ri* of 1527 To?,ami!+ ueA)e",edl& "ro!!ed ,+e (er0e, )a!!
ad mar"+ed !,rai*+, u)o +im i <ara0a#+> Tamerlae$ e"am)ed a, Bard+aa$ !ou,+ of ,+e
<ura$ +ad o ,ime ,o do more ,+a !ed a !,ro* ad.a"e *uard or,+ of ,+e ri.er> T+i! li,,le
arm& e*a*ed To?,ami!+C! for"e! ad +ad @u!, 0ee defea,ed w+e Pri"e 8ira!+a+$
TamerlaeC! ,+ird !o$ arri.ed wi,+ reifor"eme,!$ re,rie.ed ,+e !i,ua,io$ ad )u, To?,ami!+ ,o
fli*+,> TamerlaeC! 0e+a.ior o ,+i! o""a!io i! !i*ifi"a,> 8a& )ri!oer! were 0rou*+, ,o +im
from ,+e .a?ui!+ed arm&$ ad +i! *rim wa& wi,+ !u"+ )eo)le i! #owE &e, ,+i! ,ime +e o,
ol& !)ared ,+em 0u, !e, ,+em 0a"# ,o To?,ami!+$ +a.i* !u))lied ,+em wi,+ food ad
e"e!!ar& e?ui)me,> 8eaw+ile$ a,,e!,! ,+e Safer%name$ +e re)roa"+ed To?,ami!+=w+om +e
)er!i!,ed Mi re*ardi* a! +i! !oM=i a ,oe of affe",ioa,e *rief ra,+er ,+a a*er>
106
'om)ari* ,+i! a,,i,ude ,o ,+e "old ad +au*+,& "o,em), ad ,+e im)la"a0le .idi",i.ee!! wi,+
w+i"+ +e ,rea,ed +i! Tur#i" or Iraia ad.er!arie! *i.e! a mea!ure of ,+e )re!,i*e w+i"+ for +im
,+e le*i,ima,e %e*+i;1<+ai,e lie !,ill re,aied> I, i! ,rue ,+a, i reali,& Tamerlae +ad
o.er,+row ,+e a"+ie.eme,! of %e*+i; <+a$ or a, lea!, !u0!,i,u,ed +i! owE &e, i SL57T
,+eor&$ +e dared o, admi, ,+i! o)el&$ or e.e )er+a)! ,o +im!elf> :e re!or,ed ,o !u0,erfu*e$
*a.e +i! Tur#i" em)ire a 8o*ol fro,$ ad !+owed ,o %e*+i; <+aC! de!"eda,!=w+ee.er
,+e& *a.e a& !i* of eer*&=a !ur)ri!i* ad )er+a)! i.olu,ar& re!)e",> :e mu!, al!o +a.e
fel, ,+e Tra!oAiaaC! u"o!"iou! 0u, fudame,al dread of ,+e or,+er +orde!>
No, ol& did To?,ami!+ remai deaf ,o ,+e!e a))eal!$ 0u, a! Tamerlae li*ered i Per!ia$ +e
,oo# ad.a,a*e of +i! a0!e"e ,o a,,a"# +im a, ,+e +ear, of +i! em)ire4 i Tra!oAiaa i,!elf>
Toward ,+e ed of ,+i! !ame &ear$ 1527$ +e a!!ailed ,+e S&r (ar&a lie ear Si*a#+i ad
,+rea,eed Sa0raE ,+e$ 0ei* ille?ui))ed for a !ie*e$ 0e*a ,o ra.a*e ,+e "ou,r&!ide>
CUmar!+ai#+$ TamerlaeC! !e"od !o$ ,ried ,o +al, ,+e i.ader!$ 0u, wa! 0ea,e ear O,rar ad
earl& ,a#e )ri!oer>
107
T+e a,,a"# wa! all ,+e more !eriou! i ,+a, Tra!oAiaa$ !,ri))ed of
,roo)!$ +ad 0ee ,a#e i ,+e rear 0& a fora& of omad! from 8o*0oli!,a i,o Der*aa>
To?,ami!+C! ,roo)! !)read ,+rou*+ Tra!oAiaa$ )ludered all o)e ,ow!$ ad e.e .e,ured ,o
0lo"#ade Bu#+ara> T+eir de.a!,a,io! eA,eded a! far a! ,+e ou,!#ir,! of <ar!+i ad e.e ,o ,+e
0a#! of ,+e 9mu (ar&a>
102

Tamerlae +ad ,o re,ur wi,+ all !)eed from Per!ia G0e*ii* of De0ruar&$ 1522H> To?,ami!+ did
o, wai, for +im 0u, re*aied ,+e !,e))e! of ,+e W+i,e :orde> 9, ,+e ed of 1522$ +a.i* le.ied a
)owerful arm& i <i)"+a#=a arm& w+i"+ ,+e Safer%name de"lare! ,o +a.e i"luded
"o,i*e,! from 8u!"o.&=To?,ami!+ reewed +i! a,,a"# o Tra!oAiaa$ ,+i! ,ime 0& a de,our
,o ,+e ea!,$ ear <+od;+e, i Der*aa> Tamerlae ad.a"ed ,o mee, +im wi,+ w+a, few ,roo)!
+e "ould mu!,er ad$ amid !ow ad 0i,,er "old$ dro.e +im 0a"# or,+ of ,+e S&r (ar&a Ga0ou,
%auar&$ 1529H>
109
To?,ami!+ !,ill "o,iued ,o )rowl or,+ of ,+e middle S&r (ar&a$ +owe.er$
0e!ie*i* Sa0ra ad loo,i* Ya!& G,+e moder ,ow of Tur#e!,aH> Bu, w+e Tamerlae "ro!!ed
,+e S&r (ar&a$ ,+e eem& arm& !"a,,ered o.er ,+e !,e))e>
110

T+i! eA)erie"e "o.i"ed Tamerlae ,+a, +e "ould o, )ur!ue +i! "o?ue!,! i We!,er 9!ia$
lea.i* Tra!oAiaa ,o 0e i.aded 0& To?,ami!+> :e re!ol.ed ,o "arr& ,+e war i,o ,+e eem&C!
"am)$ i,o ,+e !,e))e! of ,+e W+i,e :orde> /ea.i* Ta!+#e, i %auar&$ 1591$
111
+e me,
am0a!!ador! from To?,ami!+$ w+o i a a,,em), ,o a.er, ,+e !,orm offered +im "our!er! ad a
fal"o> M:e ,oo# ,+e fal"o u)o +i! wri!, ad loo#ed a, i,$ 0u, *a.e o o,+er SL52T !i* of
"ordial wel"ome>M 9f,er +i! eA)erie"e! of 1527 ad 1522$ Tamerlae +ad rea!o ,o !u))o!e ,+a,
To?,ami!+C! for"e! were )re)ari* i +i! a"e!,ral domai4 i ,+e !,e))e! of ,+e W+i,e :orde$ ,+e
Sar&1Su 0a!i$ ,+e Ulu1Tau ma!!if$ ad ,+e 0a!i of ,+e Tur*ai> :e ,+erefore +eaded i ,+a,
dire",io> Drom Ya!& +e mar"+ed or,+we!,ward ,+rou*+ ,+e !oli,ude! of ,+e lower Sar&1Su ad
,+e of ,+e Ulu1Tau GUlugh taghH 8ou,ai!$ w+i"+ !e)ara,e ,+e 0a!i! of ,+e Sar&1Su ad ,+e
Tur*ai> M:e we, ,o ,+e ,o) of ,+e mou,ai$M !a&! ,+e Safer%name$ Mad 0e+eld wi,+ woder
,+o!e .a!, )lai! w+i"+ i ,+eir .erdure ad eA,e, re!em0led ,+e !eaM Ged of 9)ril$ 1591H>
117
Bu,
,+ere wa! o !i* of ,+e W+i,e :orde> To?,ami!+ +ad lef, a .oid 0efore Tamerlae$ i ,+e maer
of ,+e old :!iu*1u ad TCu1"+Ie+> :u,i* for food a! i, we, forward o.er ,+e!e .a!,
eA)a!e!$ ,+e Timurid arm& rea"+ed ad "ro!!ed ,+e Ri.er %ila"+i# GPeC,i! de la 'roiAC!
Ila@ou"H$ w+i"+ flow! i,o ,+e %ama 9?1#Jl>
115
T+i! arm& ,+e "ro!!ed ,+e Ri.er <ara1Tur*ai
Gw+i"+ :owor,+ ide,ifie! wi,+ ,+e Ri.er 9,a?aro*+ai of ,+e Safer%name$ PB,i!C 9a"ar*ouH>
11L
I,
wa! ow four mo,+! !i"e i,! de)ar,ure from Ta!+#e,> 9 eormou! 0a,,ue wa! or*ai;ed o
8a&6 ad7 ,o 0ri* i *ame>
113
T+e$ ,o rai!e ,+e morale of +i! ,roo)!$ Tamerlae +eld a !olem
re.iew wi,+ ,+e !ame me,i"ulou! "eremo& a! o ,+e maida of Samar#ad>
116
T+e w+ole
e,er)ri!e mi*+, i fa", +a.e eded i di!a!,er> :ad To?,ami!+ reall& "o,iued ,o wi,+draw
or,+ward$ +e would +a.e !u""eeded a, la!, i eA+au!,i* ,+e Timurid for"e! ad ,+e$ w+e ,+e&
were +alf dead wi,+ "old ad +u*er$ "ould +a.e ,ured 0a"# ad o.erw+elmed ,+em> Tamerlae$
w+o 0elie.ed ,+a, ,+e eem& wa! ideed re,rea,i* 0efore +im$ ad.a"ed e.er far,+er ,oward
Si0eria> Drom ,+e Tur*ai$ +e rea"+ed ,+e +eadwa,er! of ,+e Ri.er To0ol$ i ,+e moder di!,ri", of
<u!,aai>
117
9, la!,$ from ,+e o,+er !ide of ,+e To0ol$ +i! )a,rol! !)ied !ome fire!> Tamerlae
"ro!!ed ,+e ri.er$ 0u, foud o,+i*> M9ll ,+e !"ou,! w+o were !e, ou, !,ra&ed a, radom ,+rou*+
,+e!e +u*e wa!,e!$ fidi* o ,ra"e of me$ ad leari* o,+i* of ,+e eem&>M 9, la!,$ a
)ri!oer ,old Tamerlae ,+a, To?,ami!+ wa! i ,+e Ural re*io> 9, o"e ,+e arm& +eaded we!,$
"ro!!ed ,+e Yai# or Ural Ri.er$ o dou0, i ,+e Or!# area$ ad rea"+ed i,! ,ri0u,ar& ,+e Sa#mara$
w+i"+ a""ordi* ,o :owor,+ i! ,+e Semmur of ,+e Safer%name>
112
To?,ami!+ a))ear! ,o +a.e
"o"e,ra,ed +i! arm& ear Ore0ur*> SL59T 9, la!, Tamerlae !u""eeded i )ii* +im dow>
T+e de"i!i.e 0a,,le wa! fou*+, o %ue 9$ 1591$ i a area )la"ed 0& :owor,+ ear
<odur"+i!# o ,+e <odur"+a$ a ,ri0u,ar& of ,+e So#$ o, far from Samara G)re!e,1da&
<ui0&!+e.H$ or 0e,,er a, <udu;"+a$ a""ordi* ,o Bar,+oldC! emeda,io>
119
9f,er a +ardfou*+,
e*a*eme,$ To?,ami!+ wa! 0ea,e$ ad fled> :i! me$ ,ra))ed 0e,wee ,+e .i",oriou!
Tra!oAiaa! ad ,+e Vol*a$ were ei,+er !lau*+,ered or "a),ured>
170

Par, of ,+e defea,ed arm& !ou*+, refu*e i ,+e i!lad! of ,+e Vol*a$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e Safer%name$
0u, Timurid )a,rol! ,oo# ,+em )ri!oer> T+e Safer%name "om)la"e,l& de!"ri0e! ,+e re@oi"i*! of
,+e Timurid arm& i ,+e Ur,u)a )lai! 0e!ide ,+e Vol*a4 MT+i! )ar, of ,+e Vol*a wa! ,+e !ea, of
,+e em)ire of %J"+i$ ,+e *rea, %e*+i; <+aC! !o$ ad +i! !u""e!!or! +ad alwa&! re!ided +ere>
Tamerlae +ad ,+e !a,i!fa",io of a!"edi* ,+eir ,+roe> T+e mo!, 0eau,iful ladie! of +i! !era*lio
were 0e!ide +im$ ad ea"+ lord +ad +i! ow lad& ad ea"+ )er!o +eld a *o0le, i +i! 0ad> T+e
w+ole arm& ,oo# )ar, i ,+e e,er,aime,!$ w+i"+ "au!ed ,+e !oldier! ,o for*e, ,+e +ard!+i)! of
war> Dor ,we,&1!iA da&! ,+e& e@o&ed all ,+e )lea!ure! ,+a, were de!,ied for ,+em>M
171

I, i! remar#a0le ,+a, af,er ,+i! ,remedou! effor, ad +ardwo .i",or&$ Tamerlae$ "o,e, wi,+
+a.i* "arried de!,ru",io ,o ,+e +ear, of ,+e Golde :orde$ did o,+i* ,o "o!olida,e +i!
"o?ue!,> 'er,ail& +e "oferred )ower ad )o!i,io o a um0er of To?,ami!+C! %e*+i;1
<+ai,e eemie! wi,+i ,+e #+aa,e of <i)"+a#$ i"ludi* Timur \u,lu*+$ *rad!o of ,+e la,e
<+a Uru!>
177
Timur \u,lu*+ a, o"e !e, off i !ear"+ of +i! ew !u0@e",! ad !u""eeded i
*a,+eri* !ome of ,+em ,o*e,+erE 0u, i!,ead of 0ri*i* ,+em ,o Tamerlae$ +e eA)re!!ed +i!
di!!ide"e 0& ,a#i* ,+em awa& wi,+ +im a"ro!! ,+e !,e))e>
175
9o,+er %J"+id )ri"e amed
Idi?u$ w+o u) ,o ,+a, ,ime +ad al!o followed ,+e for,ue! of Tamerlae$ )la&ed ,+e !ame *ame>
:e o0,aied ,+e ,a!# of or*ai;i* !ome of ,+e <i)"+a# +orde!$ 0u, o"e free wor#ed ol& for
+im!elf>
17L
Tamerlae did o,+i* ,o 0ri* ,+em 0a"# i,o !u0mi!!io ad$ !a,i!fied wi,+ ,+e +u*e
?ua,i,ie! of )luder ama!!ed 0& +i! !oldier!$ +e re,ured ,o Tra!oAiaa 0& wa& of ,+e la,er
Ru!!o1Tur#e!,a )ro.i"e of 9#,&u0i!#>
No dou0, TamerlaeC! ol& aim +ad 0ee ,o i!)ire eou*+ SLL0T 9, la!, Tamerlae !u""eeded i
)ii* +im dow> T+e de"i!i.e 0a,,le wa! fou*+, o %ue 9$ 1591$ i a area )la"ed 0& :owor,+
ear <odur"+i!# o ,+e <odur"+a$ a ,ri0u,ar& of ,+e So#$ o, far from Samara G)re!e,1da&
<ui0&!+e.H$ or 0e,,er a, <udu;"+a$ a""ordi* ,o Bar,+oldC! emeda,io>
119
9f,er a +ardfou*+,
e*a*eme,$ To?,ami!+ wa! 0ea,e$ ad fled> :i! me$ ,ra))ed 0e,wee ,+e .i",oriou!
Tra!oAiaa! ad ,+e Vol*a$ were ei,+er !lau*+,ered or "a),ured>
170

Par, of ,+e defea,ed arm& !ou*+, refu*e i ,+e i!lad! of ,+e Vol*a$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e Safer%name$
0u, Timurid )a,rol! ,oo# ,+em )ri!oer> T+e Safer%name "om)la"e,l& de!"ri0e! ,+e re@oi"i*! of
,+e Timurid arm& i ,+e Ur,u)a )lai! 0e!ide ,+e Vol*a4 MT+i! )ar, of ,+e Vol*a wa! ,+e !ea, of
,+e em)ire of %J"+i$ ,+e *rea, %e*+i; <+aC! !o$ ad +i! !u""e!!or! +ad alwa&! re!ided +ere>
Tamerlae +ad ,+e !a,i!fa",io of a!"edi* ,+eir ,+roe> T+e mo!, 0eau,iful ladie! of +i! !era*lio
were 0e!ide +im$ ad ea"+ lord +ad +i! ow lad& ad ea"+ )er!o +eld a *o0le, i +i! 0ad> T+e
w+ole arm& ,oo# )ar, i ,+e e,er,aime,!$ w+i"+ "au!ed ,+e !oldier! ,o for*e, ,+e +ard!+i)! of
war> Dor ,we,&1!iA da&! ,+e& e@o&ed all ,+e )lea!ure! ,+a, were de!,ied for ,+em>M
171

I, i! remar#a0le ,+a, af,er ,+i! ,remedou! effor, ad +ardwo .i",or&$ Tamerlae$ "o,e, wi,+
+a.i* "arried de!,ru",io ,o ,+e +ear, of ,+e Golde :orde$ did o,+i* ,o "o!olida,e +i!
"o?ue!,> 'er,ail& +e "oferred )ower ad )o!i,io o a um0er of To?,ami!+C! %e*+i;1
<+ai,e eemie! wi,+i ,+e #+aa,e of <i)"+a#$ i"ludi* Timur \u,lu*+$ *rad!o of ,+e la,e
<+a Uru!>
177
Timur \u,lu*+ a, o"e !e, off i !ear"+ of +i! ew !u0@e",! ad !u""eeded i
*a,+eri* !ome of ,+em ,o*e,+erE 0u, i!,ead of 0ri*i* ,+em ,o Tamerlae$ +e eA)re!!ed +i!
di!!ide"e 0& ,a#i* ,+em awa& wi,+ +im a"ro!! ,+e !,e))e>
175
9o,+er %J"+id )ri"e amed
Idi?u$ w+o u) ,o ,+a, ,ime +ad al!o followed ,+e for,ue! of Tamerlae$ )la&ed ,+e !ame *ame>
:e o0,aied ,+e ,a!# of or*ai;i* !ome of ,+e <i)"+a# +orde!$ 0u, o"e free wor#ed ol& for
+im!elf>
17L
Tamerlae did o,+i* ,o 0ri* ,+em 0a"# i,o !u0mi!!io ad$ !a,i!fied wi,+ ,+e +u*e
?ua,i,ie! of )luder ama!!ed 0& +i! !oldier!$ +e re,ured ,o Tra!oAiaa 0& wa& of ,+e la,er
Ru!!o1Tur#e!,a )ro.i"e of 9#,&u0i!#>
No dou0, TamerlaeC! ol& aim +ad 0ee ,o i!)ire eou*+ SLL0T ,error amo* ,+e me of ,+e
Golde :orde ,o e!ure ,+a, ,+e& would ma#e o fur,+er a,,a"# o +i! domai!> O"e ,+a, o0@e",
+ad 0ee a"+ie.ed=a! +e +o)ed=+e ,oo# o fur,+er i,ere!, i <i)"+a#C! fa,e> T+e re!ul, wa!
,+a, To?,ami!+ !oo re*aied +i! ,+roe> I a le,,er wri,,e o 8a& 70$ 1595$ from Taa G9;o.H
,o %a*iello$ #i* of Polad$ ad !,udied 0& Bar,+old$ To?,ami!+ +im!elf eA)lai! +i! defea, ad
re!,ora,io4 M Tamerlae +ad 0ee "alled 0& ,+e #+aC! eemie!E To?,ami!+ wa! la,e i leari* of
,+i!$ ad a, ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e 0a,,le +e wa! de!er,ed 0& ,+e )lo,,er!> :i! em)ire +ad ,+u! 0ee
,+row i,o di!order$ 0u, ow all wa! well a*ai> %a*iello wa! ,o remi, ,+e ,ri0u,e due>M 9, ,+e
!ame ,ime$ duri* 159L ad 1593$ To?,ami!+ wa! e,eri* i,o a allia"e wi,+ Bar?u?$ ,+e
8amelu#e !ul,a of E*&),$ a*ai!, Tamerlae> B& 159L$ +e +ad re"u)era,ed eou*+ ,o a,,em),
a a!!aul, !ou,+ of (er0e, u)o ,+e )ro.i"e of S+ir.a$ w+i"+ formed )ar, of ,+e Timurid
Em)ireE 0u, ,+e mere a))roa"+ of Tamerlae wa! eou*+ ,o )u, a !,o) ,o i,>
173

T+i! reewed a**re!!io de,ermied Tamerlae ,o ma#e a !e"od eA)edi,io ,o <i)"+a# i ,+e
!)ri* of 1593> EA)erie"e +ad ,au*+, +im ,o !+u ,+e de"e),i.e ad eA+au!,i* rou,e a"ro!! ,+e
Tur#e!,ao1Si0eria !,e))e ad ,o ,a#e ,+e 'au"a!u! road$ w+i"+ led dire",l& ,o ,+e M"a)i,al!M of
,+e Golde :orde$ Sarai ad 9!,ra#+a> 9, Samur !ou,+ of (er0e,$ +e re"ei.ed a em0a!!&
from To?,ami!+l$ 0u, wa! di!!a,i!fied wi,+ ,+e eA)laa,io! ad eA"u!e! offered> :e "ro!!ed ,+e
)a!! ad o 9)ril 13$ 1593$
176
a,,a"#ed To?,ami!+C! arm& o ,+e 0a#! of ,+e Tere#> Tamerlae$
w+o fou*+, li#e a "ommo !oldier$ M+i! arrow! all !)e,$ +i! !)ear 0ro#e$ 0u, +i! !word !,ill
0radi!+ed$M wa! earl& #illed or "a),ured> 9, la!, To?,ami!+ wa! 0ea,e ad fled ,o ,+e Bul*ar
"ou,r& of ,+e <a;a re*io> T+e Safer%name !,a,e! ,+a, +e .ai!+ed i,o ,+e fore!,! of ,+i! area
0efore ,+e *allo)i* Timurid .a*uard "ould o.er,a#e +im> T+e )ur!uer! ,+e re,ured$ loo,i*
,+e "ou,r& o ,+eir wa&> MT+ere were *old$ !il.er$ fur!$ ru0ie!$ ad )earl!$ ,+ere were &ou*
0o&!$ ad ,+ere were *irl! of *rea, 0eau,&>M Tamerlae +im!elf we, o or,+ward a! far a! ,+e
Ru!!ia ,ow of Yele,!$ i ,+e u))er (o 0a!i$ o ,+e 0order! of 8o*ol <i)"+a# ad Sla.
Ru!!ia> 'o,rar& ,o w+a, i! a!!er,ed i ,+e Safer%name$ +e did o, a,,a"# 8u!"o.&> I!,ead$ af,er
rea"+i* Yele,!$ +e 0e*a ,o re,ra"e +i! !,e)! !ou,+ward o 9u*u!, 76$ 1593>
177
9, ,+e mou,+
SLL1T of ,+e (o$ +e e,ered Taa G9;o.H$ a "ommer"ial "e,er fre?ue,ed 0& ma& Geoe!e
ad Vee,ia ,rader!$ w+o !e, +im a de)u,a,io lade wi,+ *if,! ad were *ulli0le eou*+ ,o
0elie.e +i! )romi!e!> T+e !e?uel )ro.ed +ow mi!)la"ed +ad 0ee ,+eir "ofide"e> Ol& ,+e
8u!lim i+a0i,a,! were !)ared> 9ll '+ri!,ia! were e!la.edE ,+eir !+o)! ad "ou,i*+ou!e!$
"+ur"+e!$ ad "o!ula,e! were de!,ro&ed> T+i! deal, a ,erri0le 0low ,o ,+e ,rade 0e,wee ,+e
Geoe!e "oloie! of ,+e 'rimea ad 'e,ral 9!ia>
172
Drom ,+ere$ Tamerlae we, o ,o <u0a ,o
!a"# ,+e "ou,r& of ,+e 'ir"a!!ia!$ ,+e i,o ,+e 'au"a!u! amid fore!,! ad ia""e!!i0le *or*e!
,o de.a!,a,e ,+e lad of ,+e 9la! or 9! Gsod i 8o*oliaH$ ,+e fore0ear! of ,+e )re!e,1da&
O!!e,ia!>
179
(uri* ,+e wi,er of 1593196$ +e ad.a"ed ,o ,+e mou,+ of ,+e Vol*a ,o demoli!+
,+e "i,& of :a@@i1,ar#+a$ la,er #ow a! 9!,ra#+a$ ad ,o 0ur Sarai$ ,+e "a)i,al of <i)"+a#>
Bar,+old ,+i#! ,+a, ,+e +eadle!!$ +adle!!$ ad foo,le!! !#ele,o! foud 0& Tere!+"e#o i ,+e
T!are. eA"a.a,io! o ,+e 9#+,u0a are reli"! of ,+e a,ro"i,ie! "ommi,,ed 0& Tamerlae o ,+i!
o""a!io> T+e Safer%name !im)l& !a&! ,+a, w+ile ,+eir "i,& 0ured$ ,+e Sarai !ur.i.or!$ i
a))alli* "old$ were Mdri.e 0efore ,+e arm& li#e !+ee)>M
150
I ,+e !)ri* of 1596$ Tamerlae
re,ured ,o Per!ia 0& wa& of (er0e,>
Tamerlae +ad ruied <i)"+a#> B& ,+e de!,ru",io of Taa ad Sarai +e +ad deal, a )aral&;i*
0low ,o "ommer"e 0e,wee Euro)e ad 'e,ral 9!iaE +e +ad "lo!ed ,+e a"ie, i,er"o,ie,al
rou,e! de!"ri0ed 0& 8ar"o Polo ad era!ed !u"+ .e!,i*e! of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e "o?ue!, a!
mi*+, +a.e 0ee of ad.a,a*e ,o Euro)e> I <i)"+a#$ a! el!ew+ere$ +e +ad de!,ro&ed e.er&,+i*
ad re0uil, o,+i*>
151
O TamerlaeC! re,ur ,o Per!ia$ To?,ami!+ rea!"eded ,+e ,+roe of ,+e
Golde :orde> 9 )a!!a*e from I0 :a@ar 9!?alai$ o,ed 0& Bar,+old$ !+ow! +im wa*i* war
a*ai!, ,+e Geoe!e "oloie! of ,+e 'rimea 0e,wee Se),em0er$ 1596$ ad O",o0er$ 1597>
8eaw+ile$ +i! ri.al Timur \u,lu*+ "+alle*ed +i! ri*+, ,o ,+e ,+roe> :e +ad al!o ,o "o,ed
wi,+ ao,+er lo"al "+ief amed Idi?u$ ad I0 C9ra0!+a+ arra,e! ,+e .i"i!!i,ude! of ,+i! ew
war$ !o eA+au!,i* ,o ,+e "ou,r&>
157
Of all ,+e!e )re,eder!$ Timur \u,lu*+ wa! ,+e .i",or$ a,
lea!, for !ome &ear!> :e fel, i, )rude, ,o a"#owled*e +im!elf TamerlaeC! "lie, ad !e, +im
a em0a!!& w+i"+ wa! re"ei.ed o 9u*u!, 17$ 1592> Bea,e$ To?,ami!+ ,oo# refu*e SLL7T wi,+
Wi,ow, GVi,o.,$ Vi,au,a!H$ *rad du#e of /i,+uaia> Wi,ow, e!)ou!ed +i! "au!e 0u, wa! 0ea,e 0&
Timur \u,lu*+ o ,+e Vor!#la$ a ,ri0u,ar& of ,+e (ie)er$ o 9u*u!, 15$ 1599>
To?,ami!+$ redu"ed ,o ,+e life of a ad.e,urer$ ,ried ,o re*ai fa.or wi,+ Tamerlae$ w+o i
%auar&$ 1L03$ re"ei.ed a em0a!!& from +im a, O,rar> Tamerlae$ w+o +ad alwa&! +ad a !of,
!)o, for ,+i! ,+a#le!! fried$ i! ,+ou*+, ,o +a.e )romi!ed ,o rei!,a,e +im$ 0u, To?,ami!+C! dea,+
)re.e,ed ,+i!> Timur \u,lu*+ wa! !u""eeded a! #+a of <i)"+a# 0& +i! 0ro,+er S+adi0e* G"a>
1L00107H> 9""ordi* ,o Ru!!ia !our"e!$ i, wa! S+adi0e*C! ,roo)! w+o #illed To?,ami!+ i 1L06
a, T&ume i Si0eria$ w+i,+er +e +ad fled>
ENPE-ITIO1 TO I1-IA
Tamerlae al!o foud i!)ira,io i ,+e ,radi,io of ,+e #+a! of %a*a,ai ,o ma#e )luderi*
eA)edi,io! i,o Idia> Nor,+we!,er Idia=,+e Pu@a0 ad ,+e (oa0=wa! re*arded a! ,+e
+u,i* *roud of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e )ri"e!> Drom 1797 ,o 1577 G!ee ))> 559 ad 5L1H$ ,+e&
e.er "ea!ed ,o ma#e !udde )eriodi" "a.alr& raid! ,o ra.a*e /a+ore ad 8ul,a$ de!,ro&i* all
0efore ,+em ad *allo)i* ,o ,+e .er& *a,e! of (el+i$ w+i"+ a, .ariou! ,ime! ,+e& a,,em),ed ,o
0lo"#ade> T+e!e i.a!io! all e00ed awa& af,er a few mo,+!$ fir!, 0e"au!e almo!, ,+eir ol&
)ur)o!e wa! )illa*e$ ad !e"od 0e"au!e ,+e %a*a,ai 8o*ol! foud ,+em!el.e! "ofro,ed 0& a
!,ro* !,a,e> T+e !ul,aa,e of (el+i$ Tur#i" or Tur#o19f*+a i i,! "ommad framewor# ad
8u!lim 0& reli*io$ wi,+ !u"+ .i*orou! !o.erei*! a! C9la ad1(i <+il@i G179611516H ad
8u+ammad i01Tu*+lu*+ G15731 31H$ wa! alwa&! a0le 0& mea! of *old or of "old !,eel ,o +al,
,+e 8o*ol ,roo)! ,+a, de!"eded u)o i, ,+rou*+ ,+e 9f*+a )a!!e!>
I ado),i* ,+i! %a*a,ai,e "u!,om$ Tamerlae +ad reall& o o,+er )ur)o!e ,+a ,o re!ume
)rofi,a0le fora&! i,o oe of ,+e ri"+e!, lad! i ,+e world> Bu, a! wa! +i! +a0i,$ +e foud
reli*iou! )re,eA,! for +i! a",io!> I, i! ,rue ,+a, ,+e Tur#i" !ul,aa,e of (el+i wa! e!!e,iall&
8u!lim$ ad !e.eral of i,! ruler! +ad a,,em),ed ,+e ma!! "o.er!io ,o I!lam of ,+eir :idu
!u0@e",! 0& mea! of !&!,ema,i" )er!e"u,ioE 0u, Tamerlae "o!idered ,+a, ,+e& +ad 0ee ,oo
leie, wi,+ )a*ai!m> T+e Safer%name
SLL5T
i!i!,! ,+a, i, wa! !olel& ,o ma#e war o ,+e eemie! of ,+e 8u!lim fai,+ ,+a, +e !e, for,+ ,o
"o?uer Idia> MT+e <ora em)+a!i;e! ,+a, ,+e +i*+e!, di*i,& ,o w+i"+ ma ma& a,,ai i! ,o
wa*e war i )er!o u)o ,+e eemie! of ,+e Dai,+> T+i! i! w+& ,+e *rea, Tamerlae wa! alwa&!
"o"ered ,o eA,ermia,e ,+e ifidel!$ a! mu"+ ,o a"?uire meri, Ufor *ood deed! doeV a! from
lo.e of *lor&>M
155

Uderl&i* ,+e!e de.ou, )ro,e!,a,io! wa! a .er& eAa", #owled*e of ,+e )oli,i"al !i,ua,io i
Idia> T+e !ul,aa,e of (el+i$ w+i"+ i 1553 +ad "om)ri!ed almo!, ,+e w+ole of Idia$ !+or,l&
af,erward fell i,o ra)id de"lie$ followed 0& ,erri,orial di!i,e*ra,io> T+e *o.eror! of a
um0er of lar*e )ro.i"e! ,+rew off ,+e !ul,aC! au,+ori,& ad !e, u) ,+eir ow au,oomou!
8u!lim !,a,e!> T+u! ,+e em)ire lo!, ,+e (e""a$ w+i"+ wa! made i,o a Ba+maid !u0!ul,aa,e
G15L7H$ ad Be*al G1532139H$ ,+e Oud+ or #i*dom of %au)ur G159LH$ ad fiall& Gu@ara,
G1596H> T+e !e"e!!io of ,+e!e lo"al 8u!lim #i*dom! redu"ed ,+e !ul,aa,e of (el+i ,o o more
,+a ,+e Pu@a0 ad ,+e (oa0$ ad e.e ,+e Pu@a0 wa! di!,ur0ed 0& ,+e re.ol, of ,+e <+o#+ar
,ri0e of ,+e Sal, Ra*e> 8oreo.er$ ,+e !ul,a ,+e rei*i* i (el+i$ 8a+mud S+a+ II G15971
1L17H$ wa! a wea# ruler$ uder ,+e ,+um0 of +i! all1)owerful mii!,er 8allu I?0al>
15L

Tamerlae$ ,+e$ would 0e fa"ed i Idia 0& o more ,+a a !ul,aa,e i de"lie$ de)ri.ed of i,!
ri"+e!, )ro.i"e! 0& ,+e !e"e!!io of lo"al *o.eror!> 9, ,+e 0e*ii* of 1592$ +e !e, a+ead a
ad.a"e *uard "ommaded 0& +i! *rad!o Pir 8u+ammad> T+e la,,er "ro!!ed ,+e Idu! ad
a,,a"#ed 8ul,a$ w+i"+ +e ,oo# af,er a !iA mo,+!C !ie*e> Tamerlae +im!elf wi,+ ,+e mai arm&
"ro!!ed ,+e Idu! o Se),em0er 7L$ 1592E ordered or allowed +i! ,roo)! ,o !a"# ,+e ,ow of
Talam0a$ or,+ea!, of 8ul,aE ad re@oied Pir 8u+ammad> O ,+e Su,le@ Ri.er$ +e defea,ed
%a!ra,$ "+ief of ,+e <+o#+ar!$ ad ,+e mar"+ed u)o (el+i 0& ,+e dire", 8ul,a1(el+i rou,e$
!li*+,l& !ou,+ of ,+e 50,+ )arallel> O ,+i! road !,ood B+a,air for,$ defeded 0& ,+e Ra@)u, "+ief
Ra& (ul '+ad> Tamerlae "a),ured ad demoli!+ed i,$ o""u)ied Sir!u,i$ ad ,oo# ,+e for, of
/oi$ !e.e mile! or,+1or,+ea!, of (el+i$ ad +ere o (e"em0er 10$ 1592$ +e !e, u) +i!
+ead?uar,er!> Before fi*+,i* ,+e de"i!i.e 0a,,le$ +e ,+ou*+, i, wi!e ,o !lau*+,er ,+e +udred
,+ou!ad or !o :idu )ri!oer! ,+a, were +am)eri* +im> T+e 2alfu!at%iTimuri
SLLLT
Timuri
153
!,a,e! ,+a, ,+i! order wa! me,i"ulou!l& "arried ou,> O (e"em0er 17$ o ,+e 0a#! of
,+e %uma$ 0e,wee Pai)a, ad (el+i$ Tamerlae e*a*ed ,+e eem& arm&$ w+i"+ wa!
"ommaded 0& Sul,a 8a+mud S+a+ ad +i! mii!,er 8allu I?0al> O"e more +e wa!
.i",oriou!> T+e Idia!C war ele)+a,! "ould o more wi,+!,ad ,+e Timurid "a.alr& ,+a ,+e&
+ad wi,+!,ood ,+e 8a"edoia$ Mad !oo oe !aw ,+e *roud !,rew wi,+ ele)+a,!C ,ru#!
mi*led wi,+ ,+e 0odie! ad +ead! of ,+e dead>M
156
T+e !ul,a ,oo# refu*e i Gu@ara, w+ile
Tamerlae made +i! ,rium)+al e,r& i,o (el+i> 9, ,+e re?ue!, of ,+e 8u!lim M"ler*&$M +e *ra,ed
,+e i+a0i,a,! ,+eir li.e!$ 0u, +i! !oldier! re?ui!i,ioed ,+eir !u))lie! wi,+ !u"+ 0ru,ali,& ,+a, ,+e
)o)ula,io wa! *oaded i,o re!i!,i*> T+i! arou!ed ,+e fur& of ,+e ,roo)!$ w+o )u, ,+e "i,& ,o
)illa*e$ ma!!a"re$ ad fire> T+e 0oo,& wa! "olo!!al$ for i, wa! a, (el+i ,+a, for ,wo +udred &ear!
,+e Tur#o19f*+a !ul,a! +ad ama!!ed ,+e ,rea!ure ,+e& +ad )ludered from ,+e Idia of ,+e
ra@a!> T+i! .a!, "olle",io of *old ad )re"iou! !,oe! fell a, oe !,ro#e i,o ,+e +ad! of ,+e
Tra!oAiaa!> T+e ma!!a"re wa! i )ro)or,io$ ad )&ramid! of !e.ered +ead! aro!e a, ,+e four
"orer! of ,+e "i,&>
157
So far a! wa! )o!!i0le uder ,+e "ir"um!,a"e!$ +owe.er$ Tamerlae a!
u!ual !)ared ?ualified "raf,!me ad !e, ,+em ,o 0eau,if& Samar#ad>
Tamerlae !)e, fif,ee da&! i (el+i> :e ,oo# +i! )la"e !oleml& u)o ,+e ,+roe of ,+e !ul,a!
of Idia ad deli*+,ed i !ummoi* ,+e +udred ad ,we,& war or "eremoial ele)+a,!>
MT+e!e well1,raied ele)+a,! 0owed ,+eir +ead! ad #el, 0efore +im i o0ei!a"e$ ad all
,rum)e,ed a, ,+e !ame mome,$ a! if rederi* +oma*e>M
152
T+e& were !e, off i lo* !,ri*! ,o
,+e "i,ie! of ,+e Timurid em)ire4 Samar#ad$ :era,$ S+ira;$ ad Ta0ri;> Tamerlae )erformed +i!
de.o,io! i ,+e *rea, mo!?ue of (el+i$ w+ere ,+e #+u,0a+ wa! )roou"ed i +i! ame> I
*eeral$ +e 0e+a.ed li#e a em)eror of IdiaE &e,$ ,+ere a! el!ew+ere$ +a.i* de!,ro&ed
e.er&,+i*$ +e de)ar,ed wi,+ou, e!,a0li!+i* a&,+i* ew> O %auar& 1$ 1599$ +e lef, a *u,,ed
(el+i> :e we, o ,o !a"# 8ira@ i ,+e !ame wa&$ )ulli* dow ,+e moume,! ad fla&i* ,+e
:idu i+a0i,a,! ali.e$ a a", 0& w+i"+ +e fulfilled +i! .ow ,o wa*e ,+e :ol& War>
159
:e ,+e
!e, +i! fa"e ,oward +ome$ followi* a .er& or,+erl& rou,e alo* ,+e Siwali# Ra*e ad ,+e +i*+
Pu@a0> SLL3T Timuri
153
!,a,e! ,+a, ,+i! order wa! me,i"ulou!l& "arried ou,> O (e"em0er 17$ o
,+e 0a#! of ,+e %uma$ 0e,wee Pai)a, ad (el+i$ Tamerlae e*a*ed ,+e eem& arm&$ w+i"+
wa! "ommaded 0& Sul,a 8a+mud S+a+ ad +i! mii!,er 8allu I?0al> O"e more +e wa!
.i",oriou!> T+e Idia!C war ele)+a,! "ould o more wi,+!,ad ,+e Timurid "a.alr& ,+a ,+e&
+ad wi,+!,ood ,+e 8a"edoia$ Mad !oo oe !aw ,+e *roud !,rew wi,+ ele)+a,!C ,ru#!
mi*led wi,+ ,+e 0odie! ad +ead! of ,+e dead>M
156
T+e !ul,a ,oo# refu*e i Gu@ara, w+ile
Tamerlae made +i! ,rium)+al e,r& i,o (el+i> 9, ,+e re?ue!, of ,+e 8u!lim M"ler*&$M +e *ra,ed
,+e i+a0i,a,! ,+eir li.e!$ 0u, +i! !oldier! re?ui!i,ioed ,+eir !u))lie! wi,+ !u"+ 0ru,ali,& ,+a, ,+e
)o)ula,io wa! *oaded i,o re!i!,i*> T+i! arou!ed ,+e fur& of ,+e ,roo)!$ w+o )u, ,+e "i,& ,o
)illa*e$ ma!!a"re$ ad fire> T+e 0oo,& wa! "olo!!al$ for i, wa! a, (el+i ,+a, for ,wo +udred &ear!
,+e Tur#o19f*+a !ul,a! +ad ama!!ed ,+e ,rea!ure ,+e& +ad )ludered from ,+e Idia of ,+e
ra@a!> T+i! .a!, "olle",io of *old ad )re"iou! !,oe! fell a, oe !,ro#e i,o ,+e +ad! of ,+e
Tra!oAiaa!> T+e ma!!a"re wa! i )ro)or,io$ ad )&ramid! of !e.ered +ead! aro!e a, ,+e four
"orer! of ,+e "i,&>
157
So far a! wa! )o!!i0le uder ,+e "ir"um!,a"e!$ +owe.er$ Tamerlae a!
u!ual !)ared ?ualified "raf,!me ad !e, ,+em ,o 0eau,if& Samar#ad>
Tamerlae !)e, fif,ee da&! i (el+i> :e ,oo# +i! )la"e !oleml& u)o ,+e ,+roe of ,+e !ul,a!
of Idia ad deli*+,ed i !ummoi* ,+e +udred ad ,we,& war or "eremoial ele)+a,!>
MT+e!e well1,raied ele)+a,! 0owed ,+eir +ead! ad #el, 0efore +im i o0ei!a"e$ ad all
,rum)e,ed a, ,+e !ame mome,$ a! if rederi* +oma*e>M
152
T+e& were !e, off i lo* !,ri*! ,o
,+e "i,ie! of ,+e Timurid em)ire4 Samar#ad$ :era,$ S+ira;$ ad Ta0ri;> Tamerlae )erformed +i!
de.o,io! i ,+e *rea, mo!?ue of (el+i$ w+ere ,+e #+u,0a+ wa! )roou"ed i +i! ame> I
*eeral$ +e 0e+a.ed li#e a em)eror of IdiaE &e,$ ,+ere a! el!ew+ere$ +a.i* de!,ro&ed
e.er&,+i*$ +e de)ar,ed wi,+ou, e!,a0li!+i* a&,+i* ew> O %auar& 1$ 1599$ +e lef, a *u,,ed
(el+i> :e we, o ,o !a"# 8ira@ i ,+e !ame wa&$ )ulli* dow ,+e moume,! ad fla&i* ,+e
:idu i+a0i,a,! ali.e$ a a", 0& w+i"+ +e fulfilled +i! .ow ,o wa*e ,+e :ol& War>
159
:e ,+e
!e, +i! fa"e ,oward +ome$ followi* a .er& or,+erl& rou,e alo* ,+e Siwali# Ra*e ad ,+e +i*+
Pu@a0> SLL3T O ,+e u))er '+ea0$ +e ,oo# ,+e ra@a of %ammu )ri!oer ad +ad ,+e @o& of
ma#i* +im for!a#e :idui!m for I!lam$ ad ea, 0eef>
1L0
O +i! wa&$ +e re"ei.ed
a"#owled*me, of .a!!ala*e from ,+e 8u!lim #i* of <a!+mir$ Si#ader1!+a+> Wi,+ou,
e,eri* <a!+mir$ +e re,ured ,o 9f*+ai!,a> Before lea.i*$ +e +ad a))oi,ed a Ido18u!lim
lord a! *o.eror of 8ul,a ad ,+e Pu@a0$ <+i;r #+a ,+e Sa&&id$ w+o ,+ir,ee &ear! la,er wa!
,o 0e"ome !ul,a of (el+i>
I fa",$ i +i! u!ual fa!+io$ +a.i* !+a#e ,+e Ido18u!lim em)ire of (el+i ,o i,! fouda,io!$
Tamerlae de)ar,ed$ lea.i* ,+e "ou,r& i ,+e *ri) of ,o,al aar"+&$ wi,+ e.er&,+i* de!,ro&ed
ad o,+i* !e, i order> T+ou*+ +e )rofe!!ed ,o +a.e "ome ,o fi*+, Bra+mii!m$ i, wa! a, Idia
I!lam ,+a, +e +ad !,ru"#> T+i! rela,i.el& "ul,ured ma$ a lo.er of Per!ia li,era,ure ad Iraia
ar,$ i ma#i* "o,a", wi,+ oe of ,+e mo!, )oli!+ed "i.ili;a,io! of ,+e Old World 0e+a.ed li#e
,+e leader of a +orde$ )luderi* for ,+e !a#e of )luder$ ma!!a"ri* ad de!,ro&i* ,+rou*+
0lide!! or "lo!ed1midede!! ,o a "er,ai !e, of "ul,ural .alue!> T+i! !,ra*e "+am)io of
I!lam +ad "ome ,o deli.er a !,a0 i ,+e 0a"# ,o ,+e .a*uard of I!lam a, ,+e fri*e of Idia> :e
wa! ,o ado), ,+e !ame a,,i,ude ,oward ,+e O,,oma Em)ire o ,+e mar"+e! of Rumaia>
TAMER/A1E A1- THE MAME/72ES
I ,+e ,radi,ioal Near Ea!,$ Tamerlae wa! "ofro,ed 0& ,wo *rea, 8u!lim )ower!$ ,+e
8amelu#e! ad ,+e O,,oma Em)ire>
T+e 8amelu#e Em)ire$ "om)ri!i* E*&), !i"e 1730 ad S&ria !i"e 1760$ wa! a e!!e,iall&
mili,ar& !,a,e> T+e Tur#o1'ir"a!!ia 8amelu#e for"e wa! a Prae,oria Guard w+i"+ +ad
a0oli!+ed ,+e le*i,ima,e d&a!,& i 1730 ad )la"ed i,! ow *eeral! o ,+e ,+roe of 'airo$
*o.eri* ad eA)loi,i* ,+e 9ra0 )o)ula,io a! a warrior ari!,o"ra"&> I, will 0e remem0ered ,+a,
i 1760$ a, ,+e 0a,,le of C9i %alud$ ,+e 8amelu#e! +ad +al,ed ,+e 8o*ol "o?ue!, ad ,+row
,+e 8o*ol! of Per!ia ea!, of ,+e Eu)+ra,e!>
1L1
Bu, 0& ,+e ed of ,+e four,ee,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e
)owerful mili,ar& ma"+ie ,+a, +ad dri.e "ru!ader! ad 8o*ol! ou, of S&ria wa! 0e*ii* ,o
fal,er a! a re!ul, of ,+e i"e!!a, ?uarrel! 0e,wee ,+e 8amelu#e *eeral! o.er ,+eir E*&),o1
S&ria fief! ad o.er ,+e ,+roe i,!elf> T+e eer*e,i" 8amelu#e !ul,a Bar?u? SLL6T G1527199H
!)e, +i! life ?uelli* i!urre",io! amo* +i! lieu,ea,!> Tamerlae !ou*+, a allia"e wi,+
+im> Bu, Bar?u?$ "o!"iou! of ,+e ,+rea, ,o ,+e 8amelu#e em)ire re)re!e,ed 0& ,+i! ew )ower
formi* i ,+e Ea!,$ eAe"u,ed oe of TamerlaeC! am0a!!ador! i 1595 ad more ,+a o"e *a.e
a!&lum ,o 9+med %elair$ !ul,a of Ba*+dad$ w+o +ad 0ee )u, ,o fli*+, 0& Tamerlae> Bar?u?C!
!o ad !u""e!!or$ ,+e &ou* !ul,a Dara@ G159911L17H$ refu!ed from ,+e mome, of +i!
a""e!!io ,o a"#owled*e TamerlaeC! !u;erai,& or ,o re,ur "er,ai fu*i,i.e! ,o +im> Tamerlae
de"ided ,+e ,o ma#e war>
:e wa! a, ,+a, ,ime ear 8ala,i&a ad de!"eded u)o S&ria 0& ,+e C9i,a0 rou,e i O",o0er$
1L00$ ,o mar"+ o 9le))o> Before ,+i! "i,&$ +e 0ea, a 8amelu#e arm& "ommaded 0& ,+e
*o.eror Timur,a!+$ ,+e ele)+a,! w+i"+ +e +ad 0rou*+, 0a"# wi,+ +im from Idia "o,ri0u,i*
,o ,+e !)read of )ai" amo* ,+e eem& GO",o0er 50H>
1L7
9le))o wa! ,a#e i!,a,l&$ ad four
da&! la,er Timur,a!+ !urredered ,+e "i,adel i,!elf> O"e ma!,er +ere$ Tamerlae a))eared i +i!
"u!,omar& dual a!)e", of !o)+i!,i"al li,,Bra,eur ad ma!! murderer> 8ali"iou!l& +e )u, ,+i!
,+or& )ro0lem 0efore ,+e ,ea"+er! of I!lam4 W+i"+ of ,+o!e w+o +ad died i ,+e war=+i! ow
!oldier! or ,+e 8amelu#e!= +ad ,+e ri*+, ,o ,+e ,i,le of mar,&rF T+e +e di!"u!!ed ,+eolo*& wi,+
,+em ad em0arra!!ed ,+e!e or,+odoA Sui,e! wor!e ,+a e.er 0& for"i* ,+em ,o add C9li ,o ,+e
um0er of le*i,ima,e "ali)+!>
1L5
W+e o, e*a*ed i leared di!"our!e wi,+ ,+e do",or! of law$
+e ma!!a"red ,+e *arri!o of ,+e "i,adel$ 0uil, M,ower! of !e.ered +ead!$M ad !a"#ed ,+e ,ow>
T+e )illa*e of ,+i! *rea, "i,&$ w+o!e 0a;aar wa! oe of ,+e *rea, ,radi* "e,er! of ,+e /e.a,$
la!,ed ,+ree da&!>
Tamerlae eA, ,oo# :ama$ :om!$ ad Baal0e#$ ad ,+e a))eared 0efore (ama!"u!$ w+i,+er
,+e &ou* 8amelu#e !ul,a Dara@ +ad "ome from 'airo ,o e"oura*e i,! defeder! 0& +i!
)re!e"e> O (e"em0er 73$ 1L00$ Dara@ ,ried ,o ,a#e ad.a,a*e of ,+e fa", ,+a, ,+e Timurid arm&
wa! "+a*i* "am)$ ad mo.ed i,o G+u,a ,o a,,a"# i, a! i, wa! o ,+e mo.eE 0u, af,er a 0ard
0a,,le 0e wa! re)ul!ed>
1LL
T+rea,eed 0& !edi,io i +i! ow e,oura*e$ Darai re,ured ,o E*&),$
lea.i* (ama!"u! ,o i,! fa,e> T+e au,+ori,ie! of ,+e "i,&$ di!"oura*ed$ re!i*ed ,+em!el.e! ,o
"a)i,ula,i*> I ,+e dele*a,io ,+a, wai,ed u)o Tamerlae for ,+i! )ur)o!e wa! ,+e *rea,
+i!,oria I01<+aldu SLL7T of Tui!> MTamerlae$ !,ru"# 0& ,+e di!,i*ui!+ed air of ,+e
+i!,oria ad da;;led 0& +i! di!"our!e$ i.i,ed +im ,o 0e !ea,ed ad ,+a#ed +im for affordi*
+im ,+e o))or,ui,& of #owi* !o leared a ma>M
1L3
T+e "o?ueror$ ro!ar& i +ad ad
!)ea#i* o,+i* 0u, )ie,& ad mer"&$ rea!!ured ,+e e*o,ia,or!$ ad ,+e "i,& o)eed i,! *a,e!>
T+e "i,adel +eld ou, ad did o, !urreder u,il af,er a re*ular !ie*e> No !ooer wa! Tamerlae i
"o,rol of (ama!"u! ,+a +e demaded ,e ,ime! ,+e a*reed ra!om from ,+e i+a0i,a,! ad
"ofi!"a,ed all ,+eir weal,+> T+e Safer%name a!!ure! u! ,+a, i )ro"eedi* a, la!, ,o ,+e ,o,al !a"#
of ,+e "i,& ad ,+e ma!!a"re of )ar, of ,+e )o)ula,io$ 0e wa! merel& )ui!+i* ,+e (ama!"ee!
for ,+eir im)ie,& ,oward C9li$ ,+e !o1i1law of ,+e Pro)+e,$ i ,+e &ear 639>
1L6
I ,+e mid!, of all
,+e!e 0ru,ali,ie!$ a ,erri0le fire 0ro#e ou, ad de!,ro&ed ,+e *rea,er )ar, of ,+e "i,&$ "au!i* ,+e
dea,+ of "ou,le!! )eo)le ad de.ouri* ,+e *rea, mo!?ue of ,+e Umma&ad!$ w+ere ,+ou!ad! of
fu*i,i.e! )eri!+ed i ,+e flame!> O 8ar"+ 19$ 1L01$ Tamerlae a, la!, lef, (ama!"u!$ ,a#i*
wi,+ +im all ,+e "raf,!me ,+a, +e +ad 0ee a0le ,o *a,+er ,o*e,+er4 !il# wea.er!$ armorer!$
*la!!wor#er!$ ad )o,,er! ,o e*a*e i ,+e em0elli!+me, of Samar#ad> :e al!o for"ed a *rea,
um0er of wri,er! ,o a""om)a& +im$ alo* wi,+ ,+e mul,i,ude! w+o +ad 0ee redu"ed ,o
!la.er&>
1L7
9mo* ,+e!e de)or,ed )eo)le wa! ,+e fu,ure +i!,oria I0 C9ra0!+a+$ ,+e a*ed
,wel.e$
1L2
w+o wa! la,er ,o ,a#e +i! re.e*e 0& wri,i* a )i,ile!! 0oo# a0ou, ,+e "o?ueror>
Tamerlae$ +a.i* ruied S&ria$ e.a"ua,ed i, wi,+ou, a,,em),i* ,o e!,a0li!+ a& re*ular form of
rule$ ad i, wa! immedia,el& reo""u)ied 0& ,+e 8amelu#e!>
TAMER/A1E A1- THE OTTOMA1 EMPIRE
Tamerlae +ad 0ea,e ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e! of <a!+*aria ad !ou,+er Ru!!ia ad ,+e !ul,a of
Idia> We +a.e @u!, !ee 0ow li,,le ,rou0le ,+e !ul,a of E*&), *a.e +im> Ol& oe *rea, )ower
ow !ur.i.ed i ,+e lad! aroud +im4 ,+e O,,oma Em)ire>
T+e O,,oma !ul,a Ba@a;e, GBa&e;id$ Ba&a;id$ 152911L05H 0ad "arried ,+e O,,oma Em)ire ,o
,+e ;ei,+ of i,! mi*+,>
1L9
9f,er 0ei* )ro"laimed !ul,a a, +i! fa,+erC! dea,+ i 1529 o SLL2T ,+e
0a,,lefield of <o!o.o$ w+ere ,+e Ser0ia arm& +ad 0ee "ru!+ed$ +e "om)le,ed ,+e "o?ue!, of
Ser0ia ad aeAed Bul*aria G159LH> I 9!ia 8ior$ +e aeAed ,+e Tur#i!+ emira,e! of 9&di
ad Saru+a G1590H$ ,+e *rea, Tur#oma emira,e of <arama G1590H$
130
,+e Tur#i!+ emira,e! of
8e,e!e ad <ermia G1591H$ ad fiall& ,+e <a!,amou emira,e ad ,+e former emira,e of
Bur+a ad1(i a, To#a,$ Si.a!$ ad <a&!eri i 'a))ado"ia G1597H>
131
I 1596$ a, Ni"o)oli!$ +e
"ru!+ed ,+e famou! "ru!ade led 0& <i* Si*i!mud of :u*ar& ad ,+e Bur*udia +eir %ea
!a! Peur>
Ba@a;e, ,+e /i*+,i*$ a! +e wa! "alled GBa&e;id YildirimH$ rei*ed o.er a +u*e em)ire$ w+i"+ i
Euro)e i"luded T+ra"e wi,+ou, 'o!,a,io)le$ 8a"edoia wi,+ou, Saloi#a$ Bul*aria$ ad ,+e
Ser0ia )ro,e",ora,e> I 9a,olia$ +i! domiio! eA,eded ,o ,+e Tauru! Gw+i"+ !e)ara,ed
Ba@a;e,C! lad! from 8amelu#e 'ili"iaH$ ,+e 9rmeia ma!!if Gw+i"+ "o!,i,u,ed ,+e 0oudar&
wi,+ TamerlaeC! domiio!H$ ad ,+e Po,i" ra*e G,+e 0oudar& wi,+ ,+e Gree# em)ire of
Tre0i;odH> :i! arm&$ w+i"+ +ad .a?ui!+ed ,+e da;;li* Dra"o1Bur*udia "+i.alr&$ wa! wi,+
@u!,i"e re*arded a! ,+e 0e!, i ,+e Near Ea!,> :e !eemed ow o ,+e )oi, of "rowi* +i!
,rium)+! 0& "a),uri* 'o!,a,io)le from ,+e Gree#!$ ad +ad alread& 0e*u ,+e 0lo"#ade of
,+a, "i,&>
Dor o"e Tamerlae me, a ad.er!ar& of +i! ow !,a,ure> Bo,+ leader!$ aware of ,+i!$ wa,"+ed
ad !)ied u)o oe ao,+er$ +e!i,a, ,o e*a*e i 0a,,le ad !o +a;ard w+a, ,+e& +ad *aied$ oe
from ,+e "o?ue!, of 9!ia$ ,+e o,+er from ,+a, of ,+e Bal#a!> I, wa! Ba@a;e, w+o "ommi,,ed ,+e
fir!, a", of +o!,ili,& 0& ,r&i* ,o im)o!e +i! !u;erai,& o ,+e emir Ta+er,e$ lord of Er;i"a ad
Er;erum$ w+o wa! TamerlaeC! .a!!al> Tamerlae +ad a +i*+ re*ard for ,+i! Tur#oma "+ief w+o
*uarded ,+e fro,ier! of 9!ia 8ior for +im$ ad +e +ad )re!e,ed +im wi,+ a war ele)+a, af,er
,+e !a"# of (el+i> 'o.er!el&$ Ba@a;e, +ad wel"omed i,o +i! ow ,erri,orie! ao,+er Tur#oma
"+ief$ \ara1Yu!uf$ leader of ,+e Bla"# S+ee) +orde ad a eem& of Tamerlae$ w+o +ad dri.e
+im ou,> T+e 0a,,le wa! ,+u! ,o 0e fou*+, o a dual i!!ue of "lie,ele$ Tamerlae )ro,e",i*
Ta0er,e ad Ba@a;e, !u))or,i* \ara1 Yu!uf> T+e Safer%name "laim! ,o re)rodu"e ,+e eAa", ,eA,
of ,+e SLL9T le,,er !e, 0& Tamerlae ,o Ba@a;e, o ,+i! !u0@e",>
137
9f,er !ome 0i,i* i!ul,!
"o"eri* ,+e o0!"ure ori*i! of ,+e O,,oma d&a!,&$ Tamerlae "o!e,! ,o ,a#e i,o
"o!idera,io ,+e )ar, )la&ed 0& ,+e O,,oma Em)ire a! ,+e 0ulwar# of I!lam i Euro)e$ ad ,+e
:ol& War !o .i",oriou!l& fou*+, ,+ere 0& ,+e !ul,a> :e would ,+erefore !)are +i! ri.al>
Ne.er,+ele!!$ +i! a,,i,ude ,o ,+i! Romai;ed Tur#$ ,+i! 9aisar G'ae!arH of Rum$ i! ,+a, of a
o.erlord$ ,+e le*i,ima,e !o.erei* of ,+e Tur#i" ra"e> I "om)ari* ,+e eA,e, of ,+e ,wo em)ire!$
+e ed! wi,+ ,+i! ,+rea,4 M'a a )e,,& )ri"e li#e &our!elf mea!ure +im!elf a*ai!, u!FM Baia;e,
,oo# u) ,+e "+alle*e4 MWe will )ur!ue &ou ,o Ta0ri; ad Sul,ai&e+[M
135

O re"ei.i* ,+i! re)l&$ Tamerlae mar"+ed u)o 9!ia 8ior i 9u*u!,$ 1L00> 9, ,+e 0e*ii*
of Se),em0er$ af,er +i! .a!!al Ta+er,e +ad )aid +im +oma*e a, Er;erum ad Er;i"a$ +e
e,ered O,,oma ,erri,or& ad laid !ie*e ,o ,+e for,ified "i,& of Si.a!>
13L
Da"ed 0& ,+e
e,re"+me,! ad 0& ,+e 0om0ardme, of !ie*e e*ie!$ Si.a! did o, awai, ,+e fial a!!aul, 0u,
"a)i,ula,ed af,er a0ou, ,+ree wee#!> Tamerlae !)ared ,+e li.e! of 8u!lim!$ 0u, ,+e four ,+ou!ad
9rmeia !oldier! i ,+e O,,oma *arri!o +e ei,+er 0uried ali.e or ,+rew i,o well!> :e ,+e
)ulled dow ,+e "i,& wall!>
O ,+i! o""a!io$ Tamerlae we, o far,+er> :e "ould o, ad.a"e i,o 9!ia 8ior !i"e +e wa!
0ei* ,+rea,eed i ,+e rear 0& ,+e 8amelu#e arm& ad 0& ,+e mome,ar& re!,ora,io of 9+med
%elair i Ba*+dad> I, wa! a, ,+i! )oi, G!ee a0o.eH ,+a, +e we, ,o wi)e ou, ,+e 8amelu#e! i
S&ria ad ,o re"o?uer Ba*+dad> T+i! ,a!# a""om)li!+ed$ +e re,ured ,o 9!ia 8ior> 8eaw+ile$
Baia;e, 0ad ,a#e Er;i"a from Ta0er,e ad "a),ured ,+e emirC! famil&>
133
Tamerlae did o,
re,alia,e immedia,el&> I!,ead$ af,er re,uri* from S&ria ad Ba*+dad$ +e we, ,o !)ed ,+e
wi,er of 1L0117 i <ara0a#+ ad ,+e !)ri* o ,+e fro,ier! of Geor*ia w+ile +i! armie! were
"o"e,ra,i*> I, wa! o, u,il %ue$ 1L07$ ,+a, +e i.aded ,+e O,,oma Em)ire> 9f,er rei!,a,i*
Ta+er,e i Er;i"a$ +e re.iewed +i! arm& o ,+e Si.a! )lai> M9 "er,ai um0er of !?uadro!
0ad red !,adard!E ,+eir 0rea!,)la,e!$ !addle!$ !addle"lo,+!$ ?ui.er!$ ad 0el,!$ ,+eir la"e!$
!+ield!$ ad war "lu0! were red al!o> 9o,+er arm& "or)! wa! &ellow$ ao,+er w+i,e> Oe
re*ime, wore "oa,! of mail$ ao,+er "uira!!e!>M T+e 0& SL30T wa& of <a&!eri$ Tamerlae
mar"+ed o 9#ara$ w+ere +e +ad leared Ba@a;e, wa!>
T+e de"i!i.e 0a,,le wa! fou*+, or,+ea!, of ,+e "i,&$ a, 'u0u#$ o %ul& 70$ 1L07> I, la!,ed from
!iA i ,+e mori* u,il i*+,fall ad i.ol.ed earl& a millio me>
136
Ba@a;e, +ad 0rou*+,
"o,i*e,! from amo* ,+e )eo)le! +e +ad "o?uered> Bu, al,+ou*+ ,+e Ser0! ad ,+eir #i*
S,e)+e remaied lo&al ,o +im$ ,o TamerlaeC! admira,io$ ,+e Tur#! of 9&di$ 8e,e!e$
Saru+a$ ad <ermia$ 0e+oldi* ,+eir )ri"e! amo* TamerlaeC! for"e!$ "+a*ed !ide!>
Tamerlae !eem! ,o +a.e made *ood u!e of ,+e war ele)+a,! +e +ad 0rou*+, from Idia>
137
9,
,+e +ead of 10$000 %ai;arie! ad Ser0!$ Ba@a;e, fou*+, all da&$ ad i, wa! o, u,il +e +ad !ee
+i! *uard ai+ila,ed ,+a, +e de"ided a, !u!e, ,o re,rea,> Bu, +i! +or!e fell ad +e wa! ,a#e
)ri!oor wi,+ oe of +i! !o!>
132

Tamerlae ,rea,ed +i! eem& wi,+ "our,e!&>
139
Ne.er,+ele!!$ 0e"au!e ,+e !ul,a ,ried ,o e!"a)e$ +e
made +im ,ra.el i a 0arred li,,er$ w+i"+ *a.e ri!e ,o ,+e eAa**era,ed !,or& of ,+e Miro "a*e>M
Ba@a;e,$ 0ro#e 0& di!a!,er ad +umilia,io$ died a few mo,+! la,er Ga, 9#!e+ir o 8ar"+ 9$
1L05H>
O"e ,+e O,,oma arm& wa! de!,ro&ed ad ,+e !ul,a a "a),i.e$ ,+e "o?ue!, of we!,er 9a,olia
wa! o more ,+a a rou,e mar"+ for Tamerlae> :e "alled a +al, a, <u,a+&a w+ile +i! .a*uard
ra"ed o ,o )luder Bur!a$ ,+e O,,oma "a)i,al> I0 C9ra0!+a+ ad S+arif ad1(i de!"ri0e ,+e
"o?ueror! 0e+a.i* li#e a +orde of !a.a*e!$ ad ,+a, lo.el& "i,& wa! !e, o fire> TamerlaeC!
*rad!o 90u Ba#r *allo)ed a! far a! Ni"aea GI;i#H$ M!la&i* ad loo,i* e.er&w+ere$M a! S+arif
ad1(i ,ell! wi,+ reli!+> Tamerlae +im!elf we, ,o la& !ie*e ,o Sm&ra Gla,er I;mirH$ w+i"+
0elo*ed ,o ,+e <i*+,! of R+ode!> Before a,,a"#i*$ +e eA+or,ed ,+e *o.eror$ Bro,+er
Guillaume de 8u,e$ ,o ,ur 8u!lim> T+e *o.eror a,urall& refu!ed wi,+ .e+eme"e> T+e !ie*e
0e*a$ !a&! ,+e Safer%name$ o (e"em0er 7$ 1L07$
160
ad eded af,er ,wo wee#!$ w+e ,+e )la"e
wa! ,a#e 0& !,orm> T+e ma!!a"re wa! *eeral$ eA"e), for !u"+ few #i*+,! a! "ould 0e )i"#ed
u) 0& ,+e '+ri!,ia flee,> T+e Safer%name a,,a"+e! *rea, im)or,a"e ,o ,+i! .i",or& o '+ri!,ia
,erri,or&> I, !er.ed ,o @u!,if& Tamerlae ,o ,+e de.ou, 8u!lim!$ w+o wi,+ rea!o a""u!ed +im of
+a.i* !,ru"# a "ri))li* 0low a, I!lam 0& SL31T de!,ro&i* ,+e O,,oma Em)ire> T+e ,a#i* of
Sm&ra ad ,+e ma!!a"re ,+a, followed ,ra!formed ,+e 9#ara "am)ai*=af,er ,+e e.e,=i,o
a :ol& War>
M Sm&ra$ w+i"+ ,+e O,,oma !ul,a +ad 0e!ie*ed i .ai for !e.e &ear!$ wa! "o?uered 0&
Tamerlae i le!! ,+a ,wo wee#![ > > > T+e 8u!lim! e,ered ,+e "i,& )rai!i* God$ ,o w+om ,+e&
offered ,+e +ead! of ,+eir eemie! i ,+a#!*i.i*>M
161
P+o"aea$ a im)or,a, Tur#o1I,alia
"ommer"ial "e,er w+i"+ ,+e Timurid arm& we, o ,o 0e!ie*e$ ra!omed i,!elf i ,ime 0&
offeri* ,o )a& ,ri0u,e> T+e Geoe!e M8a+oe$M a ,radi* "om)a& w+i"+ owed ,+e i!lad of
'+io! o))o!i,e$ al!o made a a", of +oma*e$
167
w+ile ,+e B&;a,ie re*e, %o+ VII$ w+e +e
wa! re?uired ,o a"#owled*e TamerlaeC! !u;erai,&$ a, o"e !e, a em0a!!& i ,o#e of +i!
"om)lia"e>
165

No,wi,+!,adi* ,+e Sm&ra ma!!a"re$ TamerlaeC! ,rium)+ o.er Ba@a;e, !a.ed '+ri!,edom>
Si"e Ba@a;e,C! .i",or& o.er ,+e "ru!ader! of Ni"o)oli!$ B&;a,ium$ ri*idl& 0lo"#aded 0& ,+e
O,,oma!$ wa! doomed$ ad i,! fall !eemed ol& a ?ue!,io of mo,+!> T+e !udde di!a!,er
!uffered 0& ,+e O,,oma! a, 9#ara allowed ,+e B&;a,ie Em)ire a u+o)ed1for re!)i,e of +alf
a "e,ur& G1L07135H> T+u! 0& a !i*ular ,ur of e.e,! i, wa! B&;a,ium ,+a, 0eefi,ed mo!, from
,+e Tra!oAiaaC! "o?ue!, i We!,er 9!ia$ a! 8u!"o.& wa! ,o 0eefi, from +i! .i",orie! o.er
,+e Golde :orde>
T+i! !,ro#e of *ood for,ue for Bal#a '+ri!,edom wa! e+a"ed 0& ,+e fa", ,+a,$ +a.i*
o.er"ome ,+e O,,oma Em)ire$ Tamerlae did all +e "ould ,o )re.e, i,! re!ur*e"e> I Tur#i!+
9!ia 8ior$ +e "eremoiall& re!,ored ,+e .ariou! emira,e! ,+a, Ba@a;e, +ad de!,ro&ed ,e &ear!
earlier> Ba@a;e, +ad !,ri))ed C9la ad1(i$ emir of <arama$ of +i! )o!!e!!io! i ea!,er P+r&*ia
ad /&"aoiaE Tamerlae a))oi,ed C9la ad1(iC! !o 8u+ammad II a! ruler of <o&a ad
/arada G<aramaH>
16L
Similarl& +e rei!,a,ed ,+e emir of <a!,amou$ of ,+e I!fedi&aro*lu
+ou!e$ i Pa)+la*oiaE ,+e Saru+a emir!$ i ,+e )er!o of <+idr1!+a+$ i 8a*e!ia ad Si)&lum
Gow 8ai!aHE ,+e emir YaC?u0 of <ermia i <u,a+&a ad <ara+i!arE
163
I!a$ emir of 9&di$ i +i!
fief of Ioia$ ear E)+e!u!E Il&a!$ emir of 8e,e!e i 'ariaE ad CU,+ma$ emir of Te##e$ i
/&"ia> T+e O,,oma domai i 9!ia wa! a*ai redu"ed ,o li,,le more ,+a SL37T or,+er
P+r&*ia$ Bi,+&ia$ ad 8&!ia> To wea#e ,+e O,,oma! !,ill fur,+er$ Tamerlae ,oo# "are ,o fa
,+e flame! of di!"ord amo* Ba@a;e,C! !o!$ w+o were ?uarreli* o.er ,+eir i+eri,a"e>
THE CO1H7EST OF CHI1A
Tamerlae re,ured ,o Tra!oAiaa i 1L0L> 9, Samar#ad +e re"ei.ed 'la.i@o$ w+o +ad 0ee
!e, 0& :er& III of 'a!,ile ad w+o +a! lef, a .alua0le a""ou, of +i! @oure&> Tra.eli* 0& wa&
of 'o!,a,io)le$ Tre0i;od$ Ta0ri;$ ad Rai$ 'la.i@o arri.ed i Samar#ad o 9u*u!, 51$ 1L0L$
ad wa! re"ei.ed 0& Tamerlae o Se),em0er 2>
Tamerlae ow "o,em)la,ed ,+e "o?ue!, of '+ia$ w+ere ,+e a,ioal d&a!,& of ,+e 8i*$
w+o +ad dri.e ou, ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e!$ wa! a, ,+e )ea# of i,! )ower> T+e fir!, 8i* em)eror$
:u*1wu G,+e former '+u YIa1"+a*H$ a! !u""e!!or ,o ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e *rad #+a!$ +ad
"laimed +oma*e from ,+e former #+aa,e of %a*a,ai> I 1523$ ,+erefore$ +e !e, am0a!!ador! i,o
'e,ral 9!ia$ Du 9 G'+i+ TaoH ad /iu Wei$ w+o .i!i,ed :ami$ <ara1#+o@a GTurfaH$ ad
Ili0ali*+$ w+ere wi,+ou, a& diffi"ul,& ,+e& o0,aied ,+e +oma*e of ,+e #+a! of ,+e +ou!e of
%a*a,ai or of ,+e (u*+la, emir!> Bu, a, Samar#ad ,+e& were arre!,ed 0& ,+e Timurid au,+ori,ie!
ad were o, relea!ed u,il af,er lo* )arle&i*> :owe.er$ Tamerlae more ,+a o"e !e,
em0a!!ie! ,o ,+e "our, of '+ia 0eari* *if,! w+i"+ mi*+, )a!! a! ,ri0u,e G1527$ 1597$ 159LH> I
1593$ ,+e em)eror :u*1wu !e, Du 9 0a"# ,o Samar#ad wi,+ a le,,er of ,+a#! addre!!ed ,o
Tamerlae> Em)eror Yu* /o G1L0517LH$ 0ro,+er ad !e"od !u""e!!or ,o :u*1wu$ +ad @u!,
a!"eded ,+e ,+roe w+e Tamerlae aou"ed +i! i,e,io of "o?ueri* '+ia !o a! ,o
"o.er, i, ,o I!lam$ ad 0e*a a!!em0li* a +u*e arm& a, O,rar>
T+i! wa! !urel& oe of ,+e *ra.e!, da*er! ,+a, +ad e.er ,+rea,eed '+ie!e "i.ili;a,io$ for ow
i, wa! o, a ?ue!,io of i.a!io 0& a <u0lai w+o re!)e",ed Budd+i!m ad 'ofu"iai!m ad
de!ired ,o 0e"ome a ,rue So of :ea.e$ 0u, ,+e irru),io of a faa,i"al 8u!lim w+o$ 0& ,uri*
,+e "ou,r& ,o I!lam$ mi*+, +a.e u,,erl& de!,ro&ed '+ie!e "i.ili;a,io ad eroded '+ie!e
!o"ie,&> Yu* /o$ ,+e mo!, warli#e of ,+e 8i*
SL35T
SL3LT
SL33T
em)eror!$ mi*+, +a.e )ro.ed a wor,+& ad.er!ar&E &e, ,+e da*er wa! *rea, u,il Tamerlaie fell
ill a, O,rar ad died o %auar& 19$ 1L03$ a, ,+e a*e of !e.e,&1oe>
THE TAMER/A1E S7CCESSIO16 SHAH R72H0S REI,1
9f,er ,+e dea,+ of %e*+i; <+a$ ,+e 8o*ol Em)ire +ad #ow ,+ir,& &ear! of i,eral )ea"e
G1777139H$ u,il ,+e )eriod of ri.alr& 0e,wee <u0lai ad 9ri?10J*K> 9f,er TamerlaeC! dea,+$
+owe.er$ ,+e Tur#i" em)ire of Tra!oAiaa wa! ,or 0& ?uarrel! amo* ,+e !o! ad *rad!o!
of ,+e de"ea!ed>
Tamerlae lef, a umerou! famil&>
166
I +i! la!, will ad ,e!,ame,$ +e 0e?uea,+ed a fief ,o ea"+
of +i! !o! ad *rad!o!$ 0u, a, ,+e !ame ,ime !ou*+, ,o re,ai ,+e )ri"i)le of )rimo*ei,ure>
:i! elde!, !o %a+a*ir$ a! we !aw$ )rede"ea!ed +im 0& ma& &ear!$ aroud 1573>
167
T+e
"o?ueror ,+erefore "+o!e %a+a*irC! elde!, !o ,o !u""eed +im a, ,+e +ead of ,+e em)ire> T+i!
wa! Pir 8u+ammad i01%a+a*ir$ ,+e ,we,&1ie1&ear1old *o.eror of ea!,er 9f*+ai!,a
GBal#+$ <a0ul$ ad <ada+arH> 9, ,+e !ame ,ime$ all ,+e re!, of ,+e famil& re"ei.ed +u*e fief!$ !o
,+a, uder ,+e ,+eore,i"al au,+ori,& of Pir 8u+ammad i01 %a+a*ir ,+e em)ire wa! i fa",
alread& !)li, u)>
TamerlaeC! !e"od !o CUmar1!+ai#+ +ad al!o died 0efore +i! fa,+er$ +a.i* 0ee #illed i 1591
duri* a "am)ai* i (i&ar0a#irE 0u, +i! !o! Pir 8u+ammad i01CUmar1!+ai#+$
162
Ru!,am$
I!#ader$ ad Bai?ara +ad #e), ,+e i+eri,a"e4 Dar! GS+ira;H ad Ira? C9@ami G:amada ad
I!)a+aH>
8ira!+a+$ TamerlaeC! ,+ird !o$ ,+e a*ed ,+ir,&1ei*+,$ +ad 0ee *i.e 8u*a$ 9;er0ai@a
GTa0ri;H$ ad Ira? C9ra0i GBa*+dadH$ 0u, a fall from +i! +or!e +ad i@ured +i! 0rai ad "au!ed
+im ,o di!)la& !u"+ wilde!! ad "ruel,& ,+a, Tamerlae )la"ed +im uder ,+e ,u,ela*e of a !or,
of famil& "ou"il$ i ,+i! )ar,i"ular "a!e of 8ira!+a+C! ow !o CUmar1mir;a$ a*ed ,we,&1,wo$
w+o *o.ered ,+e ,erri,or& i +i! fa,+erC! ame> 8ira!+a+C! o,+er ,wo !o!$ 90u Ba#r ad
<+alil$ were !oo ,o re.eal ,+eir am0i,iou! aim!>
TamerlaeC! four,+ !o S+a+ Ru#+$ a*ed ,we,&1ei*+, a, +i! fa,+erC! dea,+$ +ad re"ei.ed
<+ura!a> :i! wa! ,+e !,eadie!, ,em)erame, ad ,+e ol& )oli,i"al mid i ,+e famil&>
O ,+e .er& morrow of TamerlaeC! dea,+$ ,+e ?uarrel!$ "ou)!$ SL36T ad )ala"e re.olu,io!
0e*a> :i! *rad!o Pir 8u+ammad i01 %a0a*ir$ ,o w+om 0e 0ad lef, ,+e !u)reme )ower ad
w+o wa! a, ,+a, ,ime ,oo far from Tra!oAiaa$ i <ada+ar$ ,o ,a#e a& a",io$ foud +i! ri*+,!
0ei* ,ram)led u)o> 9o,+er *rad!o$ <+alil$ 8ira!0a+C! four,+ !o$ w+o wa! ol& ,we,&1
oe$ wa! a""laimed 0& ,+e arm& a, Ta!+#e,> :e mar"+ed o Samar#ad ad ,+ere a!"eded ,+e
im)erial ,+roe G8ar"+ 12$ 1L03H>
169
Pir 8u+ammad i01%a+a*ir mar"+ed ou, of 9f*+ai!,a
,+rou*+ Tra!oAiaa$ 0u, wa! 0ea,e 0& <+alilC! armie! ear Ne!ef G<ar!+iH>
170
9l,+ou*+ lef, i
)o!!e!!io of +i! 9f*+a domai GBal#+$ <a0ul$ ad <ada+arH$ +e wa! a!!a!!ia,ed !iA mo,+!
la,er 0& +i! ow .i;ier G1L06H> <+alil$ o"e +e 0ad !e"ured ,+e ,+roe of Samar#ad$ 0e+a.ed a!
oe mi*+, eA)e", of a&oe of +i! a*e$ !?uaderi* ,+e im)erial ,rea!ure i wild eA,ra.a*a"e
ad u!i* +i! )ower ol& ,o *ra,if& ,+e w+im! of +i! fa.ori,e$ ,+e lo.el& S0ad al18ul#>
171
:e
!oo *oaded ,+e emir! i,o re.ol,E ,+e& de)o!ed +im G1L06$ 1L07H ad a"#owled*ed a! #i* of
Tra!oAiaa TamerlaeC! four,+ !o S+a+ Ru#+$ w+o wa! alread& ,+e ruler of <0ura!a> S+a+
Ru#+ "o!oled ,+e &ou* !"a)e*ra"e <+alil wi,+ ,+e Rai re*io i Ira? C9@ami$ w+ere +e died i
1L11>
S+a+ Ru#+ wa! ,+e mo!, remar#a0le of ,+e Timurid!>
177
T+i! !o of ,+e ,erri0le Tamerlae wa! a
*ood leader ad a 0ra.e !oldier$ ,+ou*+ of a )ea"eful di!)o!i,ioE +e wa! +umae$ modera,e$ a
lo.er of Per!ia le,,er!$ a *rea, 0uilder$ a )ro,e",or of )oe,! ad ar,i!,!$ ad oe of ,+e 0e!, ruler!
9!ia e.er 0ad> T+e e.olu,io followed ,+e !ame )a,,er a! ,+a, from %e*+i; <+a ,o <u0lai> :i!
lo* rei* from 1L07 ,o 1LL7 wa! de"i!i.e for w+a, i ,+e "ul,ural !)+ere +a! 0ee "alled ,+e
Timurid reai!!a"e$ ,+e *olde a*e of Per!ia li,era,ure ad ar,> :era,$ w+i"+ +e made +i!
"a)i,al$ ad Samar#ad$ ,+e re!ide"e of +i! !o Olu*+0e* Gw+om +e 0ad made *o.eror of
Tra!oAiaaH$ 0e"ame ,+e mo!, 0rillia, "e,er! of ,+i! reai!!a"e>
175
B& oe of ,+e )aradoAe!
,+a, o""ur !o of,e i +i!,or&$ ,+e !o! of ,+e 0u,"+er w+o +ad ruied I!)a+a ad S+ira; were ,o
0e"ome ,+e mo!, a",i.e )ro,e",or! of Iraia "ul,ure>
S+a+ Ru#+C! dire", au,+ori,& did o, eA,ed 0e&od Tra!oAiaa ad ea!,er Ira> I!)a+a ad
Dar! 0elo*ed ,o +i! e)+ew! Pir 8u+ammad i01CUmar1!+ai#+$ Ru!,am$ I!#ader$ ad Bai?ara>
T+e!e )ri"e! +ad re"o*i;ed S+a+ Ru#+C! !u;erai,& from ,+e ou,!e,$ ad ,+e& a))ealed ,o +im
a, .ariou! ,ime! ,o ar0i,ra,e i SL37T ,+eir ?uarrel!> I 1L13$ e!)e"iall&$ +e +ad ,o *o ,o I!)a+a$
w+ere +e de)o!ed I!#ader ad lef, Ru!,am a! +i! de)u,&E ,+e +e we, ,o S+ira; ,o )ui!+ a
i!urre",io 0& +i! e)+ew Bai?ara$ w+om +e !e, i,o eAile>
17L

T+e aar"+& ad ,+e radom ?uarrel! of ,+e Timurid !u""e!!or! +ad o di!,ur0i* effe", o
ea!,er Ira 0e"au!e S+a+ Ru#+$ ,+a, !,ro* ad wi!e admii!,ra,or$ wa! a0le ,o )u, a ed ,o
,+em$ ar0i,ra,e effe",i.el&$ ad re!,ore ui,&> T+i! wa! o, ,+e "a!e i we!,er Per!ia$ 9;er0ai@a$
ad Ira? C9ra0i> T+i! re*io$ a! o,ed$ +ad 0ee 0e?uea,+ed ,o TamerlaeC! ,+ird !o 8ira!+a+$
w+o wa! mu"+ i"a)a"i,a,ed 0& +i! me,al ,rou0le!$ ad ,o 8ira!+a+C! ,wo !o! 90u Ba#r ad
CUmar1mir;a$ w+o loa,+ed ea"+ o,+er ad were "o!,a,l& a, lo**er+ead!> T+eir ?uarrel! fa.ored
,+e re,ur of ,+e former ruler! of ,+a, "ou,r&$ w+o +ad 0ee dri.e ou, 0& Tamerlae4 Sul,a
9+med %elair$ oe,ime ruler of Ba*+dad$ ad \ara1Yu!uf$ "+ief of ,+e Tur#oma +orde of ,+e
Bla"# S+ee)> 9+med %elair re1e,ered Ba*+dad G1L03H> \ara1Yu!uf$ +a.i* re,ured from eAile
i E*&),$ we, 0a"# ,o 9;er0ai@a$ defea,ed ,+e Timurid 90u Ba#r ear Na#+i"+e.a$ ad
reo""u)ied Ta0ri; G1L06H> 90u Ba#r ad +i! fa,+er 8ira!+a+ ,ried ,o re"a),ure 9;er0ai@a$ 0u,
o 9)ril 70$ 1L02$ \ara1Yu!uf ifli",ed a de"i!i.e defea, o ,+em i w+i"+ 8ira!+a+ wa!
#illed>
173
T+i! 0a,,le$ oe of ,+e mo!, im)or,a, i ,+e +i!,or& of ,+e Orie,$ ullified all ,+e
re!ul,! of TamerlaeC! "o?ue!,! i ,+e We!,> Dour &ear! la,er$ +i! +eir! were dri.e from we!,er
Per!ia>
\ara1Yu!uf$ "+ief of ,+e Bla"# S+ee)$ ow firml& e!,a0li!+ed a! ruler of 9;er0ai@a wi,+ Ta0ri;
a! +i! "a)i,al$ fell foul of +i! former all& 9+med %elair$ !ul,a of Ba*+dad> 9+med ,ried ,o !ei;e
9;er0ai@a$ 0u, wa! defea,ed ear Ta0ri; o 9u*u!, 50$ 1L10$ ad a!!a!!ia,ed eA, da&>
176
Ba*+dad ad Ira? C9ra0i )a!!ed i,o ,+e +ad! of \ara1Yu!uf$ w+o ,+u! foud +im!elf lord of a
.a!, realm eA,edi* from ,+e Geor*ia fro,ier ,o Ba!ra> Wi,+i a few mo,+! ,+i! Tur#oma
#i*dom of ,+e Bla"# S+ee) G\ara1 \o&uluH$ wi,+ Ta0ri; ad Ba*+dad a! "a)i,al!$ 0e"ame oe
of ,+e )ri"i)al )ower! i ,+e Ea!,> I 1L19$ \ara1Yu!uf ,oo# ad.a,a*e of fur,+er i,er1Timurid
?uarrel! ,o o""u)& Sul,ai&e+ ad <a;.i i Ira? C9@ami>
T+e!e e.e,! "au!ed S+a+ Ru#+ !ome aAie,&> (e,ermied ,o a.e*e +i! 0ro,+er 8ira!+a+ ad
,o re1e!,a0li!+ Timurid SL32T domiio i we!,er Per!ia$ +e lef, :era, for 9;er0ai@a a, ,+e
+ead of a )owerful arm&>
177
\ara1Yu!uf died i (e"em0er$ 1L19$ 0efore i, arri.ed> I!#ader$
\ara1Yu!ufC! !o$ a,,em),ed re!i!,a"e 0u, wa! 0ea,e 0& S+a+ Ru#+$ w+o !u0@u*a,ed 9;er0ai@a
G1L71H> If S+a+ Ru#+ +ad )ur!ued +i! ad.a,a*e$ ,+e Timurid re!,ora,io mi*+, +a.e 0ee
)ermae,$ 0u, !oo af,erward +e re,ured ,o <+ura!a$ ad I!#ader immedia,el& reo""u)ied
9;er0ai@a> S+a+ Ru#+ "ame 0a"# i 1L79 ad 0ea, I!#ader a*ai$ 0u, o"e more I!#ader
reo""u)ied ,+e "ou,r& af,er ,+e de)ar,ure of ,+e Timurid arm&>
I 1L5L$ S+a+ Ru#+ !e, a ,+ird eA)edi,io ,o 9;er0ai@a$ ad I!#ader wa! )u, ,o fli*+, wi,+ o
more diffi"ul,& ,+a 0eforeE 0u, i!,ead of a))oi,i* a Timurid .i"ero& i 9;er0ai@a$ S+a+
Ru#+ e,ru!,ed ,+e *o.erme, ,o I!#aderC! ow 0ro,+er %a+a S+a+ G1L53H> T+i! wa! ,o
"ofirm ,+e !ei;ure of 9;er0ai@a ad Ba*+dad 0& ,+e Tur#oma! of ,+e Bla"# S+ee)> 9f,er
S+a+ Ru#+C! dea,+$ %a+a S+a+ wa! ,o de)ri.e ,+e Timurid! of Ira? C9@ami G1L37H$ I!)a0a$ Dar!$
ad <erma G1L32H> W+e +e died$ i, wa! o, from Timurid re)ri!al! 0u, uder ,+e o!lau*+, of
ao,+er Tur#oma ,ri0e$ ,+a, of ,+e W+i,e S+ee) G9?1 \o&uluH e"am)ed i (i&a0a#ir$ w+o!e
"+ief$ U;u :a!a$ ,oo# %a+a S+a+ 0& !ur)ri!e ad #illed +im o No.em0er 11$ 1L67$ i ,+e
8u! re*io$ ad ,+e !u""eeded +im a! #i* of we!,er Per!ia> T+u!$ de!)i,e ,+e effor,! of S+a+
Ru#+$ we!,er Per!ia +ad )ermae,l& eluded TamerlaeC! +eir! ad fell uder Tur#oma
domiio>
W+ere '+ia wa! "o"ered$ S+a+ Ru#+ *a.e u) TamerlaeC! idea! of "o?ue!,> :e eA"+a*ed
!e.eral am0a!!ador! wi,+ ,+e em)eror Yu* /o> I 1L17$ for eAam)le$ +e !e, 9rda!+ir To*a"+i
,o Pe#i*$ w+ile Du 9$ w+o +ad alread& .i!i,ed Tra!oAiaa duri* ,+e rei* of Tamerlae$
re,ured ,o Samar#ad ad ,o :era,$ S+a+ Ru#+C! "our,> T+e )ur)o!e of ,+e!e .ariou! mi!!io!$
i )ar,$ wa! ,o re1e!,a0li!+ 0e,wee ,+e Timurid em)ire ad 8i* '+ia ,+e ,rade rela,io! ,+a,
+ad eAi!,ed 0e,wee ,+e ,wo 8o*ol #+aa,e! of <u0lai ad %a*a,ai>
172

El!ew+ere$ S+a+ Ru#+ followed TamerlaeC! eAam)le ad !e, a eA)edi,io led 0& +i! !o
Olu*+10e* a*ai!, ,+e %a*a,ai,e #+aa,e of 8o*+oli!,a G1L73H> Olu*+10e*$ 0& w+a, i! #ow
from ,+e 8a,laCe!1!adei$ 0ea, ,+e %a*a,ai,e S+ir 8u+ammad>
179
T+e +ead of ,+e )owerful
(u*+la, famil&$ <+udaidad ,+e SL39T #i*ma#er$ lord of <a!+*ar ad Yar#ad$ +ad 0ee
im)elled 0& 8u!lim )ie,& ,o all& +im!elf wi,+ Olu*+10e*$ w+om +e @oied 0e&od ,+e '+ari$ a
!ou,+er ,ri0u,ar& of ,+e Ili or,+ea!, of ,+e I!!&# <ul>
120

S+a+ Ru#+ died o 8ar"+ 7$ 1LL7$ ad wa! !u""eeded 0& +i! !o Olu*+10e*> Olu*+=0e*$ w+o
+ad lo* 0ee .i"ero& of Tra!oAiaa$ wa! a "ul,ured ma$ a !"+olar=+e wa! )ar,i"ularl&
i,ere!,ed i a!,room&=ad a )oe,$ ad +e made +i! "our, i Samar#ad a 0rillia, "e,er of
Per!ia le,,er!> Bu, +e wa! e,irel& la"#i* i au,+ori,&> T+e U;0e#!=,+a, i!$ ,+e 8o*ol! of
S+a&0aC! +orde w+o were e!,a0li!+ed i ,+e Si0ero1Tur#e!,ai )ro.i"e! of 9#,&u0i!# ad
Tur*ai=made a fora& i,o Tra!oAiaa i ,+e "our!e of w+i"+ ,+e& ra.a*ed Samar#ad$
!ma!+ed Olu*+10e*C! famou! )or"elai ,ower$ ad de!,ro&ed +i! )i",ure *aller&> Olu*+10e*$ w+o
wa! !o ea!&*oi* a! ,o 0e ,+e )la&,+i* of +i! #i!me$ fell .i",im ,o +i! ow !o C 90d al1/a,if$
w+o +ad re0elled i Bal#+> C 90d al1/a,if im)ri!oed +i! fa,+er ad +ad +im eAe"u,ed o O",o0er
77$ 1LL9> T+e )arri"ide +im!elf wa! a!!a!!ia,ed !ome mo,+! la,er G8a& 9$ 1L30H>
A.7 SA0I-
Olu*+10e*C! dea,+ wa! followed 0& a fur,+er )eriod of i,er1 Timurid warfare> Oe of +i!
e)+ew!$ C 90d19lla+$ 0e"ame ruler i 1L30131 of Samar#ad ad Tra!oAiaa$ w+ile a !e"od
e)+ew$ Ba0ur1mir;a$ rei*ed o.er :era, ad <+ura!a G1L371 37H> I 1L37$ C 90d19lla+ wa!
defea,ed ad #illed 0& ao,+er Timurid$ 90u SaCid$ 8ira!+a+C! *rad!o>
121
I, i! i,ere!,i* ,o
o,e ,+a, ,+i! .i",or&$ 0& w+i"+ 90u SaCid wo ,+e ,+roe of Samar#ad$ wa! a"+ie.ed wi,+ ,+e
+el) of 90uCl <+air$ #+a of ,+e U;0e#!$ w+o$ +a.i* made +im!elf ma!,er of ,+e S&r (ar&a lie
from Si*a#+i ,o U;*e$ ow a",ed a! ar0i,ra,or i Timurid ?uarrel!> T+i! wa! a ueA)e",ed
%e*+i;1<+ai,e re!ur*e"e a*ai!, ,+e *rad!o! of Tamerlae>
127
9 !imilar rea",io !eemed
immie, from ,+e )ri"e! of ,+e +ou!e of %a*a,ai$ or #+a! of 8o*+oli!,a GIli ad Yuldu;
re*ioH>
E!e10u?a or E!e10u*+a II$ #+a of 8o*+oli!,a G1L79167H$ w+o!e re!ide"e wa! a, 9#!u$
0e,wee ,+e I!!&# <ul$ <u"+a$ ad <a!+*ar$ +ad re.i.ed ,+e ,radi,ioal %a*a,ai,e i"ur!io! o
,+e fro,ier! of Tra!oAiaa$ ra.a*i* Sairam$ ,+e "i,& of Tur#e!,a$ SL60T ad Ta!+#e, G1L31
ad af,erH> Bu, 90u SaCid$ w+o +ad @u!, a!"eded ,+e ,+roe of Samar#ad$ ra"ed i )ur!ui, of
E!e0u*+a$ o.er,oo# +im ear Tala!$ ad !"a,,ered +i! arm&>
125

I 1L37$ af,er ,+e dea,+ of ,+e Timurid Ba0ur1mir;a$ #i* of <+ura!a$ 90u SaCid !ei;ed ,+a,
)ro.i"e> O %ul& 19$ 1L37$ +e made +i! e,r& i,o :era,>
12L
Bei* ow ruler of 0o,+ <+ura!a
ad Tra!oAiaa$ +e !e, a0ou, re!,ori* ,+e Timurid Em)ire i!ofar a! ,+e ri.alrie! ad ri!i*!
amo* +i! #i!fol# allowed> To wea#e E!e10u*+a II$ ,+e %a*a,ai,e #+a$ +e re!or,ed ,o
,radi,ioal me,+od!> I 1L79$ E!e10u*+a +ad dri.e ou, +i! elder 0ro,+er$ Yuu!1#+a$ w+o +ad
,a#e refu*e wi,+ Olu*+10e* i Samar#ad> I 1L36$ wi!+i* ,o rai!e u) a ri.al ,o E!e10u*+a$
90u SaCid re"o*i;ed Yuu! a! ,+e ri*+,ful #+a> Wi,+ ,+e for"e! le, +im 0& ,+e Timurid$ Yuu!
re,ured ,o 8o*+oli!,a ad wo re"o*i,io for +im!elf i ,+e we!,er )ar, of ,+e "ou,r&$
roud ,+e Ili$ w+ile E!e10u*+a "o,iued ,o +old !wa& o.er ,+e ea!,4 ,+e Yuldu; ad Ui*uri!,a
re*io> 9 li,,le la,er$ Yuu! mar"+ed o <a!+*ar> :e wa! !,o))ed ad rou,ed 0e,wee ,+a, "i,&
ad 9#!u 0& E!e10u*+a$ w+o +ad +a!,eed from ,+e Yuldu;$ ad 0& ,+e (u*+la, emir of
<a!+*ar$ Sa&&id C9li> Yuu! a*ai fled ,o Tra!oAiaa ad 90u SaCid Ga0ou, 1L32H$ ad a*ai ,+e
la,,er le, +im reifor"eme,! wi,+ w+i"+ +e a))ear! ,o +a.e re1e!,a0li!+ed +im!elf i ,+e
we!,er )ar, of 8o*+oli!,a$ ear ,+e Ili ad i ,+e dire",io of ,+e I!!&# <ul> 8eaw+ile$
ea!,er 8o*+oli!,a GYuldu; ad Ui*uria a! far a! TurfaH "o,iued ,o 0elo* ,o E!e10u*+a Gd>
1L67H ad ,+e ,o +i! !o (u!, 8u+ammad1#+a G1L67169H$ w+o u!uall& li.ed a, 9#!u> 90u
SaCid +ad ,+u! !u""eeded i ai+ila,i* ,+e re!ur*e, for"e! of ,+e %a*a,ai,e! 0& !)li,,i* u) ,+eir
)o!!e!!io! 0e,wee ,wo ri.al 0ra"+e!>
123

90u SaCid wa! e?uall& a",i.e i Per!ia> T+e we!,er )ar, of ,+e "ou,r&=9;er0ai@a$ Ira? C9ra0i$
ad Ira? C9@ami$ wi,+ I!)a+a$ Dar!$ ad <erma=+ad "ome uder ,+e !wa& of %a+a S+a+$
"+ief of ,+e Tur#oma +orde of ,+e Bla"# S+ee) G\ara1 \o&uluH> I 1L32$ %a+a S+a+ mar"+ed
o <+ura!a ad o""u)ied :era, G%ul&$ 1L32H> Bu, !iA mo,+! la,er 90u SaCid$ w+o +ad
wi,+draw ,o Bal#+$ ifli",ed a !a.a*e defea, o %a+a S+a+C! !o Pir Buda? a, ,+e 0a#! of ,+e
8ur*a0 ad !o li0era,ed <+ura!a> T+e "i,& of Sama 0e,wee (am*+a ad Rai wa!
re"o*i;ed a! ,+e fro,ier !e)ara,i* Timurid from Bla"# S+ee) SL61T ,erri,or& Ga0ou,
(e"em0er$ 1L32H> I +i! ow !,a,e!$ %a+a S+a+ "la!+ed wi,+ a ri.al Tur#oma +orde$ ,+e W+i,e
S+ee) G9?1 \o&uluH$ e!,a0li!+ed i (i&ar0a#irE !i"e ,+e da&! of Tamerlae$ ,+i! +orde +ad
0ee ,+e ,radi,ioal all& of ,+e Timurid!> I 1L67$ i ,+e +o)e of riddi* +im!elf of ,+e!e ri.al!$
%a+a S+a+ mar"+ed o (i&ar0a#irE 0u, o No.em0er 11$ 1L67$ +e wa! !ur)ri!ed ad 0ea,e a,
<i*i$ 0e,wee 8u! ad Er;i"a$ 0& U;u :a!a$ "+ief of ,+e W+i,e S+ee)$ ad wa! #illed w+ile
rui* awa&>
126
9! a re!ul, of ,+i! "a,a!,ro)+e$ ,+e domai! of ,+e Bla"# S+ee) )a!!ed ,o ,+e
ri.al +orde>
U;u :a!a +o)ed ,+a, ,+i! "+a*e would 0e re*arded wi,+ a fa.ora0le e&e 0& ,+e Timurid!$
w+o were old allie! of +i! +ou!e> Bu, 90u SaCid ,+ou*+, +e mi*+, ,a#e ad.a,a*e of ,+e "ofli",
0e,wee ,+e ,wo Tur#oma +orde! ,o re"o.er we!,er Per!ia> 9d ideed +e +ad 0ee a!#ed ,o
i,er.ee 0& %a0a S+a+C! !o :a!a C9li$ w+o wa! ,r&i* ,o wre!, 9;er0ai@a from ,+e
.i",oriou! U;u :a!a> 9, :a!a C9liC! re?ue!,$ 90u SaCid de"lared war o U;u :a!a$ "ro!!ed
Ira? C9iami$ e,ered 9;er0ai@a$ ad mar"+ed o <ara0a#+ i ,+e !,e))e of ,+e lower 9ra! ad
,+e lower <ura$ U;u :a!aC! +ead?uar,er!> 9! "old wea,+er !e, i ad U;u :a!a$ i ,+e
Tur#oma fa!+io$ +ad !li))ed awa&$ 90u SaCid made u) +i! mid ,o wi,er i <ara0a#+$ w+i"+
wa! #ow for ,+e milde!! of i,! "lima,e> :i! mar"+ ,o ,+e 9ra! wa! di!a!,rou!$ +owe.er$ ad a,
8a+muda0ad +e foud +i! wa& 0lo"#ed 0& U;u :a!a> Bei* !+or, of )ro.i!io!$ +e ,ried ,o
re,rea, 0u, wa! "a),ured o De0ruar& 11$ 1L69$ 0& ,+e Tur#oma!> SiA da&! la,er$ U;u :a!a
+ad )u, +im ,o dea,+> :e wa! ol& for,&>
90u SaCid wa! ,+e la!, Timurid ,o ,r& ,o re!,ore TamerlaeC! em)ire from <a!+*ar ,o
Tra!"au"a!ia> :i! failure$ w+i"+ wa! due le!! ,o +i! eemie! a0road ,+a ,o ,+e "ea!ele!!
re0ellio of +i! #i!me a, +ome$ )u, a fial !,o) ,o TamerlaeC! a"+ie.eme,> :i! dea,+
deli.ered ,+e w+ole of we!,er Per!ia i,o ,+e +ad! of ,+e W+i,e S+ee) +orde> U;u :a!a$ w+o
,+e"efor,+ wa! ,+e udi!)u,ed ruler of Ta0ri;$ Ba*+dad$ S+ira;$ I!)a0a$ Sul,ai&e0$ Rai$ ad
e.e <erma$ a))eared ,o ,+e world a! ,+e #i* of Per!ia G1L69172H ad +i! famil& wa! ,o
remai i )o!!e!!io of ,+a, "ou,r&$ wi,+ Ta0ri; a! "a)i,al$ u,il ,+e ri!e of ,+e a,ioal Per!ia
d&a!,& of ,+e Safa.id! i 1307>
127

SL67T
THE /AST TIM7R7S
Wi,+ ,+e )owerful Tur#oma #i*dom of Per!ia a! ,+eir ei*+0or$ ,+e la!, of ,+e Timurid! were
ow o more ,+a lo"al )ri"eli*! of Tra!oAiaa ad <+ura!aE ad e.e ,+a, limi,ed domai
wa! !)li, u) amo* +o!,ile #i!me> 90u SaCidC! !o 9+med!ul,a !u""eeded +im ol& i
Tra!oAiaa$ wi,+ Samar#ad a! +i! "a)i,al G1L6919LH$ ad +e wa! for"ed ,o wa*e war a*ai!, +i!
ow 0ro,+er!> 8eaw+ile$ ,+e %a*a,ai,e #+aa,e of 8o*+oli!,a$ w+i"+ 90u SaCid +ad wea#eed
0& di.idi* i, 0e,wee ,wo ri.al 0ra"+e!$ re"o.ered i,! ui,& ad !,re*,+> T+e %a*a,ai,e ruler of
Yuldu; ad Ui*uri!,a$ <e0e# II G"a> 1L69177H$ !o ad !u""e!!or ,o (u!, 8u+ammad$ +ad 0ee
a!!a!!ia,ed$ ad +i! *rea,1u"le Yuu!$ w+o wa! alread& #+a of we!,er 8o*+oli!,a GIliH ad
,o w+om ,+e (u*+la, emir! of <a!+*ar +ad rallied !ome ,ime 0efore$ ow rei,e*ra,ed ,+e
%a*a,ai,e )o!!e!!io!> 9!!ured of ,+e !u))or, of +i! .a!!al ,+e (u*+la, emir of <a!+*ar$
8u+ammad :aidar I G1L63120H$ Yuu!1#+a +ad 0e"ome ,+e mi*+,ie!, ruler i 'e,ral 9!ia> T+e
!i,ua,io wa! re.er!ed> I, wa! ow +e w+o a",ed a! media,or amo* ,+e la!, Timurid!$ i ?uarrel!
0e,wee 9+med$ #i* of Tra!oAiaa$ ad +i! 0ro,+er CUmar1!+ai#+$ lord of Der*aa> O !e.eral
o""a!io!$ Yuu! )ro,e",ed CUmar!+ai#+ from a,,em),ed a,,a"#! 0& 9+medE ,+u! ,+e Timurid of
Der*aa 0e"ame a real .a!!al of ,+e #+a$ w+o "a!,i*a,ed +im w+e 0e re0elled$ ,+e )ardoed
+im ad "ame ,o +old +i! "our, wi,+ +im i 9di;+a>
122
T+e re.er!al i ,+e )o!i,io! of ,+e
%e*+i;1<+ai,e ad Timurid +ou!e! "ould o, +a.e 0ee more "om)le,e> Dre!+ ?uarreli* 0ro#e
ou, 0e,wee ,+e 0ro,+er! 9+med ad C Umar1!+ai#+ o.er ,+e )o!!e!!io of Ta!+#e, ad Sairam$
ad Yuu!$ "alled i ,o ar0i,ra,e$ re!ol.ed ,+eir differe"e! 0& +a.i* 0o,+ "i,ie! "eded ,o +im!elf
G1L2LH>
129
Yuu! died a, Ta!+#e, i 1L27 af,er +a.i* !u""e!!full& a""om)li!+ed ,+i! 0rillia,
%e*+i;1<+ai,e re!,ora,io> 9+med ,ried ,o ,a#e ad.a,a*e of +i! dea,+ ,o re"o.er Ta!+#e,
from 8a+mud$ Yuu!C !o ad !u""e!!or$ 0u, wa! defea,ed ear ,+e "i,& o ,+e '+ir"+i# or
Para#> Ta!+#e, remaied ,+e !ea, of ,+e 8o*ol #+a>
C Umar1!+ai#+$ ,+e Timurid )ri"e of Der*aa G1L6919LH$ w+o +ad 0ee a0le ,o rei* ol& uder
,+e )ro,e",io of ,+e %a*a,ai,e #+a! of 8o*+oli!,a$ died o %ue 2$ 1L9L> :i! elder 0ro,+er
SL65T 9+med$ #i* of Tra!oAiaa$ a, o"e ,ried ,o !ei;e Der*aa$ 0u, died ear Ura T&u0e i ,+e
"our!e of +i! "am)ai* G%ul&$ 1L9LH> Der*aa remaied ,+e )ro)er,& of C Umar1!+ai#+C! !o$
&ou* Ba0er$ ,+e fu,ure MGrea, 8o*ul>M
9+med lef, a 0ro,+er$ 8a+mud$ ad ,+ree !o!$ 8a!Cud$ Ba&!o?or GBa&!o#urH$ ad C9li$ w+o
?uarreled o.er ,+e )o!!e!!io of Tra!oAiaa> T+eir ,eure of ,+e ,+roe of Samar#ad wa!
flee,i*> 8a+mud G1L9L193H wa! a di!!i)a,ed ,&ra,$ ad died i %ul&$ 1L93> 8a!Cud i! !aid 0&
8ir#liod ,o +a.e rei*ed i Samar#ad$ ad 0& Ba0er i :i!!ar> I a& e.e,$ +e !)e, ,+a,
0rief )eriod i fi*+,i* +i! 0ro,+er!$ u,il 0lided 0& a ,rea"+erou! mii!,er> Ba&!o?or$ w+o +eld
0rief !wa& i Samar#ad amid *eeral ,urmoil$ !oo )eri!+ed a, ,+e +ad of ,+e ,rai,or w+o 0ad
#illed +i! 0ro,+er> T+eir "ou!i Ba0er$ )ri"e of Der*aa$ w+o wa! ol& four,ee a, ,+i! ,ime$
)rofi,ed 0& ,+e u)roar ,o ma#e +im!elf lord of Samar#ad Ged of 1L97H$ 0u, wa! ua0le ,o
remai ,+ere> Samar#ad )a!!ed i 1L92 ,o a "ou!i of Ba0erC! amed C 9li$ 9+medC! la!,
remaii* !o> Bu, ,+e!e dome!,i" "ofli",! e"oura*ed i.ader!> T+e M8o*olM #+a
8u+ammad S+a&0ai$ a de!"eda, of ,+e !eior %e*+i;1<+ai,e 0ra"+ ad "+ief of ,+e U;0e#
+orde$ +ad alread& ,ured +i! e&e! ,oward Tra!oAiaa ad !e,,led o ,+e or,+ 0a# of ,+e lower
S&r (ar&a$ awai,i* a fa.ora0le o))or,ui,& ,o "ro!! ,+e ri.er> T+e fooli!+ di!)u,e! of ,+e la!,
Timurid! *a.e +im ,+a, o))or,ui,&> I 1300$ +e e,ered Bu#+ara ad ,+e a))eared 0efore
Samar#ad> T+e Timurid #i* C9li wa! ra!+ eou*+ ,o "ome ou, ad )arle& wi,+ +im> S+a&0ai$
w+o uder ,+e .eeer of a "ul,ured )ri"e re,aied all ,+e i!,i",! of a !,e))e marauder$ 0ad ,+e
i*euou! &ou* ma )u, ,o dea,+ ad a!"eded ,+e ,+roe of Tra!oAiaa>
(uri* ,+i! ,ime ao,+er Timurid de!"eda,$ :u!ai1i Bai?ara$ 0ad remaied i <+ura!a$ ad
i ,+e "our!e of ,+e *eeral war amo* ,+e mem0er! of +i! famil&$ +e made +im!elf ruler of
Gur*a ad 8a;adera$ wi,+ 9!,era0ad a! +i! "a)i,al GSe),em0er$ 1L60H> (ri.e from ,+i!
)ri"i)ali,& i 1L61 0& +i! "ou!i 90u SaCid of Tra!oAiaa$ +e wa! for"ed i,o eAile u,il 90u
SaCidC! dea,+ 0rou*+, a0ou, a !udde "+a*e i +i! for,ue!> :e wa! re"o*i;ed a! #i* 0& ,+e
i+a0i,a,! of :era, o 8ar"+ 73$ 1L69$ ad ruled <+ura!a u,il +i! dea,+ o 8a& L$ 1306>
SL6LT
(e!)i,e ,+e limi,ed !i;e of +i! domai$ +i! lo* ,+ir,&1!e.e&ear rei* wa! oe of ,+e mo!,
frui,ful i Orie,al +i!,or&>
190
:u!ai1i Bai?ara$ w+o "o,ra!,! !,ro*l& wi,+ +i! "o,em)orarie! i
+i! *e,lee!! ad "leme"&$ made ,+e "our, of :era, a 0rillia, i,elle",ual "e,er> 9mo* ,+o!e
+e i.i,ed ,o i, were ,+e Per!ia )oe, %ami$ ,+e ,wo Per!ia +i!,oria! G*radfa,+er ad *rad!oH
8ir#+od ad <+odemir$ ,+e *rea, Per!ia )ai,er Bi+;ad$ ad Sul,a C 9li of 8e!+ed$ ,+e
"alli*ra)+er> 9! mii!,er +e +ad ,+e "ele0ra,ed 8ir C9li S+ir NewaCi G1LL111301H$ w+o i! oe of
,+e fir!, *rea, )oe,! of %a*a,ai Tur#i" li,era,ure> Wri,i* wi,+ e?ual fa"ili,& i Per!ia ad
Tur#i!+$ +e wa! "o"ered ,o )ro.e ,+a, a! a li,erar& la*ua*e Tur#i!+ "ould e?ual ad e.e
!ur)a!! Per!ia>
191
:era, duri* ,+i! eA"e),ioal rei* wa! ,+e Dlore"e of w+a, +a! @u!,l& 0ee
"alled ,+e Timurid reai!!a"e>
T+u! ,+e four,+1*eera,io de!"eda, of oe of ,+e mo!, 0lood,+ir!,& Tur#i" "o?ueror! of
+i!,or& ad oe of ,+e mo!, !a.a*e de!,ro&er! wa! a Per!ia )ri"e$ )oe,$ ad dile,,a,e$ uder
w+o!e )ro,e",io Iraia "i.ili;a,io !+oe wi,+ a ew 0rillia"e> 8ore ,+a ,+a,$ C 9li S+ir *a.e
,+e 0uddi* %a*a,ai Tur#i" li,era,ure a !+are i ,+i! Iraia reai!!a"e> :era,$ ,+e "i,& !o 0ru,all&
de!,ro&ed 0& %e*+i; <+a$ !o 0adl& ,rea,ed 0& Tamerlae +im!elf$ 0e"ame o"e more$ e.e a!
did Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad$ w+a, i, 0ad 0ee uder ,+e Samaid!$ wi,+ a added ?uali,&
re!ul,i* from ,+e .a!, 0ledi* of "i.ili;a,io! ,+a, +ad ,a#e )la"e !i"e ,+e ,+ir,ee,+ "e,ur&>
'+ie!e iflue"e!$ i,rodu"ed 0& ,+e 8o*ol "o?ue!,$ *a.e a di!"ree, fla.or ,o ,+e de"ora,i.e
ar,!> Oe +a! ol& ,o ,+i# of ,+e miia,ure! of a Bi+;ad ,o e.o#e ,+e!e *lorie!$ floweri* amid
w+a, were ,+ou*+, ,o 0e e,eral rui!>
Bu, ,+i! wa! o more ,+a a 0rief i,erlude 0e,wee i.a!io!$ a! :era, i,!elf i! a oa!i! i ,+e
mid!, of de!ola,io> BadiC a;1 Xema G130617H$ :u!ai1i Bai?araC! !o ad !u""e!or$ wa! fa"ed a,
,+e ou,!e, 0& a i.a!io of ,+e U;0e#!$ w+o !i"e 1300 +ad 0ee ruler! of Tra!oAiaa> T+e
U;0e# "o?ueror 8u+ammad S+a&0ai !e, BadiC a;1Xema fleei* ,o <o+1i1Ba0a$ ear ,+e
Ri.er 8ur*a0$ ad e,ered :era, G1307H>
<+ura!a$ li#e ,+e "ou,r& of Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad$ ,+u! fell i,o ,+e +ad! of ,+e U;0e#
#+a! of ,+e S+a&0aid +ou!e> Wi,+i a +udred &ear!$ ,+e ra"e of %e*+i; <+a +ad wo a fial
ad )ermae, .i",or& o.er ,+a, of Tamerlae>
SL63T
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SL66T
III The /ast Mon'ols
SL67T
[This page intentionally left blank.]
SL62T
CD The Mon'ols of Russia
THE E1- OF THE ,O/-E1 HOR-E
8o*ol )ower did o, mel, awa& all a, o"e> T+rou*+ ,+e eAam)le of ,+e fial %e*+i;1<+ai,e
rea",io a*ai!, ,+e Timurid!$ i, +ad from ,ime ,o ,ime ad o.er a lo* )eriod !+ow !udde
0ur!,! of .i,ali,& ad a",i.i,& w+i"+ a!,oi!+ed "o,em)orar& o0!er.er! ad a, ,ime! led ,+em ,o
0elie.e ,+a, ,+e da&! of %e*+i; <+a +ad "ome a*ai> /o* af,er ,+e !iA,ee,+1"e,ur&
re!,ora,io of a %e*+i;1<+ai,e=if Tur#i"i;ed=d&a!,& o TamerlaeC! ,+roe$ i ,+e !e"od
+alf of ,+e !e.e,ee,+ "e,ur& ad dow ,o ,+e middle of ,+e ei*+,ee,+$ ,+e we!,er 8o*ol!
,ried ,o re.i.e %e*+i;1<+ai,e am0i,io! a, ,+e eA)e!e of ,+e '+ie!e Em)ire> T+e!e la!,
a,,em),! form a e)ilo*ue ,o ,+e *rea, medie.al e)i"!$ ad a 0rief !ummar& of ,+em i! )re!e,ed
+ere>
T+e re!ul, of TamerlaeC! la!, o)era,io! i Ru!!ia +ad 0ee ,o !e, a, ,+e +ead of ,+e Golde
:orde or <i)"+a# #+aa,e$ i )la"e of To?,ami!+$ +i! ri.al Timur \u,lu*+$ w+o wa! al!o of ,+e
lie of Orda or ,+e +ou!e of ,+e W+i,e :orde>
1
Timur \u,lu*+ +ad "o!olida,ed 8o*ol
domiio i Ru!!ia 0& +i! .i",or& of 9u*u!, 15$ 1599$ ear ,+e Vor!#la$ a ,ri0u,ar& of ,+e
(ie)er$ o.er Wi,ow, GVi,o.,$ Vi,au,a!H$ *rad du#e of /i,+uaia$ w+o$ !)urred o 0& ,+e former
#+a To?,ami!+$ +ad ,ried ,o i,erfere i ,+e affair! of ,+e +orde> :e wa! !u""eeded 0& +i!
0ro,+er S+adi10e*
7
G"a> 1L0011L07H$ w+o rei*ed o.er <i)"+a# )ro)er$ w+ile ,+e ea!,er !,e))e!
)a!!ed ,o ao,+er de!"eda, of ,+e W+i,e :orde amed <oiri@a#$ w+o e@o&ed TamerlaeC!
)ro,e",io> Uder S+adi10e*C! leader!+i)$ ,+e Golde :orde ra.a*ed SL69T ,+e fro,ier! of ,+e
Ru!!ia )ri"i)ali,& of R&a;a$ Similarl&$ duri* ,+e rei* G"a> 1L07117H of <+a Pulad GBolod
i 8o*oliaH$ !o of Timur \u,lu*+ ad e)+ew of S+adi10e*$ ,+e arm& of ,+e Golde :orde
"ommaded 0& Idi?u mar"+ed i (e"em0er$ 1L02$ a*ai!, ,+e )ri"i)ali,& of 8u!"o.&$ !e, fire ,o
Ni;+i No.*orod ad Gorode,!$ ad 0lo"#aded 8o!"ow$ 0u, wi,+drew o ,+e )romi!e of a war
"o,ri0u,io>
Uder S+adi10e* ad Pulad$ ,+e real )ower wa! wielded 0& ,+a, !ame Idi?u$ "+ief of ,+e No*ai or
8a*i,
5
+orde$ w+om I0 C 9ra0!+a+ de!"ri0e! a! a ,rue Mma&or of ,+e )ala"e>M T+e !ame wri,er
add! ,+a, "i.il war 0ro#e ou, w+e a ew #+a amed Timur refu!ed ,o !u0mi, ,o ,+i!
di",a,or!+i) G"a> 1L17113FH> I ,+e ed Timur wo ad #illed Idi?u>
L

<+a <u"+u# 8u+ammadC! lo* rei* G0e,wee 1L75 ad 1L39H wa! ,o ed i ,+e
di!mem0erme, of ,+e Golde :orde ad ,+e foudi* of ,+e #+aa,e! of <a;a ad ,+e 'rimea>
I, i! ,rue ,+a, duri* ,+i! ,ime !imilar famil& di!)u,e! )aral&;ed 8u!"o.& i ,+e rei* of Grad
Pri"e Ba!il II ,+e Blid G1L731 67H> 9 de"i!i.e ,rial of !,re*,+ o""urred duri* ,+e followi*
rei*! 0e,wee <+a 9+med G"a> 1L60121H$ <u"+u# 8u+ammadC! !o ad !u""e!!or$ ad ,+e
Ru!!ia Grad Pri"e I.a III ,+e Grea, G1L6711303H> To !+a#e off ,+e !u;erai,& of ,+e Golde
:orde$ I.a III !ou*+, ,+e fried!+i) of ,+e di!!ide, #+a of ,+e 'rimea$ 8e*li Girei GGera&H$
3
ad wa! al!o a0le ,o ma#e fried! a, ,+e "our, of <a;a> I 1L76$ +e *a.e ,+e Vee,ia 8ar"o
Ruffo ,+e ,a!# of "o"ludi* a ,+ird )a", wi,+ ,+e Tur#oma U;u :a!a$ #i* of we!,er Per!ia$
a*ai!, ,+e "our, of Sarai> :a.i* ,+u! more or le!! i!ola,ed or !urrouded ,+e Golde :orde$ +e
omi,,ed ,o )a& ,ri0u,e> I 1L7L$ <+a 9+med "ommaded +im ,o do !o ad !e, +im +i!
am0a!!ador \ara#u"+um> I 1L76$ ao,+er em0a!!& wa! !e,$ orderi* I.a III ,o a))ear 0efore
,+e :orde> I.a refu!ed> 9+med$ w+o o +i! !ide +ad ,ried ,o e"ir"le 8u!"o.& 0& a allia"e
wi,+ 'a!imir IV$ #i* of Polad$ mar"+ed o 8o!"ow> I.a$ ,o 0ar ,+e wa&$ ,oo# )o!i,io o ,+e
O#a ad ,+e$ a! ,+e 8o*ol! )u!+ed o we!,ward$ o ,+e U*ra G1L20H> T+ere ,+e ,wo armie!
#e), wa,"+ u)o ea"+ o,+er for a lo* ,ime> I.a refu!ed ,o "ome ad M#i!! ,+e !,irru)M of ,+e
#+a$ 0u, +e!i,a,ed ,o !,a#e Ru!!iaC! fa,e o a !i*le 0a,,le> 9+med wa! o le!! +e!i,a,$ for +e
wa! afraid of 0ei* ,a#e i ,+e rear 0& ,+e #+a of ,+e 'rimea> I O",o0er$ fa"ed 0& a SL70T
"old ,+a, 0ore +ard u)o +i! ,roo)!$ +e lef, ,+e U*ra ad re,ured ,o Sarai wi,+ +i! 0oo,&> T+i!
0a,,lele!! "am)ai* led i effe", ,o ,+e li0era,io of Ru!!ia G1L20H>
S+or,l& af,erward$ 9+med wa! !ur)ri!ed ad #illed 0& I0a#$ "+ief of ,+e S+a&0aid +orde ,+a,
roamed ea!, of ,+e Ural G1L21H> S+ai#+ C9li$ 9+medC! !o ad !u""e!!or$ re!umed +o!,ili,ie!
a*ai!, 8u!"o.& 0& all&i* +im!elf wi,+ ,+e /i,+uaia! G1301H$ 0u, I.a III "ould 0ri* +i!
ow allia"e wi,+ ,+e #+a of ,+e 'rimea ,o 0ear a*ai!, +im> I 1307$ 8e*li Girei a,,a"#ed
Sarai ad de!,ro&ed i,>
T+i! wa! ,+e ed of ,+e Golde :orde> I,! )la"e wa! ,a#e 0& ,+e ,+ree M!u0#+aa,e!M w+i"+ +ad
alread& !e"eded from ,+e :orde4 ,+e #+aa,e! of ,+e 'rimea$ of <a;a$ ad of 9!,ra#+a>
THE 2HA1ATES OF THE CRIMEA3 ASTRA2HA13 A1- 2A>A1
T+e #+aa,e of ,+e 'rimea wa! fouded aroud 1L50 0& :a@@i Girei$ a de!"eda, of Tu*+a
Timur$ Ba,uC! 0ro,+er> T+e fir!, "oi! of +i! rei* da,e from 1LL11L7 ad i, i! #ow ,+a, +e ruled
u,il 1L66>
6
T+e #+aa,e ,+a, +e formed wa! 0ouded i ,+e ea!, 0& ,+e lower (o ad i ,+e
we!, 0& ,+e lower (ie)er$ ad eA,eded or,+ward a! far a! Yele,! ad Tam0o.> I 1L3L$ :a@@i
Girei e!,a0li!+ed ,+e "a)i,al of ,+e #+aa,e a, Ba#+"+i!arai$ ,+e former \ir?1&er$ i ,+e !ou,+ of
,+e 'rimea> T+e Girei d&a!,& fouded 0& :a@@i wa! ,o la!, u,il ,+e Ru!!ia "o?ue!, of 1771
ad ,+e defii,i.e aeAa,io of 1725> Bei* )rofoudl& 8u!lim$ ,+e famil& im)o!ed a !,ro*l&
I!lami" "+ara",er o ,+e 'rimea> Ne.er,+ele!!$ af,er a )relimiar& "la!+$ :a@@i Girei )er"ei.ed
,+e fia"ial 0eefi,! ,o 0e *aied from ,+e Geoe!e "olo& of 'affa$ ad +e remaied o
eA"elle, ,erm! wi,+ i, u,il +i! dea,+ i 1L66> :i! !o! ,+e ?uarreled o.er ,+e !u""e!!io> T+e
!e"od !o$ Nur (aule,$ wa! a, fir!, ,+e wier G1L66169 ad 1L73177H$ 0u, i ,+e ed i, wa! ,+e
!iA,+ !o$ 8e*li Girei$ w+o ,rium)+ed G1L69173 ad 1L7211313H> I 1L62$ 8e*li Girei )aid a
.i!i, of ,+a#! ,o ,+e Geoe!e of 'affa$ w+o +ad +el)ed +im 0& #ee)i* Nur (aule, )ri!oer>
7
8eaw+ile$ 8e+med II$ !ul,a of Tur#e&$ !e, a !?uadro "ommaded 0& GJdu# 9+med1)a!+a
,o !ei;e 'affa$ w+i"+ +e did o %ue L16$ 1L73> 8e*li Girei +eld !,au"+l& 0& ,+e Geoe!e ad
wa! !+u, u) wi,+ ,+em i 'affa$ w+ere +e wa! ,a#e )ri!oer 0& ,+e O,,oma!> Two &ear! la,er$
SL71T +owe.er$ ,+e& !e, +im 0a"# ,o ,+e 'rimea a! ,+e !ul,aC! .a!!al> T+e !ou,+er "oa!, of ,+e
'rimea "ame uder dire", O,,oma admii!,ra,io$ wi,+ a re!ide, )a!+a i 'affaE ad from ,+e
a""e!!io of I!lam Girei II G132L122H$ ,+e ame of ,+e !ul,a of Tur#e& wa! )roou"ed i ,+e
#+u,0a+> Ne.er,+ele!!$ ,+e "oia*e "o,iued ,o 0e !,ru"# i ,+e ame of ,+e #+a! of ,+e Girei
d&a!,&$ ad i 1307 8e*li Girei deli.ered ,+e "ou) de *ra"e ,o ,+e Golde :orde>
T+e !e"od #+aa,e formed a! a re!ul, of ,+e di!i,e*ra,io of ,+e Golde :orde wa! ,+a, of
<a;a> (uri* ,+e rei* of <u"+u# 8u+ammad of ,+e Golde :orde G1L75139H$ a lu"#le!!
)re,eder$ Ulu 8u+ammad Ga de!"eda, of Tu*+a Timur$ Ba,uC! 0ro,+erH$ +ad !e,,led wi,+ +i!
!o 8a+mude# i <a;a$ w+ere +e fouded a ide)ede, #+aa,e ,+a, wa! ,o la!, from 1LL3
u,il 1337> T+i! ew !,a,e "orre!)oded rou*+l& ,o ,+e old Bul*ar #i*dom of ,+e middle Vol*a
ad ,+e <ama> T+e 0a!i! of ,+e )o)ula,io "o!i!,ed of Tur#i"1!)ea#i* '+eremi! ad Ba!+#ir
)eo)le! ad Dio1U*ria 8ord.iia! ad '+u.a!+> Ulu 8u+ammad wa! a!!a!!ia,ed i 1LL6
0& +i! !o 8a+mude#$ w+o!e rei* G1LL616LH "om)le,ed ,+e fouda,io of ,+e ew !,a,e>
8a+mude#C! 0ro,+er \a!im Gd> 1L69H fled ,o ,+e 8u!"o.i,e!$ w+o aroud 1L37 *a.e +im ,+e
,ow of <a!imo.$ amed af,er +im$ o ,+e O#a> T+e !u0#+aa,e of <a!imo.$ ,+u! !u0@e", from
,+e 0e*ii* ,o ,+e ri*id !u;erai,& of ,+e *rad du#e! of 8o!"ow$ !er.ed ,+e la,,er a! a mea!
of i,er.ei* i ,+e affair! of ,+e #+aa,e of <a;a> \a!im +im!elf ,oo# )ar, wi,+ ,+e Ru!!ia!
i war! a*ai!, <a;a>
2

T+e ,+ird #+aa,e 0or of ,+e di!mem0ered Golde :orde wa! fouded a0ou, 1L66 0& a )ri"e$
al!o amed \a!im$ w+o wa! ,+e *rad!o of <u"0u# 8u+ammad$ #+a of ,+e Golde :orde>
9l,+ou*+ 9!,ra#+a +ad i+eri,ed !ome of ,+e "ommer"ial im)or,a"e of old Sarai$ ,+e #+aa,e
of ,+i! ame$ +emmed i 0e,wee ,+e lower Vol*a i ,+e ea!,$ ,+e lower (o i ,+e we!,$ ad ,+e
<u0a ad ,+e Tere# i ,+e !ou,+$ )la&ed ol& a i!i*ifi"a, )ar, i +i!,or&> I, wa! al!o ,or
0e,wee ,+e #+a! of ,+e 'rimea ad ,+e #+a! of No*ai Gre*io of ,+e Ural Ri.erH$ w+o ,oo#
,ur! i im)o!i* a #+a of ,+eir "+oi"e o 9!,ra#+a>
9

9ll ,+e %e*+i;1<+aa,e! of !ou,+er ad ea!,er Ru!!ia are #ow a! 8o*ol Gredered
im)ro)erl& i "la!!i"al +i!,or& a! Ta,arH> Ye, al,+ou*+ ,+e d&a!,ie! were ideed *euiel& SL77T
%e*+i;1<+ai,e 0& de!"e,$ ,+e <i)"+a# 8o*ol! +ad e.er "o!,i,u,ed more ,+a a +adful of
"+ief! i ,+e a,i.e Tur#i" ma!!$ ad +ad 0e"ome ,+orou*+l& Tur#i" i "+ara",er> T+eir 8o*ol
framewor# a)ar,$ ,+e #+aa,e! of ,+e 'rimea$ <a;a$ ad 9!,ra#+a were o,+i* 0u, 8u!lim
Tur#i" #+aa,e!$ a! were ,+e <ir*+i; +orde! of Tur#e!,a>
T+e +i!,or& of ,+e!e ,+ree #+aa,e! i! ,+a, of ,+eir re!i!,a"e ,o Ru!!ia "ou,eri.a!io> T+e
#+aa,e of <a;a wa! ,+e fir!, ,o !uffer Ru!!ia 0low!> I0ra+im i,! #+a$ 8a+mude#C! !o ad
!u""e!!or$ made a fair 0e*ii* a*ai!, ,+e Ru!!ia!$ e.e !u0@u*a,i* Via,#a i 1L62$ 0u, +e
wa! !oo for"ed ,o ma#e )ea"e ad re,ur ,+e )ri!oer! +e +ad ,a#e> :i! ,wo !o!$ Il+am ad
8u+ammad 9mi$ ?uarreled o.er ,+e !u""e!!io> Il+am wo ad 8u+ammad 9mi a))ealed ,o
,+e Ru!!ia!$ w+o 0rou*+, +im 0a"# ,o <a;a a, ,+e +ead of a arm& ad !e, +im o ,+e ,+roe i
+i! 0ro,+erC! )la"e G1L27H> Bu, i 1303$ 8u+ammad 9mi re0elled a*ai!, Ru!!ia au,+ori,& ad
,+e followi* &ear +e defea,ed a 8u!"o.i,e arm&>
O 8u+ammad 9miC! dea,+$ ,+e d&a!,& fouded 0& Ulu 8u+ammad a, <a;a 0e"ame eA,i",
G1312H> Po!!e!!io of ,+e ,+roe wa! ow di!)u,ed 0e,wee ,+e Ru!!ia ad 'rimea fa",io!>
Va!ili I.ao.i"+ GBa!il IIIH$ *rad )ri"e of 8o!"ow G1303155H$ *a.e ,+e #+aa,e ,o a )ri"e of a
@uior 0ra"+ of ,+e +ou!e of 9!,ra#+a$ S+a+ C9li$ w+o !i"e 1316 +ad 0ee rei*i* i
<a!imo. uder +i! !u)er.i!io> 8u+ammad Girei$ #+a of ,+e 'rimea G1313175H$ 8e*li GireiC!
!o ad !u""e!!or$ ow made a mo.e ad i 1371 "o,ri.ed ,o )la"e +i! ow 0ro,+er Sa+i0 Girei
o ,+e ,+roe of <a;a ad ,o dri.e ou, ,+e "lie, of ,+e Ru!!ia!> Ideed$ af,er ui,i* ,+e ,wo
+orde!$ 8u+ammad Girei ad Sa+i0 Girei lau"+ed a !udde i.a!io i,o 8u!"o.&$ !ur)ri!ed
ad wi)ed ou, a Ru!!ia arm& o ,+e O#a$ ad rea"+ed ,+e ou,!#ir,! of 8o!"ow G1371H> T+e&
dared o, ma#e a a!!aul, o ,+e Ru!!ia "a)i,al$ 0u, eA,ra",ed from ,+e .oi.ode! ,+e )romi!e of
a aual ,ri0u,e> T+e& ,oo# 0a"# wi,+ ,+em "ou,le!! )ri!oer! ,o 0e !old a! !la.e! i ,+e 'affa
mar#e,!> I 1375$ 8u+ammad Girei a*ai ,ried ,o i.ade Ru!!ia$ 0u, wa! !,o))ed o ,+e O#a 0&
a 8u!"o.i,e arm& !u))or,ed 0& ar,iller&>
8u+ammad Girei !"ar"el& +ad ,ime ,o )rofi, 0& +i! !u""e!!e!$ for i 1375 +e wa! !ur)ri!ed ad
a!!a!!ia,ed 0& a No*ai #+a amed 8amai$ w+o "ruell& de.a!,a,ed ,+e 'rimea> I 137L$
SL75T
SL7LT
8u+ammadC! 0ro,+er Sa+i0 Girei re,ured ,o ,+e 'rimea from <a;a$ lea.i* +i! !o Safa Girei
i ,+a, "i,&> I 1350$ ,+e 8u!"o.i,e! dro.e ou, Safa Girei ad re)la"ed +im 0& %a C9li$ S+a+
C9liC! 0ro,+er> :a.i* 0e"ome #+a of ,+e 'rimea$ Sa+i0 Girei G1357131H made a fre!+ a,,em),$
a! a re!ul, of w+i"+ a Ma,ioalM i!urre",io 0ro#e ou, i <a;a$ i w+i"+ %a C9li )eri!+ed ad
Safa Girei wa! re"alled$ !u))or,ed 0& +i! fa,+er Sa+i0 G1353H> I 13L6$ ,+e Ru!!ia! 0rou*+,
0a"# ,+eir old prot?g? S+a+ C9li$ 0u, immedia,el& af,er ,+eir de)ar,ure Safa Girei re,ured> :e
#e), ,+e ,+roe of <a;a u,il +i! a""ide,al dea,+ i 13L9> 9f,er ,+a, ,+e Ru!!ia! de)o!ed +i!
!o O,emi!+$ o"e more !u0!,i,u,i* S+a+ C9li>
9 ew Ma,ioalM mo.eme, o.er,+rew S+a+ C9li ad "alled i from ,+e No*ai "ou,r& a )ri"e
of ,+e +ou!e of 9!,ra#+a$ Yadi&ar> T+e ";ar of 8u!"o.&$ I.a IV ,+e Terri0le G135512LH$ made
u) +i! mid ,o )u, a ed ,o <a;aC! ide)ede"e> I %ue$ 1337$ +e "ame ad laid !ie*e ,o ,+e
,ow wi,+ !ome !,ro* ar,iller&>
10
O O",o0er 7$ +e ,oo# i, 0& a!!aul,$ ma!!a"red a lar*e )ar, of
,+e male )o)ula,io$ e!la.ed ,+e wome ad "+ildre$ )ulled dow ,+e mo!?ue!$ ad aeAed
,+e ,erri,or& of ,+e #+aa,e>
T+e de!,ru",io of ,+e #+aa,e of <a;a mar#! ,+e ,ur of ,+e ,ide i Ru!!iaC! rela,io! wi,+ ,+e
%e*+i;1<+ai,e!> T+e "o?ue!, of ,+e #+aa,e of 9!,ra#+a followed almo!, a, o"e> I 133L$
I.a ,+e Terri0le !e, ,o 9!,ra#+a a arm& of 50$000$ w+i"+ i!,alled a! ,ri0u,ar& #+a a
%e*+i;1<+ai,e amed (er.i!+$ w+o wa! a mem0er of ,+e rei*i* +ou!e G,+a, of <u"+u#
8u+ammadH> I ,+e followi* &ear$ (er.i!+ re0elled ad dro.e ou, ,+e Ru!!ia re!ide, or
di)loma,i" a*e,$ 8a!uro.> I ,+e !)ri* of 1336 ,+e Ru!!ia arm& rea))eared$ )u, (er.i!+ ,o
fli*+,$ ad aeAed 9!,ra#+a>
T+e la!, %e*+i;1<+ai,e #+aa,e$ ,+a, of ,+e 'rimea$ wa! ,o !ur.i.e for o.er ,wo +udred &ear!
0e"au!e ,+e Girei d&a!,&$ +a.i* a""e),ed O,,oma !u;erai,&$ wa! )ro,e",ed 0& ,+e flee,! ad
armie! of ,+e Su0lime Por,e> T+u!$ al,+ou*+ Pe,er ,+e Grea, o""u)ied 9;o. 0& ,+e Trea,& of
<arlowi,; G1699H$ 0e +ad ,o re!,ore i, 0& ,+e Trea,& of ,+e Pru, G1711H> I 1756$ ,+e Ru!!ia!
o"e more ,oo# )o!!e!!io of 9;o. ad e.e of Ba#+"+i!arai$ 0u, 0& ,+e Trea,& of Bel*rade
G1759H ,+e& o"e more *a.e 0a"# ,+eir "o?ue!,!> 9, la!,$ 0& ,+e Trea,& of <u"+u# <aiar@i
G177LH$
SL73T
SL76T
Ru!!ia "om)elled ,+e Por,e ,o re"o*i;e ,+e Mide)ede"eM of ,+e 'rimea> Ru!!ia a*e,! ,+e
0rou*+, a0ou, ,+e fall of #+a (aule, Girei III ad re)la"ed +im 0& +i! "ou!i S+a+i Girei$ w+o
a, o"e made +im!elf a de)ede, of 'a,+erie11 G1777H> T+e 'rimea o0le! !oo re0elled
a*ai!, S+a+i$ w+o a))ealed ,o ,+e Ru!!ia! for +el)> Po,em#i arri.ed i ,+e 'rimea a, ,+e
+ead of 70$000 me ad aeAed ,+e "ou,r& G1725H> T+e ufor,ua,e S+a+i Girei wa! 0ai!+ed
ad dri.e a"ro!! ,+e O,,oma fro,ier> T+e Tur#! ,oo# re.e*e u)o +im 0& !edi* +im ,o
R+ode!$ w+ere +e wa! 0e+eaded> T+u!$ o ,+e e.e of ,+e Dre"+ Re.olu,io$ ,+e la!, %e*+i;1
<+ai,e of Euro)e me, +i! ed>
SL77T
CJ The Shay$anids
FROM SHA(.A1 TO A.70/ 2HAIR
9! ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e familie! of Per!ia$ '+ia$ Tra!oAiaa$ ad !ou,+er Ru!!ia dwidled
ad died ou,$ o,+er 0ra"+e! of ,+e !ame +ou!e=lef, 0e+id ad for*o,,e i ,+e or,+er !,e))e
="ame ,o ,a#e ,+eir )la"e ad ,o "laim ,+eir !+are of ,+e +i!,ori" em)ire!> T+e S+a&0aid! are a
"a!e i )oi,>
1

I, +a! 0ee o,ed ,+a, ,+e S+a&0aid +ou!e de!"eded from a *rad!o of %e*+i; <+a$
S+a&0a$ 0ro,+er of ,+e <i)"+a# #+a! Ba,u ad Ber#e> S+a&0a di!,i*ui!+ed +im!elf i 17L1
duri* ,+e 8o*ol "am)ai* i :u*ar&=!o mu"+ !o ideed$ a""ordi* ,o Ra!+id ad1(i$ ,+a,
if ,+e 8o*ol! +ad remaied i )o!!e!!io of ,+a, "ou,r&$ +e would +a.e !,a&ed o a! *o.eror>
9, %e*+i; <+aC! dea,+$ S+a&0a wa! allo,,ed ,+e ,erri,orie! ea!, ad !ou,+ea!, of ,+e !ou,+er
Ural Ri.er$ i"ludi* =i ,+e la!, dire",io=a lar*e )ar, of ,+e )ro.i"e of 9#,&u0i!# ad
Tur*ai> T+e!e are ,+e lad! o""u)ied ,oda& 0& ,+e <ir*+i; of ,+e 8iddle :orde G0e,wee ,+e
+eadwa,er! of ,+e To0ol i ,+e we!, ad ,+e Semi)ala,i!# re*io o ,+e u))er Ir,&!+ i ,+e ea!,H
ad of ,+e /i,,le :orde G0e,wee ,+e Ural ad ,+e Sar&1Su> I, a))ear! ,+a, S+a&0a ad +i!
!u""e!!or! "am)ed i !ummer 0e,wee ,+e Ural 8ou,ai!$ ,+e Ri.er Ile# G,ri0u,ar& of ,+e Ural
Ri.er !ou,+ of Ore0ur*H$ ad ,+e Ri.er Ir*i;E i wi,er$ +i! ordu ma& +a.e mo.ed earer ,+e
Sar&1Su> U,il ,+e ed of ,+e four,ee,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e S+a&0aid +orde wa! o, aloe i ,+e!e
)ar,!E i,! ei*+0or! were ,+e W+i,e :orde$ w+i"+ roamed ,+e Sar&1Su !,e))e ad ,+e Ulu1Tau
8ou,ai!> Bu, SL72T w+e i 1520$ wi,+ ,+e rei* of To?,ami!+$ ,+e leader! of ,+e W+i,e :orde
0e"ame #+a! of ,+e Golde :orde$ almo!, all ,+e W+i,e :orde mo.ed ,o !ou,+er Ru!!iaE !u"+
a, lea!, i! ,+e im)re!!io "rea,ed 0& ,+e a""ou, of ,+e MeA)lora,ioM of ,+e !,e))e 0& Tamerlae
i 1591>
7
T+e w+ole of ,+i! Sar&1Su ad Ulu1Tau re*io$ li#e Tur*ai$ mu!, ,+e +a.e 0ee
o""u)ied 0& ,+e S+a&0aid!> 90ou, ,+e middle of ,+e four,ee,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e +orde! !u0@e", ,o ,+e
S+a&0aid! ,oo# ,+e ame of R;0e* or$ i ,+e !)elli* ow u!ual$ U;0e#$ 0& w+i"+ ,+e& are
#ow ,o +i!,or&$ al,+ou*+ ,+e ori*i of ,+e ame i! !,ill o0!"ure>
T+e ,rue fouder of U;0e# )ower wa! ,+e S+a&0aid )ri"e 90uCl <+air$ w+o led a mo!,
ad.e,urou! life>
5
I 1L72$ a, ,+e a*e of !e.e,ee$ +e wa! )ro"laimed #+a of +i! +orde o ,+e
Tura$ we!, of moder To0ol!# i Si0eria> Immedia,el& af,er ,+i!$ +e !ei;ed from o,+er %J"+id! ,+e
w+ole of ,+e former ulus of ,+i! 0ra"+ ea!, of ,+e Ri.er Ural ad or,+ of ,+e S&r (ar&a> I
1L50151$ +e e.e ,oo# )o!!e!!io of <+wari;m ad !a"#ed Ur*e"+> S+or,l& 0efore 1LL7$ a, ,+e
Timurid!C eA)e!e$ +e *aied "o,rol of ,+e for,ified ,ow! alo* ,+e lie of ,+e S&r (ar&a$ from
Si*a#+i ,o U;*e> Bar,+old 0elie.e! ,+a, Si*a#+i wa! +i! "a)i,al> Ya!&$ o ,+e o,+er +ad$ ,+e
moder "i,& of Tur#e!,a$ remaied i Timurid +ad!> 90uCl <+air ,oo# ad.a,a*e of ,+e di!)u,e!
0e,wee Timurid de!"eda,! ,o i,er.ee i Tra!oAiaa> I, wa! ,+u! ,+a, +e +el)ed ,+e Timurid
90u SaCid ,o wi ,+e ,+roe of Samar#ad G1L31H>
90uCl <+airC! )ower wa! a, i,! +ei*+,> :i! em)ire eA,eded from ,+e ei*+0or+ood of To0ol!# ,o
,+e S&r (ar&a w+e a0ou, 1L36137 i, wa! i.aded 0& ,+e Oira, or <almu"#!$ ,+a, i!$ ea!,er
8o*ol!> T+e Oira, owed a .a!, ,erri,or& ,+a, i"luded ,+e Grea, 9l,ai ad ,+e <+a*ai
8ou,ai! from Tar0a*a,ai ad (;u*aria ,o ,+e !ou,+we!, !+ore of /a#e Bai#al$ a"ro!! ,+e
lad! of ,+e Bla"# Ir,&!+$ Uru*u$ <o0do$ ad Ulia!!u,ai$ ad ,+e !our"e! of ,+e Sele*a ad
<o!o*ol> T+e& were eA)adi* a, ,+i! ,ime$ ad ,+eir )luderi* 0ad! ra*ed from ,+e ou,!#ir,!
of Pe#i* ,o we!,er Tur#e!,a> 90uCl <+air$ +a.i* 0ee defea,ed 0& ,+em i a *rea, 0a,,le$ wa!
for"ed ,o flee ,o Si*a#+i ad le, ,+em de.a!,a,e ,+e w+ole of ,+e or,+ 0a# of ,+e middle S&r
(ar&a G1L36137H>
T+i! di!a!,er *rea,l& im)aired 90uCl <+airC! au,+ori,&> E.e 0efore ,+i!$ ,wo .a!!al "+ief! amed
\arai ad %ai0e*=0o,+$ SL79T li#e +im!elf$ of ,+e +ou!e of %J"+i=+ad de!er,ed +im for
E!e0u*+a II of %a*a,ai Gd> 1L67H> T+e& a!#ed E!e10u*+a for lad$ ad +e !e,,led ,+em o ,+e
mar"+e! of 8o*+oli!,a> I ,+e &ear! ,+a, followed$ o,a0l& aroud 1L63166$ a *rea, um0er of
omad "la! formerl& !u0@e", ,o 90uCl <+air lef, +im ,o @oi \arai ad %ai0e* ad e@o& a
ide)ede, life> 9f,er ,+eir !e)ara,io from ,+e U;0e# #+aa,e$ ,+e!e omad! 0e"ame #ow a!
\a;a?! Gor <a;a#+!$ Mad.e,urer!M or Mre0el!MH$ or <ir*+i;1<a;a#+!$ a! ,+e& will +e"efor,+ 0e
"alled>
L
T+eir !e"e!!io wa! of "o!ideraa0le +i!,ori" im)or,a"e$ a! ma& 0e reali;ed 0& a
"o!idera,io of ,+e eA,e, of ,+e ,erri,or& w+i"+ ,+e& !oo o""u)ied ad w+i"+ e.e ,oda& i!
,ra.eled 0& ,+eir de!"eda,!E ,+e ,erri,or& of ,+e 8iddle :orde$ or ,+e !,e))e! 0e,wee
9#,&u0i!# ad Semi)ala,i!#$ ,+e ,erri,or& of ,+e /i,,le :orde from ,+e mou,+ of ,+e Ural ,o ,+e
Sar&1Su$ ad ,+a, of ,+e Grea, :orde from ,+e ,ow of Tur#e!,a ,o ,+e !ou,+ !+ore! of /a#e
Bal#+a!+>
3
90uCl <+air wa! #illed i 1L62 Gda,e emeded 0& Bar,+oldH i a fial 0a,,le a*ai!,
,+e <ir*+i;1<a;a#+!$ w+om +e wa! ,r&i* ,o 0ri* 0a"# i,o +i! fold> 90ou, ,+ree &ear! la,er$
Yuu!$ ,+e %a*a,ai,e #+a of 8o*+oli!,a$ !"a,,ered ,+e la!, rema,! of ,+e U;0e# lo&ali!,!> 9!
for ,+e di!!ide, U;0e#!$ or <ir*+i;1 <a;a#+!$ ,+e& formed a )urel& omadi" !,a,e$ w+i"+ af,er
,+e dea,+ of ,+eir ,wo fir!, "+ief! wa! *o.ered 0& ,+e "+ief!C !o!$ \araiC! !o Baradu# G"a>
1L2211309H ad %ai0e*C! !o \a!im G"a> 1309112H>
6
9, oe )oi, \a!im ,ried ,o ,a#e Ta!+#e,>
:e failed ad !eem! o, ,o +a.e )er!e.ered i ,+e a,,em),> :e wa!$ i fa",$ a )erfe", eAam)le of
,+e )ure omad a""ordi* ,o +i! ow defii,io i a "uriou! !)ee"+ re)or,ed 0& :aidar1mir;a4
MWe are ,+e me of ,+e !,e))eE all our weal,+ "o!i!,! of +or!e!E ,+eir fle!+ i! our fa.ori,e food$
mareC! mil# our 0e!, dri#> :ou!e! we +a.e oe> Our "+ief di.er!io i! ,o i!)e", our flo"#! ad
our +erd! of +or!e!>M
7

T+e a,,em), ,o re"o"ile ,+i! +eredi,ar& omadi!m wi,+ ,+e demad! of a !emi!ede,ar& em)ire
"e,ered u)o Si*a#+i defea,ed 90uCl <+air> Ye, +i! !,or& i! i!,ru",i.e> 90uCl <+airC! ad.e,ure
i! ,+e ad.e,ure of a %e*+i; <+a w+o did o, !u""eed> :e +ad !eemed "+o!e ,o ui,e ,+e
+orde! ad ,o foud a +u*e domiio Gi, wa! alread& iflue,ial eou*+ ,o ar0i,ra,e amo* ,+e
Timurid! of Tra!oAiaaHE +e +ad ,+e wa,"+ed +i! omad em)ire "rum0le awa& 0efore ,+e
o!lau*+, of o,+er$ more SL20T !a.a*e omad!$ ,+ou*+ i, wa! wea#eed "+iefl& 0& ,+e defe",io
of !ome of +i! ow ,ri0e!$ w+o re!e,ed +i! li#i* for ,+e !ede,ar& life> Dor oe %e*+i; <+a
w+o fulfill! +im!elf$ +ow ma& 90uCl <+air! +a.e *oe ,o ma#e u) ,+e +i!,or& of ,+e !,e))e![
Ye, w+ere 90uCl <+air failed$ +i! ow de!"eda,! were ,o !u""eed>
M7HAMMA- SHA(.A1I A1- THE SHA(.A1I- 2HA1ATE OF TRA1SONIA1A
S+a+ Buda?$ 90uCl <+airC! !o$ died ,+e !ame &ear a! +i! fa,+er G1L62H> Yuu!$ ,+e %a*a,ai,e #+a
of 8o*+oli!,a$ w+o +ad "ome ,o +el) ,+e <ir*+i;1<a;a#+! a*ai!, ,+e U;0e#!$ !ur)ri!ed ad
0e+eaded +im a, <ara Se*ir Tu*+ai$ 0e,wee Ta!+#e, ad Tur#e!,a>
2
S+a+ Buda?C! !o$ ,+e
!e.e,ee1&ear1old 8u+ammad S+a&0ai$ 0e*a +i! "areer a! a !oldier of for,ue>
9
:a.i* lo!,
e.er&,+i*$ +e e,ered ,+e !er.i"e of ,+e %a*a,ai,e #+a of we!,er 8o*+o+!,a$ 8a+mud #+a$
w+o rei*ed i Ta!+#e,> 8a+mud$ )lea!ed wi,+ +i! !er.i"e!$ *a.e +im ,+e "i,& of Tur#e!,a a!
+i! fief G0e,wee 1L27 ad 1L95H> S,ill wi,+ ,+e +el) of 8a+mud #+a=w+om ,+e Ta'rikh%i
-ashidi 0i,,erl& re)roa"+e! for +a.i* "+eri!+ed a !er)e, i +i! 0o!om=S+a&0ai !oo
)ro!)ered eou*+ ,o i,er.ee i Tra!oAiaa$ w+ere$ a! me,ioed$ ,+e ?uarreli* amo* ,+e
la!, Timurid! lef, ,+e "ou,r& wide o)e ,o i.a!io> :e lo!, o ,ime$ ad i ,+e !ummer of 1300
e,ered Bu#+ara$ w+ere lo"al di!)u,e! )re.e,ed a& re!i!,a"e$ ad ,+e$ a! +a! 0ee
me,ioed$ a))eared 0efore Samar#ad> :ere C9li$ ,+e rei*i* Timurid$ wa! ra!+ eou*+ ,o
"ome ou, ad !)ea# wi,+ +im> S+a&0ai +ad +im )u, ,o dea,+$ )ro"laimed ,+e fall of ,+e Timurid
d&a!,&$ ad a!"eded ,+e ,+roe of Tra!oAiaa G1300H>
To +i! ew realm S+a&0ai !oo added <+wari;m$ or ,+e lad of <+i.a$ a de)ede"& of ,+e
Timurid #i* of <+ura!a$ :u!ai1i Bai?ara> I 130316 +e laid !ie*e ,o <+i.a$ w+i"+ wa!
defeded 0& a *o.eror amed :u!ai Sufi> T+e "i,& wa! ,a#e af,er a ,e1mo,+ !ie*e> NeA, i,
wa! ,+e ,ur of <+ura!a$ or ,+e #i*dom of :era,$ w+ere :u!ai1i Bai?ara +ad @u!, died ad +ad
0ee re)la"ed 0& ,+e i"a)a0le BadiC a;1Xema$ ,+e la!, Timurid of Ira> 8u+ammad S+a&0ai
0e*a +i! "o?ue!, of <+ura!a 0& 0e!ie*i* Bal#+$ w+i"+ "a)i,ula,ed G130617H> :era, i,!elf$
SL21T ,+e la!, Timurid "a)i,al$ !urredered af,er ,+ree da&! G8a& 77$ 1307H$ ad +e ,rea,ed ,+e
i+a0i,a,! well> T+i! )ri"e$ w+om Ba0er ad ,+e Ta'rikh%i -ashidi de)i", a! a !emi0ar0aria
ad.e,urer$ a))ear! ,o +a.e 0ee a .er& remar#a0le "+ara",er$ )rofoudl& aware of ,+e *radeur
of +i! ra"e ad "o!"iou! of ,+e im)or,a"e of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e re!,ora,io )er!oified i
+im$ uder w+i"+ ,+e 0rillia, Tur#o1Per!ia reai!!a"e ,+a, +ad dawed i Samar#ad ad
:era, uder ,+e Timurid! "o,iued ,o ,+ri.e> MU;0e# ,+ou*+ +e wa!$M !a&! Greard$ M S+a&0ai
wa! a +i*+l& "ul,ured ma of le,,er!$ .er!ed i ,+e 9ra0i" ad Per!ia la*ua*e!$ a rea!oa0l&
*ood )oe, i Tur#i!+$ ad a li0eral )a,ro of )oe,! ad ar,i!,!>M
10

T+e o,+er %e*+i;1<+ai,e d&a!,&$ ,+a, of ,+e %a*a,ai,e #+a! of 8o*+oli!,a GIli ad Ta!+#e,H$
,+e re)re!e,ed i Ta!+#e, 0& <+a 8a+mud G1L2711302H$ +ad fa.ored ,+e ri!e of 8u+ammad
S+a&0ai> Bu, S+a&0ai +ad o, lo* 0ee ruler of Tra!oAiaa w+e +e wearied of +i!
!u0ordia,e )o!i,io ad a,,a"#ed Ta!+#e,> <+a 8a+mud a))ealed for +el) ,o +i! 0ro,+er
9+med$ w+o *o.ered G1L2711305H 9#!u ad Ui*uria> Bu, i %ue$ 1305$ ,+e ,wo #+a! were
defea,ed 0& 8u+ammad S+a&0ai a, ,+e 0a,,le of 9#+!i i Der*aa$ or,+ea!, of <o#ad ad
or,+we!, of 9di;+a$ ad were ,a#e )ri!oer> :e ,rea,ed ,+em wi,+ !ome "our,e!& ad !oo
relea!ed ,+em$ i *ra,i,ude$ +e !aid$ for ,+eir faul,!$ ,o w+i"+ +e owed +i! *ood for,ueE 0u, +e
#e), Ta!+#e, ad Sairam> 8oreo.er$ +e demaded <+a 8a+mudC! dau*+,er for +i! !o$ ad !o
ui,ed for +i! )o!,eri,& ,+e ri*+,! of ,+e ,wo !ur.i.i* %e*+i;1<+ai,e 0ra"+e!$ %J"+iC! lie ad
%a*a,aiC!> I 130219$ w+e 8a+mud +ad o"e more falle i,o 8u+ammad S+a&0aiC! )ower$
S+a&0ai +ad +im )u, ,o dea,+ ear <+od;+e,$ o0!er.i* ,+a, a !,a,e!ma ma& !+ow mer"&
o"e$ 0u, ,+a, ol& a fool err! ,wi"e>
11

8u+ammad S+a&0ai$ ma!,er of we!,er Tur#e!,a$ Tra!oAiaa$ Der*aa$ ad <+ura!a$ 0ad
made ,+e U;0e# Em)ire ,+e "+ief )ower i 'e,ral 9!ia> :e ,+e "la!+ed wi,+ Per!ia$ w+i"+$
af,er !u0mi,,i* for four ad a +alf "e,urie! G10331 1307H ,o ma& Tur#i" ad 8o*ol
o.erlord!$ +ad @u!, re"o.ered i,! ide)ede"e> T+e a,ioal d&a!,& of ,+e Safa.id! G13071
1756H$ w+i"+ +ad a!"eded ,+e ,+roe af,er o.er,+rowi* ,+e Tur#oma +orde of ,+e W+i,e
S+ee)$ ow aimed a, "om)le,i* ,+e rei,e*ra,io of Ira 0& wii* 0a"# <+ura!a from ,+e
SL27T U;0e#!> Safa.id! ad U;0e#! were ideed o))o!ed i e.er& !)+ere$ 0ei* re!)e",i.el&
Iraia! ad 8o*ol1Tur#!$ arde, S+iCi,e! ad de,ermied Sui,e!> Ra"ial war$ a! !o of,e$
,oo# o ,+e "+ara",er of a war of reli*io> I +i! dou0le role of "+am)io of Sui!m ad
de!"eda, of %e*+i; <+a$ S+a&0ai "ommaded ,+e Safa.id !+a+ I!maCil ,o a0@ure ,+e S+iCi,e
M+ere!&M ad ,o !u0mi,$ faili* w+i"+ ,+e U;0e#! would "ome ,o 9;er0ai@a ,o M"o.er, +im 0&
,+e !word>M 9d alludi* ,o ,+e ori*i! of ,+e Safa.id d&a!,& Ga famil& of S+iCi,e !+ei#!H$ ,+e
U;0e# !o.erei* !e, ,+e !+a+ of Per!ia a der.i!+C! 0e**i* 0owl$ i.i,i* +im ,o re!ume ,+e
"areer of +i! a"e!,or! ad lea.e ,em)oral )ower ,o ,+e *rad!o of %e*+i; <+a> To ,+i!
i!ole"e S+a+ I!maCil i! !aid ,o +a.e re)lied ,+a, !i"e +e wa! a der.i!+ +e would "ome=wi,+
+i! arm&=o )il*rima*e ,o ,+e !a",uar& of Imam Be;a a, 8e!+ed G8a!++adH i ,+e +ear, of
<+ura!a>
T+e !+a+ of Per!ia #e), +i! word> 9, ,+e ,ime$ 8u+ammad S+a&0ai +ad 0ee ,a#e i ,+e rear
0& ,+e <ir*+i;$ w+o 0rou*+, di!a!,er ,o +i! !o 8u+ammad Timur>
17
Ta#i* ad.a,a*e of ,+i!
di.er!io$ S+a+ I!maCil i.aded <+ura!a ad$ a! +e +ad )romi!ed$ e,ered 8e!+ed> 8u+ammad
S+a&0ai$ w+o +ad 0ee awai,i* +im a, 8er.$ wa! defea,ed ad #illed ear ,+a, "i,& o
(e"em0er 7$ 1310>
T+i! .i",or& made a "o!idera0le im)a", i ,+e Ea!,> T+a, ,+e re!,orer of Iraia ide)ede"e
!+ould +a.e #illed ,+e re!,orer of Tur#o18o*ol )ower=,+a, ,+e +eir of ,+e *rea, Sa!!aid #i*!
!+ould +a.e defea,ed ad !lai %e*+i; <+aC! *rad!o=wa! a !i* ,+a, ,+e ,ime! 0ad "+a*ed
ad ,+a,$ af,er ma& "e,urie! of i.a!io! )a,ie,l& edured$ ,+e !ede,ar& wa! 0e*ii* ,o *e,
e.e wi,+ ,+e omad ad "ul,i.a,io wa! wii* a*ai!, ,+e !,e))e> Tradi,io +a! i, ,+a, i
,o#e of ,+i! re.e*e ,+e Per!ia !o.erei* +ad a dri#i* "u) made of ,+e S+a&0aid #+aC!
!#ull$ ad ,+a, i reewed defia"e +e !e, ,+e !#i of ,+a, +ead$ !,uffed wi,+ !,raw$ ,o ,+e o,+er
Tur#i!+ )o,e,a,e$ ,+e O,,oma Sul,a Ba@a;e, II>
T+e S+a&0aid d&a!,& ad ,+e U;0e# realm !eemed lo!,> Ba0er$ ,+e +eir of ,+e Timurid!$ ,+e
fu,ure em)eror of Idia$ w+o !i"e +i! eA)ul!io from Tra!oAiaa +ad fouded a !mall #i*dom
i <a0ul$ +a!,eed 0a"# ad wi,+ for"e! le, +im 0& S+a+ I!maCil made a ,rium)+al e,r& i,o
Samar#ad GO",o0er$ 1311H> 9f,er Samar#ad$ Bu#+ara o)eed i,! *a,e! ,o +im$ w+ile SL25T ,+e
U;0e#! wi,+drew ,o Ta!+#e,> T+e Timurid re!,ora,io i Tra!oAiaa$ 0u,,re!!ed 0& ,+e Iraia
.i",or& i <+ura!a$ !eemed "om)le,e> Bu, ow ufore!ee diffi"ul,ie! 0e*a ,o "ofro, Ba0er>
T+e Per!ia! from w+om +e +ad +ad ,o a!# +el) ad a""e), !u;erai,& were S+iCi,e!> T+e
)o)ula,io! of Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad$ "o.i"ed Sui,e!$ re0u#ed +im for ,rea,i* wi,+
M+ere,i"!M ad di!!o"ia,ed ,+em!el.e! from +im$ ,+eir !e",aria )a!!io 0ei* !,ro*er ,+a ,+eir
lo&al,& ,o ,+e Timurid!> E"oura*ed 0& ,+e!e reli*iou! di!,ur0a"e!$ ,+e U;0e#! rea))eared> T+e
Per!ia *eeral Ne@m Sai ad Ba0er e"ou,ered ,+em i a *rea, 0a,,le a, G+a@awa$ or,+ of
Bu#+ara$ ad ,+i! ,ime were defea,ed G(e"em0er 17$ 1317H> Ne@m wa! #illed> Ba0er$ *i.i* u)
all idea of Tra!oAiaa$ re,ired ,o +i! #i*dom of <a0ul$ w+e"e$ !e.e &ear! la,er$ +e !e, for,+ ,o
"o?uer Idia>
Bu#+ara$ Samar#ad$ ad all Tra!oAiaa ,+u! re.er,ed ,o ,+e U;0e#!> T+e 9mu (ar&a mar#ed
,+e fro,ier 0e,wee Safa.id Ira ad ,+e U;0e# #+aa,e$ a! i, +ad o"e !e)ara,ed Sa!!aid Ira
from ,+e :ui" +orde!>
9f,er i,! re!,ora,io$ ,+e S+a&0aid famil& rei*ed o.er Tra!oAiaa ,+rou*+ou, ,+e !iA,ee,+
"e,ur&$ from 1300 u,il 1399> Samar#ad wa! ,+e offi"ial "a)i,al of ,+e #+aa,e$ ,+ou*+
Bu#+ara wa! of,e ,+e a))aa*e of mem0er! of ,+e ro&al famil& o le!! )owerful ,+a ,+e #+a
+im!elf$ i"ludi* ,+e +eir )re!um),i.e> Ta!+#e, ,oo +ad i,! lo"al S+a&0aid!> T+i! d&a!,&$
8o*ol i ori*i al,+ou*+ "om)le,el& Tur#i"i;ed i la*ua*e ad "ul,ure$ ma& 0e !aid ,o +a.e
falle i,o almo!, a! *rea, a !,a,e of di!i,e*ra,io a! ,+e Timurid! +ad doe> Ye, uli#e ,+em$ i,
+ad 0ee a0le ,o )re!er.e a miimum of ui,& i fa"e of a "ommo foe>
Uder <+a <J"+#I@i G1310150H$ 8u+ammad S+a&0aiC! u"le$ ,+e U;0e#! wre!,ed from ,+e
Per!ia! )ar, of <+ura!a$ wi,+ 8e!+ed ad 9!,era0ad G1373172H> Ta+ma!)$ !+a+ of Per!ia
G137L176H$ re"o.ered ,+i! "ou,r& 0& +i! .i",or& o.er ,+e U;0e#! of Se),em0er 76$ 1372$ ear
Tur0a,1i1%am$ 0e,wee 8e!+ed ad :era,> T+e Timurid Ba0er$ w+o !i"e 1376 +ad 0ee em)eror
of Idia$ ,oo# ad.a,a*e of ,+e U;0e#!C defea, 0& ,r&i* ,o re"a),ure Tra!oAiaa from ,+em> :i!
!o :uma&u$ i allia"e wi,+ S+a+ Ta+ma!)$ o""u)ied :i!!ar$ or,+ of ,+e 9mu (ar&a$ 0u, +ad
,o e.a"ua,e i, w+e Ta+ma!) lef, ,+a, ,+ea,er of SL2LT o)era,io! for ,+e We!, ,o fi*+, ,+e
O,,oma! G1379H> <J"+#I@i$ i ,+e &ear of +i! dea,+ G1379150H$ +ad dri.e Per!ia! ad
Timurid! !ou,+ of ,+e 9mu (ar&a> <+a CU0aidalla+ G1355159H$ e)+ew of 8u+ammad S+a&0ai
ad <J"+#I@i$ !u""e!!full& re!i!,ed I!maCil II$ !+a+ of Per!ia> C90d19lla+ II$ ,+e mo!,
remar#a0le of ,+e S+a&0aid! af,er 8u+ammad S+a&0ai$ reui,ed ,+e famil& )o!!e!!io! w+i"+
+ad 0ee di!,ri0u,ed amo* +i! #i!me>
15
I, wa! ,+u! ,+a, +e 0e"ame ruler of Bu#+ara i 1337$
of Samar#ad i 1372$ ad of Ta!+#e, i 1327> :a.i* *o.ered i ,+e ame of +i! fa,+er
I!#ader G1360125H$ +e rei*ed i +i! ow ri*+, from 1325 ,o 1392> I ,+e !)ri* of 1327$ ,o
)ro,e", Tra!oAiaa from ,+e i"ur!io! of ,+e <ir*+i;1<a;a#+!$ +e led a "am)ai* i,o ,+e
!,e))e! of ,+e /i,,le :orde a! far a! ,+e Ulu1Tau 8ou,ai!$ 0e,wee ,+e Sar&1Su ad ,+e Tur*ai>
:e al!o made a eA)edi,io ,o <a!+*aria$ i ,+e "our!e of w+i"+ +e de.a!,a,ed ,+e area aroud
<a!+*ar ad Yar#ad> Diall&$ +e !ei;ed <+ura!a from Per!ia$ i"ludi* :era,$ w+i"+
!u""um0ed af,er a !ie*e la!,i* ie mo,+!$ ad 8e!+ed$ ,+e +ol& S+iCi,e "i,& w+i"+ &ou* S+a+
C900a! failed ,o !a.e ad w+i"+ ,+e U;0e#!$ li#e *ood Sui,e!$ "o!"ie,iou!l& !a"#ed$
ma!!a"ri* )ar, of i,! )o)ula,io> Similarl& C90d19lla+ II ,oo# Ni!+a)ur$ Se0;ewar$ I!farai$ ad
Te0e! from Per!ia=i !+or,$ all ,+e !,ro* )oi,! i <+ura!a$ from :era, ,o 9!,era0ad> 9! for
Bal#+$ i, +ad 0ee made i,o a .i"ero&al,& for C90d al18uCmi$ C90d1 9lla+C! !o$ a! earl& a!
1327>
C90d19lla+ IIC! *ood for,ue de!er,ed +im i ,+e la!, &ear! of +i! life> I 1397$ S+a+ C900a! ,+e
Grea,$ #i* of Per!ia$ wo a re!oudi* .i",or& o.er ,+e U;0e#! ear :era,$ ad wi,+ ,+i!
<+ura!a wa! freed> C90d19lla+C! !o al18uCmi re0elled a*ai!, +im ad ,+e <ir*+i; ,oo# ,+i!
o))or,ui,& ,o )luder ,+e Ta!+#e, re*io> C90d19lla+ died a, ,+e 0e*ii* of 1392$ +a.i*
0e+eld all +i! wor# i rui!> 9l18uCmi$ w+o !u""eeded +im$ wa! a!!a!!ia,ed wi,+i !iA
mo,+!> T+i! wa! ,+e ed of ,+e S+a&0aid!>
T+e d&a!,& +ad rei*ed i Tra!oAiaa for ra,+er le!! ,+a a "e,ur&$ duri* w+i"+ ,ime i, +ad
!u""eeded i re1e!,a0li!+i* M%e*+i;1<+ai,eM domiio o.er Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad> Ye, ea"+
,ime i, +ad fa"ied i,!elf i )o!!e!!io of ,+e Iraia ,erri,or& of <+ura!a Gfir!, uder
8u+ammad S+a&0ai ad ,+e uder C90d19lla+ IIH$ i, +ad 0ee re)ul!ed 0& ,+e !+a+! of SL23T
Per!ia> 9, ,+e mome, w+e em)ire! were "r&!,alli;i*$ Per!ia wa! de!,ied ,o remai ,o ,+e
Per!ia!$ a! wa! e,+i"all& fi,,i*$ ad Tur#e!,a ,o ,+e Tur#!>
THE 2HA1ATE OF .72HARA 71-ER THE ASTRA2HA1I-S A1- MA1,ITS
T+e U;0e# #+aa,e of Tra!oAiaa ow )a!!ed ,o ao,+er famil&$ ,+e %aid! or 9!,ra#+aid!>
W+e i 133L ,+e Ru!!ia! aeAed ,+e #+aa,e of 9!,ra#+a$ a )ri"e of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e
d&a!,& of 9!,ra#+a G+ou!e of Orda ad Uru! #+aH amed Yar 8u+ammad$ ad +i! !o %a$
,oo# refu*e i Bu#+ara wi,+ ,+e S+a&0aid #+a I!#ader G1360125H$ w+o *a.e +i! dau*+,er ,o
%a i marria*e> 9! ,+e male S+a&0aid lie 0e"ame eA,i", i 1399 wi,+ ,+e dea,+ of C90d al1
8uCmi$ ,+e ,+roe of Bu#+ara )a!!ed i ,+e re*ular maer ,o ,+e M9!,ra#+aidM Ba?i
8u+ammad$ !o of %a ad of ,+e +eire!! of ,+e S+a&0a!>
T+e 9!,ra#+aid d&a!,& rei*ed o.er Tra!oAiaa from 1399 ,o 1723$ wi,+ Bu#+ara a! i,!
"a)i,al> I, al!o +eld Der*aa u,il a0ou, 1700$ w+e a ide)ede, #+aa,e wa! fouded a,
<o#ad$ ad Bal#+$ w+i"+ wa! ,+e a))aa*e of ,+e 9!,ra#+aid +eir! )re!um),i.e u,il ,+e
"o?ue!, of ,+e "i,& 0& Nadir1!+a+$ #i* of Per!ia$ i %ul&$ 17L0> O Se),em0er 77$ 17L0$ Nadir1
!+a+$ w+o "o?uered ,+e U;0e#! 0& mea! of ar,iller&$ a))eared 0efore Bu#+ara> T+e
9!,ra#+aid #+a 90uCl Dai; Gw+o rei*ed from 1703 u,il 17L7H wa! for"ed ,o a""e), Nadir1
!+a+C! !u;erai,& ad ,o re"o*i;e ,+e 9mu (ar&a a! ,+e !ou,+er 0oudar& of Bu#+aria>
9mo* ,+e 8o*ol "la! w+o +ad li#ed ,+eir for,ue! wi,+ ,+o!e of 8u+ammad S+a&0ai a,
,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e !iA,ee,+ "e,ur& wa! a No*ai or 8a*i, "la from ,+e !,e))e! 0e,wee ,+e
mou,+! of ,+e Vol*a ad ,+e Ural$ ,+e ,erri,or& of a +orde of ,+a, ame> Uder ,+e 9!,ra#+aid
d&a!,&$ ,+i! "la a"?uired i"rea!i* iflue"e a, Bu#+ara$ w+ere i ,+e !e"od +alf of ,+e
ei*+,ee,+ "e,ur& i,! leader! +eld ,+e )o!i,io of ma&or of ,+e )ala"e> (uri* ,+e rei* of ,+e
la!, 9!,ra#+aid$ 90uCl G+a;i G1732123H$ ,+e 8a*i, "+ief 8aC!um S+a+ 8urad$ w+o married ,+e
rulerC! dau*+,er$ 0e"ame ,+e ,rue !o.erei* ad la,er a!"eded ,+e ,+roe G172311200H> 8aC!um
,ried ,o e"roa"+ u)o SL26T lad !ou,+ of ,+e OAu!$ ear 8er. ad Bal#+$ a, ,+e eA)e!e of
Timur1!+a+ ,+e (urrai$ #i* of 9f*+ai!,a>
1L
Ne.er,+ele!!C$ Bal#+ wa! o, aeAed ,o ,+e
#+aa,e of Bu#+ara u,il 1276$ ad i 12L1 i, wa! )ermae,l& re"o?uered 0& ,+e 9f*+a!>
8er.$ +owe.er$ remaied )ar, of ,+e #+aa,e of Bu#+ara>
T+e 8a*i, d&a!,& rei*ed i Bu#+ara from 1723 ,o 1970> I 1266$ i, +ad ,o a""e), ,+e !,a,u! of
a Ru!!ia )ro,e",ora,e> I 1970$ ,+e la!, de!"eda, of %e*+i; <+a wa! o.er,+row 0& ,+e
So.ie,!>
THE 2HA1ATE OF 2HI*A
I 130316$ ,+e U;0e# "o?ueror 8u+ammad S+a&0ai +ad ,a#e )o!!e!!io of <+wari;m$ or
lad of <+i.a$ ad of Tra!oAiaa> 9f,er +i! dea,+ o ,+e 0a,,lefield of 8er. i (e"em0er$ 1310$
w+e ,+e .i",oriou! Per!ia! o""u)ied Tra!oAiaa ad <+wari;m G1311117H$ ,+e )rofoudl&
Sui,e )o)ula,io of Ur*e"+ ad <+i.a ro!e u) a*ai!, ,+e Per!ia *eeral!$ w+o were
S+iCi,e!$ ad dro.e ,+em ou,> T+e "+ief of a "olla,eral S+a&0aid 0ra"+$ Il0ar!$ w+o +ad +eaded
,+e re.ol,$ fouded ,+e ide)ede, #+aa,e of Bu#+ara>
13

T+e S+a&0aid d&a!,& rei*ed o.er <+wari;m from 1317 ,o 1970> Be!ide! i,! fouder Il0ar!
G1317173H ma& 0e me,ioed :a@@i 8u+ammad G133211607H$ duri* w+o!e rei* ,+e #+a of
Bu#+ara C 90d19lla+ II a"+ie.ed a ,em)orar& "o?ue!, of <+wari;m G139L$ 1396H> Uder C9ra0
8u+ammad G1605175H$ a "olum of a ,+ou!ad Ru!!ia! mar"+i* o Ur*e"+ wa! !lau*+,ered
,o ,+e la!, ma> 9roud 1615$ <+wari;m !uffered a i.a!io 0& <almu"#!$ w+o af,erward lef,$
lade wi,+ )luder> :alfwa& ,+rou*+ C9ra0 8u+ammadC! rei*$ Ur*e"+ "ea!ed ,o 0e ,+e "a)i,al$
owi* ,o ,+e dr&i* u) of ,+e lef, arm of ,+e 9mu (ar&a$ ad <+i.a wa! !u0!,i,u,ed>
T+e mo!, famou! of ,+e #+a! of <+i.a wa! 90uCl G+a;i Ba+adur G16L5163H> :e wa! oe of ,+e
*rea,e!, +i!,oria! of ,+e %a*a,ai Tur#i" la*ua*e ad ,+e au,+or of Shaiare%i Turk$ a wor# mo!,
.alua0le for i,! +i!,or& of %e*+i; <+a ad ,+e %e*+i;1 <+ai,e!$ ad )ar,i"ularl& of ,+e +ou!e
of %J"+i$ ,o w+i"+ ,+e wri,er 0elo*ed>
16
9! #+a +e re)ul!ed a i.a!io of <+o!+o, <almu"#!$
w+o +ad "ome i ,o )luder ,+e <a,+ re*io i 16L2 ad w+o!e leader <udelu* U0a!+a +e
!ur)ri!ed$ 0ea,$ ad SL27T wouded> :e al!o 0ea, 0a"# ao,+er i"ur!io 0& Tor*+u, <almu"#!
w+o )ludered ,+e ei*+0or+ood of :e;ara!) G16311 35H>
17
I addi,io$ +e made war o ,+e #+a
of Bu#+ara$ C90d al1C9;i;$ ad i 1661 made a )luderi* eA)edi,io a*ai!, ,+a, "i,&>
<+a Il0ar! II of <+i.a$ 0& #illi* !ome Per!ia am0a!!ador!$ drew u)o +im!elf ,+e wra,+ of
Nadir1!+a+$ #i* of Per!ia> I O",o0er$ 17L0$ Nadir mar"+ed o <+wari;mE "om)elled ,+e
for,re!! of <+a#a$ w+ere Il0ar! +ad ,a#e refu*e$ ,o "a)i,ula,eE ad ,oo# <+i.a GNo.em0erH>
/e!! mer"iful +ere ,+a a, Bu#+ara$ +e eAe"u,ed Il0ar!$ w+o 0ad ou,ra*ed +im i ,+e )er!o of
+i! am0a!!ador!> Drom 17L0 u,il NadirC! dea,+ i 17L7$ ,+e #+a! of <+i.a remaied i !,ri",
.a!!ala*e ,o Per!ia>
I 1275$ ,+e #+a of <+i.a$ Sa&&id 8u+ammad Ra+im1#+a$ wa! for"ed ,o !u0mi, ,o a Ru!!ia
)ro,e",ora,e> I 1970$ ,+e la!, %e*0i;1<+ai,e of <+i.a$ Sa&&id C90d19lla+1#+a$ wa! de)o!ed
0& ,+e So.ie,!>
THE 2HA1ATE OF 2O2A1-
Der*aa 0ad formed )ar, of ,+e #+aa,e of Tra!oAiaa a, ,+e ,ime of ,+e S+a&0aid! ad uder
,+e fir!, 9!,ra#+aid!> Bu, duri* ,+e la,,er )eriod$ ,+i! i,e*ra,io wa! ol& omial$ !i"e
Der*aa +ad lar*el& falle i,o ,+e +ad! of ,+e <ir*+i;1<a;a#+!$ ,o !a& o,+i* of ,+e #+o@a!
e!,a0li!+ed a, '+ada#$ or,+ of ,+e S&r (ar&a> 90ou, 1710$ a S+a&0aid amed S+a+ Ru#+$ a
de!"eda, of 90uCl <+air$ o.er"ame ,+e!e #+o@a! ad !u""eeded i foudi* a ide)ede,
U;0e# #+aa,e i Der*aa$ wi,+ <o#ad a! i,! "a)i,al G"a> 171011276H>
12

I 1732$ Irdaa or Erdei$ #+a of <o#ad$ wa! "om)elled ,o re"o*i;e ,+e !u;erai,& of '+ia$
w+o!e armie! 0ad rea"+ed +i! fro,ier!> :e ,ried ,o form a "oali,io a*ai!, ,+em wi,+ 9+med ,+e
(urrai$ #i* of 9f*+ai!,a$ 0u, a demo!,ra,io 0& (urrai 0e,wee <o#ad ad Ta!+#e, i
1765 +ad o effe",>
Be,wee 1200 ad 1209$ C9lim #+a of <o#ad dou0led +i! ,erri,or& 0& aeAi* Ta!+#e,>
8u+ammad CUmar$ C9limC! 0ro,+er ad !u""e!!or G"a> 1209177H$ aeAed al!o ,+e "i,& of
Tur#e!,a G121LH> Uder 8u+ammad C9li$ or 8adali$ CUmarC! !o ad !u""e!!or G"a> 12771L0H$
,+e <ir*+i;1<a;a#+! of ,+e Grea, :orde$ i o""u)a,io of ,+e re*io 0e,wee ,+e "i,& of
Tur#e!,a SL22T ad ,+e !ou,+er !+ore! of /a#e Bal#+a!+$ re"o*i;ed ,+e !u;erai,& of ,+e
#+aa,e of <o#ad$ w+i"+ wa! ow a, ,+e +ei*+, of i,! )ower> Bu, !+or,l& 0efore 1263 ,+e
#+aa,e of Bu#+ara re"o?uered Ta!+#e,$ ol& ,o 0e de)ri.ed of i, a*ai$ ,+i! ,ime 0& ,+e
Ru!!ia!$ i %ue of ,+e !ame &ear G1263H>
I 1276$ ,+e #+aa,e of <o#ad wa! aeAed 0& Ru!!ia>
THE SHA(.A1I-S OF SI.ERIA
I ,+e fif,ee,+ "e,ur&$ a, I!#er GSi0irH o ,+e middle Ir,&!+$ !ou,+ea!, of moder To0ol!# i
we!,er Si0eria$ a Tur#o18o*ol #+aa,e +ad ari!e w+o!e #+a! were of M,+e i!!ue of
Tai0u*+a0K#iM ad o, of %e*+i;1<+ai,e liea*e> Bu, ,+e %e*+i;1 <+ai,e! of S+a&0aC!
+ou!e$ w+o roamed !ou,+ of ,+e Ural 8ou,ai! ad ear ,+e +eadwa,er! of ,+e To0ol$ !oo
o""u)ied all ,+e lad ea!, of ,+a, ri.er> I, wa! i ,+e re*io of ,+e Tura$ a ,ri0u,ar& of ,+e To0ol$
,+a, 90uCl <+air$ +ead of ,+e S+a&0aid +ou!e$ +ad 0ee )ro"laimed #+a i 1L72> 90ou, 1L20$
ao,+er S+a&0aid )ri"e of a @uior 0ra"+$ I0a# Gd> 1L95H$ !ei;ed from ,+e #+a! of Si0ir ,+e
M,owM of T&ume$ ear ,+e "oflue"e of ,+e Tura ad ,+e To0ol> GT+i! wa! ,+e I0a# w+o i
1L21 !ur)ri!ed ad !lew 9+med$ #+a of ,+e Golde :orde>H <u"+um$ I0a#C! *rad!o G"a>
1336192H$ wa! a, war wi,+ Yadi*ar$ ,+e #+a of Si0ir> Yadi*ar a))ealed i 1336 ,o ,+e ";ar of
8u!"o.&$ I.a ,+e Terri0le$ 0u, 0e,wee 1365 ad 1369 +e wa! defea,ed ad #illed 0& <u"+um$
w+o remaied ma!,er of ,+e #+aa,e of Si0ir> I order ,o "o!olida,e +i! rule$ <u"+um "o!e,ed
,o re"o*i;e ,+e ";arC! !u;erai,&$ 0u, o"e e!,a0li!+ed i +i! #+aa,e +e di!)u,ed wi,+ Ru!!ia
o.er ,+e )ro,e",ora,e of O!,&a# ad a,,a"#ed ,+e 0lo"#+ou!e ,radi* )o!,! fouded 0& ,+e
Ru!!ia S,ro*ao.> 9, ,+e !ame ,ime +e ;ealou!l& !,ro.e ,o )ro)a*a,e ,+e fai,+ of I!lam i
Si0eria>
I.a ,+e Terri0le !e, ,+e 'o!!a"# "+ief Erma# a*ai!, Si0eria i 1379> 8eaw+ile$ <u"+um
e,ru!,ed +i! for"e! GTur#o18o*ol warrior! ad Vo,ia# ad Vo*ul a,i.e!H ,o +i! e)+ew
8a#+me,#ul G8u+ammad1?uliH$ w+o !e, u) a Mfor,ified "am) a, ,+e mou,+ of ,+e To0ol$ uder
,+e '+u.a!+ mou,ai$ ,o )ro,e", ,+e a))roa"+e! ,o Si0ir>M Bu, i 1321 ,+e Ru!!ia!$ M,+a#! ,o
,+eir ar?ue0u!e!$M "a),ured ,+i! )o!i,io ad ,oo# )o!!e!!io of Si0ir$ for"i* <u"+um ,o flee>
SL29T Ne.er,+ele!!$ old <u"+um "o,iued +i! 0u!+ fi*+,i*$ ad i 132L +e !ur)ri!ed Erma#
o a i!lad of ,+e Ir,&!+> T+e 'o!!a"# "+ief wa! drowed w+ile re,rea,i*$ +i! "om)aio! were
#illed$ ad <u"+um reo""u)ied Si0ir>
T+e Ru!!ia! +ad ,o re"o?uer ,+e #+aa,e &ard 0& &ard$ ad a! ,+e& ad.a"ed ,+e& fouded
mili,ar& "oloie! a, T&ume G1326H$ To0ol!# G1327H$ ad Tom!#> <u"+um$ defea,ed i a fial
0a,,le o ,+e O0 o 9u*u!, 70$ 1392$ ,oo# refu*e wi,+ ,+e No*ai$ w+ere +e wa! a!!a!!ia,ed
G1600H> :i! re!i!,a"e +ad !+ed a la!, ra& of *lor& o ,+e +i!,or& of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e! i ,+e
Nor,+>
19

SL90T
C9 The /ast 4a'ataites
RES7R,E1CE OF MO,HO/ISTA1 AFTER TAMER/A1E6 *AIS%2HA1 A1- ESE1%
.7,HA
9f,er a e"li)!e i TamerlaeC! da&$ ,+e #+aa,e of %a*a,ai= or$ a! Tur#i!+ ad Per!ia +i!,oria!
"all i,$ 8o*+oli!,a=e@o&ed a uloo#ed1for reai!!a"e i ,+e fif,ee,+ "e,ur&> I, will 0e
remem0ered ,+a, ,+i! #+aa,e "om)ri!ed$ o ,+e oe +ad$ 8o*+oli!,a )ro)er=,+a, i!$ ,+e
I!!&# <ul re*io roud To#ma# ad <ara#ol$ ,+e Ili 0a!i ad i,! ,ri0u,arie!$ ,+e Te#e! ad ,+e
<u*e!$ ,+e <ara1Tal 0a!i$ ad ,+e 0a!i of ,+e E0i Nor ad ,+e 8aa!E o ,+e o,+er$ i, i"luded
Ui*uri!,a$ or former "ou,r& of ,+e Ui*ur$ ,+a, i!$ ,+e re*io of <u"+a$ <ara S+a+r$ ad Turfa
or <ara1#+o@a> To ,+i! ma& 0e added <a!+*aria or 9l,i!+a+r$ wi,+ ,+e "i,ie! of <a!+*ar$ Yar#ad$
ad <+o,a> Uder ,+e !u;erai,& of ,+e %a*a,ai,e #+a!$ <a!+*aria "om)ri!ed ,+e )a,rimo& of
,+e (u*+la, emir!> T+e!e$ li#e ,+e %a*a,ai,e!$ were of 8o*ol !,o"#$ ad were i fa", a! )owerful
a! ,+e& ,+rou*+ou, ,+i! re*io>
Se.eral of ,+e %a*a,ai,e #+a! of ,+e fif,ee,+ "e,ur& !eem ,o +a.e +ad i,ere!,i* )er!oali,ie!$
a! ma& 0e dedu"ed from fra*me,ar& da,a i ,+e TaCri#+1i Ra!+idi> Oe of ,+em$ Vai!#+a G"a>
1L12172H$ i! me,ioed a! +a.i* wor#ed a, ,+e irri*a,io of ,+e Turfa or <ara1#+o@a oa!i!>
1
9!
a *ood 8u!lim$ +e wa*ed war u)o ,+e Oira, or <almu"#!=,+e we!,er 8o*ol! w+o were
M)a*aM=ad wa! ,a#e )ri!oer 0& ,+eir "+ief E!e1 GYe1+!ie i '+ie!eH ,ai@i Gor Tai"+iH$ ,+e
!o of ,+eir #+a To*+o> T+e Oira, #+a!$ al,+ou*+ )ure 8o*ol!$ were o, SL91T %e*+i;1
<+ai,e!$ ad ,+e TaCri#+1i Ra!+idi o,e! ,+a, E!e ,rea,ed Vai!1#+a wi,+ ,+e *rea,e!, re!)e",
ad relea!ed +im a, o"e>
7
I a !e"od defea, ifli",ed u)o +im 0& E!e$ i ,+e Ili re*io$
5
Vai!$
w+o!e +or!e +ad falle$ wa! !a.ed 0& ,+e de.o,io of +i! .a!!al Sa&&id C9li$ +ead of ,+e (u*+la,
+ou!e ad lord of <a!+*ar$ w+o *a.e +im +i! ow mou,$ ad wa! +im!elf for,ua,e i ma#i*
+i! e!"a)e>
L
9, a ,+ird e"ou,er wi,+ ,+e Oira,$ ear Turfa$ Vai! wa! o"e more ,a#e )ri!oer$
ad ,+i! ,ime +e wa! o, !e, free u,il +e allowed +i! !i!,er ,o e,er E!e1,ai@iC! famil&> 9! wa!
!ee earlier$ i "oe",io wi,+ Tra!oAiaa$ all ,+e leader! of !e"odar& +orde! !ou*+, ,o
eo0le ,+eir )o!,eri,& 0& marr&i* %e*+i;1<+ai,e )ri"e!!e!>
O ,+e dea,+ of <+a Vai! G1L79H$ +i! ,wo !o! Yuu! ad E!e10u*+a Gor E!e10u?aH II
?uarreled o.er ,+e ,+roeE or ra,+er$ ,+eir re!)e",i.e !u))or,er! did !o i ,+eir ame!$ for Yuu!
,+e elder wa! +ardl& more ,+a ,+ir,ee &ear! old> I, wa! ,+e &ou*er 0o& E!e10u*+a II w+o
wo ,+e "o,e!,$ ad Yuu! ,oo# refu*e i Samar#ad wi,+ ,+e Timurid Olu*+10e*>
3

No,wi,+!,adi* +i! &ou,+$ E!e10u*+a II rei*ed o.er all ,+e ,erri,orie! of 8o*+oli!,a G1L791
67H> T+e (u*+la, emir Sa&&id C9li Gd> 1L37132H$ w+o +ad +el)ed +im ,o ,+e ,+roe$ 0e"ame more
iflue,ial ,+a e.er> 9, ,+i! ,ime ,+e (u*+la,!$ uder ,+e !u;erai,& of ,+e %a*a,ai,e #+a 9?!u$
+eld Bai ad <u"+a$ 0u, ,+e& +ad ,em)oraril& lo!, <a!+*ar$ w+i"+ +ad 0ee !ei;ed from ,+em 0&
,+e Timurid! of Tra!oAiaa ad <+ura!a$ S+a+ Ru#+ ad +i! !o Olu*+10e*>
6
90ou, 1L5515L$
Sa&&id C9li !u""eeded i re"o.eri* <a!+*ar from ,+e a*e,! of Olu*+10e*>
7
T+e TaCri#+1i
Ra!+idi )rai!e! +i! re"o!,ru",i.e admii!,ra,io i <a!+*ar ad ,+e a,,e,io +e )aid ,o
a*ri"ul,ure ad ,+e rai!i* of li.e!,o"#>
E!e10u*+a II wa! fi*+,i* 90u SaCid$ ,+e Timurid #i* of Tra!oAiaa> I 1L31 0e led a
)luderi* eA)edi,io a*ai!, ,+e ,ow! of Sairam$ Tur#e!,a$ ad Ta!+#e, o ,+e or,+er
0order! of ,+e Timurid realm> 90u SaCid )ur!ued +im a! far a! Tala!>
2
9f,er ao,+er a,,a"# 0&
E!e10u*+a$ ,+i! ,ime i ,+e 9di;+a re*io of Der*aa$ 90u SaCid de,ermied ,o !)li, ,+e for"e!
of ,+e +ou!e of %a*a,ai> :e !ummoed Yuu! from eAile i S+ira;$ ad le, +im ,roo)! wi,+
w+i"+ ,o fi*+, +i! &ou*er 0ro,+er E!e10u*+a> T+u! !u))or,ed$ Yuu! wa! re"o*i;ed a! #+a
i ,+e we!,er )ar, of 8o*0oli!,a$ ear ,+e Ili$ w+ile SL97T E!e10u*+a remaied lord of ,+e
ea!,er )ro.i"e!$ amel&$ 9#!u$ Yuldu;$ ad Ui*uri!,a G1L36H> 9 li,,le la,er$ Yuu! ,ried ,o
!u0@u*a,e <a!+*ar> T+e ruler of <a!+*ar$ ,+e (u*+la, emir Sa&&id C9li$ !ummoed E!e10u*+a
,o +i! aid> E!e10u*+a +a!,eed from ,+e Yuldu; ad @oied for"e! wi,+ Sa&&id C9li$ ad ,o*e,+er
,+e& )u, Yuu! ,o fli*+, a, <oa S+a+r$ or,+ea!, of <a!+*ar o ,+e 9#!u road>
9
:a.i* lo!, +i!
follower!$ Yuu! !ou*+, reifor"eme,! from 90u SaCid i Tra!oAiaa> I ,+i! wa& +e wa! a0le
,o re1e!,a0li!+ +im!elf i ,+e Ili ad I!!&# <ul re*io>
E!e10u*+a$ !,ill ruler of 9#!u$ ,+e Yuldu; re*io$ ad 8o*+oli!,a$ died i 1L67> :i! !o (u!,
8u+ammad$ a &ou* ma wi,+ou, eA)erie"e G+e wa! ol& !e.e,eeH$ aliea,ed ,+e mulla+! 0&
+i! di!!olu,e 0e+a.ior ad a*ered ,+e )owerful (u*+la, famil& 0& a )luderi* raid o <a!+*ar>
:e died i 1L69$ i ,ime ,o e!"a)e a *eeral re.ol,> Yuu!$ +i! u"le$ #+a of ,+e Ili ad ,+e I!!&#
<ul$ a, o"e ,oo# )o!!e!!io of 9#!u$ w+i"+ wa! ,+e re*arded a! ,+e M"a)i,alM of 8o*+oli!,a>
(u!, 8u+ammadC! &ou* !o <e0e# II wa! re!"ued 0& !u))or,er! ad ,a#e ,o <ara S+a+r
G%ali!+H ad Turfa i Ui*uria$ w+ere +e wa! )ro"laimed #+a> Bu, four &ear! la,er$ ,+e!e !ame
ad+ere,! )u, ,+e "+ild ,o dea,+ ad 0rou*+, +i! +ead ,o Yuu!> 9l,+ou*+ 0& ,+i! murder Yuu!
0e"ame !ole lord of all 8o*+oli!,a$ +e eA)re!!ed ol& +orror a, ,+e a!!a!!i! ad ordered ,+eir
eAe"u,io G1L77H>
10

(717S A1- THE 4A,ATAITE RE*E1,E 7PO1 THE HO7SE OF TAMER/A1E
9f,er +i! re!,ora,io a, 9#!u$ Yuu! wa! fa"ed wi,+ ol& oe !eriou! ,+rea,4 a i.a!io 0& ,+e
Oira, or <almu"#!$ led 0& 9ma!a@i1,ai@i$ !o of E!e1,ai@i> T+e Oira, a,,a"#ed +im ear ,+e Ili
G,+e 9ila+ of ,+e TaCri#+1i Ra!+idiH$ defea,ed +im$ ad for"ed +im ,o wi,+draw ,o ,+e
ei*+0or+ood of ,+e ,ow of Tur#e!,a>
11
Bu, ,+eir a",io !+ow! ,+a, ,+i! wa! o more ,+a a
omad "ou) wi,+ou, )oli,i"al "o!e?ue"e!> 9! !oo a! ,+e Oira, +ad *oe$ Yuu! re,ured from
,+e S&r (ar&a ,o ,+e Ili$ from !emi!ede,ar& ,o omad "ou,r&> T+i! +e +ad ,o do ,o )lea!e ,+e
,ri0e! of 8o*+oli!,a$ w+o eA)e",ed ,+eir #+a$ a! a *ood %e*+i;1<+ai,e$ ,o for*e, +i! ur0a
,a!,e! ad +i! S+ira;i SL95T "ul,ure ad lead ,+e a"e!,ral life i fel, ,e,!>
17
8eaw+ile$ <a!+*ar
ad Yar#ad$ ,+e "i,ie! de)ede, o 8o*+oli!,a$ were *o.ered 0& ,+e ,wo !o! of ,+e (u*+la,
emir Sa&&id C9li$ Sai;1mir;a fir!, G1L3216LH ad ,+e 8u+ammad :aidar1 G1L631 20H> T+e
TaCri#+1i Ra!+idi a!!er,! ,+a, Sai;$ a .iole, 0u, *eerou! ma$ *o.ered <a!+*ar !o well ,+a,
+i! ,ime! were af,erward remem0ered a! a Golde 9*e>
15
8u+ammad :aidar$ w+o followed +im$
a, fir!, *o.ered <a!+*ar ad Yar#ad i )ea"e uder ,+e !u;erai,& of <+a Yuu!> Bu, 90u
Ba#r$ Sai;C !o ad 8u+ammad :aidarC! e)+ew$ did o, lo* dela& 0efore di!,ur0i* ,+a,
)ea"e>
1L
9f,er ,a#i* )o!!e!!io of Yar#ad$ +e !ei;ed ,+e "i,& of <+o,a from o,+er )ri"e!
rela,ed ,o ,+e (u*+la, famil&> Drom ,+a, ,ime for,+$ +e a",ed a! a ide)ede, !o.erei*>
8u+ammad :aidar 0e**ed Yuu!C +el) a*ai!, ,+i! re0elliou! e)+ew$ 0u, 0o,+ +e ad Yuu!
were ,wi"e defea,ed 0& 90u Ba#r 0efore Yar#ad G1L79120H> 9f,er ,+i! dou0le .i",or&$ 90u Ba#r
,oo# <a!+*ar ,oo from +i! u"le 8u+ammad :aidar$ w+o wa! "om)elled ,o wi,+draw i 1L20 ,o
9#!u ad <+a Yuu!>
13

T+ou*+ Yuu! wa! ua0le ,o *e, +i! ow wa& i ,+e!e ?uarrel! 0e,wee ,+e (u*+la, emir! of
<a!+*aria )ro)er$ ,+e ed of +i! rei* wa! mar#ed 0& "o!idera0le !u""e!!e! 0o,+ i '+ia ad
Tra!oAiaa> T+e 8i*1!+i+ rela,e! ,+a, i 1L75 a !ul,a of Turfa amed C9li G:a1liH !ei;ed ,+e
:ami oa!i! i ,+e Go0i (e!er, from a <+i,a d&a!,& i .a!!ala*e ,o '+ia> 9 '+ie!e "olum
di!)a,"+ed ,o Turfa failed ,o "a,"+ ,+e a**re!!or$ w+o$ a! !oo a! +i! )ur!uer! ,ured 0a"#$
reo""u)ied :ami> I 1L76 ,+i! C9li or M:a1liM !e, a em0a!!& wi,+ M,ri0u,eM ,o Pe#i*> If ,+e
"+roolo*& of ,+e 8i*1!+i+ i! a""ura,e$ M:a1liC!M rei* "orre!)od! ,o ,+a, of Yuu!>
16

:owe.er ,+i! ma& 0e$ <+a Yuu! !ei;ed ,+e o""a!io G)> L65H of ,+e de"lie of ,+e Timurid
d&a!,& ,o i,er.ee a! ar0i,ra,or i Tra!oAiaa affair!> T+e ,wo Timurid )ri"e!$ 9+med #i*
of Samar#ad ad CUmar1!+ai#+ #i* of Der*aa$ Sul,a 90u SaCidC! !o!$ eA)eded all ,+eir
!,re*,+ i frui,le!! ri.alr& for ,+e )o!!e!!io of Ta!+#e,$ w+i"+ CUmar1!+ai#+ +ad a))ro)ria,ed>
8ore ,+a o"e Yuu! +ad ,o )ro,e", CUmar a*ai!, 9+med$ wi,+ ,+e re!ul, ,+a, ,+e )ri"i)ali,&
of Der*aa 0e"ame +i! .a!!al !,a,e> /a!,l& +e )rofi,ed 0& +i! role of ar0i,er ad di!i,ere!,ed
media,or ,o wi i 1L2L ,+e a!!e, of 0o,+ )ar,ie! ,o SL9LT +i! a"?ui!i,io of "o,e!,ed Ta!+#e,
ad Sairam>
17
Yuu! ,+e "+o!e Ta!+#e, for +i! re!ide"e ad i, wa! ,+ere ,+a, +e died$ i
1L26>
12

B& !e,,li* i a a"ie, "i,& li#e Ta!+#e,$ o ,+e ,+re!+old of )o)ulou! Tra!oAiaa$ Yuu!1
#+a fulfilled +i! lifeC! dream> E.er !i"e +i! &ear! of eAile$ w+e a! a &ou* ma i S+ira; +e
+ad ,a!,ed ,+e deli*+,! of Per!ia "i.ili;a,io$ ,+i! "ul,ured %e*+i;1<+ai,e +ad dreamed
o!,al*i"all& of ,+e !ede,ar& wa& of life> Drom a !e!e of du,& ,o +i! M8o*ol!$M +e +ad
"o!,raied +im!elf for &ear! ,o li.e a! a omad i ,+e .alle& of ,+e Ili ad ,+e Yuldu;$ o ,+e
!lo)e! of ,+e TCie S+a>
19
Bu, i ,+i! +e wa! merel& fulfilli* +i! o0li*a,io! a! a #i*>
70
T+e
)or,rai, of +im i ,+e TaCri#+1i Ra!+idi$ 0a!ed o )er!oal im)re!!io! *i.e ,o 8u+ammad
:aidar 0& Na!ir ad1(i CU0aidalla+$ !,re!!e! ,+e .i!i,orC! !ur)ri!e4 MI eA)e",ed ,o !ee a 8o*ol$
ad I 0e+eld a ma of ,+e Per!ia ,&)e$ wi,+ a full 0eardE +e wa! ele*a, ad wi,+ a refieme, of
!)ee"+ ad maer !u"+ a! i! rarel& foud e.e amo* Per!ia!>M
71
T+erefore$ a! !oo a! +e
0e"ame ruler of Ta!+#e, G+e wa! ,+e earl& ei*+,&H$ +e de"ided ,o li.e ,+ere> Some of ,+e
omad! of +i! followi*$ alarmed a, ,+e idea of leadi* a !ede,ar& eAi!,e"e i ,+e Tad;+i#
fa!+io$ de)ar,ed ad !)ed loo!e1rei*ed ,o ,+eir 0elo.ed !,e))e! of ,+e Yuldu; ad Ui*uri!,a$
,a#i* wi,+ ,+em Yuu!C !e"od !o 9+med$ w+o !eem! ,o +a.e !+ared ,+eir ,a!,e for ,+e free
life> T+e #+a did o, *i.e "+a!e$ !i"e ,+e )re!e"e of 9+med amo* ,+em *uara,eed ,+eir
lo&al,&>
77

9f,er +i! fa,+er died$ 9+med rei*ed o.er ,+a, )ar, of ,+e #+aa,e1Ili$ Yuldu;$ ad ,+e lad of
Turfa=u,il +i! ow dea,+ G1L2611305H> :a))& i +i! !,e))e!$ +e fou*+, !u""e!!full& a*ai!,
,+e Oira, or <almu"#!$ o ,+e oe +ad$ ad ,+e <ir*+i;1<a;a#+!$ o ,+e o,+er> T+e TaCri#+1i
Ra!+idi o0!er.e! ,+a, ,+e Oira, *a.e +im ,+e re!)e",ful !urame of 9la!+a$ M,+e <iller>M
75
9roud
1L99$ +e !ei;ed <a!+*ar ad Ya*i1:i!!ar from ,+e (u*+la, emir 90u Ba#r> 9, +ome ,+i!
eer*e,i" %e*+i;1<+ai,e$ 0& mea! of a !erie! of )ui,i.e eA)edi,io! ad eAe"u,io!$
!u""eeded i !u0dui* ,+e "+ief! of re0el ,ri0e!>
T+e 8i*1!+i+ *i.e! a a""ou, of 9+medC! e,er)ri!e!=i '+ie!e$ +e wa! M91+a1ma$ !ul,a of
TurfaM=i ,+e :ami oa!i!> I 1L27$ :ami +ad 0ee re"o?uered from ,+e %a*a,ai #+aa,e 0&
Pri"e :a1!+e$ a de!"eda, of ,+e lo"al <+i,a d&a!,&$ w+o SL93T wa! !u))or,ed 0& '+ia> I
1L22$ 9+med #illed :a1!+e i a am0u!+ ad ,oo# )o!!e!!io of ,+e "ou,r&> T+e followi*
&ear$ :a1!+eC! )eo)le re"o.ered :ami> I 1L95$ 9+med "a),ured ,+e lord of :ami ad ,+e
'+ie!e re!ide, ad +eld ,+em )ri!oer> T+e "our, of Pe#i* re,alia,ed 0& "lo!i* i,! fro,ier! ,o
"ara.a! from Turfa ad 0& eA)elli* from <a!u ,+e ,rader! from Ui*uria> T+i!$ !a&! ,+e
8i*1!+i+$ *a.e ri!e ,o !u"+ re!e,me, a*ai!, 9+med i Ui*,ir ad %a*a,ai "ou,r& ,+a, +e +ad
,o re!i* +im!elf ,o lea.i* :ami ,o ,+e lo"al d&a!,&$ i>e>$ uder '+ie!e iflue"e>
THE 4A,ATAITES THRO#1 .AC2 EAST OF THE T0IE1%SHA1 RA1,E+
I1F/7E1CE OF THE+ TIM7RI- RE1AISSA1CE I1 2ASH,ARIA+ THE HISTORIA1
HAI-AR%MIR>A
W+ile 9+med rei*ed from 9#!u ad Turfa o.er ea!,er 8o*+oli!,a ad Ui*uri!,a G1L261
1305H$ +i! elder 0ro,+er 8a+mud +ad !u""eeded ,+eir fa,+er Yuu! a, Ta!+#e, ad i we!,er
8o*+oli!,a G1L2711302H> I, wa! rela,ed earlier ,+a, ,+e la!, Timurid! of Samar#ad ,ried ,o
re"o.er Ta!+#e, from 8a+mud i 1L22$ 0u, were defea,ed 0& +im ear ,+e "i,&$ o ,+e '+ir"+i#
or Para#$ ad Ta!+#e, remaied ,+e !ea, of ,+e 8o*ol #+a>
7L
Ulu"#il&$ 8a+mud "ommi,,ed a
*ra.e error i wel"omi* ,+e "ele0ra,ed 8u+ammad S+a&0ai$ w+o a, ,+a, ,ime wa! a mere
ad.e,urer ad "ame ,o )la"e +i! !word a, ,+e #+aC! !er.i"e> I re"o*i,io$ 8a+mud *a.e +im
a! fief ,+e "i,& of Tur#e!,a G0e,wee 1L27 ad 1L95H>
73
9ided 0& o.erl& ,ru!,i* 8a+mud$
8u+ammad S+a&0ai !ei;ed Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad from ,+e la!, Timurid! ad i 1300 made
+im!elf #i* of Tra!oAiaa> 8a+mud +ad "au!e ,o re*re, +i! *eero!i,&$ for +ardl& +ad
8u+ammad S+a&0ai )o!!e!!ed +im!elf of Tra!oAiaa ,+a +e ,ured a*ai!, +im> 8a+mud
a))ealed for +el) ,o +i! 0ro,+er 9+med$ w+o +a!,eed ,o Ta!+#e, from Ui*uria$ 0u, S+a&0ai
defea,ed ,+em ad ,oo# ,+em 0o,+ )ri!oer a, ,+e 0a,,le of 9#+!i$ or,+ea!, of <o#ad$ i
Der*aa> T+i! ,ime 0e ,rea,ed ,+em "our,eou!l&$ ,+ou*+ o, wi,+ou, deridi* ,+e ai.e,B of
8a+mud$ ,o w+om +e owed +i! !u""e!!$ ad +e relea!ed ,+em wi,+ou, dela& G130715H$ re,aii*
Ta!+#e, ad Sairam> S+or,l& af,erward$ i ,+e wi,er of 13051L 9+med died of )aral&!i! a,
9#!u> 8a+mud wa! fooli!+ eou*+ ,o fall o"e more i,o S+a&0aiC! SL96T +ad!$ ad ,+i! ,ime
wa! )u, ,o dea,+ ear <+od;+e, G130219H>
76

8a+mudC! dea,+ mar#! ,+e fial e@e",io of ,+e %a*a,ai,e! from we!,er Tur#e!,a> :a.i* 0ee
,+ru!, 0a"# ea!, of ,+e TCie S0a$ ,+e& remaied ,+ere for ao,+er +udred &ear!> I Ui*uri!,a$
Turfa$ <ara S+a+r G%ali!+H$ ad <u"+a$ 9+medC! elde!, !o 8a!ur1#+a +ad 0ee re"o*i;ed
a! #+a o +i! fa,+erC! dea,+$ ad +e wa! ,o rei* o.er ,+i! re*io for for,& &ear! G13051L5H> 9,
fir!, +e me, wi,+ diffi"ul,ie!> T+e (u*+la, emir of <a!+*ar$ 90u Ba#r$ e,ered 9#!u$ w+ere +e
)ludered ,+e ,rea!ure of ,+e %a*a,ai,e!$ af,er w+i"+ 0e we, o ,o de!,ro& ,+e "i,ie! of <u"+a ad
Bai>
77
I 131L$ 8a!urC! &ou*er 0ro,+er SaCid1#+a i +i! ,ur "a),ured <a!+*ar G8a&1%ue$
131LH$ Yar#ad$ ad <+o,a from 90u Ba#r ad for"ed +im ,o flee ,o /ada#+>
72
I ,+i! war
a*ai!, a re0el (u*+la,$ SaCid wa! !e"oded 0& ao,+er (u*+la,$ w+o wa! lo&al ,o ,+e +ou!e of
%a*a,ai4 ,+e +i!,oria (u*+la,1mir;a> SaCid would ,+ereu)o rei* o.er <a!+*aria )ro)er G131L1
55H$
79
w+ile +i! elder 0ro,+er 8a!ur would *o.er 8o*+oli!,a GIli$ Yuldu;H ad Ui*uri!,a
G13051L5H> T+e "ordial rela,io! 0e,wee ,+e!e ,wo 0ro,+er! e!ured )ea"e i 'e,ral 9!ia>
MTra.eler! "ould @oure& from Der*aa ,o :ami ad i,o '+ia i )erfe", !afe,&>M
50

T+e Tarikh%i -ashidi of 8u+ammad :aidar II G:aidar1mir;aH$ ,+e +eir of ,+e (u*+la, famil&$
0ear! wi,e!! ,o ,+e rela,i.el& ad.a"ed "ul,ure of ,+e de!"eda,! of %a*a,ai ad of ,+e +ou!e of
(u*+la, a, ,+a, ,ime> I, +a! 0ee o,ed ,+a, duri* +i! !,a& amo* ,+e %a*a,ai,e!$ <+a Yuu!
G1L36126H$ w+o +ad ideed !)e, )ar, of +i! &ou,+ i S+ira;$ a"?uired ,+e maer! ad ele*a"e
of a Per!ia> Similarl&$ :aidar1mir;a G1L99 or 13001 1331H eAem)lifie! a )ri"e of 8o*ol
ori*i "om)le,el& ,ra!formed 0& +i! milieu>
51
(id +e #ow 8o*oliaF No,+i* i! le!! "er,ai$
a! Elia! )oi,! ou,$ for ,o !o !i"ere a 8u!lim a! +e wa!$ +i! a"e!,ral ,o*ue mu!, +a.e !eemed
o more ,+a a la*ua*e of M)a*a!>M I fa",$ +e !)o#e %a*a,ai Tur#i!+$ a! +i! famil& +ad lo*
doe> Ye, i, wa! i Per!ia ,+a, +e wro,e +i! +i!,or& of ,+e 8o*ol! of 'e,ral 9!ia$ #ow 0&
,+e ,i,le of Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/
VW
w+ile +i! ei*+0or ad fried ,+e Timurid Ba0er$ w+o li#e +im!elf
wa! ,+e au,+or of !ome immor,al memoir!$ remaied fai,+ful ,o ,+e %a*a,ai Tur#i!+ diale",> T+e
eAi!,e"e of !u"+ "ul,ured me a! ,+e!e !+ow! ,+a,$ i ,+e fir!, +alf of ,+e !iA,ee,+ "e,ur&$
ea!,er Tur#e!,a=,+e former #+aa,e of ea!,er %a*a,ai=w+ere SL97T ,oda& "ul,ure +a! !u#
,o a de)lora0l& low le.el$ wa! a flouri!+i* i,elle",ual "e,er> T+ou*+ i, la"#ed ,+e *lorie! of ,+e
old li,erar& +ear, of Tra!oAiaa=!i"e ei,+er <a!+*ar$ 9#!u$ or Turfa "ould ri.al Bu#+ara
ad Samar#ad=,+e iflue"e of Samar#ad ad Bu#+ara wa! !,ro* eou*+ e.e ,+ere ,o
illumia,e ,+e w+ole "ou,r& duri* ,+e Tur#o1Per!ia reai!!a"e$ w+i"+ mu!, e.er 0e
a!!o"ia,ed wi,+ ,+e Timurid!> :aidar1mir;aC! "lo!e fried!+i) wi,+ ,+e *rea, Ba0er$ w+o 0efore
foudi* ,+e em)ire of Idia wa! ,+e la!, Timurid #i* of Der*aa$ !+ow! +ow ,+e #+a! of ,+e
+ou!e af %a*a,ai ad all ,+e (u*+la, emir! modeled ,+em!el.e! u)o ,+e We!,> Be,wee Ba0erC!
Irai;ed Samar#ad ad w+a, i! ,oda& '+ie!e Tur#e!,a$ rela,io! were u0ro#e ad
eA"+a*e! "o!,a,> T+u!$ w+ile Ba0er ,+e Tra!oAiaa wro,e i %a*a,ai Tur#i!+$ :aidar1mir;a$
emir of 8o*+oli!,a$ wro,e i Per!ia> T+e %a*a,ai,e SaCid1#+a$ :aidar1mir;aC! !u;erai$ !)o#e
Per!ia a! 0eau,ifull& a! +e !)o#e Tur#i!+>
I, would 0e wro*$ ,+erefore$ ,o ,+i# of ,+e em)ire of ,+e la!, #+a! of %a*a,ai i ,+e !iA,ee,+
"e,ur& a! a "ou,r& i de"lie> T+e eAi!,e"e of !u"+ "ul,i.a,ed idi.idual! a! <+a Yuu! ad
:aidar1mir;a i! e.ide"e ,o ,+e "o,rar&> T+i! lad$ i w+i"+ ,+e '+ie!e +a.e !,ifled a,ioal
"+ara",eri!,i"! ad ?uali,ie!$ w+i"+ ,+e& +a.e @ealou!l& "lo!ed=,+i! lad wa! ,+e refre!+ed ad
eli.eed 0& e.er& "ul,ural 0ree;e from Irao1Tur#i" I!lam> T+e "areer of <+a Yuu! )ro.e! i,>
T+i! )u)il of ,+e li,era,i of S+ira; la,er rei*ed o.er <u"+a ad Turfa> :aidar1mir;a$ a )ri"e of
,+e Reai!!a"e$ fou*+, wi,+ Ba0er i Tra!oAiaa ad +el)ed ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e SaCid1#+a ,o
re"o.er <a!+*ar ad Yar#ad 0efore *oi* o i 13L1 ,o "o?uer <a!+mir for +im!elf> (e!)i,e
,+e i.e,era,e omadi!m of ,+e Yuldu; ad Ui*uri!,a ,ri0e!$ w+i"+ *a.e !u"+ ,rou0le ,o ,+e la!,
de!"eda,! of %a*a,ai$ ,+e fial re!ul, of %a*a,ai,e domia,io wa! ,o li# o, ol& <a!+*aria 0u,
,+e a"ie, Ui*ur "ou,r& of <u"+a$ <ara S+a+r$ ad Turfa wi,+ ,+e Per!ia ad Irai;ed Tur#i"
"i.ili;a,io of Samar#ad ad :era,>
THE /AST 4A,ATAITES
T+e %a*a,ai #+a! ,ried ,o 0ri* ,+i! 8u!lim Tur#o1Iraia "ul,ure of ,+e Timurid reai!!a"e ,o
,+e Dar Ea!,$ ,o ,+e .er& SL92T fro,ier! of 8i* '+ia> T+e 2ing%shih$ "orro0ora,ed 0& ,+e
Ta'rikh%i -ashidi$ !+ow! <+a 8a!ur wa*i* war o '+ia$ ad ,+e !e"od of ,+e!e !our"e!
re)re!e,! ,+i! "ofli", a! a :ol& War a*ai!, ,+e M)a*a!>M
55
T+e !,a#e wa! !,ill ,+e :ami oa!i!>
I 1315$ ,+e lo"al )ri"e of :ami$ "alled i '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io Pa1&a1,!i$ made !u0mi!!io ,o
8a!ur> I 1317$ 8a!ur !e,,led i :ami ad from ,+ere lau"+ed raid! i,o '+ia )ro)er$ i ,+e
dire",io of Tu+wa*$ Su"+ow$ ad <a"+ow i <a!u> 8eaw+ile$ +i! 0ro,+er SaCid1#+a$
ruler of <a!+*aria$ "arried ,+e :ol& War i,o ,+e Ti0e,a )ro.i"e of /ada#+$ w+ere i 1351 ,+e
+i!,oria :aidar1mir;a wa! i "ommad of +i! ,roo)!>
5L

8a!ur wa! !u""eeded i ,+e #+aa,e of Ui*uri!,a or Turfa 0& +i! !o S+a+1#+a$ w+o rei*ed
from 13L3 u,il a0ou, 1370> 9""ordi* ,o ,+e 2ing%shih G,+e Ta'rikh%i -ashidi ed! a, ,+i!
rei*H$
53
S+a+1#+a +ad ,o fi*+, +i! ow 0ro,+er 8u+ammad G8a1+ei1maH$ w+o !ei;ed )ar, of ,+e
:ami "ou,r& ad o0,aied ,+e aid of ,+e Oira, or <almu"#!> 9, S+a+1#+aC! dea,+$ a0ou, 1370$
8u+ammad 0e"ame ruler of Turfa$ 0u, +ad ,o defed +im!elf i +i! ,ur a*ai!, a ,+ird 0ro,+er
amed Sufi1!ul,a GSofei Su1,aH$ w+o 0& mea! of a em0a!!& a,,em),ed ,o wi ,+e !u))or, of
'+ia> 9f,er +i! da&$ ,+e ,eA,! are !ile, o ,+e !u0@e", of ,+e %a*a,ai,e #0aa,e of Turfa> I, i!
#ow$ +owe.er$ ,+a, a !ul,a of Turfa w+om ,+e '+ie!e re*arded a! a *euie %a*a,ai,e !e,
a em0a!!& ,o ,+e "our, of Pe#i* i 16L7$ ad a !e"od oe i 1637>
56

I ,+e %a*a,ai,e #+aa,e of <a!+*aria$ SaCid1#+a +ad 0ee !u""eeded 0& +i! !o C90d ar1Ra!+id
G1355163H> T+e ew ruler )rom),l& ?uarreled wi,+ ,+e )owerful (u*0la, famil& ad 0ad oe of
i,! leader!$ Sa&&id 8u+ammad1mir;a$ ,+e u"le of ,+e +i!,oria :aidar1mir;a$ )u, ,o dea,+>
57
:aidar1mir;a +im!elf$ w+o +ad !er.ed SaCid1#+a fai,+full& ad "o?uered /ada#+ for +im$
feared a !imilar fa,e ad lef, for Idia$ w+ere i 13L1 +e 0e"ame ruler of <a!+mir> 9""ordi* ,o
,+e Sabdat at%Tavarikh$ Ra!+idC! rei* wa! !)e, i "ur0i* ,+e <ir*+i;1<a;a#+! of ,+e Grea,
:orde$ w+o made i"ur!io! i,o ,+e Ili ad I!!&# <ul re*io> T+e 0ra.e C90d al1/a,if$ Ra!+idC!
elde!, !o$ wa! #illed duri* a 0a,,le a*ai!, Na;ar ,+e <ir*+i; #+a>
52
No,wi,+!,adi* all +i!
effor,!$ Ra!+id wa! ua0le ,o )re.e, ,+e <ir*+i;1<a;a#+! from !ei;i* ,+e *rea,er )ar, of
8o*+oli!,a )ro)er=,+a, i!$ ,+e Ili SL99T ad <u*ei re*io=!o ,+a, +i! )o!!e!!io! were
redu"ed ,o <a!+*aria aloe> T+i! emer*e! "learl& i a !omew+a, em0arra!!ed )a!!a*e i :aidar1
mir;a>
59

Ra!+id$ w+o li.ed u,il 1363$ wa! !u""eeded a! #+a of <a!+*aria 0& oe of +i! !o!$ C90d al1
<arim$ w+o wa! !,ill rei*i* i 1395$ w+e 9+med Ra;i wro,e>
L0
I, !eem! ,+a, a, ,+i! ,ime ,+e
M"a)i,alM of <a!+*aria=,+e #+aC! u!ual +ead?uar,er!=wa! Yar#ad> <a!+*ar wa! ,+e a))aa*e
of oe of C 90d al1<arimC! 0ro,+er!$ amed 8u+ammad> I, wa! a))are,l& ,+i! 8u+ammad w+o
+ad !u""eeded C 90d al1<arim a, Yar#ad w+e ,+e Por,u*ue!e %e!ui, Beedi", de GoiW! )a!!ed
,+rou*+ ,+e "ou,r& a, ,+e ed of 1605> 9#!u wa! ,+e *o.ered 0& 8u+ammadC! e)+ew$ ad
%ali!+ G<ara S+a+r$ or GoW!C M'iali!MH 0& +i! 0a!,ard> T+e !our"e! ,ell o,+i* more of ,+i!
d&a!,&> Elia! 0elie.e! ,+a, oe mem0er of i, ma& +a.e 0ee a "er,ai I!maCil1#+a w+o li.ed i
,+e ,+ird ?uar,er of ,+e !e.e,ee,+ "e,ur&>
L1
Bu, 0& ,+a, ,ime ,+e %a*a,ai,e #+aa,e of <a!+*aria
mu!, +a.e 0ee )ar"eled ou, i,o ,+e !u0#+aa,e! of Yar#ad$ <a!+*ar$ 9#!u$ ad <+o,a$ ad
effe",i.e "o,rol would +a.e )a!!ed i,o ,+e +ad! of ,+e #+o@a!>
THE 2HO4AS OF (ASH,ARIA
T+e #+o@a!$ a! ,+a, ,erm wa! uder!,ood i Tra!oAiaa ad <a!+*aria$ were de.ou, 8u!lim!
w+o "laimed de!"e, from ,+e )ro)+e, 8u+ammad or from ,+e fir!, four 9ra0 "ali)+!> I ,+e
Bu#+ara ad <a!+*ar re*io!$ ,+ere were ma& !u"+ familie!> T+e Ta'rikh%i -ashidi ,ell! +ow
!,ro*l& ,+e!e !ai,l& )er!o! iflue"ed <+a SaCid G131L155H> So de.ou, wa! ,+i! #+a ,+a, +e
wa,ed ,o 0e"ome a der.i!+$ ad ol& ,+e o))or,ue arri.al a, <a!+*ar of ,+e #+o@a 8u+ammad
Yu!uf from Samar#ad )re.e,ed +im> 8u+ammad Yu!uf "o.i"ed +im ,+a, i, wa! )o!!i0le ,o
wi !al.a,io w+ile !,ill li.i* i ,+e world>
L7
<+a SaCid wel"omed ao,+er #+o@a wi,+ o le!!
.eera,io4 oe :a;ra, 8a#+dumi Nura$ w+o wa! +i*+l& re)u,ed 0o,+ a! a mira"le wor#er ad
a! a ,ea"+er> T+e Ta'rikh%i -ashidi me,io! +i! a)o!,ola,e i <a!+*aria aroud 1350 ad +i!
de)ar,ure for Idia i 1356>
L5
I 1355$ a""ordi* ,o lo"al ,radi,io$ a emie, #+o@a from
Samar#ad$ w+o +ad "ome ,o <a!+*ar ,o ,a#e )ar, i e*o,ia,io! 0e,wee ,+e #+a ad ,+e
U;0e#!$ M!e,,led i ,+e "ou,r&$ ad 0& ,wo wi.e!$ oe from Samar#ad$ ,+e o,+er from S300T
<a!+*ar$ +ad ,wo !o!> T+e!e !o! +aded dow ,+eir mu,ual +a,red ,o ,+eir "+ildre$ ad
<a!+*aria wa! ,or 0e,wee ,wo fa",io!$ ,+e 9?,a*+li# GM)eo)le of ,+e W+i,e 8ou,aiMH$ w+o
ruled i <a!+*ar$ ad ,+e \ara,a*+fi# GM)eo)le of ,+e Bla"# 8ou,aiMH$ w+o ruled i
Yar#ad>M
LL

W+a,e.er ma& +a.e 0ee ,+e ,rue ori*i of ,+i! di.i!io$ from ,+e ed of ,+e !iA,ee,+ "e,ur&
ad for ,+ree ?uar,er! of ,+e !e.e,ee,+ ,+e ,wo fa",io!=di.ided 0& reli*iou! di!)u,e! a! well
a! )er!oal ri.alrie!=!+ared effe",i.e )ower i <a!+*aria> T+e 9?,a*+li# foud !u))or, amo*
,+e <ir*+i;1<a;a#+! of ,+e Ili$ ,+e \ara,a*+li# amo* ,+e <ara1<ir*+i; of ,+e !ou,+er TCie
S+a> T+e ,em)oral #+aa,e of ,+e %a*a,ai famil& "ame *raduall& uder ,+e "o,rol of ,+e!e ,wo
*rou)! of M8u!lim "ler*&M u,il i a0ou, 1672 I!maCil$ ,+e la!, #+a of <a!+*ar$ ,oo# a",io
a*ai!, ,+em> :e dro.e ou, ,+e leader of ,+e 9?,a*+li# )ar,&$ ,+e #+o@a :a;ra, 9)a# or :a;ra,
9fa#> :a;ra, 9)a# !ou*+, +el) from ,+e %u*ar! or we!,er 8o*ol! G<almu"#!H$ w+o e,ered
<a!+*ar$ ,oo# I!maCil )ri!oer$ ad a))oi,ed :a;ra, 9)a# i +i! )la"e> %u*ar +el) al!o ea0led
:a;ra, 9)a# ,o ,rium)+ o.er ,+e ri.al fa",io$ ,+e \ara,a*+li#! of Yar#ad$ ad ,o ma#e ,+a, "i,&
+i! "a)i,al> <a!+*aria wa! ,+u! reui,ed$ 0u, uder a M8u!lim ,+eo"ra"&M ad a! a )ro,e",ora,e of
,+e ew 8o*ol em)ire of ,+e %u*ar!>
L3

S301T
C: The /ast E"pires of Mon'olia fro" the Fifteenth to the Ei'hteenth Century
A1ARCH( I1 MO1,O/IA AFTER CJ8;
T+e em)ire fouded i '+ia 0& ,+e 8o*ol *rad #+a <u0lai +ad 0ee o.er,+row i 1562 0&
,+e '+ie!e re.ol,> (ri.e from Pe#i* 0& ,+e '+ie!e$ <u0laiC! de!"eda, To*+a TemIr died
a, Yi*"+a* or <ailu$ o ,+e S+ara 8ure$ o 8a& 75$ 1570$ 0ewaili* ,+e ma*i,ude of ,+e
di!a!,er> T+e '+ie!e d&a!,& of ,+e 8i* G1562116LLH$ +a.i* ,+ru!, ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e! ou,
of i,! a,ioal ,erri,or&$ wa! o, !low i )ur!ui* ,+em i,o 8o*ol "ou,r&>
I <ara#orum$ To*+a TemIrC! !o$ Pri"e 9&ur!+irid+ara$ o leari* of +i! fa,+erC! dea,+$
a!!umed ,+e ,i,le of *rad #+a ad rei*ed ,+ere from 1570 ,o 1572 i ,+e .ai +o)e of oe da&
re"o.eri* ,+e ,+roe of '+ia> So far from a"+ie.i* ,+i!$ +e +ad ,o fa"e a a,,a"# 0& ,+e
'+ie!e$ w+o )ee,ra,ed far i,o 8o*olia> I 1577$ ,+eir 0e!, *eeral :!I Ta ad.a"ed ,oward
<ara#orum$ 0u, wa! +al,ed o ,+e Tula> 9, 9&ur!+irid+araC! dea,+$ +i! !o To?u; TemIr
!u""eeded +im a, <ara#orum G15721 22H$ "a)i,al of a 8o*ol Em)ire ,+a, wa! ow redu"ed ,o i,!
ori*ial ,erri,or&> I 1522$ a '+ie!e arm& of 100$000 me a*ai e,ered 8o*olia ad defa,ed
To?u; TemIrC! ,roo)! i a *rea, 0a,,le !ou,+ of ,+e Bor Nor$ 0e,wee ,+e <+al#a ad ,+e <erule>
S307T 9f,er ,+i! di!a!,er$ To?u; wa! a!!a!!ia,ed 0& oe of +i! #i!me>
9! a re!ul, of ,+i! re)ea,ed lo!! of fa"e$ ,+e +ou!e of <u0lai fell i,o !u"+ di!"redi, ,+a, mo!, of
,+e 8o*ol ,ri0e! re"laimed ,+eir au,oom&> U*e"+i or R#K"+i$ ,+e )ri"i)al ,ri0al "+ief ,o re0el
a*ai!, ,+e falle <u0laid!$ wa!$ a""ordi* ,o Saa* Se"+e$ ,+e )ri"e of ,+e <er*Id=i>e>$ i
8o*olia$ of ,+e <ir*+i;=a )eo)le dwelli* a, ,+a, ,ime alo* ,+e u))er Yei!ei a! far a! /a#e
<o!o*ol>
1
U*e"+i re)udia,ed ,+e !u;erai,& of ,+e <u0laid *rad #+a El0e#$ defea,ed ad #illed
+im i 1599$ ad u!ur)ed ,+e +e*emo& of ,+e ,ri0e!>
Yu* /o$ em)eror of '+ia$ ,+e ,+ird ad mo!, remar#a0le of ,+e 8i* !o.erei*!$ wa! a,urall&
deli*+,ed 0& ,+i! u!ur)a,io$ w+i"+ added ,o 8o*ol di!!e!io ad$ 0& o.er,+rowi* ,+e +ou!e
of <u0lai i 8o*olia$ relie.ed ,+e '+ie!e of ,+e i*+,mare of a %e*+i;1<+ai,e re.e*e> :e
,+erefore re"o*i;ed U*e"+i> 9""ordi* ,o ,+e 2ing%shih$ +owe.er$ U*e"+i wa! ,+e 0ea,e 0&
,wo "+ief! of re0el ,ri0e!4 9ru?,ai Gi '+ie!e$ 91lu,CaiH$ "+ief of ,+e 9!od$ ad 8a+amu$ "+ief of
,+e Oira,>
7
9!od i! ,+e 8o*ol ame of ,+e 9la! or 9!> T+e!e )eo)le$ w+o were of Iraia ra"e
Gmore )re"i!el& S"&,+o1Sarma,iaH ad w+o ori*ia,ed i ,+e 'au"a!u! G<u0a ad Tere#H$ +ad
i ,+e ,+ir,ee,+ "e,ur& "o,ri0u,ed lar*e "o,i*e,! ,o ,+e 8o*ol arm& of '+ia> 8o*ol
re*ime,! made u) of 9la! +ad 0ee "u, ,o )ie"e! 0& ,+e '+ie!e a, '+e"+ow i 1773 ad
o,+er *rou)! of 9la! i ,+e !er.i"e of <u0laiC! +ou!e +ad !e, a le,,er ,o ,+e Po)e from Pe#i* i
1556>
5
T+e 9!od of 1L00 o dou0, re)re!e,ed oe of ,+e 9la "la! ,+a, +ad followed ,+e
<u0laid! o ,+eir re,rea, from '+ia ,o 8o*olia$ ad w+o$ 0e"omi* a!!imila,ed wi,+ ,+e
8o*ol!$ +ad remaied ,o !+are ,+eir for,ue!> T+e Oira, or Oirad$ i, will 0e remem0ered$ wa! a
)owerful ,ri0e of fore!, 8o*ol!$ e!,a0li!+ed duri* ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e )eriod o ,+e we!,er
!+ore of /a#e Bai#al> Drom ,+e !e.e,ee,+ "e,ur& oward$ ,+e Oira, !eem ,o +a.e "o!i!,ed of
four !u0,ri0e!4 ,+e '+oro!$ ,+e Tur0e, G(Jr0Jd$ (Jr0J,H$ ,+e <+o!+o,$ ad ,+e TJr*+I, or
Tor*+u,> T+e ro&al famil&=a, lea!, a, ,+i! ,ime=0elo*ed ,o ,+e '+oro! "la>
To em)+a!i;e ,+eir "om)le,e ide)ede"e of o,+er 8o*ol )re,eder!$ 9ru?,ai ad 8a+amu
made a )oi, of rederi* +oma*e dire",l& ,o ,+e "our, of Pe#i*$ a formal *e!,ure de!i*ed 0o,+
,o )ro"laim ,+eir ow !o.erei*,& ad ,o wi ,+e fa.or of S305T ,+e 8i*> I, a))ear! ,+a, ,+e
Oira, ,oo# ad.a,a*e of ,+e !i,ua,io ,o eA,ed ,+eir +e*emo& o.er ,+e w+ole of we!,er
8o*olia$ from ,+e we!,er !+ore of /a#e Bai#al ,o ,+e u))er Ir,&!+$ wi,+ ,+e i,e,io of
eA)adi* &e, far,+er ,o ,+e !ou,+we!,$ i ,+e dire",io of ,+e Ili Ga! ,+e Ta'rikh%i -ashidi will
!oo !+owH> Bu, "e,ral ad ea!,er 8o*olia wa! ,o remai i a !,a,e of "ofu!io$ for$ wi,+
9ru?,ai ad 8a+amu$ U*e"+iC! !o E!!e#I i! !aid 0& Saa* Se"+e ,o +a.e )er!i!,ed i +i!
"laim ,o ,+e !u)reme #+aa,e u,il +i! dea,+ i 1L73>
I 1L051L$ +owe.er$ a %e*+i;1<+ai,e re!,ora,io o""urred i ,+e )er!o of a !o of El0e#$
w+om ,+e 8o*ol +i!,oria Saa* Se"+e ame! Ol@Ki TemIr ad w+om ,+e 2ing%shih refer!
,o ol& 0& ,+e Sa!#ri, Budd+i!, de!i*a,io of Pu&a!ri Gi '+ie!e$ ,en%ya%sh%liH>
L
9ru?,ai
!oo rallied ,o ,+e !ide of ,+i! re)re!e,a,i.e of le*i,ima"&> T+e "our, of Pe#i* wa!
uder!,ada0l& )er,ur0ed 0& ,+e rea))eara"e i '+ia of <u0laiC! famil&$ ad Em)eror Yu* /o
,ried ,o eAa", a *e!,ure of .a!!ala*e from Ol@Ki TemIr> O 0ei* me, wi,+ refu!al$ +e e,ered
8o*olia$ ad.a"ed a! far a! ,+e u))er Oo ad %e*+i; <+aC! a,i.e )lai!$ ad rou,ed Ol@Ki
TemIrC! ad 9ru?,aiC! for"e! G1L10111H> T+i! defea, wa! fa,al ,o Ol@Ki TemIr$ for i, de)ri.ed +im
of )re!,i*e> T+e Oira, "+ief 8a+amu a,,a"#ed +im$ "ru!+ed +im$ ad !ei;ed ,+e +e*emo& G"a>
1L17H>
U) ,o ,+i! ,ime$ 8a+amu +ad mai,aied *ood rela,io! wi,+ Em)eror Yu* /o$ 0e"au!e for ,+e
Oira,! or we!,er 8o*ol! i, wa! a,ural ,o !ee# ,+e !u))or, of ,+e "our, of '+ia a*ai!, ,+e
<u0laid! ad o,+er 8o*ol "+ief! of ,+e ea!,> Bu, a! !oo a! +e 0e"ame )owerful eou*+$ ad
0elie.ed +im!elf a0le ,o im)o!e +i! +e*emo& u)o all ,+e ,ri0e! ad )ri"el& familie! of
8o*olia$ ,+e Oira, "+ief did o, +e!i,a,e ,o 0rea# wi,+ ,+e 8i* ruler> Yu* /o mar"+ed a*ai!,
+im a"ro!! ,+e Go0i$ 0u, 8a0amu ifli",ed !eriou! lo!!e! o ,+e '+ie!e arm& ad ,+e !li))ed
awa& ou, of rea"+ 0e&od ,+e Tula G1L1L$ 1L13H> T+e!e omad!$ w+o u,il of la,e +ad 0ee
!la"#eed ad !of,eed 0& ,+e ea!e of '+ie!e life$ re*aied ,+eir a*e1old ,ou*+e!! wi,+ ,+eir
re,ur ,o ,+eir a,i.e !,e))e!> 8oreo.er$ ,+e!e were Oira,$ ,+a, i!$ we!,er ,ri0e! from ,+e fore!,>
:a.i* "ome le!! i,o "o,a", wi,+ ,+e frui,! of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e "o?ue!, ,+a ,+e omad! of
,+e Or#+o ad ,+e <erule$ ,+e& o dou0, re,aied more of ,+eir a,i.e .i*or> Ne.er,+ele!!$
8a+amuC! )re!,i*e mu!, +a.e !uffered S30LT ,em)oraril& 0& ,+e '+ie!e i.a!io$ 0e"au!e +e
,oo +ad failed ,o #ee) ,+e 8i* armie! ou, of ,+e 8o*ol )lai!>
9""ordi* ,o ,+e 2ing%shih$ 9ru?,ai ,+e rea))eared o ,+e !"ee ad rei!,a,ed Pe1&a1!+J1li$
,+a, i!$ Ol@Ki TemIr$ a! *rad #+a G"a> 1L77H> :e de.a!,a,ed ,+e 0order! of <a!u a! far a!
Ni*!ia ad ,+e$ w+e Yu* /o "ame +urr&i* ,o "+a!,i!e +im$ re,rea,ed or,+ward a"ro!! ,+e
Go0i$ eludi* "a),ure> S+or,l& af,erward$ ,+e 2ing%shih "o,iue!$ +e )u, Ol@Ki TemIr ,o dea,+
ad )ro"laimed +im!elf *rad #+a> Em)eror Yu* /o more ,+a o"e "am)ai*ed a*ai!, +im
G1L7L$ 1L73H$ 0u, wi,+ou, !u""e!!$ de!)i,e a for,ua,e di.er!io$ w+e ,+e Oira, "+ief To*+o
TemIr$ 8a+amuC! !o ad !u""e!!or$ re0elled a*ai!, 9ru?,aiC! +e*emo& ad defea,ed +im>
T+i! i! ,+e a""ou, of ,+e '+ie!e +i!,or& 2ing%shih> I, i! ,o 0e feared$ +owe.er$ ,+a, uder ,+e
ame of 91lu1,ai ,+e wri,er "ofu!e! ,wo idi.idual! w+om ,+e 8o*ol +i!,oria Saa* Se"+e
.er& "learl& di!,i*ui!+e!4 amel&$ ,+e 9!od "+ief 9ru?,ai$ w+o!e a",i.i,& +a! @u!, 0ee followed
a! far a! 1L1L Gu) ,o ,+i! )oi,$ ,+e ,wo !our"e! more or le!! a*reeH$ ad ao,+er )ri"e amed
9dai$ w+o i Saa* Se"+eC! wor# a))ear! a! ,+e leader of ,+e <+or"+i! or \or"+i!>
3
T+e
<+or"+i! were a ,ri0e of ea!,er 8o*ol! e!,a0li!+ed ea!, of ,+e <+i*a$ i ,+e ei*+0or+ood
of ,+e Ri.er Noi o ,+e 8a"+uria 0order> T+eir "+ief! were de!"eda,! of ei,+er Temu*e
O"+i*i or \a!ar$ 0o,+ 0ro,+er! of %e*+i; <+a> 9""ordi* ,o Saa* Se"+e$ i 1L73 ,+e
#+aa,e wa! o""u)ied=a, a& ra,e i ,+e ea!,=0& ,+e <+or"+i "+ief 9dai$ !u))or,ed 0&
9ru?,ai="lear )roof ,+a, ,wo me are +ere i.ol.ed$ ad o, oe a! ,+e 2ing%shih im)lie!> 9dai
ad +i! .a!!al 9ru?,ai ,o*e,+er wa*ed war a*ai!, ,+e Oira, ad a*ai!, '+ia$ w+ile$ 0& ,+e
u!ual !wi* of ,+e )edulum$ ,+e Oira, were o"e more ma#i* ad.a"e! ,o Em)eror Yu* /o>
(uri* +i! la!, "am)ai*! i 8o*olia a*ai!, 9dai G1L77173H$ Yu* /o !u))or,ed ,+i! Oira,
di!!ide"e a*ai!, ,+e le*i,imi!, #+aa,e of ,+e Bor@i*i!>
THE FIRST3 OIRAT EMPIRE6 TO,HO1 A1- ESE1%TAI4I
T+e )oli"& )ur!ued 0& ,+e *rea, 8i* em)eror=,o +el) ,+e &ou* ad *rowi* Oira, )ower i
order ,o 0ri* dow ,+e +ou!e of <u0lai=,rium)+ed ol& af,er +i! dea,+> Be,wee 1L5L ad
1L52$ S303T ,+e Oira, "+ief To*+a or To*+o$ 8a+amuC! !o ad !u""e!!or$ #illed 9dai> So
Saa* Se"+e rela,e!E ,+e 2ing%shih !,a,e! ,+a, +e #illed 91lu1,Cai> I a& e.e,$ +e )o!!e!!ed
+im!elf of ,+e +e*emo& of ,+e 8o*ol ,ri0e!> 9d;ai$ a <u0laid )ri"e$ El0e#C! !o ad Ol@Ki
TemIrC! 0ro,+er$ wa! ,+e )ro"laimed *rad #+a 0& ,+e le*i,imi!,! G1L5L or 1L59H> I fa",$ ,+e
em)ire of 8o*olia +ad )a!!ed ,o ,+e Oira,>
T+e "our, of '+ia mu!, "er,ail& +a.e "o*ra,ula,ed i,!elf u)o ,+i! re.olu,io$ w+i"+ 0rou*+,
low ,+e !,ill1dreaded %e*+i;1 <+ai,e famil& ad ,+e ea!,er 8o*ol!=Mmore da*erou!
0e"au!e earerM=,o ,+e ad.a,a*e of ,+e we!,er 8o*ol!$ w+o$ 0ei* more remo,e$ !eemed
le!! ,o 0e feared> T+e %e*+i;1 <+ai,e i*+,mare wa! 0ei* di!)elled> T+e ew lord! of ,+e
!,e))e were a )eo)le wi,+ou, a& famou! )a!, w+o i %e*+i;1 <+ai,e +i!,or& 0ad )la&ed a
o0!"ure ad u!u* role> %u!, i ,+i! wa& +ad ,+e '+ie!e of ,+e ,welf,+ "e,ur& fooli!+l&
re@oi"ed ,o !ee ,+e <+i,a re)la"ed 0& ,+e %Ir"+id!> Bu, i fa", ,+e we!,er 8o*ol!=,+e Oira,
GOiradH or 'ofedera,e!$ a! ,+e& "alled ,+em!el.e!$ ,+e <almu"#!$ a! ,+eir Tur#i" ei*+0or! of
<a!+*aria ,ermed ,+em=+ad o o,+er am0i,io ,+a ,o "arr& o ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e ,radi,io
ad ,o re!,ore ,o ,+eir ow ad.a,a*e ,+e *rea, 8o*ol Em)ire ,+a, ,+e de*eera,e <u0laid! +ad
!o fooli!+l& allowed ,o !li) ,+rou*+ ,+eir fi*er!>
6

Oira, eA)a!io 0e*a i ,+e !ou,+we!,$ a, ,+e eA)e!e of ,+e %a*a,ai,e! of M8o*+oli!,aM or
%e*+i;1<+ai,e #+a! w+o rei*ed o.er ,+e Ili ad ,+e Yuldu; ad o.er ,+e re*io of <u"0a ad
Turfa> T+e Oira, "+ief To*+o a,,a"#ed ,+e %a*a,ai,e <+a Vai! Gw+o rei*ed 0e,wee 1L12 ad
1L72H> I ,+i! "ofli",$ ,+e 0a,,lefield of w+i"+ !+if,ed a""ordi* ,o Oira, i"ur!io! from ,+e Ili
0a!i ,o ,+e )ro.i"e of Turfa$ ,+e Oira, +ad ,+e u))er +ad ,+rou*+ou,> To*+oC! !o E!e1,ai@i
,oo# Vai! )ri!oer ad$ a! ,+e Ta'rikh%i -ashidi ,ell!$ ,rea,ed +im wi,+ *rea, "o!idera,io
0e"au!e of +i! %e*+i;1<+ai,e 0lood> I ao,+er 0a,,le fou*+, ear Turfa$ Vai! wa! a*ai
"a),ured 0& E!e> T+i! ,ime$ i re,ur for ,+e relea!e of +i! )ri!oer$ E!e demaded ,+a, Vai!C!
!i!,er$ Pri"e!! 8a#+,um #+aim$ !+ould 0e"ome a mem0er of +i! famil&> I, i! "lear ,+a, ,+e
Oira, +ou!e$ w+i"+ wa! o, of %e*+i;1<+ai,e 0lood$ !e, *rea, !,ore 0& !u"+ a allia"e>
W+e E!e1,ai@i=,+e Ye1+!ie of ,+e '+ie!e +i!,oria!=!u""eeded +i! fa,+er To*+o$ ,+e
Oira, or <almu"# realm wa! S306T a,,aii* ,+e +ei*+, of i,! )ower G1L59133H> I, ow !,re,"+ed
from /a#e Bal#+a!+ ,o /a#e Bai#al$ ad from Bai#al ,o ,+e a))roa"+e! of ,+e Grea, Wall>
<ara#orum$ ,+e former 8o*ol "a)i,al$ wa! oe of i,! )o!!e!!io!> E!e al!o !ei;ed ,+e :ami
oa!i! ad$ i 1LL3$ ,+e '+ie!e )ro.i"e of Wu1lia*1+a$ w+i"+ "orre!)od! ,o la,er %e+ol> Di.e
&ear! la,er$ +e re?ue!,ed ,+e +ad of a '+ie!e )ri"e!!$ @u!, a! earlier +e +ad !ou*+, ,+a, of a
%a*a,ai,e> T+e "our, of Pe#i* )romi!ed ,+i!$ 0u, failed ,o #ee) ,+e )romi!e> E!e ,+e ra.a*ed
,+e '+ie!e 0order ear Ta,u*$ or,+ of S+a!i$ ad ,+e 8i* em)eror Yi*1,!u* ad +i!
mii!,er ,+e euu"+ Wa* '+a mar"+ed ,o mee, +im> T+e "la!+ o""urred a, TCu1mu$ ear
SIa+wa i or,+we!, :o)ei Gow '+a+arH> E!e ifli",ed a di!a!,rou! defea, u)o ,+em$ #illed
more ,+a 100$000 of ,+eir me$ ad ,oo# Em)eror Yi*1,!u* )ri!oer G1LL9H> Ye,$ +a.i* o
a),i,ude for !ie*e warfare$ +e wa! ua0le ,o redu"e ei,+er Ta,u* or SIa+wa$ ,+e for,ified ,ow!
of ,+e re*io$ ad re,ured ,o 8o*olia wi,+ +i! im)erial )ri!oer>
7
T+ree mo,+! la,er +e "ame
0a"#$ ad.a"ed a! far a! Pe#i*$ ad "am)ed o ,+e or,+we!,er ou,!#ir,! of ,+e *rea, "i,&E 0u,
all +i! a!!aul,! were re)ul!ed ad +e !oo ra !+or, of fora*e> Reifor"eme,! for ,+e '+ie!e
arri.ed from /iao,u*> 9! E!e +ad failed i +i! mai a,,a"# ad wa! ow ,+rea,eed 0& !u)erior
for"e! af,er a !e,0a"# i a im)or,a, a",io$ +e re,rea,ed +urriedl& 0& wa& of ,+e <iu1&u*1#ua
GNa#owH Pa!!> Soo af,erward +e de"ided ,o relea!e Em)eror Yi*1,!u* G1L30H ad i 1L35 +e
made )ea"e wi,+ '+ia>
T+e 2ing%shih fur,+er arra,e! ,+a, E!e +ad re"o*i;ed a! *rad #+a a %e*+i;1<+ai,e
fi*ure+ead amed To?,oa10u?a$ w+o +ad married +i! !i!,er$ ad ,+a, +e wa,ed ,+e !o of ,+i!
uio ,o 0e re"o*i;ed a! ,+e le*i,ima,e %e*+i;1#+ai,e +eir> To?,oa10u?a refu!ed$ ad E!e
#illed +im> :e ,+e Gi 1L35H de"lared +im!elf ,+e .a!!al of '+ia$ a mo.e w+i"+ )la"ed +im i
,+e li*+, of ide)ede, #+a wi,+ou, ,+e fi",io of %e*+i;1 <+ai,e !u;erai,&> :e i +i! ,ur
wa! a!!a!!ia,ed i 1L33>
9""ordi* ,o ,+e Ta%rikh%i -ashidi$ E!e wa! !u""eeded a, ,+e +ead of ,+e Oira, or <almu"#
realm 0& +i! !o 9ma!a@i> 9, !ome ill1defied da,e 0e,wee 1L36 ad 1L62$ 9ma!a@i i.aded
,+e %a*a,ai,e #+aa,e of 8o*+oli!,a ad defea,ed ,+e rei*i* #+a Yuu! ear ,+e Ili> Yuu!
wa! "om)elled ,o ,a#e fli*+, ,o ,+e ,ow of Tur#e!,a> T+e !ame !our"e ,ell! ,+a, ,+e %a*a,ai,e
?uee S307T 8a#+,um #+aim$ w+om E!e +ad earlier i,rodu"ed i,o ,+e Oira, +ou!e+old$
made ,rou0le ,+ere> 9 arde, 8u!lim$ !+e +ad 0rou*+, u) +er !o! I0ra+im O* GWa*H ad
Il&a! O* i +er ow fai,+> /a,er$ ,+e!e &ou* me "ame i,o "ofli", wi,+ 9ma!a@i$ ad$ af,er
!ome "i.il !,rife$ I0ra+im ad Il&a! are !aid ,o +a.e ,a#e refu*e i '+ia>
2

No,wi,+!,adi* ,+e!e dome!,i" di!,ur0a"e!$ ,+e Oira, "o,iued for a lo* ,ime ,o alarm ,+eir
ei*+0or!=)ar,i"ularl& i ,+e !ou,+we!,=0& ,+eir )eriodi" raid!> I ,+a, dire",io la& ,+e
,erri,or& of ,+e omad <ir*+i;1<a;a#+!$ .er& I!lami;ed 0ar0aria Tur#! w+o!e ,ri0e! ro.ed i
,+e !,e))e! of ,+e lower Ili$ ,+e '+u$ ,+e Sar&1Su$ ad ,+e Tur*ai$ ad w+o uder ,+eir #+a!
\a!im G"a> 1309112H ad 8uma!+ G"a> 1312175H were ,+e ,error of S+a&0aid Tra!oAiaa>
9
I, i!
,rue ,+a, 8uma!+C! !u""e!!or Ta+ir1#+a G"a> 1375150H ir#ed ,+e!e urul& omad! 0& +i!
au,+ori,ariai!m$ ad ma& "la!$ a""ordi* ,o :aidar1mir;a$ 0ro#e awa&>
10
Ne.er,+ele!!$ ,+e
<ir*+i;1<a;a#+ #+aa,e wa! re"o!,i,u,ed uder <+a Tawa##ul$ 0u, i ,+e "our!e of ,+e &ear!
1337133$ Tawa##ul wa! for"ed ,o flee 0efore a i.a!io of Oira, w+o "ame dow li#e a
w+irlwid from ,+e <o0do re*io ,o ,+e Ili> T+u! ,+e Tur#i" omad! of ,+e *rea, Bal#+a!+
!,e))e$ ,+e ,error of ,+e !ede,ar& )eo)le! of Tra!oAiaa$ were ,+em!el.e! )u, ,o fli*+, 0& ,+e
8o*ol omad! of ,+e 9l,ai> I, eed +ardl& +e !aid ,+a, ,+eir fear wa! !+ared 0& ,+e "i.ili;ed
i+a0i,a,! of ,+e *rea, Tra!oAiaa ,ow!> Tawa##ul +ad ,a#e refu*e i Ta!+#e, wi,+ ,+e
lo"al S+a&0aid Nauru; 9+med> To ,+e re?ue!, for +el) made 0& +i! *ue!,$ Nauru; re)lied4 MNo,
e.e ,e )ri"e! !u"+ a! ,+e& "ould do a&,+i* a*ai!, ,+e <almu"#!M G,+a, i!$ ,+e Oira,H>
11
90ou, 1370$ ,+e Oira, !,ill +eld !wa& from ,+e u))er Yei!ei ,o ,+e .alle& of ,+e Ili>
I !+or,$ al,+ou*+ af,er ,+e dea,+ of ,+eir tai3i E!e G1L33H ,+e Oira, !uffered e"li)!e i ,+e ea!,$
w+ere ,+e& "ame fa"e ,o fa"e wi,+ ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e! of ea!,er 8o*olia$ i ,+e we!, ,+e&
"o,iued ,o ,+rea,e ,+e !,e))e! 0e,wee ,+e Ili ad ,+e 'a!)ia>
THE /AST 4E1,HI>%2HA1ITE RESTORATIO16 -A(A1%2HA1A1- A/TA1%2HA1
T+e e"li)!e of ,+e Oira, or we!,er 8o*ol! did o, immedia,el& 0eefi, of %e*+i;1<+ai,e! of
ea!,er 8o*olia> 9, ,+e S302T ,ime$ ,+e la,,er were eA,ermia,i* oe ao,+er i eA+au!,i*
famil& 0a,,le!> Grad <+a 8ada*+ol$ %e*+i; <+aC! ,we,&!e.e,+ !u""e!!or$ died i 1L67 a!
,+e re!ul, of a war a*ai!, +i! *rea,1e)+ew ad +eir Bol#+o3inong$ ad ,+e la,,er i +i! ,ur wa!
a!!a!!ia,ed 0efore +e "ould 0e )ro"laimed #+a G1L70H> Of ,+e o"e !o umerou! <u0laid
famil& ,+ere remaied ow ol& a fi.e1&ear1old 0o&$ (a&a$ ,+e !o of Bol#+o3inong$ w+o wa!
Mde!er,ed 0& e.er&oe$ e.e 0& +i! mo,+er$ w+o +ad remarried>M
17
8ada*+olC! &ou* widow$
#+a,u 8adu*+ai$ ,oo# ,+e "+ild uder +er )ro,e",io ad )ro"laimed +im #+a> S+e +er!elf
,+e a!!umed "ommad of ,+e lo&al 8o*ol! ad ifli",ed a defea, o ,+e Oira,> I 1L21$ !+e
married &ou* (a&a> I 1L91197$ ,+i! +eroi" woma$ w+o!e eA)loi,! re"all ,+o!e of Oelu1e#e$
%e*+i; <+aC! mo,+er$ Mi! a*ai de)i",ed a, ,+e +ead of a arm& w+i"+ re)ul!ed ,+e Oira,>M I, i!
,o +er ,+a, ,radi,io *i.e! "redi, for +a.i* o.er,+row Oira, !u)rema"& ad re!,ored ,+e
+e*emo& ,o ,+e ea!,er 8o*ol!>
(a&aC! lo* rei* G1L70113L5H$ ,+rou*+ ,+e eer*& of ,+e ?uee re*e, +i! fu,ure wife ad la,er
,+rou*+ +i! )er!oal .alor$ mar#ed ,+e reai!!a"e of %e*+i;1<+ai,e au,+ori,&$ if ol& i ,+e
re*rou)i* of ,+e ea!,er ,ri0e! a""ordi* ,o ,+e ,radi,ioal di.i!io i,o lef, wi* G3un%ghar/
3eg&n%ghar$ or segon%gharH ,o ,+e ea!, ad ri*+, wi* Gbarun%ghar/ baraghun%gharH ,o ,+e we!,>
15
GT+e w+ole forma,io wa! orie,a,ed ,oward ,+e !ou,+>H MT+e fir!, wi* wa! uder ,+e dire",
"ommad of ,+e #+a*a$ ,+e !e"od uder a 3inong "+o!e 0& ,+e #+a*a from amo* +i!
0ro,+er! or !o!> T+e fir!, "o!i!,ed of '+a+ar! G,+e !o.erei*C! !e",ioH$ <+al#a!$ ad
Uria*#+a!$ w+ile ,+e !e"od "om)ri!ed ,+e Ordo!$ TImed$
1L
ad %u*!+i&a0o$ al!o #ow a!
<+ara"+i! or <ar"+i!>M
13
(a&a did o, "arr& ,+rou*+ ,+i! reor*ai;a,io wi,+ou, !ome
.iole"e> Some of ,+e Bara*+o TImed$ or TImed of ,+e ri*+, G,+a, i!$ ,+e we!,H$ #illed oe of
(a&aC! !o! w+om +e +ad a))oi,ed a! ,+eir leader> M9 0i,,er fi*+, 0ro#e ou, 0e,wee ,+e ,wo
8o*ol wi*! i "o!e?ue"e> (a&a$ 0ea,e a, fir!,$ la,er ,rium)+ed$ ,+a#! ,o ,+e !u))or, of
,+e <+or"+i$ a ,ri0e Ufrom ,+e Noi 0a!iV ,+a, owed o0edie"e ,o ,+e de!"eda,! of \a!ar$
%e*+i; <+aC! 0ro,+er> :e )ur!ued ,+e re0el! a! far a! ,+e <o#o Nor$ w+ere +e re"ei.ed ,+eir
!u0mi!!io> :e ,+e *a.e ,+em a! ,+eir 3inong +i! ,+ird !o Bar!a10olod G1317H>M (a&a al!o +ad
,o !mo,+er a re.ol, of ,+e Uria*#+a! 0& di!0adi* ,+eir *rou) ad di.idi* ,+em u) amo*
,+e fi.e o,+er!> S309T /a!,l&$ from 1L97 ,o 1303$ +e led a !erie! of !u""e!!ful raid! a*ai!, ,+e
'+ie!e fro,ier!$ from /iao,u* ,o <a!u>
9f,er (a&aC! dea,+ i 13L5$ +i! "+ildre ad *rad"+ildre !+ared ou, ,+e ,ri0e! amo*
,+em!el.e!> T+e '+a+ar ,ri0e! we, ,o Bodi1#+a$ +ead of ,+e !eior 0ra"+E +e wa! (a&aC!
*rad!o ad 0e"ame *rad #+a> Bodi1#+a !e,,led i ,+e <al*a ad (oloor "ou,r&$ w+i"+
e.e ,oda& form! ,+e "e,er of ,+e '+a+ar domai> T+e 8o*ol !u)reme #+aa,e "o,iued ,o 0e
.e!,ed i ,+e '+a+ar ro&al famil& from 13LL ,o 165L uder ,+e #+a! Bodi G13LL1L2H$ <uda*
G13L2137H$ TIme Sa!a#,u G13771 95H$ Se"+e G13951160LH$ ad /e*da G160L15LH$ ,+i! la!,
#+a 0ei* de)o!ed 0& ,+e 8a"+u em)eror!> (a&aC! ,+ird !o$ 3inong Bar!a10olod$ ad ,+e
la,,erC! !o 3inong GI Bili#,IC! 8er*e Gd> 1330H$ w+o "ommaded ,+e Ordo!$ !e, u) ,+eir "am)
i ,+e loo) of ,+e Yellow Ri.er G"a> 1372$ 1350H> GI Bili#,I &ou*er 0ro,+er 9l,a1#+a G,+e
Ye1,a of ,+e 2ing%shihH$ ,+e mo!, o,a0le of (a&aC! *rad!o! ad leader of ,+e TImed$ !e,,led
i ,+e or,+ea!,er )ar, of ,+e loo)$ "e,eri* a, <J#e1#+o,o G<u#u :o,oH or <wei+wa"+e*>
16
/a!,l&$ (a&aC! &ou*e!, !o$ Gere!ad;a O"+i*i$ wa! *i.e "ommad of ,+e <+al#a ,ri0e!$
w+i"+ a, ,+i! ,ime$ a""ordi* ,o 'oura,$ mu!, +a.e 0ee "o"e,ra,ed roud ,+e Ri.er <+al#a$
,+e Bor Nor$ ad ,+e lower <erule> Drom ,+ere ,+e <+al#a!$ dri.i* ,+e Oira, or <almu"#!
0efore ,+em$ !)read we!,ward ,o ,+e U0!a Nor>
T+e!e "o?ue!,!$ w+i"+ ,+ru!, ,+e Oira, 0a"# ,oward ,+e <o0do re*io$ were wo 0& ,+e ui,ed
(a&aid 8o*ol! uder ,+e )er!oal leader!+i) of ,+e #i* of ,+e TImed$ 9l,a1#+a$ wi,+ ,+e
aid of +i! *rea,1e)+ew <+u,u#,ai Se"+e #+o*,ai@i$ )ri"e of ,+e Ordo!> T+e Oira,$ 0ea,e i
!e.eral e"ou,er!$ lo!, <ara#orum$ ,+e !ea, ad !&m0ol of 8o*ol im)erial !o.erei*,&$ i
1337> Two of ,+eir ,ri0e!$ ,+e TJr*+I, or Tor*+u, ad ,+e <+o!+o,$ +a.i* 0ee re)ul!ed ad
0ea,e 0& ,+e (a&aid!$ ad dri.e a! far a! ,+e Uru*u ad ,+e Bla"# Ir,&!+$ 0e*a ,+eir mo.e
,oward ,+e we!,>
9l,a1#+aC! rei* da,e! 0e,wee 13L5 ad 1325$ 0u, e.e duri* ,+e rei* of +i! *radfa,+er
(a&a +e +ad 0e*u ,o di!,i*ui!+ +im!elf i ,+e field$ )ar,i"ularl& i 0eari* arm! a*ai!, 8i*
'+ia> I 1379$ 0e )ludered ,+e Ta,u* area i or,+er S+a!i> I 1350$ +e de.a!,a,ed ,+e
di!,ri", of Ni*!ia i <a!u$ ad ,+e ,+a, of SIa+wa$ or,+we!, of Pe#i*> I 13L7$ +e #illed
S310T ,+e '+ie!e *eeral '+a* S+i+1"+Cu*$ ad i! !aid ,o +a.e ,a#e 700$000 )ri!oer! ad
7$000$000 +ead of li.e!,o"#> I ,+u! i.adi* '+ie!e ,erri,or& almo!, e.er& &ear$ .ia Ta,u* or
SIa+wa$ +e wa! re.i.i* ,+e old %e*+i;1<+ai,e ,radi,io> I 1330$ +e ad.a"ed ,o ,+e *a,e! of
Pe#i* ad !e, fire ,o ,+e ou,!#ir,! of ,+e "i,&> Before re,uri* +ome$ +e we, o ,o ra.a*e ,+e
Pao,i* re*io> Ne.er,+ele!!$ ,+i! eer*e,i" %e*+i;1<+ai,e ,+ou*+, of o,+er ,+i*! 0e!ide! war>
Twi"e$ i 1330 ad 137L$ +e demaded ,+a, ,+e '+ie!e !+ould !e, u) mar#e,! a, ,+e fro,ier
)o!,! for ,+e 0ar,er of 8o*ol li.e!,o"# ad '+ie!e mer"+adi!e> I +i! eA)edi,io! +e wa!
a",i.el& !u))or,ed 0& +i! *rea,1e)+ew$ ,+e Ordo! )ri"e <+u,u#,ai Se"+e #+o*,ai@i$ w+o wa!
0or i 13L0 ad died i 1326$ ad w+o a, .ariou! ,ime! +arried ,+e '+ie!e fro,ier 0e,wee
Ni*!ia ad YIli> <+u,u#,aiC! "am)ai*! were re"orded 0& +i! *rea,1*rad!o$ ,+e 8o*ol
+i!,oria Saa* Se"+e>
PARTITIO1 OF THE -A(A1I- EMPIRE6 THE OR-OS A1-2HA/2A 2HA1ATES
T+e *rea, wea#e!! of ,+e!e 8o*ol a,io! wa! ,+eir "u!,om of di.idi* u) ,+e famil&
i+eri,a"e> T+e (a&aid em)ire wa! o, uli#e ,+a, of %e*+i; <+a i i,! "o!,i,u,io$ al,+ou*+
i, a"+ie.ed +ardl& a& "o?ue!,! a0road ad i,! eA)a!io wa! limi,ed ,o 8o*olia> 9f,er i,!
fouderC! dea,+$ i, 0e"ame a !or, of federal famil& !,a,e$ of w+i"+ ,+e .ariou! leader!$ all 0ro,+er!
or "ou!i!$ re"o*i;ed ,+e !u)rema"& of ,+e leader of oe 0ra"+ i ,+e )er!o of ,+e '+a+ar
"+ief> T+i! )ar,i,io re!ul,ed i more "om)le,e di!i,e*ra,io ,+a %e*+i; <+aC! !u""e!!or! +ad
e.er #ow> 9 eAam)le i! ,+e "a!e of ,+e fouder of ,+e Ordo! realm$ GI Bili#,I
8er*e3inong$ a )owerful ruler> 9, +i! dea,+ i 1330$ +i! ,ri0e! were me,i"ulou!l& !+ared ou,
amo* +i! ie !o!>
17
No&adara$ ,+e elde!,$ re"ei.ed o more ,+a ,+e M0aerM of ,+e (Jr0e
\ori&a$ ,+e )re!e,1da& ,ri0e of Wa*>
12

Dederal ,ie! were al!o !la"#eed$ ,o*e,+er wi,+ ,+e ,+eore,i"al o0edie"e due ,o ,+e 0ra"+ i
w+i"+ ,+e !u)reme #+aa,e wa! .e!,ed> :ere a*ai ,+e )ro"e!! i! !imilar ,o ,+e oe ,+a, +ad
udermied ,+e au,+ori,& of %e*+i; <+aC! immedia,e !u""e!!or!> Drom ,+e middle of ,+e
,+ir,ee,+ "e,ur&$ ,+o!e )ri"e! w+o!e a))aa*e! la& far,+e!, from <ara#orum were li#e S311T
ide)ede, !o.erei*!> Ru0ru"# +a! )oi,ed ou, ,+a, Ba,u ,+e #+a of <i)"+a# wa! ,o all
i,e,! ad )ur)o!e! ,+e e?ual of ,+e *rad #+a 8o*#a> Twe,& &ear! la,er$ ,+e *rad #+a
<u0lai "ould o, e.e "ommad ,+e o0edie"e of \aidu$ #+a of ,+e Imil> T+e !ame ,+i*
+a))eed wi,+ (a&aC! de!"eda,!> W+e ,+e <+al#a )ri"e! +ad dri.e ,+e Oira, 0a"# ,o
<o0do ad o""u)ied ,+e .a!, ,erri,or& 0e,wee ,+e <erule ad ,+e <+a*ai 8ou,ai!$ ,+o!e
w+o la& far,+e!, from ,+e '+a+ar "ou,r& fel, )ra",i"all& ide)ede,> Oe !u"+ wa! a *rea,1
*rad!o of ,+e <+al#a )ri"e Gere!ad;a$ amed S+ului U0a!+a #+o*,ai@i$ w+o aroud 1609
+ad o""u)ied ,+e +ear, of ,+e former Oira, realm$ i ,+e re*io of ,+e <ir*i! Nor ad ,+e U0!a
Nor$ w+e"e +e dro.e 0a"# ,+e Oira, ,o ,+e Bla"# Ir,&!+ ad Tar0a*a,ai G1670$ 1675H> :e ,oo#
,+e ,i,le of 9l,& Gor 9l,aH1#+a ad fouded a #+aa,e of ,+a, ame w+i"+ la!,ed u,il a0ou,
1690> 9o,+er <+al#a )ri"e$ oe of +i! "ou!i!$ /ai#+or1#+a$ w+o wa! al!o a "o?ueror of ,+e
Oira,$ !e,,led ea!, of 9l,&1#+a$ ad we!, of Ulia!!u,aiE +i! !o Su0a,i ,oo# ,+e ,i,le of
(;a!a*,u1#+a$ ad +e ,oo *a.e +i! ame ,o ,+e #+aa,e> 9 ,+ird <+al#a )ri"e$ Gere!ad;aC!
*rad!o Tume*#e$ fouded ,+e #+aa,e of Sai No&a a, ,+e +eadwa,er! of ,+e Or#+o$ o
,+e u))er O*#i ad o ,+e Sele*a> Tume*#eC! 0ro,+er 90a,ai wa! ,+e )ro*ei,or of ,+e
Tu!+e,u#+a!$ w+o!e #+aa,e$ !e)ara,ed from Sai No&a 0& ,+e Or#+o$ i"luded ,+e 0a!i of
,+e Tula$ ,+e re*io #ow a! Ur*a GUla Ba,orH> Damil& )re"ede"e de"reed ,+a, ,+e Sai
No&a +ou!e !+ould 0e ,+e .a!!al of ,+e Tu!+e,u #+aa,e$ from w+i"+ i, did o, *ai
ide)ede"e ad e?ual !,a,u! u,il 177L> Diall& a *rea,*rad!o of Gere!ad;a$ al!o amed
S+ului$ w+o !e,,led o ,+e <erule$ ,oo# ,+e ,i,le of Se"+e1#+a ad *a.e ,+i! ame ,o ,+e fif,+
<+al#a #+aa,e>
19

9l,+ou*+ ,+e& were all de!"eda,! of Gere!ad;a$ ,+e!e fi.e #+a! were o, alwa&! .er&
"lo!el& ui,ed> I 1667$ 9l,&1#+a /o0d;a* G"a> 1632191H a,,a"#ed +i! ei*+0or ,+e
(;a!a*,u#+a$ ,oo# +im )ri!oer$ ad )u, +im ,o dea,+> 9! a re!ul, of ,+i!$ Tu!+e,u1#+a formed
a lea*ue wi,+ ,+e o,+er 8o*ol )ri"e! ad !o for"ed 9l,&1#+a ,o flee> T+a#! ,o forei*
!u))or, G,+e Oira, ,ri0e of ,+e %u*ar ad ,+e "our, of Pe#i*H$ 9l,& wa! a0le ,em)oraril& ,o
rei!,a,e +im!elf$ 0u, i 1627 +e wa! !ur)ri!ed ad "a),ured 0& ,+e ew (;a!a*,u1#+aE i 1691$
+e di!a))eared ad wi,+ +im +i! #+aa,e> T+i! di!a))eara"e of ,+e mo!, S317T we!,erl& of ,+e
<+al#a #+aa,e!$ a! will 0e !ee$ ea0led ,+e old Oira, or <almu"#! ,o ,a#e ,+eir re.e*e ad
re"o.er ,+e 9l,&1#+a ,erri,or&$ la,er #ow a! ,+e )ro.i"e of <o0do>
70

T+e (a&aid 8o*ol em)ire$ or re!,ora,io$ o.er a re!,ri",ed area$ of ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e
em)ire$ foudered li#e i,! )rede"e!!or amo* famil& ?uarrel!> Wi,+i a +udred &ear!$ ,+e
'+a+ar *rad #+a! e@o&ed o more ,+a a )urel& omial !u)rema"& o.er ,+e Ordo! #+a!$
ad "er,ail& o more$ if a! mu"+$ o.er ,+e four !ur.i.i* <+al#a #+a!> T+e ea!,er 8o*ol!
,+u! rela)!ed i,o ,+e !ame di!or*ai;ed !,a,e ,+a, +ad )re.ailed 0efore ,+e da&! of (a&a>
CO1*ERSIO1 OF THE EASTER1 MO1,O/S TO /AMAISM
9, ,+i! ,ime$ ,+e ea!,er 8o*ol! were "omi* .er& !,ro*l& uder ,+e iflue"e of ,+e reformed
Ti0e,a lamai!m of ,+e Yellow '+ur"+> :a.i* 0ee !+mai!,! u) ,o ,+a, ,ime$ or !li*+,l& ,i*ed
wi,+ ,+e do",rie! of ,+e old Ti0e,a Red '+ur"+$ ,+e 8o*ol! 0ad e!"a)ed Budd+i!, iflue"e$
o"e !o !,ro*l& fel, 0& ,+eir a"e!,or! i '+ia duri* ,+e YIa )eriod ,+a, ,+eir eA)ul!io from
,+a, "ou,r& +ad e"e!!aril& e,ailed a "er,ai i,elle",ual im)o.eri!+me,> Bu, ,+e lamai!,
Yellow '+ur"+$ e!,a0li!+ed i Ti0e, a, ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e fif,ee,+ "e,ur& 0& T!o*1#+a1)a$
ow aimed a, ,+e moral "o?ue!, of ,+e!e )eo)le!$ i w+om i, !aw )o,e,ial defeder!>
T+e Ordo! !e, a eAam)le 0& ado),i* lamai!m i 1366>
71
Oe of ,+eir "+ief!$ 3inong <+u,u#,ai
Se"+e #+o*,ai@i$
77
of ,+e U!+i Baer$ +ad ,+a, &ear 0rou*+, 0a"# from a eA)edi,io ,o Ti0e,
a um0er of lama!$ w+o 0e*a ,+e wor# of "o.er!io> <+u,u#,ai Se"+e i +i! ,ur "o.er,ed i
1376 ,+e )owerful "+ief of ,+e TImed$ +i! *rea,1u"le 9l,a1#+a$ w+o wa! ,+e a, ,+e ;ei,+ of
+i! )ower>
75
T+e Ordo! ad ,+e TImed eA, re!ol.ed u)o ,+e "eremoial re!,ora,io amo* ,+e
8o*ol! of Ti0e,a Budd+i!m$ i ,+e form of ,+e Yellow '+ur"+> T+ere i! o dou0,$ a! will 0e
!ee$ ,+a, ,+e )re"ede, of ,+eir a"e!,or <u0lai ad ,+e lama P+a*!1)a e"oura*ed ,+em i ,+i!
)oli"&> 9l,a1#+a ad <+u,u#,ai Se"+e e.e i.i,ed ,+e *rad lama 0Sod1am! r*&a1m,!Co$
+ead of ,+e Yellow '+ur"+$ ,o "ome from Ti0e,> T+e& re"ei.ed +im wi,+ *rea, )om) o ,+e 0a#!
of ,+e <o#o Nor$ ad wi,+ +im +eld a (ie, a, w+i"+ ,+e 8o*ol '+ur"+ wa! offi"iall& S315T
iau*ura,ed G1377H> 9l,a1#+a re"alled ,+a, +e wa! ,+e rei"ara,io of <u0lai$ w+ile 0Sod1
am! r*&a1m,!Co wa! ,+a, of P+a*!1)a> 9l,a "oferred u)o 0Sod1am! ,+e ,i,le of (alai /ama
or Tale1/ama$ w+i"+ +a! 0ee 0ore 0& +i! !u""e!!or! e.er !i"e> T+u! ,+e Yellow '+ur"+
"o!e"ra,ed ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e re!,ora,io a"+ie.ed 0& (a&a ad 9l,a$ w+ile i re,ur ,+e
re*eera,ed 8o*ol! )la"ed ,+em!el.e! a, ,+e !er.i"e of ,+a, "+ur"+>
O lea.i* for Ti0e,$ 0Sod1am! r*&a1m,!Co lef, a Mli.i* Budd+a$M (o*#ur 8aiu!ri
#+u,u#+,u$ w+o ,oo# u) re!ide"e ear 9l,a a, <u#u :o,o> 9f,er 9l,a1#+aC! dea,+ G1325H$
0Sod1am! r*&a1m,!Co re,ured i 1323 ,o ,+e TImed ,o offi"ia,e a, +i! "rema,io>
T+e '+a+ar *rad #+a TIme Sa!a#,u G1337195H wa! "o.er,ed i +i! ,ur ad )romul*a,ed a
ew 8o*ol "ode 0a!ed o Budd+i!, do",rie!> :i! !e"od !u""e!!or$ ,+e *rad #+a /e*da
G160L15LH$ al!o 0uil, ,em)le! ad +ad ,+e Budd+i!, "om)ila,io of ,+e <a@ur ,ra!la,ed from
Ti0e,a i,o 8o*olia> T+e <+al#a )eo)le$ a! earl& a! 1332$ +ad 0e*u ,o em0ra"e ,+e !ame
0elief!$ ad i 1607 ao,+er Mli.i* Budd+a$M 8ai,re&a #+u,u#+,u$ !e,,led amo* ,+em i ,+e
Ur*a re*io$ w+ere +i! rei"ara,io! !u""eeded oe ao,+er u,il 1970>
7L

I 0ei* "o.er,ed wi,+ ,+eir )eo)le ,o Ti0e,a Budd+i!m$ 9l,a1#+a ad ,+e o,+er (a&aid!
0elie.ed ,+a, ,+e& were followi* i <u0laiC! foo,!,e)!> Bu, w+e <u0lai wa! "o.er,ed$ ,+e
8o*ol "o?ue!, of '+ia +ad 0ee almo!, "om)le,e> 9d al,+ou*+ 9l,a1#+a 0ad more ,+a
o"e "ro!!ed ,+e Grea, Wall ad 0ured ,+e !u0ur0! of Pe#i*$ +e +ad a"+ie.ed o more ,+a
,+a,$ ad ,+e 8o*ol "o?ue!, +ad ,o 0e !,ar,ed a*ai from ,+e 0e*ii*> Bu, ,+e )re.aili*
lamai!m 0ad a immedia,el& !la"#ei* effe", o ,+e ea!,er 8o*ol!> Ordo! ad TImed$
'+a+ar ad <+al#a$ e!)e"iall& ,+e former$ !oo lo!, ,+eir .irile ?uali,ie! uder ,+e )iou!
iflue"e of Ti0e,a "leri"ali!m> T+i! Budd+i!, '+ur"+$ w+i"+ +ad alread& ,ra!formed ,+e
,erri0le Ti0e,a! of ,+e TCa* )eriod i,o ,+e dreamer! ad mira"le wor#er! of T!o*1#+a1)a$
0rou*+, ,+e moder 8o*ol! e.e lower$ for$ la"#i* a& )+ilo!o)+i"al ?uali,ie!$ ,+e& deri.ed
o,+i* from ,+eir ew reli*io 0u, 0i*o,r& ad "leri"ali!m> T+e& w+o a, ,+e ed of ,+e fif,ee,+
"e,ur& +ad !e, for,+ ,o re)ea, ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e e)i" ow a0ru),l& !,o))ed ad !a# S31LT
i,o )iou! ier,ia$ wi,+ o o,+er "o"er ,+a ,o feed ,+eir lama! o ,+e fa, of ,+e lad> T+eir
+i!,or&$ a! re"orded 0& ,+e Ordo! )ri"e Saa* Se"+e$ !+ow! ,+a, ,+e& +ad for*o,,e ,+e
'o?ueror of ,+e World ad +i! *lor& ad dreamed ol& of ,+e "o?ue!, of !oul!>
73

:a.i* a,,aied ,+i! de*ree of !)iri,ual ad.a"eme, ad !a",i,&$ ,+e ea!,er 8o*ol! were ri)e
,o !u""um0 ,o <almu"# or 8a"+u "o?ue!,> 9! 'oura, +a! remar#ed$ ,+e ol& ?ue!,io wa!
w+i"+ of ,+e ,wo would 0ri* ,+em low>
CO1H7EST OF CHI1A .( THE MA1CH7S
T+e Tu*u! )eo)le$ a! we !aw$ o""u)& a .er& lar*e ;oe i or,+ea!, 9!ia4 8a"+uria G,+e
8a"+u$ (a+ur$ Solo$ 8ae*ir$ Birar$ ad Gold )eo)le!H$ ,+e Ru!!ia mari,ime )ro.i"e G,+e
Oro"+ )eo)leH$ ,+e ea!, 0a# of ,+e middle Yei!ei ad ,+e 0a!i of ,+e ,wo Tu*u!#a! i Si0eria
G,+e Yei!ei ad '+a)o*ir )eo)le!H$ ,+e Vi,im re*io 0e,wee ,+e /ea ad ,+e S+il#a G,+e
Oro"+o )eo)leH$ ad ,+e lad! roud ,+e Sea of O#+o,!#$ from ,+e 9mur ,o ,+e a))roa"+e! of
<am"+a,#a G,+e <ile$ Sama*ir$ Ol"+a$ Ne*da$ /ale*ir$ I#a*ir$ /amu,$ U"+ur$ ad o,+er
)eo)le!H> 'o,rar& ,o w+a, wa! lo* 0elie.ed$ ,+e!e )eo)le! )la&ed o )ar, i ,+e a"ie, +i!,or&
of ,+e Dar Ea!,$ or duri* ,+e fir!, )ar, of ,+e 8iddle 9*e! u,il ,+e ,welf,+ "e,ur&$ eA"e), for
,+e #i*dom of Po+ai$ fouded a, ,+e ed of ,+e !e.e,+ "e,ur& 0& oe of ,+eir ,ri0e!> T+i!
realm la!,ed u,il 976 ad i"luded ,+e w+ole of 8a"+uria ad ,+e eA,reme or,+ of <orea>
E.e ,+e$ ,+e or*ai;a,io of Po+ai wa! )ar,l& owi* ,o <orea emi*ra,! w+o "i.ili;ed ,+e
8al1#al Tu*u!> T+i! !,a,e$ wi,+ i,! "a)i,al a, :u1+a1"+Ce* !ou,+ of Ni*u,a GNi*aH o ,+e
:ur#a G8u,aH$ a ,ri0u,ar& of ,+e Su*ari$ re)re!e,ed ,+e fir!, "i.ili;ed )oli,i"al e,i,& of ,+e
Tu*u! ra"e> 9! o,ed earlier$ i, wa! de!,ro&ed i 976 0& ,+e <+i,a "o?ueror 91)ao1#i$ ,+a, i!$
0& a 8o*ol )eo)le>
T+e Tu*u! fir!, e,er ma@or +i!,or& wi,+ ,+e %ur"+id!$ %ur"+e!$ or %u1"+e$ ,ri0e! of ,+eir ow
ra"e e!,a0li!+ed i ,+e U!!uri 0a!i i ,+e mou,aiou! fore!, re*io ,+a, eA,ed! a"ro!! ,+e
or,+ea!, of la,er 8a"+u#uo ad ,+e a"ro!! ,+e Ru!!ia mari,ime )ro.i"e> I ,+e fir!, &ear! of
,+e ,welf,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e!e %ur"+id!$ uder a eer*e,i" "+ief amed 91#u1,a of ,+e S313T Wa1
&e "la G1115175H$ "o?uered ,+e <+i,a realm of 8a"+uria$ '+a+ar$ ad or,+er '+ia
G1177H$ !ei;ed from ,+e Su* Em)ire of '+ia earl& all ,+e '+ie!e )ro.i"e! or,+ of ,+e
Ya*,;e G1176H$ ad fouded a fir!, Tu*u! em)ire4 ,+e <i or Golde Em)ire$ of w+i"+ Pe#i*
wa! oe of ,+e "a)i,al! ad w+i"+ edured from 1177 u,il i,! fial de!,ru",io 0& ,+e %e*+i;1
<+ai,e 8o*ol! i 175L> '+ie!e aal! o,e ,+e .alor wi,+ w+i"+ ,+e la!, %ur"+id! di!)u,ed
e.er& foo, of *roud wi,+ %e*+i; <+a ad +i! !o O*JdKi$ ad !o !,a.ed off defea, for earl&
,we,&1fi.e &ear!E ,+e& o,e ,oo ,+a, ,+e 8o*ol *eeral! were of,e filled wi,+ admira,io 0&
,+i! +o)ele!! +eroi!m ad lo&al,&>
76

9f,er ,+e fall of ,+e 8o*ol Em)ire of '+ia$ a, ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e 8i* d&a!,&$ ,+e %ur"+id!
=or 8a"+u!$ a! ,+e& would !oo 0e "alled1dwelli* 0e,wee ,+e Su*ari ad ,+e Sea of %a)a
0ad more or le!! re"o*i;ed '+ie!e !u;erai,&> /i#e ,+eir ele.e,+1"e,ur& fore0ear!$ ,+e& were
a *rou) of fore!, "la! ,+a, li.ed 0& +u,i* ad fi!+i*$ "u, off from ,+e mai!,ream! of
"ul,ure>
77
I 1399$ ,+e eer*e,i" "+ief Nur#+a,!i$ or Nur0a"+i Gi '+ie!e$ Nu1ul1+a1e+CeH$ 0e*a
reui,i* ,+e !e.e %ur"+id ayman or ,ri0e! i,o a !i*le #+aa,e ad i 1606 fouded ,+e
+i!,ori" 8a"+u realm> T+e fir!, +ead?uar,er! of ,+e ro&al "la wa! Odoli$ 0& ,+e +eadwa,er! of
,+e :ur#a$ a ,ri0u,ar& of ,+e Su*ari ear ,+e la,er ,ow of Ni*u,aE 0u, e.e 0efore ,+a, ,ime$
Nur+a"+i +ad e!,a0li!+ed +im!elf far,+er !ou,+$ a, '+a*"+u$ or,+ea!, of 8u#de$ w+ere la&
,+e ,om0! of four *eera,io! of +i! a"e!,or!> U,il ,+e$ ,+e 8a"+u ,ri0e! 0ad u!ed ,+e a"ie,
%ur"+id wri,i*$ w+i"+ ,+e& owed ,o ,+e ,welf,+"e,ur& <i ad w+i"+ wa! deri.ed from '+ie!e
ideo*ra)+!$ 0u, ,+e!e Sio1%ur"+id "+ara",er! were iade?ua,e ,o reder Tu*u!i" )+oeme!$ ad
a0ou, 1399 Nur0a"+iC! 8a"+u! ado),ed$ wi,+ !ome modifi"a,io$ ,+e 8o*ol al)+a0e, w+i"+
!,emmed from ,+e old Ui*ur wri,i*>
Nur0a"0i !oo di!"o.ered ,+e !,a,e of de"ade"e i,o w+i"+ 8i* '+ia +ad falle duri* ,+e
rei* of Em)eror Wa /i G137511670H$ ad i 1616 0e )ro"laimed +im!elf em)eror> I 1671177$
+e "a),ured ,+e fro,ier )o!, ,+e "alled S+e&a*$ ,+e 8u#de of ,oda&$ ad +ere i 1673 +e
e!,a0li!+ed +i! "a)i,al> I 1677$ 0e o""u)ied /iao&a*> I 167L$ +e re"ei.ed ,+e !u0mi!!io of
,+e 8o*ol ,ri0e of ,+e <+or"+i$ w+o roamed ea!, S316T of ,+e <+i*a 8ou,ai! ad we!, of
,+e Su*ari el0ow> B& ,+e ,ime +e died GSe),em0er 50$ 1676H$ +e +ad made of 8a"+uria a well1
#i, realm wi,+ a *ood mili,ar& or*ai;a,io>
90a#+ai G16761L5H$ Nur+a"+iC! !o ad !u""e!!or$ "o,iued +i! fa,+erC! wor#> W+ile ,+e
8a"+u! were 0uildi* u) ,+eir ui,&$ ,+e 8o*ol! were de!,ro&i* ,+eir!=or w+a, wa! lef, of
i,> T+e #+a of ,+e '+a+ar$ /e*da or /i*da G160L15LH$ w+o 0ore ,+e ,i,le of *rad #+a of all
,+e ea!,er 8o*ol!$ +ad ,ried i .ai ,o mai,ai +i! !u;erai,& o.er ,+e ,ri0e!> T+e Ordo! ad
Tiimed re0elled a*ai!, +i! +e*emo&> T+e Ordo! "+ief Eri"+i 3inong$ +el)ed 0& ,+e <+ara"+i
ad 90a*+a ,ri0e!$ defea,ed +im G1677H> T+e Ordo! ad Tiimed$ ra,+er ,+a o0e& ,+e '+a+ar
#+a=a "+ief of ,+eir ow ra"e=,ra!ferred ,+eir +oma*e ,o ,+e 8a"+u !o.erei* 90a#+ai>
T+e 8a"+u! a,,a"#ed /e*da ad for"ed +im ,o flee i,o Ti0e,$ w+ere +e died i 165L> T+e
'+a+ar ,+e !u0mi,,ed i ,+eir ,ur ,o 90a#+ai$ w+o allowed ,+e /e*da famil& ,o remai a!
,+eir leader!> Er#e#+o*or$ /e*daC! "+ief !o$ a"#owled*ed +im!elf 90a#+aiC! .a!!al i 1653>
I ,+a, !ame &ear$ 90a#+ai al!o re"ei.ed ,+e +oma*e of 3inong Eri"+i$ ,+e "+ief of ,+e Ordo!>
I 16L9$ ,+e Ordo! were reor*ai;ed i,o !iA 0aer! GgushuH$ ea"+ uder ,+e "ommad of a
)ri"e G3asakH w+o de!"eded from ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e 3inong GI Bili#,I 8er*e>
72
T+u! ,+e
w+ole of Ier 8o*olia foud i,!elf e"lo!ed wi,+i ,+e 8a"+u Em)ireE ,+e"efor,+ ,+e
'+a+ar$ TImed$ ad Ordo! #+a! were 0oud ,o ,+e 8a"+u d&a!,& 0& ,ie! of lo&al,& ad 0& a
feudal oa,+ of alle*ia"e w+i"+ wa! ,o edure u,il ,+e fall of ,+e d&a!,& i 1917>
S,ri",l& !)ea#i*$ 8i* '+ia did o, !u""um0 ,o 8a"+u a,,a"#!E i, "ommi,,ed !ui"ide> T+e
8i* em)eror '+Cu*1"+e* G16721LLH wa! a li,erar& !"+olar$ ad o more> /i T;u1"+Ce*$ a
0old ad.e,urer$ made +im!elf ruler of :oa ad S+a!i G16L0 ad la,erH ad a, la!,$ o 9)ril 5$
16LL$ ,oo# )o!!e!!io of Pe#i*$ w+ile ,+e lu"#le!! '+Cu*1"+e* +a*ed +im!elf ,o a.oid
falli* i,o +i! +ad!> Oe la!, arm& remaied ,o ,+e '+ie!e Em)ire$ ,+e oe fi*+,i* ,+e
8a"+u! i ,+e S+a+ai#wa area> T+e leader of ,+i! arm&$ Wu Sa1#uei$ wi!+i* a0o.e all ,o
"+a!,i!e /i T;u1"+Ce*$ "ame ,o a uder!,adi* wi,+ ,+e 8a"+u! ad$ !u))or,ed 0& ,+eir
,roo)!$ de!"eded u)o Pe#i*> 9f,er a .i",or& o ,+e ,+re!+old of Yu*)i*$ +e S317T dro.e ,+e
u!ur)er from ,+e "a)i,al> :e ,+e redered ,+a#! ,o +i! 8a"+u auAiliarie! ad ur*ed ,+em
"our,eou!l& ,o wi,+draw> Bu, ,+e 8a"+u!$ o"e i!ide Pe#i*$ 0e+a.ed a! i,! lord!> T+eir #+a
90a#+ai died o Se),em0er 71$ 16L5$ ad ,+e& )ro"laimed +i! !iA1&ear1old !o S+ue1"+i+
em)eror of '+ia> Wu Sa1#uei$ ,+eir du)e ad ow of e"e!!i,& ,+eir a""om)li"e$ re"ei.ed from
,+em a )ri"i)ali,& i S+e!i 0efore 0ei* i.e!,ed wi,+ a lar*er ad more remo,e .i"ero&al,& i
S;e"+wa ad i Yua> I, wa! +e$ i"ide,all&$ w+o uder,oo# ,o remo.e /i T;u1"+Ce*$ ,+e
ol& '+ie!e mili,ar& leader "a)a0le of o))o!i* ,+e i.a!io G16LLH>
T+u! ,+e 8a"+u! foud ,+em!el.e! lord! of or,+er '+ia$ le!! 0& "o?ue!, ,+a 0& ,ri"#er&> I,
,oo# ,+em lo*er ,o a"+ie.e ,+e !u0mi!!io of !ou,+er '+iaE &e, ,+e& me, wi,+ o,+i*
"om)ara0le ,o ,+e re!i!,a"e )u, u) 0& ,+e Su* a*ai!, ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e 8o*ol!$ w+i"+ +ad
la!,ed +alf a "e,ur& G175L1 79H> 9 8i* )ri"e +ad 0ee )ro"laimed em)eror i Na#i*> T+e
8a"+u! ,oo# ,+e ,ow ad ,+e )re,eder drowed +im!elf G16L3H> T+ree o,+er 8i*!$ ,+e
)ri"e! of /u$ Ta*$ ad <wei$ edea.ored ,o or*ai;e re!i!,a"e far,+er !ou,+$ ,+e fir!, a,
:a*"+ow i '+e#ia*$ ,+e !e"od a, Du"+ow i Du#ie$ ad ,+e ,+ird i ,+e 'a,o re*io> Bu,
,+e di!!e!io 0e,wee ,+em +el)ed ,+e i.ader> I 16L6$ ,+e 8a"+u! o.er"ame ,+e )ri"e! of
/u ad Ta* ad !u0@u*a,ed '+e#ia* ad Du#ie> T+e )ri"e of <wei$ Yu*1li or Yu*1mi*$
w+o +ad ,a#e u) re!ide"e a, <weili i <wa*!i$ ad w+o!e e,oura*e wa! lar*el& '+ri!,ia$
)u, u) a 0e,,er fi*+,> :i! *eeral$ al!o a '+ri!,ia$ ,+e .alia, '+iu S+i+1!!u$ re)ul!ed ,+e fir!,
8a"+u offe!i.e a*ai!, <weili G16L71L2H> Bu, ,+e 8a"+u!$ +el)ed 0& '+ie!e ad+ere,!$
wi)ed ou, ,+e li,,le lo&ali!, arm& ad ,oo# 'a,o$ w+ile ,+e la!, of ,+e 8i* ruler! fled ,o
Yua G1631H>
Now ma!,er! of all '+ia$ ,+e 8a"+u!$ li#e ,+e 8o*ol! 0efore ,+em$ ad e.e more
"om)le,el&$ ada),ed ,+em!el.e! ,o ,+eir '+ie!e !urroudi*!> T+eir leader!=S+ue1"+i+ G16L51
61H$ ,+e re*e,! w+o a, ,+e la,,erC! dea,+ *o.ered o 0e+alf of +i! &ou* !o <Ca*1+!i G16611
69H$ ad a0o.e all <Ca*1+!i +im!elf duri* +i! lo* rei* G166911777H$ ad ,+e <Ca*+!iC! !o
Yu*1"+e* G1775153H$ ad Yu*1"+e*C! !o '+Cielu* G1756196H=all 0e+a.ed a! So! of
:ea.e i ,+e mo!, S312T au,+e,i" '+ie!e ,radi,io> No dou0, ,+e& were 0e,,er a0le ,o dedi"a,e
,+em!el.e! ,o ,+i! role ,+a <u0lai ad +i! *rad!o!> T+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e em)eror! of '+ia i
,+e ,+ir,ee,+ ad four,ee,+ "e,urie! 0ad alwa&! remaied 8o*ol *rad #+a! e.e af,er
0e"omi* So! of :ea.eE w+ile a""e),i* ,+e +eri,a*e of ,+e ie,ee '+ie!e d&a!,ie!$ ,+e&
remaied ,+e +eir! of %e*+i; <+a ad !u;erai! of ,+e o,+er #+aa,e! of Tur#e!,a$ Per!ia$ ad
Ru!!ia$ w+ere ,+eir "ou!i! of ,+e +ou!e! of %a*a,ai$ :ulK*u$ ad %J"+i +eld !wa&> T+e 8a"+u!$
o ,+e o,+er +ad=a)ar, from ,+eir mea*er a,i.e 8a"+uria$ w+i"+ a, ,+a, ,ime wa! all fore!,!
ad "leari*! =+ad o o,+er i,ere!, ,+a ,+e '+ie!e Em)ireE ,+a, i! w+& ,+e& 0e"ame far more
"om)le,el& Sii"i;ed$ wi,+ far fewer me,al re!er.a,io! ,+a ,+e +ou!e of <u0lai> 9d ideed
,+e& were e.er eA)elled from '+ia a! ,+e <u0laid! wereE ,+e& 0e"ame a!!imila,ed> W+e i
1917 ,+e '+ie!e )eo)le o.er,+rew ,+eir d&a!,&$ ,+e a"ie, 8a"+u "o?ueror! +ad lo* 0ee
a0!or0ed$ drowed i ,+e '+ie!e ma!!$ de!)i,e ,+e im)erial de"ree! de!i*ed ,o )re!er.e ,+e
)uri,& of ,+eir ra"eE ad ,+i! o, ol& o '+ie!e !oil 0u, i 8a"+uria i,!elf$ w+ere ,+e Tu*u!
eleme, +ad 0ee !o ,+orou*+l& a!!imila,ed or elimia,ed 0& !e,,ler! from :o)ei or S+a!i ,+a,
e,+o*ra)+i"al ma)! !+ow ,+e "ou,r& a! "om)le,el& '+ie!e> T+e Tu*u! domai 0e*i! ol&
a, ,+e 9mur> 9! a re!ul, of ,+i! )ee,ra,io$ ,+e 8a"+uria fore!,!$ "leared 0& 'ele!,ial
immi*ra,! from 8u#de ,o :ar0i ad from :ar0i ,o :ailu*$ +a.e *i.e wa& ,o )la,a,io!
of ri"e ad !o&a>
THE #ESTER1 MO1,O/S I1 THE SE*E1TEE1TH CE1T7R(
T+e ea!,er 8o*ol!$ or$ more eAa",l&$ ,+o!e of Ier 8o*olia$ +ad "o,ri0u,ed ,o ,+e ,rium)+
of ,+e 8a"+u d&a!,& 0& rall&i* ,o i,! !u))or, i 1653$ ie &ear! 0efore ,+e "a),ure of Pe#i*>
9f,erward$ w+e 8a"+u domia,io +ad 0ee "o!olida,ed$ !ome of ,+e 8o*ol! +ad !e"od
,+ou*+,!> I 1673 ,+e #+a of ,+e '+a+ar$ Buri$ "+ief of ,+e !eior 0ra"+ of <u0laid!$ ,ried ,o
)ro.o#e a ma!! ri!i* of ea!,er 8o*ol! a*ai!, ,+e em)eror <Ca*1+!i$ 0e*ii* wi,+ +i!
ei*+0or! ,+e TImed$ 0u, +e wa! ,oo la,e> Buri wa! defea,ed ad ,a#e S319T )ri!oer 0& ,+e
im)erial ,roo)!> T+i! wa! ,+e la!, u)+ea.al i Ier 8o*olia$ ad from ,+e o i,! MBaer!M
were do"ile .a!!al!>
T+e real da*er ,+rea,ei* ,+e 8a"+u '+ie!e Em)ire la& el!ew+ere> I, wa! o, ,+e ea!,er
8o*ol!$ ow i +o)ele!! de"lie$ w+o were ,o 0e feared$ 0u, ,+o!e of ,+e we!,$ w+o$ fa.ored 0&
,+a, de"lie$ were a,,em),i* ,o re.i.e %e*+i; <+aC! em)ire for ,+em!el.e!>
9,,e,io +a! 0ee "alled ,o ,+e im)or,a, )ar, )la&ed i ,+e fif,ee,+ "e,ur& 0& ,+e we!,er
8o*ol!=,+e Oira, or 'ofedera,e!$ a! ,+e& "alled ,+em!el.e! or$ a! ,+e Tur#! amed ,+em$ ,+e
<almu"#!>
79
9f,er ruli* all 8o*olia from 1L5L u,il a0ou, 1337$ ,+e& 0ad 0ee .a?ui!+ed 0&
,+e ea!,er 8o*ol!$ i ,+e )er!o of ,+e TImed "+ief 9l,a1#+a$ ad dri.e 0a"# i,o ,+e
<o0do re*io> E.e from ,+ere ,+e& +ad 0ee eA)elled 0& 9l,&#+a$ oe of ,+e <+al#a )ri"e!$
ad )u!+ed fur,+er we!,ward i,o Tar0a*a,ai>
8oreo.er$ !i"e ,+e dea,+ of ,+eir #+a E!e1,ai@i a0ou, 1L33$ ,+e Oira, uio +ad di!i,e*ra,ed>
T+e four "ofedera,e )eo)le! w+o for !o lo* +ad formed ,+e #+aa,e of we!,er 8o*olia +ad
re*aied ,+eir ide)ede"e> T+e!e four )eo)le!$ w+o!e +i!,or& will ow 0e followed$ were$ o
,+e e.ide"e of Em)eror '+Cie1lu*$ ,+e '+oro! or T!oro!E ,+e (Jr0Jd$ (Jr0J,$ or Tur0e,E ,+e
TJr*+I, or Tor*+u, ad ,+e <+o!+o,E )lu! ,+e <+oi,$ .a!!al! of ,+e (Jr0J,>
50
'+oro!$ (Jr0J,$
Tor*+u,$ ad <+o!+o,$ ,+ou*+ )oli,i"all& di!!o"ia,ed$ "o,iued ,o 0e *rou)ed uder ,+e *eeral
,i,le of MDour 'ofedera,e!$M 4rben 5irat> T+e& were al!o de!i*a,ed 0& ,+e ame of M)eo)le of
,+e lef, wi*M or$ li,erall&$ of ,+e Mlef, +ad$M 3)g&n%ghar or %u*ar$ w+e"e ,+e we!,er ,erm
(;u*ar!> T+i! ame mu!, ori*iall& +a.e a))lied ,o ,+e four ,ri0e!$ a! '+Cie1lu* ,e!,ifie!$
al,+ou*+ i, wa! af,erward re!,ri",ed ,o ,+e domia, ,ri0e$ ,+e '+oro!>
51
Dur,+er$ i, i! #ow ,+a,
,+e )ri"e! of ,+e '+oro!$ ,+e (Jr0J,$ ad ,+e <+oi, 0elo*ed ,o ,+e !ame famil&> 9! for ,+e
Tor*+u, G,+u! amed from ,+e 8o*ol word torgha9$ )lural torgha'ut$ M*uard$ !e,ielMH$ ,+e&
owed o0edie"e ,o a d&a!,& w+i"+ e.e ,oda& 0oa!,! of i,! de!"e, from ,+e a"ie, <era&i,
#i*!>
57
Diall&$ ,+e rei*i* +ou!e of ,+e <0o!0o, "laimed de!"e, from \a!ar$ %e*+i; <+aC!
0ro,+er> T+e domia, ,ri0e wa! ,+a, of ,+e '+oro!$ #ow al!o 0& ,+e ame of OlJ,$ w+e"e
we!,er S370T wri,er! +a.e formed Eleu,+e!$ a ,erm w+i"+ 0& a fal!e e,&molo*& +a! !ome,ime!
0ee a))lied )e@ora,i.el& ,o all four Oira,>
55

I ,+i! )eriod$ ,+e we!,er 8o*ol! demo!,ra,ed o, ol& )oli,i"al ure!, G&e, ,o 0e di!"u!!edH
0u, al!o a ew i,elle",ual a",i.i,&> I, wa! a0ou, 16L2 ,+a, ,+rou*+ Xa&a Padi,aC! reform ,+e&
)erfe",ed ,+e a"ie, Ui*uro18o*ol al)+a0e,$ i,rodu"i* 0& mea! of dia"ri,i"al !i*! !e.e
ew "+ara",er! i,eded ,o fa"ili,a,e ,+e ,ra!"ri),io of 8o*ol !oud!>
5L

MO*EME1TS OF PEOP/ES AMO1, THE #ESTER1 MO1,O/S6 THE 2A/M7C2
MI,RATIO1
9, ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e !e.e,ee,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e )re!!ure eAer,ed 0& ,+e <+al#a of 9l,&1#+a o
,+e four Oira, ,ri0e!$ 0& "rowdi* ,+em oe u)o ,+e o,+er$ *a.e ri!e ,o a *rea, !+if,i* of
)eo)le!> 9l,&1#+a$ i dri.i* ,+e '+oro! 0a"# from ,+e <o0do re*io ,o ,+e u))er Yei!ei$
for"ed ,+e Tor*+u, i ,+eir ,ur ,o mo.e far,+er we!,> I, wa! ,+e ,+a, ,+e Tor*+u, "+ief <+u
Urlu#$ for!a#i* (;u*aria G1616H$ ,oo# ,+e we!,ward ,rail a"ro!! ,+e <ir*+i;1<a;a#+ !,e))e!$
or,+ of ,+e 9ral ad ,+e 'a!)ia> T+e <ir*+i;1<a;a#+! of ,+e /i,,le :orde ,ried ,o !,o) +im
we!, of ,+e Em0a$ ad ,+e No*ai +orde ear 9!,ra#+a> :e 0ea, ,+em 0o,+> Nor,+ward +i! !)+ere
of iflue"e eA,eded a! far a! ,+e u))er To0ol$ ad +e *a.e +i! dau*+,er i marria*e ,o I!+im1
#+a$ ,+e !o of <u"+um$ ,+e la!, S+a&0aid #+a of Si0ir G1670H> Sou,+ward$ i 1605$ +i! 0ad!
)ludered ,+e #+aa,e of <+i.a i ,+e "our!e of i.a!io! ,+a, were re!umed duri* ,+e rei*! of
C9ra0 8u+ammad I G1607175H ad I!fedi&ar G16751L5H$ #+a! of <+i.a> Sou,+we!,ward$ from
1657$ ,+e Tor*+u, 0e*a ,o !e,,le o ,+e lower Vol*a> I 1659$ <+u Urlu# !u0@u*a,ed ,+e
Tur#oma! of ,+e mou,aiou! )ei!ula of 8a*&!+la#$ ea!, of ,+e 'a!)iaE ,+i! re*io e.er
af,erward remaied !u0@e", ,o +i! +ou!e> I 16L5$ +e mo.ed +i! )eo)leC! e"am)me,!=a0ou,
30$000 ,e,!=,o ,+e ei*+0or+ood of 9!,ra#+a$ 0u, wa! #illed i a 0a,,le wi,+ ,+e lo"al
i+a0i,a,!>
53

(e!)i,e ,+i! mi!ad.e,ure$ ,+e Tor*+u, "o,iued ,o o""u)& ,+e !,e))e! or,+ of ,+e 'a!)ia$
from ,+e mou,+ of ,+e Vol*a ,o ,+e 8a*&!+la# Pei!ula$ w+e"e ,+e& we, o ,o )luder ,+e
,ow! of ,+e <+i.a #+aa,e4 :e;ara!)$ <a,+$ ad Ur*e"+> (uri* ,+e rei* of <+a Pu,!u#1
8o"+a# G1667170H$ <+u S371T Urlu#C! *rad!o$ ,+e Tor*+u, de)or,ed ,+ree Tur#me ,ri0e!
from ,+e 8a*&!+ia# ,o ,+e 'au"a!u!>
56
O ,+e o,+er +ad$ ,+e Tor*+u, +ad 0ee a0le ,o wi ,+e
fried!+i) of Ru!!ia$ ad +ad more ,+a o"e re"o*i;ed i,! !u;erai,& G1636$ 1667H> T+eir #+a
9&u#a G16701177LH$ Pu,!u#C! !o$ reifor"ed ,+i! )oli"&> O De0ruar& 76$ 1675$ +e wai,ed u)o
,+e *o.eror of 8u!"o.& i 9!,ra#+a ,o a"#owled*e +im!elf "lie, of ,+e ";ar ad wa! *i.e a
ma*ifi"e, re"e),io> T+e Tor*+u, were Budd+i!,!$ ad Ru!!ia )oli"& aimed a, u!i* ,+em
a*ai!, ,+e 8u!lim #+aa,e of ,+e 'rimea ad a*ai!, ,+e Ba!+#ir of ,+e Ural ad ,+e No*ai of
<u0a$ w+o were al!o 8u!lim!> Broadl& !)ea#i*$ ,+i! i! w+a, +a))eed> Ne.er,+ele!!$ "er,ai
?uarrel! ,oo# )la"e 0e,wee Ru!!ia! ad <almu"#!$ a! i 1627$ ,+e &ear w+e 9&u#a$ offeded
0& a re?ue!, ,o +ad o.er +o!,a*e!$ re0elled ad led a )luderi* eA)edi,io ,o <a;a$ af,er
w+i"+ 0e re1e,ered ,+e ";arC! "lie,ele> I 1695$ +e led a !u""e!!ful "am)ai* o 0e+alf of ,+e
Ru!!ia! a*ai!, ,+e Ba!+#ir$ ad ,+e a*ai!, ,+e No*ai> I 1777$ Pe,er ,+e Grea,$ i re"o*i,io
of +i! !er.i"e!$ re"ei.ed +im wi,+ *rea, +oor a, Sara,o.>
57

O ,+e w+ole$ ,+e Tor*+u, #+aa,e )ro!)ered uder ,+e Ru!!ia )ro,e",ora,e> I, eA,eded from
,+e Ural Ri.er ,o ,+e (o$ ad from T!ari,!& ,o ,+e 'au"a!u!$ w+e i 1770 ,+e "lum!ie!! of
"er,ai Ru!!ia a*e,! idu"ed <+a U0a!+a ,o wi,+draw +i! +orde i,o 'e,ral 9!ia> T+e
Tor*+u, *rad lama fiAed ,+e da,e of de)ar,ure for %auar& 3$ 1771> 8ore ,+a 70$000 familie!
were i.ol.ed i ,+i! eAodu!> T+e Tor*+u, )eo)le ,ra.er!ed ,+e Ural ad af,er "ou,le!!
+ard!+i)! ad )eril! arri.ed i Tur*ai> T+ere ,+e& were +ara!!ed 0& ,+e <ir*+i;1<a;a#+! of ,+e
/i,,le :orde uder ,+eir #+a Nur C9li$ ad la,er 0& ,+o!e of ,+e 8iddle :orde uder 90lai>
:a.i* a, la!, arri.ed a, /a#e Bal#0a!0$ ,+e ufor,ua,e emi*ra,! were !u0@e",ed ,o fur,+er
a,,a"#!$ ,+i! ,ime 0& ,+e <ara1<ir*+i; or Buru, )eo)le> T+e !ur.i.or! fiall& rea"+ed ,+e Ili
0a!i$ w+ere ,+e& were fed ad !e,,led 0& ,+e '+ie!e au,+ori,ie!>
52

THE 2HOSHOT 2HA1ATE OF TSAI-AM A1- THE 2O2O 1OR3 PROTECTOR OF
THE TI.ETA1 CH7RCH
W+ile ,+e Tor*+u, we, ,o "ar.e a em)ire for ,+em!el.e! i ,+e 9ralo1'a!)ia !,e))e$ ao,+er
of ,+e Oira, or <almu"# )eo)le! ,ured ,+eir e&e! ,oward Ti0e,> S377T I ,+e fir!, ?uar,er of ,+e
!e.e,ee,+ "e,ur&$ a! a re!ul, of <+al#a )re!!ure w+i"+ +ad ,+ru!, 0a"# ,+e (Jr0e Oira,
,oward ,+e we!,$ ,+e <+o!+o, were e"am)ed a0ou, /a#e Xai!a ad o ,+e Ir,&!+$ i w+a, i!
,oda& ,+e Semi)ala,i!# re*io$ a! far a! Yami!+e.!# or Pe!"+aaia> 90ou, 1670$ ,+eir "+ief
Boi0e*+u! BaCa,ur wa! "o.er,ed ,o ,+e lamai!m of ,+e Ti0e,a Yellow '+ur"+> Su"+ wa! +i!
;eal ,+a, a, +i! i!,i*a,io ,+e ,+ree o,+er <almu"# )ri"e!=<+ara <ula$ "+ief of ,+e '+oro!E
(alai ,ai@i$ "+ief of ,+e (Jr0J,E ad <+u Urlu#$ "+ief of ,+e Tor*+u,=ea"+ !e, oe of +i! !o!
,o !,ud& lamai!m i Ti0e,> Boi0e*+u! wa! !u""eeded 0& +i! ,wo !o!$ U"+ir,u1!e"+e$ w+o
rei*ed o.er ,+e Xai!a area$ ad 90lai1,ai@i$ w+o rei*ed o.er ,+e Ir,&!+ i Semi)ala,i!#> No
le!! ;ealou! a Budd+i!, ,+a +i! fa,+er$ +e fouded a lamai!, moa!,er& we!, of ,+e Ir,&!+$
0e,wee Semi)ala,i!# ad Tara>
I 1656$ a 0ro,+er of Boi0e*+u!$ Gu!+i #+a$ we, ,o !ee# +i! for,ue ear ,+e <o#o Nor ad
"ar.ed +im!elf a domai roud ,+i! la#e ad T!aidam> :e i"rea!ed +i! )o!!e!!io! i <+amdo
or ea!,er Ti0e,$ w+i"+ +e !u0@u*a,ed 0o,+ ,o +i! ,em)oral )ower ad ,o ,+e !)iri,ual au,+ori,& of
,+e Yellow '+ur"+> Dor Gu!+i #+a$ li#e all ,+e <+o!+o, )ri"e!$ wa! a de.ou, lamai!,> 9, ,+i!
,ime$ ,+e Yellow '+ur"+ wa! ,+rea,eed 0& a *ra.e da*er> 9 Ti0e,a )ri"e$ ,+e de%srid of
*T!a*$ )ro,e",or of ,+e old Red "ler*&$ ,oo# )o!!e!!io of /+a!a G0e,wee 1650 ad 1656H> T+e
+ead of ,+e Yellow '+ur"+$ ,+e (alai /ama Na*1d0a* 0/o10;a*$ a))ealed ,o Gu!+i #+a$ w+o
"ame a, o"e ,o ,+e defe!e of ,+e Yellow '+ur"+ 0& formi* a M+ol& lea*ue>M T+i! wa! @oied
0& all ,+e o,+er <almu"# )ri"e!4 +i! e)+ew! U"+ir,u1!e"+e ad 90lai1,ai@i of Xai!a ad
Semi)ala,i!#E BaCa,ur1#+o*,ai@i$ "+ief of ,+e '+oro!$ w+o rei*ed o.er ,+e Uru*u$ ,+e Bla"#
Ir,&!+$ ad ,+e Imil i Tar+a*a,aiE ad e.e <+u Urlu#$ ,+e Tor*+u, "+ief$ ,+e e*a*ed i
"o?ueri* ,+e !,e))e! or,+ of ,+e 9ral ad ,+e 'a!)ia> Bu, i, wa! Gu!+i #+a w+o wi,+ +i!
0ro,+er <udelu* U0a!+a uder,oo# ,o wa*e ,+e :ol& War> O +i! fir!, eA)edi,io G"a> 1659FH$
+e e,ered Ti0e, ad defea,ed all ,+e (alai /amaC! eemie!$ w+e,+er ad+ere,! of ,+e Red "ler*&
or !e",arie! of ,+e a"ie, bon%po !or"er&> I ,+e "our!e of a !e"od "am)ai*$ +e im)ri!oed ,+e
de%srid of *T!a* G"a> 16L7FH$ o""u)ied /+a!a$ ad )ro"laimed ,+e (alai /ama Na*1d0a* 0/o1
0;a* S375T !o.erei* of "e,ral Ti0e, G(0u! ad T!a*H> I ,o#e of ,+e ,em)oral !o.erei*,&
"oferred u)o +im 0& ,+e <+o!+o, )ri"e$ 0/o10;a* 0uil, a re!ide"e for +im!elf o ,+e !i,e of
,+e )ala"e of ,+e former #i*! of Ti0e,$ ,+e Po,ala of /+a!a G16L51L3H> I re,ur$ Gu!+i #+a$
alread& lord of ,+e <o#o Nor$ of T!aidam$ ad of or,+er Ti0e,$ wa! re"o*i;ed 0& ,+e )o,iff$
i /+a!a i,!elf$ a! )ro,e",or ad ,em)oral .i"ar of ,+e Yellow '+ur"+> U,il +i! dea,+ i 1636$ +e
wa! ideed$ a! +e wa! "alled 0& ,+e "our, of Pe#i*$ M,+e #+a of ,+e Ti0e,a!>M
59

T+e <+o!+o, realm of ,+e <o#o Nor ad T!aidam$ wi,+ ,+e Ti0e,a )ro,e",ora,e$ )a!!ed o Gu!+i
#+aC! dea,+ ,o +i! !o (a&a #+a G1636170H ad ,+e ,o +i! *rad!o (alai #+a G167011700H>
(alai #+aC! !o /a,!a* #+a G170011717H al!o )ro.ed ,o 0e a ;ealou! )ro,e",or of ,+e Yellow
'+ur"+E +e ,oo# +i! fu",io .er& !eriou!l& ad !ummoed "ou"il! ,o ele", Mli.i* Budd+a!>M I,
wa! ,+u! ,+a, +e +ad ,o i,er.ee i Ti0e, i o))o!i,io ,o ,+e all1)owerful mii!,er Sa*!1r*&a!
r*&a1m!+o$ w+o$ i ,+e ame of a ifa, (alai /ama$ ruled a! ,+e +ead of ,+e Yellow '+ur"+> I
170316$ /a,!a* #+a e,ered /+a!a$ )u, ,+e redou0,a0le mii!,er ,o dea,+$ de)o!ed ,+e wro*l&
"+o!e li,,le (alai /ama$ ad +ad +im re)la"ed 0& a more au,+e,i" oe G1702110H> Drom Gu!+i
#+a ,o /a,!a* #+a$ ,+e <+o!+o, ruler! of ,+e <o#o Nor ad T!aidam !,ood i a0ou, ,+e !ame
rela,io ,o ,+e Ti0e,a :ol& See a! Pe)i ad '+arlema*e did ,o ,+e Pa)a"&>
Bu, ,+i! eAal,ed )o!i,io$ !o im)or,a, 0& rea!o of ,+e Yellow '+ur"+C! iflue"e i ,+e )oli,i"!
of 'e,ral 9!ia ad ,+e Dar Ea!,$ wa! 0oud ,o arou!e @ealou!&> 9o,+er <almu"# ,ri0e$ ,+a, of
,+e '0oro!$ w+i"+ +ad 0e"ome ,+e mo!, im)or,a, i (;u*aria$ aimed a, !e"uri* ,+i! #e&
)o!i,io for i,!elf> I %ue$ 1717$ ,+e '+oro! "+ief T!ere* (odu0 mar"+ed u)o Ti0e,> Dor
,+ree mo,+! /a,!a* #+a !u""eeded i +oldi* ,+e '0oro! or,+ of ,+e Te*ri Nor GNam T!oHE
,+e$ ou,um0ered$ wa! for"ed ,o re,rea, ,o /+a!a> Drom ,+ere +e wa! dri.e ou, 0& T!ere*
(odu0$ w+o o (e"em0er7 ,oo# )o!!e!!io of ,+e "i,&> /a,!a*$ w+o +ad defeded ,+e Po,ala
,o ,+e la!,$ wa! #illed a! +e fled>
L0
T+u! eded ,+e <+o!+o, )ro,e",ora,e of Ti0e,E &e, ,+e <0o!0o,
)eo)le 0rou*+, from ,+e Ir,&!+ 0& Gu!0i #+a !,ill form ,+e 0a!i! of ,+e )o)ula,io of ,+e
T!aidam re*io$ ad ,+ree o,+er *rou)! of ,+e !ame ra"e !ur.i.e we!, ad S37LT or,+ea!, of ,+e
<o#o Nor a! well a! i ,+e di!,ri", of /u,!a* ad /a#ia!+i+ G9ru1ra@aH i So#)a$ !ou,+ea!, of
,+e la#e>
T+o!e <+o!+o, w+o +ad remaied o ,+e Ir,&!+ ear /a#e Xai!a uder ,+e "ommad of ,+e ,wo
0ro,+er! U"+ir,u1!e"+e ad 90lai !uffered 0& ,+e di!"ord 0e,wee ,+e ,wo "+ief!> 90lai$
.a?ui!+ed$ emi*ra,ed ad fou*+, ,+e Tor*+u, for )o!!e!!io of ,+e !,e))e! 0e,wee ,+e Ural ad
,+e Vol*a$ "a),uri* ,+eir "+ief Pu,!u#18o"+a# G"a> 1670H> Bu, ,+e Tor*+u, lo!, o ,ime i
re,alia,i*$ ,oo# 90lai )ri!oer$ ad di!)er!ed +i! +orde> U"+ir,u1!e"+e$ w+o 0ad remaied o
/a#e Xai!a$ wa! a,,a"#ed ad )u, ,o dea,+ i 1677 0& ,+e '+oro! "+ief Galda$ w+o !u0@u*a,ed
!ome of +i! )eo)le$ w+ile ,+e re!, we, ,o @oi ,+e <+o!+o, w+o +ad !e,,led i T!aidam ad ,+e
<o#o Nor>
L1

THE ->71,AR 2I1,-OM 71-ER THE CHOROS -(1AST(6 .A0AT7R%
2HO1,TAI4I0S REI,1
/i#e ,+e Tor*+u, ad <+o!+o,$ ,+e Oira, ,ri0e!=or <almu"# or (;u*ar ,ri0e!$ !i"e ,+e ,+ree
ame! de!i*a,e ,+e !ame *rou) =i>e>$ ,+e '+oro! ad ,+e (Jr0J,$ +ad 0ee dri.e from
or,+we!,er 8o*olia ad ,+ru!, e.e far,+er we!, 0& ,+e <+al#a> 90ou, 1670$ af,er 0i,,er
fi*+,i* wi,+ ,+e <+al#a 9l,&1#+a i ,+e U0!a Nor re*io i ,+e la,er )ro.i"e of <o0do$ ,+e
'+oro! +ad 0ee for"ed ,o !"a,,er> Some of ,+em fled wi,+ a )or,io of ,+e (Jr0J, or,+ward i,o
Si0eria$ i,o ,+e mou,aiou! re*io of ,+e u))er O0$ roud Ulala$ w+ere ,+e So.ie,! la,er
formed a M9u,oomou! Re)u0li" of ,+e Oira,$M ad e.e far,+er or,+$ ,oward )re!e,1da&
Bamaoul$ a, ,+e "oflue"e of ,+e '+um&!+ ad ,+e O0> Bu, ,+e ma@ori,& of ,+e '+oro!$
followed 0& ,+eir (Jr0J, allie!$ fiall& !e,,led i ,+e re*io of ,+e Bla"# Ir,&!+$ ,+e Uru*u$ ,+e
Imil$ ad ,+e Ili$ roud Tar0a*a,ai> 9 !our"e of !,re*,+ for ,+e '+oro!=!,re*,+ ,+a, ea0led
,+em ,o mai,ai ,+eir +e*emo& of ,+e o,+er Oira,=wa! ,+a, ,+e& remaied i "o,a", wi,+ ,+eir
a,i.e 8o*olia$ w+ile ,+e Tor*+u, emi*ra,ed or,+ of ,+e 'a!)ia ad ,+e <+o!+o, mo.ed ,o
,+e <o#o Nor> T+e '+oro! #+a!$ wi,+ ,+eir (Jr0J, ad <+oi, "lie,!$ were ,+u! ea0led ,o
re0uild ,+e Oira, or=a! i, will 0e "alled +e"efor,+=,+e (;u*ar a,io> T+e ame (;u*ar
will de!i*a,e ,+e '+oro! ad ,+eir "ofedera,e!= (Jr0J, ad <+oi,=w+o owed o0edie"e ,o
,+e '+oro! #+a!>
L7

S373T
T+e fir!, '+oro! "+ief w+o ,+u! arre!,ed ,+e "olla)!e of +i! )eo)le ad !e,,led ,+em i Tar0a*a,ai
0efore !e,,i* for,+ for ,+e re"o?ue!, of 8o*olia wa! <+ara <ula$ w+o!e dea,+$ a""ordi* ,o
Bar,+old$ o""urred i 165L>
L5
:i! !o BaCa,ur#+o*,ai@i$ w+o !u""eeded +im G165L135H$
"o,iued +i! wor#>
LL
Wi!+i* ,o !e,,le ,+e (;u*ar i Tar0a*a,ai$ +e 0uil, a "a)i,al of !,oe a,
<u0a#1!ari$ o ,+e Imil$ ear moder '+u*u"+a#> MSome,ime! i +i! ew "a)i,al$M !a&! 'oura,$
Mad !ome,ime! i +i! e"am)me,! o ,+e Ili or i ,+e re*io U!ou,+we!,V of <o0do$ +e ,oo#
)lea!ure i re"ei.i* wi,+ di*i,& ad !)ledor ,+e e.o&! of forei* )ri"e! ad of ,+e .oi.ode!
of Si0eriaE ,+e omad warrior wa! 0ei* ,ra!mu,ed i,o a law*i.i*$ fai*$ ad ,radi*
)ri"e>M
L3

BaCa,ur1#+o*,ai@i led .i",oriou! eA)edi,io! a*ai!, ,+e <ir*+i;1<a;a#+! of ,+e Grea, :orde$
w+o!e omad ,erri,or& eA,eded from ,+e ,ow of Tur#e!,a i ,+e we!, ,o ,+e Ili i ,+e ea!,> I
,+e "our!e of a fir!, "am)ai* a*ai!, ,+eir #+a I!+im$ i 1653$ +e ,oo# Ye+a*ir$ ,+e !o of ,+a,
#+a$ )ri!oer> T+e )ri!oer$ +owe.er$ e!"a)ed> I 16L5$ BaCa,ur o"e more a,,a"#ed Ye+a*ir$
w+o 0ad ow 0e"ome !ul,a$ ad wi,+ ,+e +el) of ,+e <+o!+o, "+ief! U"+ir,u ad 90lai a*ai
defea,ed +im> T+u! ,+e <ir*+i;$ ,+o!e omad Tur#! w+o were !o !u)erfi"iall& 8u!lim ad 0efore
w+om ,+e !ede,ar& )eo)le! of Bu#0aria ,rem0led$ were ow raided 0& o,+er ad e.e more
mo0ile +orde! w+o were 8o*ol 0& ra"e ad Budd+i!, 0& reli*io> Dor BaCa,ur1#+o*,ai@iC! wa!
a !i"ere Budd+i!,E i, +a! alread& 0ee o,ed +ow aroud 1652 +e +el)ed Gu!+i #+a$ #i* of ,+e
<+o!+o, of T!aidam ad ,+e <o#o Nor$ i a :ol& War w+i"+ li0era,ed ,+e Ti0e,a Yellow
'+ur"+ from i,! o))re!!or!>
L6

,A/-A10S REI,1 BCA8A%E8F6 FO71-ATIO1 OF THE ->71,AR EMPIRE
O BaCa,ur1#+o*,ai@iC! dea,+ i 1635$ a""ordi* ,o Po;dee.$ ,+e (;u*ar ,+roe wa! o""u)ied
0& oe of +i! !o! amed Se**e G"a> 133511671H> Se**e wa! #illed a0ou, 1671 0& ,wo of +i!
0ro,+er!$ Se"+e1#+a ad T!o,0a BaCa,ur> 9 four,+ !o of BaCa,ur1#+o*,ai@i$ Galda$ w+o wa!
0or i 16L3$ +ad 0ee !e, ,o ,+e (alai /ama i /+a!a$ w+ere +e ,oo# moa!,i" order!> 90ou,
1676 +e re,ured from /+a!a$ +a.i* re"ei.ed "aoi"al S376T di!)e!a,io from ,+e (alai
/ama$ #illed +i! 0ro,+er Se"+e#+a$ eA)elled +i! o,+er 0ro,+er T!o,0a BaCa,ur$ ad o0,aied
re"o*i,io a! #+a of ,+e '+oro! ad !u;erai of ,+e o,+er (;u*ar ,ri0e!>
L7

GaldaC! ,rium)+ wa! due ,o ,+e !u))or, of ,+e #+a of ,+e <+o!+o, of /a#e Xai!a$ U"+ir,u1
!e"+e> Ne.er,+ele!!$ i 1677 +e did o, +e!i,a,e ,o ,ur u)o ,+e la,,erE +e defea,ed +im$ #illed
+im$ aeAed +i! ,erri,or& ad !ome of +i! +orde$ ad dro.e ,+e re!, 0a"# ,oward <a!u>
L2

9f,er ,+i! "ou)$ Galda foud +im!elf lord of a !olidl& e!,a0li!+ed (;u*ar realm eA,edi*
from ,+e Ili ,o ,+e !ou,+ of <o0do$ a realm i w+i"+ ,+e (Jr0J,$ ,+e rema,! of ,+e <+o!+o,$
ad ,+e <+oi,!=i !+or,$ all ,+e Oira, ,ri0e! ,+a, +ad o, emi*ra,ed=redered di!"i)lied
o0edie"e ,o ,+e ro&al +ou!e of ,+e '+oro!> I ,+e !ame wa&$ %e*+i; <+a +ad uified all ,+e
,+ir,ee,+1"e,ur& 8o*ol! uder ,+e Bor"+i*i "la> Now ,+a, +e ,oo +ad relia0le "lie,! a, +i!
di!)o!al aroud +i! )a,rimo& of Tar0a*a,ai$ Galda em0ar#ed u)o ,+e "o?ue!, of 'e,ral
9!ia>
:i! fir!, mo.e wa! i <a!+*aria> I ,+i! "ou,r&$ reli*iou! #+o@a familie! +ad i"rea!i*l&
udermied ,+e au,+ori,& of ,+e %a*a,ai #+a! ad !l&l& !u0!,i,u,ed or !u)erim)o!ed a !or, of
8u!lim "leri"ali!m or I!lami" ,+eo"ra"& wi,+i ,+e a"ie, %e*+i;1<+ai,e #+aa,e> Two #+o@a
familie!=,+e 9?,a*+li# ad ,+e \ara,a*+li#=+ad ,+u! *ra!)ed effe",i.e )ower$ ,+e former i
<a!+*ar$ ,+e la,,er i Yar#ad> 90ou, 1677$ ,+e la!, #+a$ I!maCil$ rea",ed 0& for"i* ,+e
9?,a*+li# leader$ :a;ra, 9)a#$ ,o flee <a!+*ar>
L9
:a;ra, 9)a# ,oo# refu*e i Ti0e,$ w+ere +e
im)lored ,+e +el) of ,+e (alai /ama> T+i! dBmar"+e ma& !eem !,ra*e w+e oe "o!ider! ,+e
*ulf !e)ara,i* ,+e Budd+i!, ,+eo"ra"& from ,+e 8u!lim> Bu, i ,+e !)+ere of )oli,i"!$ ,+e ,wo
form! of "leri"ali!m were a! oe$ irre!)e",i.e of do",rie> T+e MPo)e of Budd+i!m$M w+o !,ill
,+ou*+, of +i! former Mal,ar 0o&M Galda a! !u0mi!!i.e ,o +i! word!$ i.i,ed +im ,o rei!,a,e
8u+ammadC! re)re!e,a,i.e i <a!+*ar> Galda o0e&ed all ,+e more ;ealou!l& i ,+a, !u"+ a
mi!!io made +im ,+e ad.o"a,e of 0o,+ ,+e lamai!, ad 8u!lim M"+ur"+e!$M i addi,io ,o ,+e
fa", ,+a, i, would ea0le +im ,o e!,a0li!+ a (;u*ar )ro,e",ora,e o.er <a!+*aria>
9d !o i, "ame a0ou,> Galda +ad li,,le diffi"ul,& i o""u)&i* S377T <a!+*aria> :e ,oo# <+a
I!maCil )ri!oer ad !e, +im i,o "a),i.i,& a, <uld@a o ,+e Ili G1672120H> No, "o,e, wi,+
rei!,alli* ,+e #+o@a :a;ra, 9)a# a! .i"ero& i <a!+*ar$ +e *a.e +im Yar#ad a! well$ a, ,+e
eA)e!e of ,+e o,+er #+o@a famil&$ ,+e ri.al \ara,a*+li#!> T+u! <a!+*aria 0e"ame a (;u*ar
)ro,e",ora,e i w+i"+ ,+e #+o@a! were o more ,+a )refe",! of ,+e '+oro! #+a> T+i! 0e"ame
e.ide, w+e af,er :a;ra, 9)a#C! dea,+ ,+e old ?uarrel! 0e,wee 9?,a*+li#! ad \ara,a*+li#!
were re.i.ed> T+e (;u*ar! a"+ie.ed *eeral a*reeme, 0& ,a#i* )ri!oer ,+e "+ief! of 0o,+
"la!$ 9+med1#+o@a ,+e 9?,a*+li# ad (ai&al1#+o@a ,+e \ara,a*+li#> (ai&al wa! ,+e "+o!e
,o 0e .i"ero& of <a!+*aria G1770H$ wi,+ +i! re!ide"e i Yar#ad$ 0u, o "odi,io ,+a, +e ma#e a
+um0le a", of .a!!ala*e 0efore ,+e (;u*ar #+o*,ai@i a, <uldia> 9l!o$ ,+e (;u*ar lord!
a))ro)ria,ed wide domai! i <a!+*aria>
9f,er ,+e "o?ue!, of <a!+*aria=ad a))are,l& la,er ,+a 1621=Galda ,oo# )o!!e!!io of
Turfa ad :ami$ w+ere u) ,o ,+a, ,ime ,+ere +ad o dou0, dwel, a ea!,er 0ra"+ of %a*a,ai,e!>
Galda ow aimed a, re.i.i* ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e e)i"> :e eA+or,ed all 8o*ol! ,o @oi i
!ei;i* ,+e em)ire of ,+e Dar Ea!, from ,+e 8a"+u!=,+o!e u)!,ar,! w+o!e %ur"+id a"e!,or!
+ad o"e 0ee o.erw+elmed 0& %e*+i; <+a> M9re we ,o 0e"ome ,+e !la.e! of ,+o!e w+o were
o"e a, our "ommadF T+e em)ire i! ,+e +eri,a*e of our fore0ear![M
30

I order ,o ui,e ,+e 8o*ol ra"e$ Galda +ad ow ,o draw ,+e four <+al#a #+a! wi,+i +i!
"lie,ele> I ,+i! 0e wa! +el)ed 0& ,+eir ?uarrel!$ e!)e"iall& ,+e ri.alr& 0e,wee ,+e
(;a!a*,u#+a ad ,+e Tu!+e,u1#+a> :e !ided wi,+ ,+e former a*ai!, ,+e la,,er ad !oo +ad ,+e
mo!, le*i,ima,e rea!o for i,er.ei*> T+e ,roo)! of T!a*u (or@i$ ,+e Tu!+e,u1#+a$
"ommaded 0& +i! 0ro,+er ,+e chept%sun dampa$ "o?uered S+ara$ ,+e (;a!a*,u1#+a$ w+o wa!
drowed w+ile ,r&i* ,o e!"a)eE ,+e& ,+e i.aded (;u*ar ,erri,or& ad #illed oe of GaldaC!
0ro,+er!>
31

Galda rea",ed .i*orou!l&> 9, ,+e 0e*ii* of 1622$ +e i +i! ,ur i.aded ,+e ,erri,or& of ,+e
Tu!+e,u1#+a$ ai+ila,ed +i! arm& o ,+e Tiimir$ a ,ri0u,ar& of ,+e Or#+o$ ad allowed +i! me
,o )luder ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e ,em)le! of Erdei (;u a, <ara#orum4 a .i!i0le !i* ,+a, ,+e
(;u*ar were !u))la,i* S372T ,+e ea!,er 8o*ol! a! leader! of ,+e 8o*ol a,io!> Dleei*
from Galda$ ,+e Tu!+e,u1#+a ad ,+e o,+er <+al#a #+a! Gi"ludi* T!ewa* S+a0$ 0ro,+er
ad +eir of ,+e la!, (;a!a*,u#+a$ w+o +ad 0ee #illed 0& Tu!+e,uH ,oo# refu*e ear <u#u :o,o$
i TImed "ou,r& o ,+e or,+we!,er fro,ier of S+a!i$ w+i"+ wa! uder ,+e )ro,e",io of ,+e
'+ie!e Em)ire$ ad e,rea,ed ,+e +el) of ,+e 8a"+u em)eror <Ca*1+!i> :a.i* !u0@u*a,ed ,+e
Or#+o ad Tula "ou,r&$ Galda we, dow ,+e .alle& of ,+e <erule a! far a! ,+e a))roa"+e!
,o 8a"+uria G!)ri* of 1690H> T+e e,ire <+al#a "ou,r& wa! "o?uered 0& ,+e (;u*ar )eo)le$
w+o!e em)ire ,+e"efor,+ eA,eded from ,+e Ili ,o ,+e Bor Nor> Galda e.e .e,ured ,o ad.a"e
u)o Ier 8o*olia alo* ,+e Ur*a1<al*a road>
Em)eror <Ca*1+!i "ould o, allow ,+i! ew 8o*ol Em)ire ,o ari!e a, ,+e .er& ,+re!+old of
'+ia> :e mar"+ed ,o mee, Galda ad +al,ed +im Ma, Ula1)u,Cu* 0e,wee <al*a ad Ur*a$
ei*+,& lea*ue! from Pe#i*>M
37
T+e ar,iller& maufa",ured for <Ca*1+!i 0& ,+e %e!ui,! wa! ,oo
mu"+ for Galda$ ad ,+e ew %e*+i; <+a$ di!"o"er,ed$ e.a"ua,ed <+al#a "ou,r& Ged of
1690H> I 8a&$ 1691$ <Ca*1+!i !ummoed a (ie, i (oloor a, w+i"+ ,+e )ri"i)al <+al#a
"+ief!$ +eaded 0& Tu!+e,u1#+a ad Se"+e1#+a$ a"#owled*ed ,+em!el.e! .a!!al! of ,+e Sio1
8a"+u Em)ire ad a*reed ,o )a& ,ri0u,e$ i re,ur for w+i"+ ,+e& were ,o re"ei.e a )e!io
from ,+e im)erial ,rea!ur&> T+e& fur,+er a"#owled*ed ,+em!el.e! 0oud ,o ,+e em)ire 0& a
0od of )er!oal lo&al,&$ w+i"+ wa! ,o 0e !,re*,+eed from ,ime ,o ,ime 0& famil& allia"e!> I,
ma& 0e o,ed +ere ,+a, ,+ou*+ ,+i! !&!,em wa! 0a!ed o '+ie!e admii!,ra,i.e eA)erie"e i
deali* wi,+ M0ar0aria!$M i, wa! fouded mail& o ,+e omad1,oomad form of a,,a"+me, of
,+e 8o*ol #+a! ,o ,+e 8a"+u *rad #+a> T+u! w+e i 1917 ,+e 8a"+u d&a!,& fell ad
wa! re)la"ed 0& ,+e '+ie!e Re)u0li"$ ,+e 8o*ol )ri"e!$ deemi* ,+em!el.e! relea!ed from
,+eir oa,+ of lo&al,&$ de"lared ,+eir ide)ede"e>
I 1693$ war 0e,wee Galda ad ,+e em)ire 0ro#e ou, a*ai> 9*ai Galda "ro!!ed ,+e <+al#a
"ou,r& ad )ee,ra,ed a! far a! ,+e <erule .alle&$ i,edi* ,o li# u) wi,+ ,+e <+or"+i of ,+e
Ri.er Noi$ w+om +e +o)ed ,o e,i"e awa& from ,+e im)erial "lie,ele> Bu, ,+e <+or"+i
wared ,+e "our, of Pe#i* of ,+e!e i,ri*ue!$ ad i ,+e !)ri* of 1696 Em)eror <Ca*1+!i
S379T mar"+ed a*ai!, Galda wi,+ all +i! for"e! ad from <al*a !)urred dire",l& ,oward ,+e
<erule$ ,uri* u)!,ream i )ur!ui, of ,+e eem&>
35
T+e (;u*ar #+a ,ried ,o elude +im$ 0u,
<Ca*1+!iC! "+ief offi"er$ Dei1&a*1#u$ w+o "ommaded ,+e .a*uard$ me, +im o ,+e Tula ad$
,+a#! o"e more ,o ,+e u!e of ar,iller& ad mu!#e,!$ defea,ed +im a, '+ao1modo !ou,+ of Ur*a
o %ue 17$ 1696> GaldaC! wife wa! #illed ad +er !ui,e "a),ured$ ad +er +erd! remaied i ,+e
+ad! of ,+e im)erial ,roo)!> :a.i* lo!, +alf +i! for"e!$ ,+e (;u*ar leader fled we!,ward$
w+ile <Ca*1+!i re,ured ,o Pe#i* i ,rium)+> T+e <+al#a!$ !a.ed 0& ,+e im)erial .i",or&$
re)o!!e!!ed ,+em!el.e! of ,+eir ,erri,or&> I ,+e followi* !ummer$ <a*1+!i wa! )re)ari* ,o !e,
for,+ o "am)ai* a*ai ,o ,+ru!, ,+e (;,i*ar! 0a"# i,o Tar0a*a,ai$ w+e +e leared ,+a, o
8a& 5$ 1697$ Galda +ad died af,er a !+or, ille!!>
3L

T+e "+ief 0eefi, ,+a, 8a"+u '+ia deri.ed from ,+i! .i",or& wa! ,+e )ermae, e!,a0li!+me,
of a )ro,e",ora,e o.er ,+e <+al#a!> T+e four <+al#a #+a! w+om <Ca*1+!i +ad !a.ed from
(;u*ar domia,io "ould refu!e +im o,+i*> Im)erial re!ide,! ,oo# u) ,+eir a0ode amo*
,+em ad a im)erial *arri!o wa! i!,alled a, Ur*a$ i ,+e +ear, of ,+eir ,erri,or&> 9)ar, from
,+i!$ <Ca*1+!i$ w+o remaied .er& 8a"+u i +i! ou,loo# ad uder!,ood ,+e omad
)!&"+olo*&$ wa! "areful o, ,o i,erfere wi,+ ,+e a,ioal or*ai;a,io of ,+e ea!,er 8o*ol!>
:e re!)e",ed M,+e old ,ri0al$ mili,ar&$ ad admii!,ra,i.e di.i!io of ,+e "ou,r& i,o tsuglans
G(ie,! or lea*ue!H$ ayma9s G,ri0e! or arm& "or)!H$ 9osighuns or 9oshuns GC0aer!CH$ ad sumuns
GCarrow!$C i>e>$ !?uadro!H>M
33

T+e !ame ,+i* +ad +a))eed amo* ,+e Ordo!> Da,+er 8o!,aer, o,e!4 MT+e .ariou! ,ri0e! were
or*ai;ed i 0aer! G8o*olia$ 9osighunE Ordo!$ gushuH$ o ,+e )a,,er of ,+e ei*+, 8a"+u
0aer!$ ad al,+ou*+ ,+e *rea,er um0er "o,iued ,o 0e *o.ered 0& )ri"e! of ,+e old
rei*i* famil&$ !ome$ !u"+ a! ,+e '+aliar ad ,+e TImed of <wei+wa"+e*$ lo!, ,+e!e "+ief!
ad "ame uder ,+e au,+ori,& of a 8a"+u offi"ial> > > > Idi.idual! 0elo*i* ,o ,+e !ame 0aer
were di!,ri0u,ed amo* a "er,ai um0er of !umu ad ,+e!e i ,ur amo* .ariou! 9ariya$ ,+e
sumu 0ei* "ommaded 0& 3anggins ad ,+e 9ariya 0& 3alans> T+i! !&!,em re!ul,ed i !ome
relaAa,io of ,+e ,ie! ui,i* ,+e o0le! Gtayi3i$ from ta3iH ad ,+eir !u0ordia,e! S350T GalbatuH
ad i a arrowi* of ,+e *ulf ,+a, o"e !e)ara,ed ,+e!e !ame o0le! from "ommoer!
G9arachuH>M
36

Drom ,+e ,erri,orial )oi, of .iew$ <Ca*1+!i *aied "o,rol of ,+e !,ar,i* )oi, of ,+e ea!,er
Tur#e!,a "ara.a rou,e 0& idu"i* ,+e 8u!lim )ri"e of :ami$ C 90d19lla+ Tar#+a10e*$ ,o
re"o*i;e +i! !u;erai,&>
THE ->71,AR EMPIRE 71-ER TSE#A1, RA.-A1 BCAE8%C8D8F
Em)eror <Ca*1+!i$ "o,e, ,o +a.e e!,a0li!+ed a )ro,e",ora,e o.er ,+e <+al#a ad rea!!ured 0&
GaldaC! dea,+$ made o a,,em), ,o !u0@u*a,e ,+e (;u*ar "ou,r& of Tar0a*a,ai> :e allowed
GaldaC! e)+ew T!ewa* Ra0da$ ,+e !o of Se**e$ ,o a!"ed ,+e '+oro! ,+roe> 8oreo.er$
T!ewa* Ra0da$ w+om Galda +ad o"e ,ried ,o )u, ,o dea,+$ +ad i ,+e ed re0elled a*ai!,
+i! u"leE ,+erefore$ ,+e "our, of Pe#i* 0elie.ed ,+a, ,+e (;u*ar ,ri0e! were ow ,o 0e
*o.ered 0& a all& of '+ia> T+e fa", wa!$ a! 'oura, +a! "learl& !+ow$ ,+a, T!ewa* Ra0da
eeded ,o "o!olida,e +i! )o!i,io i Tar0a*a,ai ad o ,+e Ili 0efore ado),i* +i! u"leC! a,i1
'+ie!e )oli"&> T+e Ili re*io wa! of )ar,i"ular i,ere!, ,o ,+e ew #+aE +e !eem! ,o +a.e
"+o!e <uld@a for +i! "a)i,al ad lef, ,+e ,ow of Imil ,o +i! 0ro,+er T!ere* (odu0>
37

I ,+e Ili area$ ,+e (;u*ar +e*emo& "la!+ed wi,+ ,+e <ir*+i;1<a;a#+!$ ,+e 8u!lim Tur#i"
omad! w+o domia,ed ,+e lad from /a#e Bal#+a!+ ,o ,+e Ural Ri.er> T+eir ,+ree +orde!$
!omew+a, loo!el& ui,ed$ !,ill o0e&ed oe ad ,+e !ame #+a$ T&aw#a Gd> 1712H$ w+o wa!
#ow$ !a&! Bar,+old$ a! ,+e le*i!la,or of +i! )eo)le$ ad uder w+om ,+e!e e,eral omad!
a"?uired !ome !mall mea!ure of or*ai;a,io ad !,a0ili,&> Si"e a0ou, 1397192$ uder ,+eir
#+a Tawa##ulC! rei*$ ,+e <ir*+i;1 <a;a#+! +ad !ei;ed ,+e "i,ie! of Tur#e!,a ad Ta!+#e,
from ,+e U;0e# or S+a&0aid #+aa,e of Bu#+ara> 9 +udred &ear! la,er$ T&aw#a would 0e
re"ei.i* em0a!!ie! from Ru!!ia G169LH ad ,+e <almu"#! G1692H i Tur#e!,a>
32
Bei* i !o
!,ro* a )o!i,io ad a0le ,o ,a#e ad.a,a*e of ,+e di!,ur0a"e "au!ed amo* ,+e (;u*ar 0&
,+eir "ofli", wi,+ '+ia$ T&aw#a +ad o +e!i,a,io i +a.i* a um0er of (;u*ar e.o&! )u, ,o
dea,+$ alo* wi,+ ,+e fi.e +udred me of ,+eir e!"or,$ i )ar,i"ularl& odiou! "ir"um!,a"e!>
39
S351T T+i! !la&i* of a w+ole em0a!!& a, ,+e ed of ,+e !e.e,ee,+ "e,ur&$ i a "orer of ,+e
!,e))e 0e,wee ,+e Ili ad ,+e S&r (ar&a$ wa! e))are,l& @u!, oe more 0a,,le 0e,wee omad
+orde!E &e, uderl&i* i, wa! a a"ie, e,+i" ad reli*iou! "ofli",> Wa! ,+e we!,er em)ire of
,+e !,e))e! ,o 0elo* ,o Tur#! or 8o*ol!$ 8u!lim! or Budd+i!,!F I, wa! ,+e la,,er w+o fiall&
)re.ailed> T!ewa* Ra0da a,,a"#ed T&aw#a ad 0ea, +im G1692H> Bula, or Pulad #+a$ "+ief of
,+e 8iddle :orde$ w+o i 1712 !u""eeded T&aw#a$ wa! e.e le!! for,ua,e> T+e (;u*ar !ei;ed
from ,+e <ir*+i;1<a;a#+! ,+e ,ow! of Sairam$ Ta!+#e,$ ad Tur#e!,a G1775H> T+e ,+ree
+orde!$ di!ru),ed 0& defea,$ !e)ara,ed> Some of ,+e "+ief! of ,+e Grea, ad 8iddle :orde!
re"o*i;ed T!ewa* Ra0daC! !u;erai,&E !o did ,+e <ara1<ir*+i; or Buru, of ,+e I!!&# <ul$ ad
T!ewa* Ra0da mai,aied (;u*ar domiio o.er ,+e #+o@a! of <a!+*ar ad Yar#ad$ a!
e!,a0li!+ed 0& +i! )rede"e!!or Galda> I ,+e or,+$ +i! 0ro,+er T!ere* (odu0$ w+o!e ow
domai wa! o /a#e Xai!a ad ,+e Imil$ ,oo# arm! a*ai!, ,+e Ru!!ia! ad for a ,ime for"ed
,+em ,o e.a"ua,e ,+e !,ro* )oi, of Yami!+e.!# o ,+e Yei!ei G1716H> I ,+e !)ri* of 1770$ a
Ru!!ia )ui,i.e eA)edi,io "la!+ed wi,+ T!ewa* Ra0daC! !o Galda T!ere* ear ,+e Xai!aE
Galda T!ere* wi,+ 70$000 (;u*ar fi*+,er! !u""eeded i +al,i* ,+e Ru!!ia!$ de!)i,e ,+e
ie?uali,& of wea)o!4 0ow! a*ai!, firearm!> T+e 0a!i of ,+e Xai!a remaied i (;u*ar
)o!!e!!io> T+e Ru!!o1(;u*ar fro,ier wa! fiall& fiAed a, ,+e for, of U!,1<ameo*or!#$
fouded 0& ,+e Ru!!ia! i ,+a, &ear$ 1770$ o ,+e Yei!ei a, ,+e 30,+ )arallel>
60

T!ewa* Ra0da +ad o, wai,ed ,o "o!olida,e +i! em)ire i ,+e we!, 0efore ado),i* +i! u"le
GaldaC! )oli"& a*ai!, 8a"+u '+ia i ,+e ea!,> T+e )oli,i"o1reli*iou! ure!, i ,+e Ti0e,a
'+ur"+ *a.e +im +i! o))or,ui,&> Si"e ,+e dea,+ 0e,wee 1620 ad 1627 of ,+e (alai /ama
Na*1d0a* 0lo10;a*$ ,+e lamai!, "+ur"+ +ad 0ee admii!,ered 0& ,+e la& de1!rid Sa*!1r*&a!
r*&a1m!+o$ w+o ruled a! +e )lea!ed$ fir!, i ,+e ame of ,+e la,e lama$ w+o wa! offi"iall& !,ill
ali.e$ ad la,er G1697H i ,+e ame of a &ou* 0o& w+om +e a))oi,ed a! ,+e ew (alai /ama>
Sa*!1r*&a! !ided wi,+ ,+e (;u*ar )ar,& a*ai!, '+ia> Em)eror <Ca*1+!i i"i,ed a*ai!, +im
,+e <+o!+o, #+a of ,+e <o#o Nor$ /a,!a* #+a$ w+o i 170316 e,ered /+a!a$ )u, Sa*!1r*&a!
,o dea,+$ ad de)o!ed ,+e &ou* (alai /ama>
61
9f,er !ome ra,+er S357T "om)li"a,ed i,ri*ue!$
/a,!a* #+a ad <Ca*1+!i "au!ed a ew (alai /ama ,o 0e omia,ed$ wi,+ '+iaC! offi"ial
!a",io G1702110H>
T!ewa* Ra0da o0!er.ed ,+e!e "+a*e! wi,+ a male.ole, e&e> T+e moral iflue"e of ,+e
Ti0e,a '+ur"+ wa! ,oo !,ro* i 8o*olia for +im ,o allow i, ,o 0e )u, a, ,+e !er.i"e of '+ia>
9roud %ue$ 1717$ +e !e, i,o Ti0e, a arm& "ommaded 0& +i! 0ro,+er T!ere* (odu0>
Drom <+o,a$ 0& a mar"+ of u)re"ede,ed dari* o.er ,+e <ulu ra*e ad ,+e +i*+ de!er,
)la,eau!$ T!ere* (odu0 ad.a"ed dire",l& u)o ,+e di!,ri", of Na*"+u$ w+ere ,+e <+o!+o,
#+a /a,!a*$ ,+e re)re!e,a,i.e of ,+e '+ie!e )ar,&$ wa! e@o&i* ,+e )lea!ure! of ,+e "+a!e>
9l,+ou*+ ,a#e 0& !ur)ri!e$ /a,!a* wa! a0le ,o +old ,+e eem& i a defile 0e,wee Na*"+u ad
,+e Te*ri Nor$ o dou0, a, ,+e )a!! of S+a*1!+u*1la$ u,il O",o0er$ w+e +e wa! for"ed ,o
re,rea, ,o /+a!a$ ,railed "lo!el& 0& T!ere* (odu0C! arm&> O (e"em0er 7$ 1717$ ,+e *a,e! of
/+a!a were ,rea"+erou!l& o)eed ,o T!ere* (odu0$ ad for ,+ree da&! ,+e (;u*ar ,roo)!
ma!!a"red all ad+ere,!$ real or !u))o!ed$ of ,+e '+ie!e )ar,&> /a,!a* #+a$ w+o +ad ,ried ,o
defed ,+e Po,ala$ wa! #illed a! +e fled> T+e Po,ala i,!elf$ ,+e +ol& of +olie!$ wa! ,+row o)e ,o
)illa*e> 'oura, i! !ur)ri!ed ,o fid ,+e (;u*ar$ ,+o!e )iou! lamai!,!$ ra!a"#i* ,+e +ol& "i,&
of ,+eir reli*io i order ,o ador ,+e <uld@a lama!erie! wi,+ ,+eir !)oil!E 0u, wa! i, o, ,+u! ,+a,
,+e Vee,ia! of medie.al '+ri!,edom 0e+a.ed i 9leAadria ad 'o!,a,io)leF 9d did o,
,+e Mwar of reli"!M da,e from ,+e .er& 0e*ii*! of Budd+i!mF
8eaw+ile$ Em)eror <Ca*1+!i wa! loa,+ ,o lea.e ,+e (;u*ar i )o!!e!!io of Ti0e,$ or ,o
,olera,e a (;u*ar em)ire ,+a, eA,eded from /a#e Xai!a ad Ta!+#e, ,o /+a!a> I 1712$ +e
ordered ,+e .i"ero& of S;e"+wa ,o mar"+ a*ai!, Ti0e,E 0u, o +i! arri.al i Na*"+u$ ,+i!
di*i,ar& wa! re)ul!ed ad #illed 0& ,+e (;u*ar for"e!> I 1770$ ,wo o,+er '+ie!e armie!
)ee,ra,ed Ti0e,$ oe a*ai 0& S;e"+wa ad ,+e o,+er 0& T!aidam> T+e !e"od oe defea,ed ,+e
(;u*ar for"e!$ w+o +ad arou!ed ,+e +a,red of ,+e Ti0e,a )o)ula,io ad were ow Gau,um of
1770H "om)elled ,o e.a"ua,e Ti0e, i +a!,e> T!ere* (odu0 0rou*+, le!! ,+a +alf +i! arm&
0a"# ,o (;u*aria> 9 )ro1'+ie!e (alai /ama wa! e,+roed ad ,wo '+ie!e +i*+
"ommi!!ioer! were
S355T
S35LT
S353T
))oi,ed ,o +i! !er.i"e wi,+ ,+e ,a!# of dire",i* ,+e )oli"& of ,+e Yellow '+ur"+>
67

T!ewa* Ra0da wa! o more for,ua,e i ,+e Go0i$ ad +i! ,roo)! were ua0le ,o "a),ure :ami
from ,+e '+ie!e *arri!o G1713H> T+e im)erial ,roo)!$ ,a#i* ,+e offe!i.e i ,+eir ,ur$
o""u)ied Bar#ol i 1716> T+e$ mo.i* 0o,+ armie! a*ai!, T!ewa* Ra0da i ,wo "olum!$
oe de)ar,i* from Bar#ol ad ,+e o,+er o)era,i* far,+er ,o ,+e or,+$ ,+e& o""u)ied Turfa ad
a, ,+e ed of 1770 we, o ,o 0ea, ,+e (;u*ar a, Urume+i> T+ou*+ ,+e '+ie!e did o, re,ai
Urum"+i$ ,+e& did e!,a0li!+ a mili,ar& "olo& a, Turfa> I, i! i,ere!,i* ,o o,e ,+a, ,+eir
o)era,io! were made ea!ier 0& ,+e re.ol, of ,+e 8u!lim! of Turfa a*ai!, (;u*ar
domia,io>
65

I, ma& 0e ,+a, Em)eror <Ca*1li!i$ w+o 0ad a ,a!,e for di!,a, "o?ue!,$ would +a.e uder,a#e
,+a, of (;u*aria i,!elfE 0u, +i! dea,+ i (e"em0er$ 1777$ ad ,+e a""e!!io of +i! !o$ ,+e
uwarli#e Yu*1"+e*$ led ,+e "our, of '+ia ,o ma#e )ea"e wi,+ T!ewa* Ra0da i 177L> T+i!
)ea"e$ +owe.er$ wa! o more ,+a a ,ru"e> T!ewa* Ra0da +ad re!umed ,+e offe!i.e 0&
o""u)&i* Turfa Gw+e"e ,+e 8u!lim )o)ula,io fled ,o Tu+wa* i '+ie!e ,erri,or&H$
6L
w+e +e +im!elf died$ a, ,+e ed of 1777>
,A/-A1 TSERE1,0S REI,1 BC8D8%9:F
T!ewa* Ra0da wa! !u""eeded 0& +i! !o Galda T!ere*> Drom ,+e 0e*ii*$ ,+e ew
(;u*ar #i* !+owed !u"+ +o!,ili,& ,o '+ia ,+a, Em)eror Yu*1e+e* reo)eed ,+e war i
1751> Drom Bar#ol$ a '+ie!e arm& mar"+ed o Urum"+i ad ,+ere !"a,,ered ,+e eem& ,roo)
"o"e,ra,io!$ 0u, did o, remai>
63
Dar,+er or,+$ ao,+er arm& ad.a"ed a! far a! <o0do ad
e.e 0e&od$ i,o ,+e +ear, of (;u*ar "ou,r&$
66
0u, ,wo mo,+! la,er i, wa! defea,ed ad
almo!, e,irel& wi)ed ou,> Em)eror Yu*1"+e*$ di!"oura*ed$ ordered ,+e e.a"ua,io o, ol& of
<o0do 0u, al!o of Turfa>
Galda T!ere* ,ried ,o eA)loi, ,+e '+ie!e di!a!,er 0& !edi* +i! u"le T!ere* (odu0 ,o
i.ade ,+e <+al#a "ou,r&> Drom li0era,ed <o0do$ T!ere* (odu0 )re!!ed o ,o ,+e <erule$
67
0u, ,+e <+al#a )u, u) a de,ermied re!i!,a"e$ for,if&i* ,+e "ro!!i* )oi,! of ,+e ri.er!
Baidari#$ Tula$ ad O*#i=!o ,+e Tung hua lu ,ell!=ad ,+e (;u*ar were ua0le ,o remai
,+ere S356T 0e&od ,+e ed of 1751> I ,+e !)ri* of 1757$ ,+e (;u*ar *rou)! w+o +ad lef,
Urum"+i ,o dri.e ,+e im)erial *arri!o ou, of :ami were o more !u""e!!ful> 9, ,+e ed of ,+e
!ummer$ a !mall (;u*ar arm& ,+a, wa! raidi* <+al#a "ou,r& wa! ,a#e 0& !ur)ri!e ad
)ar,iall& ma!!a"red 0& oe of ,+e <+al#a )ri"e! ear <ara#orum>
62
T+e im)erial for"e! ow
,oo# ,+e offe!i.e i ,+eir ,ur> I 175515L$ ,+e& !ei;ed Ulia!!u,ai$ i ,+e +ear, of ,+e <+a*ai$
ad ad.a"ed a! far a! ,+e Bla"# Ir,&!+> E.e <o0do wa! reo""u)ied>
69

I 1753$ o,wi,+!,adi* ,+e!e !u""e!!e! ad$ w+ile a))are,l& !,ill o""u)&i*=)er+a)!
,em)oraril&=Ulia!!u,ai ad <o0do$ Em)eror Yu*1"+e* offered ,o ma#e a )a", wi,+ Galda
T!ere* 0& w+i"+ '+ia would #ee) ,+e lad! ea!, of ,+e <+a*ai 8ou,ai! G<+al#a "ou,r&H
w+ile ,+e (;u*ar !+ould +a.e ,+e ,erri,or& we!, ad !ou,+we!, of ,+a, ra*e G(;u*aria ad
<a!+*ariaH> 9 ,a"i, ,ru"e wa! made o ,+i! 0a!i!$ w+i"+ i 17L0$ af,er Yu*1"+e*C! dea,+ G1753H$
wa! ra,ified 0& +i! !o ad !u""e!!or '+Cie1lu*> Pea"e wa! mai,aied u,il ,+e dea,+ of ,+e
(;u*ar <+a Galda T!ere* a, ,+e ed of 17L3>
70

-A#A4I A1- AM7RSA1A6 A11ENATIO1 OF ->71,ARIA .( THE MA1CH7
EMPIRE
Galda T!ere*C! dea,+ wa! followed 0& a ,rou0led )eriod i ,+e (;u*ar Em)ire> :i! !o
T!ewa* (or@i Nam*&al G"a> 17L3130H$ a di!!i)a,ed ad "ruel &ou* ma$ wa! 0lided ad
im)ri!oed a, 9#!u 0& ,+e o0le!> 9 ew #+a$ ,+e lama (ar@a G1730135H$ failed ,o "ommad
o0edie"e> T+e (Jr0J,$ <+o!+o,$ ad <+oi, ,ri0e!$ w+i"+ for a "e,ur& +ad 0ee !u0@e", ,o ,+e
#+o*,ai@i! of ,+e '+oro!$ ,+rea,eed ,o 0rea# free> Ui,& wa! *oe ad wi,+ i, ,+e (;u*ar !,a,e>
9, la!,$ i 1735$ a eer*e,i" leader amed (awa@i or Tawa@i$ T!ere* (odu0C! *rad!o$
!u))or,ed 0& ,+e <+oi, )ri"e 9mur!aa$ Galda T!ere*C! !oi1law$ mar"+ed o <uld@a ad
)u, (ar@a ,o dea,+>
71
(awa@i$ )ro"laimed #+a G1735133H$ 0ad ow ,o "o,ed wi,+ +i! former
all& 9mur!aa$ w+o$ e!,a0li!+ed o ,+e Ili$ wa! "odu",i* +im!elf li#e a ide)ede, )ri"e>
(awa@i defea,ed +im ad dro.e +im ou,>
To*e,+er wi,+ a um0er of <+oi,$ (Jr0J,$ ad <+o!+o, "+ief!$ 9mur!aa ,oo# refu*e o '+ie!e
,erri,or&$ w+ere +e offered +i! S357T !er.i"e! ,o Em)eror '+Cie1lu* G173LH> '+Cie1lu*
re"ei.ed +im i !olem audie"e i %e+ol$ ,oo# +im uder +i! )ro,e",io$ ad i ,+e !)ri* of
1733 !e, +im 0a"# ,o (;u*aria wi,+ a '+ie!e arm& "ommaded 0& ,+e 8a"+u mar!+al Pa1
,i> Pa1,i e,ered <uld@a wi,+ou, a fi*+,> (awa@i +ad fled$ 0u, wa! foud !oo af,erward a, 9#!u
ad +aded o.er ,o ,+e '+ie!e$ w+o !e, +im ,o Pe#i*> :e wa! ,rea,ed #idl& 0& Em)eror
'+Cie1lu*$ ad died a a,ural dea,+ ,+ere i 1739>
77

8eaw+ile 8ar!+al Pa1,i$ ow e!,a0li!+ed i <uld@a a! "ommi!!ioer *eeral$ +ad 0ee )rom),
i )ro"laimi* ,+e )oli,i"al di!!olu,io of ,+e (;u*ar )eo)le ad i omia,i* idi.idual
#+a! for ea"+ of ,+e '+oro!$ (Jr0J,$ <+o!+o,$ ad <+oi, ,ri0e!> 9mur!aa$ w+o +ad +o)ed ,o
*a,+er u) a, lea!, a )ar, of (awa@iC! +eri,a*e$ wa! 0i,,erl& di!a))oi,ed> To "ur0 +i! a*er$ Pa1,i
for"ed +im ,o lea.e for Pe#i*> O ,+e wa&$ +owe.er$ 9mur!aa e!"a)ed$ re,ured ,o <uld@a$ ad
rou!ed ,+e (;u*ar )eo)le a*ai!, '+ie!e domia,io> Pa1,i$ w+o +ad ra!+l& redu"ed +i!
mili,ar& !,re*,+$ foud +im!elf !urrouded wi,+ou, +o)e of re!"ue ad "ommi,,ed !ui"ide Gla,e
!ummer ad au,um$ 1733H>
75

9 eer*e,i" 8a"+u mar!+al amed '+ao :uei re,rie.ed ,+e !i,ua,io> Be!ie*ed i Urum"+i
duri* ,+e wi,er of 1736$ +e +eld ou, u,il ,+e arri.al of reifor"eme,! from Bar#ol> I ,+e
!)ri* of 1737$ +e )ee,ra,ed a! far a! ,+e Imil i Tar0a*a,ai$ w+ile o,+er '+ie!e "olum! were
!e, ,o reo""u)& <uld@a> 9mur!aa$ +u,ed from all !ide!$ ,oo# refu*e wi,+ ,+e Ru!!ia! i
Si0eria G!ummer of 1737H>
7L

T+i! wa! ,+e ed of (;u*ar ide)ede"e> (;u*aria$ 0roadl& !)ea#i*=,+e <o0do di!,ri",$
Tar0a*a,ai$ ad ,+e Ili or <uld@a )ro.i"e=wa! dire",l& aeAed ,o ,+e '+ie!e Em)ire> E.e
,+e )o)ula,io wa! "+a*ed> T+e (;u*ar )eo)le$ i ,+e form of '+oro! ad <+oi, eleme,! G,+e
(Jr0J, +ad !uffered le!! of a ordealH$ were almo!, eA,ermia,ed> T+e '+ie!e re)o)ula,ed ,+e
"ou,r& wi,+ immi*ra,! from e.er& ?uar,er4 <ir*+i;1<a;a#+!$ Tara"+i! or 8u!lim! from
<a!+*aria$ (u*a! or 8u!lim! from <a!u$ '+a+ar ad <+al#a )o)ula,io!$ Uria*?ai or
So&o, )eo)le of To.i!# !,o"#$ ad e.e Si)o ad Solo !e,,ler! from 8a"+uria> I 1771$ o,+er
!e,,ler! arri.ed$ amel&$ ,+e Tor*+u,$ w+o uder ,+eir #+a U0a!+a +ad a0adoed ,+e lower
Vol*a ,o re,ur ,o ,+eir a,i.e "ou,r& o ,+e Ili> Em)eror '+Cie1lu* re"ei.ed U0a!+a a,
Pe#i*$ *a.e +im a mo!, fla,,eri* wel"ome$ S352T !u))lied +i! eA+au!,ed emi*ra,! wi,+ food$
ad i ,+e !ame &ear !e,,led ,+em !ou,+ ad ea!, of <uld@a$ i ,+e Yuldu; .alle& ad o ,+e u))er
Uru*u$
73
w+ere ,+e& +el)ed ,o fill ,+e *a) lef, 0& ,+e eA,ermia,io of ,+eir '+oro! ad <+oi,
0ro,+er!>
THE 71F7/FI//E- -ESTI1( OF THE #ESTER1 MO1,O/S
T+e de!,ru",io of ,+e (;u*ar realm 0ri*! ,+e +i!,or& of ,+e 8o*ol! ,o a "lo!e> If ,+e word i!
u!ed i i,! re!,ri",ed !e!e ad ,+e a"ie, )eo)le! )ro0a0l& or "er,ail& 8o*ol 0& ra"e$ !u"+ a!
,+e %ua1@ua ad ,+e <+i,a$ are eA"luded$ ,+e +i!,or& of ,+e 8o*ol! )ro)er 0e*i! a, ,+e ed
of ,+e ,welf,+ "e,ur& wi,+ %e*+i; <+a> T+e 8o*ol! a,,aied ,+eir ;ei,+ a, o"e$ for %e*+i;
<+a eeded ol& ,we,& &ear! af,er +i! im)erial ele",io i w+i"+ ,o uif& ,+e !,e))e world ad
0e*i o)era,io! i '+ia ad Ira G1706177H> I ao,+er fif,& &ear!$ ,+e remaider of Ira ad
'+ia +ad 0ee "o?ueredE ad eA"e), for Idia=a "o,ie, i i,!elf$ "u, off 0& i,! 0arrier of
mou,ai!=,+e 8o*ol Em)ire +ad 0e"ome ,+e em)ire of ,+e 9!ia "o,ie,> T+i! domiio
"rum0led almo!, a! ra)idl& a! i, +ad 0ee 0uil,> B& 1560$ ,+e 8o*ol! +ad lo!, '+ia ad Ira$
ad .ir,uall& Tra!oAiaa a! well$ ad all ,+e& re,aied i 9!ia wa! 8o*olia ad 8o*+oli!,a$
,+e la,,er ,+e "o!,i,u,i* ,+e or,+er )ar, of '+ie!e Tur#e!,a>
Ye, ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e "o?ue!, ad em)ire +ad 0ee a"+ie.ed 0& ,+e ea!,er 8o*ol! aloe4
,+o!e of ,+e Oo$ ,+e <erule$ ad ,+e Or#+o> T+e 8o*ol! of ,+e we!,$ ,+e Oira, or
<almu"#!$ w+o were a!!o"ia,ed wi,+ ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e e)i" i ,+e "a)a"i,& of allie!$ e.er
)la&ed a& 0u, a !u0ordia,e role> 'o!e?ue,l&$ af,er ,+e di!a!,rou! +umilia,io$ ,+e
u)re"ede,ed lo!! of fa"e ,+a, %e*+i; <+aC! eA)ul!io from '+ia re)re!e,ed i ,+e e&e! of
+i! de!"eda,!$ ,+e we!,er 8o*ol! ,ried ,o !a,"+ ,+e em)ire of ,+e !,e))e! from ,+e faili*
+ad! of ,+e ea!,er ,ri0e!$ ad li#e %e*+i; <+a a"+ie.e ,+e "o?ue!, of '+ia> T+e& "ame
ear ,o !u""eedi*$ for i 1LL9 ,+e& ,oo# ,+e em)eror of '+ia )ri!oer> Bu, a! ,+e& e.er
maa*ed ,o "a),ure Pe#i*$ ,+eir eA)loi,! led ,o o,+i*> /e!! ,+a fif,& &ear! la,er$ ,+i! fir!,
Oira, em)ire +ad !o far "olla)!ed a! ,o allow a "uriou! %e*+i;1<+ai,e re!,ora,io ,o ,a#e )la"e
i ea!,er 8o*olia$ wi,+ (a&a ad wi,+ +i! *rad!o 9l,a1#+a> T+i! S359T re!,ora,io wa!
im)re!!i.e eou*+ a, ,+e ,ime$ ad ,+e '+ie!e "ould fa"& ,+a, ,+e da&! of %e*+i; <+a +ad
"ome a*ai> Bu, (a&a wa! o more ,+e 'o?ueror of ,+e World ,+a 9l,a wa! <u0lai> T+e
re!ur*e"e wa! !"ar"el& fel, 0e&od <o0do i ,+e or,+we!, ad ,+e Grea, Wall i ,+e !ou,+ea!,$
ad ,+e la!, of i,! eer*ie! were di.er,ed ,o !)iri,ual aim!$ i ,+e ;eal of a ,o,al "o.er!io of ,+e
8o*ol! ,o ,+e Budd+i!m of ,+e Ti0e,a Yellow '+ur"+> T+e wa#i* 8o*ol !)iri, !lum0ered
a*ai amid ,+e mumur of lamai!, )ra&er!> 8a"+u '+ia wa! ,o +a.e o ,rou0le i
dome!,i"a,i* ,+e!e mo#i!+ warrior! lo!, i de.o,io>
O"e more$ ,+erefore$ ,+e "+ief role fell ,o ,+e we!,er 8o*ol!$ w+o i ,+eir 0lea# .alle&! of ,+e
9l,ai +ad remaied ,ou*+er ad more 0elli*ere,> 9, ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e !e.e,ee,+ "e,ur&$
,+e& were "au*+, u) i a *rea, !ur*e of eA)a!io> T+e Tor*+u,$ followi* ,+e ,rail of Ba,u ad
,+e Golde :orde$ mo.ed ,o ,+e lower Vol*a ear 9!,ra#+a i !ou,+er Ru!!ia> T+e <+o!+o,
!e,,led i <o#o Nor ad rei*ed a! far a! /+a!a i Ti0e,> T+e '+oro! or %u*ar )ro)er +eld !wa&
from ,+e fro,ier! of 8u!"o.i,e Si0eria ,o ,+o!e of ,+e Bu#+ara #+aa,e$ o ,+e oe +ad$ ad of
'+ia$ o ,+e o,+er$ from <o0do ,o Ta!+#e,$ from <o0do ,o ,+e <erule> T+eir M"a)i,al!$M
<o0do ad <uld@a$ !eemed de!,ied ,o re)la"e <ara#orum> 9! a !i* of ,+e ,ime!$ moreo.er$
,+e& +ad alread& )ludered i,! %e*+i;1<+ai,e !a",uarie!> B& ,+e )oli,i"al a",io of ,+e fir!,
Galda ad ,+e 0& ,+e warfare of T!ewa* Ra0da ad T!ere* (odu0$ ,+e& +ad 0e"ome ,+e
ruler! of /+a!a$ w+ere ,+e !)iri,ual )ower of ,+e lamai!, "+ur"+ wa! a, ,+eir "ommad> 9,
<a!+*ar ad Yar#ad$ ,+e #+o@a!$ ,+e 8u!lim M"ler*&$M were !imilarl& ,+eir ,ool!> Dor more ,+a
a +udred &ear! ,+e& remaied ,+e ,rue ma!,er! of "o,ie,al 9!ia> T+eir leader!$ ,+e #+o*,ai@i!
BaCa,ur$ Galda$ T!ewa* Ra0da$ ad Galda T!ere*$ re.eal ,+em!el.e! a! re!our"eful
)oli,i"ia!$ 0old ad far !i*+,ed$ a! well a! !,u00or fi*+,er!$ ade), a, ma#i* ,+e mo!, of ,+e
woderful mo0ili,&=,+e u0i?ui,&=of ,+eir mou,ed ar"+er!$ ,+e arm ,+a, wo %e*+i; <+a +i!
.i",orie!> T+e!e ,oo "ame ear !u""e!!> :ow mi*+, ,+e& +a.e a.oided failureF B& a))eari* a
few &ear! earlier$ 0efore 8a"+u domia,io +ad 0rou*+, a ew .i*or ad mili,ar& !,ru",ure ,o
old '+ia> T+e '+ia of ,+e la,er 8i* +ad 0e"ome !o de"re)i, ,+a, a&oe=8o*ol$ %a)ae!e$
or 8a"+u=mi*+, +a.e !ei;ed i,> Bu, a! !oo a! ,+e 8a"+u d&a!,& +ad !ea,ed i,!elf S3L0T
firml& o ,+e ,+roe of ,+e So! of :ea.e$ '+ia wa! i!)ired wi,+ ew life for ao,+er
+udred ad fif,& &ear!> T+e fir!, 8a"+u em)eror!$ w+o were i,elli*e,$ a",i.e$ ad !,ill free
from a*e1old )re@udi"e$ made a !eriou! effor, ,o moderi;e ,+e "ou,r&=,+e )ie"e! of ar,iller&
made for ,+em 0& %e!ui, fa,+er! 0ear wi,e!! ,o ,+i!> Galda ad T!ewa* Ra0da$ ,+o!e !)iri,ual
"om)aio! of %e*+i; <+a 0u, "o,em)orarie! of /oui! ZIV$ !,ra**ler! from a earlier a*e$
0ro#e ,+em!el.e! a*ai!, 8a"+u "ao i ,+e ea!,er Go0i ad a*ai!, 8u!"o.i,e firearm! o
,+e Yei!ei> T+e ,+ir,ee,+ "e,ur& "la!+ed wi,+ ,+e ei*+,ee,+$ ad ,+e ma,"+ wa! ue?ual> T+e
la!, 8o*ol Em)ire "rum0led e.e a! i, aro!e 0e"au!e i, wa! a +i!,ori"al aa"+roi!m>
A11ENATIO1 OF 2ASHCARIA .( THE MA1CH7 EMPIRE
<a!+*aria$ wi,+ Yar#ad a! i,! "a)i,al$ formed 0efore 1773 a !or, of 8u!lim reli*iou! !,a,e uder
,+e "o,rol of ,+e \ara,a*+li# #+o@a famil& ad ,+e .er& effe",i.e )ro,e",ora,e of ,+e (;u*ar
#+a!> 9f,er ,+e dea,+ of ,+e \ara,a*+li# (ai&al1#+o@a$ ,+e (;u*ar #+a Galda T!ere*
G17771L3H di!,ri0u,ed ,+e dead "+iefC! )o!!e!!io! amo* +i! four !o!4 %a*a ,oo# Yar#ad$
Yu!uf ,oo# <a!+*ar$ 9&&u0 wa! ,o rule a, 9#!u$ ad C90d19lla+ wa! ,o +a.e <+o,a> 9, ,+e ,ime
of ,+e "i.il war! 0e,wee (;u*ar )re,eder!$ Yu!uf$ a ;ealou! 8u!lim$ ,oo# ,+e o))or,ui,& ,o
deli.er <a!+*aria from M)a*aM !u;erai,& G173513LH> I 1733$ 9mur!aa$ w+ile +e wa! !,ill i
a*reeme, wi,+ 8ar!+al Pa1,i$ )laed ,o ?uell ,+e re.ol, of ,+e \ara,a*+li#! 0& ulea!+i* ,+e
9?,a*+li#!$ ,+e o,+er #+o@a famil&$ w+o were ,+eir +eredi,ar& eem&> Si"e 1770$ ,+e 9?,a*+li#!
+ad 0ee +eld 0& ,+e (;u*ar ruler! i !emi"a),i.i,& a, <uld@a> T+e 9?,a*+li# "+ief Bur+a ad1
(i$ #ow a! ,+e Grea, <+o@a$ ad +i! 0ro,+er <+o@o %a$ ,+e /i,,le <+o@a$ a""e),ed ,+e
)ro)o!al wi,+ e,+u!ia!m> Wi,+ a !mall arm& le, 0& 9mur!aa ad ,+e '+ie!e$ Bur+a ad1(i
fir!, "a),ured U"+ Turfa from ,+e \ara,a*+li#!$ ,+e <a!+*ar$ ad fiall& Yar#ad$ ,+a, i! ,o
!a&$ ,+e w+ole of <a!+*aria>
No !ooer were ,+e& i )o!!e!!io of ,+e "ou,r& ,+a Bur+a ad1(i ad <+o@o %a ,oo#
ad.a,a*e of ,+e war ,+a, +ad @u!, 0ro#e ou, 0e,wee 9mur!aa ad ,+e '+ie!e *o.erme, ,o
de"lare ,+eir ide)ede"e from 0o,+ ,+e (;u*ar ad ,+e S3L1T '+ie!e> 9 im)erial
de,a"+me, wa! !lau*+,ered Gla,e !)ri* of 1737H> Bu, ,+o!e 0ri*+, da&! were few> W+e ,+e
'+ie!e +ad aeAed (;u*aria$ ,+e& ,ured a*ai!, ,+e ,wo #+o@a!> I 1732 a '+ie!e arm&
"ommaded 0& 8ar!+al '+ao :uei "ame dow from ,+e Ili ,o ,+e Tarim> <+o@o %a$ +a.i* 0ee
0ea,e ear <u"+a
76
$ ,oo# "o.er i Yar#ad$ w+ere +e )u, u) a .i*orou! re !i!,a"e> 8eaw+ile$
Bur+a ad1(i !+u, +im!elf u) i <a!+*ar> 9f,er a e.e,ful ad flu",ua,i* war of !ie*e$ i ,+e
"our!e of w+i"+ ,+e 0e!ie*i* '+ie!e were ,+em!el.e! 0elea*uered$ '+ao :uei wa! ea0led ,o
re!ume ,+e offe!i.e a, ,+e 0e*ii* of 1739$ ,+a#! ,o reifor"eme,! 0rou*+, ,o +im 0& Du1,e>
Yar#ad wa! ,+e fir!, ,o "a)i,ula,e$ ,+ou*+ o, 0efore <+o@o %a +ad fledE ,+e i, wa! ,+e ,ur of
<a!+*ar$ !imilarl& a0adoed 0& Bur+a ad1(i G1739H>
77

Bo,+ #+o@a! ,oo# refu*e i Bada#+!+a$ 0u,$ de!)i,e 8u!lim !olidari,&$ ,+e lo"al 0e& &ielded ,o
'+ie!e ,+rea,!
72
:e eAe"u,ed ,+e ,wo fu*i,i.e! ad !e, <+o@o %aC! +ead ,o ,+e im)erial *eeral
Du1,e> '+ao :uei aeAed <a!+*aria ,o ,+e Sio18a"+u Em)ire Gw+ere i, formed ,+e MNew
8ar"+$M Si1#ia*H ad !+owed ,a", i +i! +adli* of ,+e 8u!lim i+a0i,a,!>
'+Cie1lu*C! aeAa,io of ,+e Ili ad <a!+*aria mar#! ,+e fulfillme, of ,+e aim )ur!ued !i"e
,+e ,ime of Pa '+Cao 0& ,+e '+ie!e 9!ia )oli"& of ei*+,ee "e,urie!4 ,+e re,alia,io of ,+e
!ede,ar& )eo)le! a*ai!, ,+e omad!$ of a*ri"ul,ure a*ai!, ,+e !,e))e>
S3L7T
1otes
Abbreviations
rtibus siae
2 sia 2a3or
U rcheologica Ungarica
NEFE5 Nulletin de l'Xcole FranOaise d'E1trYme%5rient
N2FE Nulletin of the 2useum of Far Eastern nti9uities GS,o"#1+olmH
NSS Nulletin of the School of siatic Studies
EP Encyclop?die de l'Pslam GPari!$ 19151H
ES Eurasia Septentrionalis
FF$ Festschrift f&r Friedrich $irth GBerli$ 1970H
QK Qeographical Kournal
$KS $arvard Kournal of siatic Studies
Ppek Kahrbuch f&r pr)historische Z ethnographische (unst
K Kournal siati9ue
K-S Kournal of the -oyal siatic Society
2$ST Les m?moires histori9ues de Sse%ma Ts'ien/ trans6 Xdouard 'havannes :< vols6/ ,aris/
#8[<%#[;<=
2TN 2emoirs of the -esearch 4epartment of the Toyo NunkoGTo#&oH
5S 5stasiatische Seitschrift
- -evue des rts siati9ues
-S -evue Scientifi9ue
T, T'oung ,ao
S42Q Seitschrift der deutschen morgenl)ndischen Qesellschaft
Introduction
1> Dor ,+e +i!,or& of ,+e Tur#o18o*ol em)ire! re*arded a! a !,ud& of +uma *eo*ra)+&$ !ee
Owe /a,,imore$ MT+e Geo*ra)+i"al Da",or i 8o*ol :i!,or&$M QK/ \'P G%auar&$ 1952H>
S3L5T
7> I, a))ear!$ e.er,+ele!!$ a! if ,+e Ya#u, were immi*ra,! ,o ,+e or,+ ad ,+a, ,+eir ori*i!
!+ould 0e !ou*+, i ,+e re*io of /a#e Bai#al> 9l,+ou*+ i ,+e re*io ,+e& ow o""u)& ,+e&
ma#e eA"lu!i.e u!e of reideer$ ,+e !#ull! of +or!e! fi*ure i "er,ai of ,+eir "eremoie!$ i
memor& of ,+eir !o@our o ,+e 0order! of ,+e 8o*olia !,e))e> T+i! )+eomeo i! ,+e
o))o!i,e ,o ,+a, re.ealed 0& ,+e Pa;&r&# ,om0!> See ibid6$ ))> 1$ 2>
5> Pellio, !,a,e!4 CWe +a.e wi!el& *i.e u) !)ea#i*$ a, ,+e )re!e, !,a*e of our !,udie! a, lea!,$
of a Uralo19l,ai" li*ui!,i" famil& "om)ri!i*$ i addi,io ,o ,+e Dio1U*ria ad
Samo&ed ,o*ue!$ ,+e Tur#i"$ 8o*ol$ ad Tu*u! la*ua*e!>M Paul Pellio,$ MLes mots T $
initiale/ au3ourd'hui amuie/ dans le mongol des \PPPe et \PVe si]cles$M K G1973H$ )> 195>
L> Po))e )o!,ula,e! a )rimi,i.e 9l,ai" la*ua*e$ from w+i"+ )rimi,i.e Tur#i"$ 8o*ol$ ad
Tu*u! ma& +a.e deri.ed$ 0u, add!4 MT+e )eriod of )rimi,i.e Tur#i" "ould o, +a.e
eA,eded la,er ,+a ,+e fir!, "e,urie! B>'>M N> Po))e ad V> V> Bar,+old al!o affirm M,+a, i
*eeral ,+e Tur#i" la*ua*e! are more +i*+l& e.ol.ed ,+a ,+o!e of ,+e 8o*ol *rou)> T+e
8o*ol la*ua*e of o ma,,er w+i"+ re*io of ,+e 8o*ol world i! far more ar"+ai" ,+a
,+e mo!, a"ie, of ,+e #ow Tur#i" la*ua*e!> Wri,,e 8o*ol i!$ from ,+e )+oe,i" )oi,
of .iew$ a, almo!, ,+e !ame )oi, of e.olu,io a! ,+e )rimi,i.e 9l,ai" la*ua*e>M 'f> N>
Po))e$ i Ungarische Kahrb&cher/ VP/ [86 5n the sub3ect of *community/* see Kean 4eny/
*Langues tur9ues/ mongoles et tongou!es/* in 6 2eillet and 26 'ohen/ Les langues du
monde :,aris/ #[W7=/ p6 #8<6
3> T+e !u0!,i,u,io of +or!e! for ,+e reideer of ,+e Si0eria fore!,!$ for w+i"+ e.ide"e i!
foud i ,+e di!*ui!i* of !a"rifi"ial +or!e! a! reideer i ,+e Pa;&r&# ,om0! GTau1Tu.a$
Si0eria 9l,ai$ "a> 100 B>'>H$ *i.e! a .i.id *lim)!e of ,+e ,ra!i,io of a ,ri0e from ,+e life
of fore!, +u,er! ,o ,+a, of omad li.e!,o"# 0reeder!> 'f> /a,,imore$ *Qeographical Factor/*
)> 2>
6> T+e m&,+i"al a"e!,or of ,+e Tur#o18o*ol! i! ,+e ru!!e, wolf wi,+ ,+e w+i,e )a,"+$ BJr,e1
"io$ amo* ,+e 8o*ol! of ,+e Secret $istory$ ad ,+e *ra& wolf <J#10Jri amo* ,+e
Tur#! of ,+e 5ghu!name4 MDrom a 0eam of li*+, "ame a *rea, do*1wolf wi,+ a *ra& "oa, ad
mae>M
ChapterC
1> 'f> Teil+ard de '+ardi$ MEs9uisse de la pr?histoire chinoise$M Nulletin [/ 'atholic
University of ,eking G195LH$ ad MLes fouilles pr?histori9ues de ,?king$M -evue des
9uestions scientifi9ues G8ar"+$
S3LLT
195LH$ ))> 1211195E Tolma,"+o.$ MSur le pal?olithi9ue de la 2andchourie$M ES/ PV G1979HE
8> '> Bur#i,,$ MSome RefleAio! o ,+e 9uri*a"ia 'ul,ure ad I,! Demale S,a,ue,,e!$M
ES/ P\ G195LH$ 115E %> G> 9der!!o$ M4er 0eg &ber die Steppen$M N2FE G1979H>
7> 'f> /> Ba"++ofer$ M4er Sug nach dem 5sten/ einige Nemerkungen !ur pr)historischen
(eramik 'hinas$M Sinica G1953H$ ))> 1011172E 8aA /oe+r$ MNeitr)ge !ur 'hronologie der
)lteren chinesischen Nron!en$M 5S/ P G1956H$ 51L1E /> Ba"++ofer$ MSur Fr&hgeschichte
'hinas$M 4ie 0elt als Qeschichte/ ### G1957H$ L>
5> 9 !"+eme of "om)ara,i.e "+roolo*& for 8ai#o) wa! !u**e!,ed 0& 9> V> S"+mid,4
M(urgane der Stanica (onstantinovskaia$M ES/ PV G1979H$ 12> Dor ,+e u"er,ai,ie! of ,+e!e
.ariou! da,i*! ad ,+e di!"re)a"ie! 0e,wee ,+em$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e !&!,em u!ed$ "f> 9> 8>
Tall*re$ M'au"a!ia 8oume,!$M ES/ V G1950H$ 120$ ad MSu der nordkaukasischen
Nron!e!eit$M ES/ VP G1951H$ 1LL>
L> T+ra"ia ame! )er!i!, i !ome of ,+e le*ed! a0ou, ,+e S"&,+ia! re"ou,ed 0& :erodo,u!
GE> Be.ei!,e$ !,a,eme, ,o ,+e Soci?t? siati9ue U 9)ril 7$ 1952VH ad e.e i ,+e +i!,ori"al
#i*dom of ,+e 'immeria Bo!)oru! i ,+e Gre"o1Roma )eriod G8> I> Ro!,o.,;eff$
Pranians and Qreeks in South -ussia$ OAford$ 1977$ )> 59H>
3> 'f> 9> 8> Tall*re$ MLa ,ontide pr?scythi9ue apr]s l'introduction des m?tau1$M ES/ PP
G1976H$ 770>
6> Dra; :aYar )la"e! ,+e Tra!"au"a!ia "ul,ure *rou)! of Ga@a1<ara0a#+ ad of /el.ar
ad Tal&!+ 0e,wee ,+e four,ee,+ ad ei*+, "e,urie! B>'> T+e!e "ul,ure!$ 0e o,e!$ are all
orie,ed o ,+e "o,em)orar& "ul,ure! of We!,er 9!ia> T+i! ma& 0e !ee i ,+e !+a)e of ,+e
aAe!$ i ,+e 0el, )la?ue!$ ad i "erami"! GM<au#a!u!1 /uri!,a$M ES/ P\ U 195LV$ 107H>
7> Tall*reC! "o"lu!io! o ,+e 'immeria "ul,ure$ *i.e i MLa ,ontide pr?scythi9ue apr]s
l'introduction des m?tau1$M ES/ PP G1976H$ are !ummari;ed +ere> Dor ,+e 'immeria
mi*ra,io$ !ee :aYar$ *(aukasus%Luristan/* )> L7> I ,+i! ar,i"le ,+e au,+or !ee#! ,o li# ,+e
aimal ar, of <o0a$ or,+ of ,+e 'au"a!u!$ ad ,+e /uri!,a 0ro;e! wi,+ ,+e 'immeria
ad S"&,+ia mi*ra,io! of ,+e !e.e,+ "e,ur&> 9o,+er !,ud& of ,+i! !u0@e", 0& :a"ar i!
M,robleme des (aukasischen Tierstils$M 2itteilungen der nthropologischen Qesellschaft in
0ien/ L\V G1953H$ 776>
2> 'f> N> 8a#are#o$ MLa 'ivilisation des Scythes et $allstatt$M ES/ V G1950H$ 77>
9> Per!ia 9"+aemeid ome"la,ure di!,i*ui!+e! 0e,wee GaH ,+e Saka $aumavarka$
"orre!)odi* ,o our Sa#a! i ,+e !,ri", !e!e$ w+o mu!, +a.e i+a0i,ed Der*aa ad ,+e
ei*+0or+ood of <a!+*arE G0H ,+e Saka Tigrakhauda of ,+e 9ral re*io$ o ,+e lower S&r
(ar&aE
S3L3T
ad G"H ,+e Saka Taradrava$ ,+a, i! Mfrom o.er!ea!$M i !ou,+er Ru!!ia$ ,+e!e 0ei* ,+e
+i!,ori"al S"&,+ia!>
10> 'f> W> 8iller$ M4ie Sprache der 5sseten$M Qrundriss der iranischen ,hilologie/ P> I
"la!!if&i* ,+e S"&,+ia i!"ri),io! of !ou,+er Ru!!ia$ 8iller fid! a Iraia eleme,
.ar&i* a""ordi* ,o area from10 )er "e, ,o60 )er "e,> mile Be.ei!,e ,oo fid! ,+a,
a""ordi* ,o :erodo,u!$ IV$ 3$ ,+e !ame !o"ial "la!!e!=warrior!$ )rie!,!$ ad farmer!=
eAi!,ed amo* ,+e Se&,+ia! a! amo* ,+e 9.e!,i" ad 9"+aemeid Iraia! G!,a,eme, ,o
,+e Soci?t? siati9ue/ pril ^/ #[V8=6
11> 'f> E> :> 8i!$ Scythians and Qreeks G'am0rid*e$ 1915H$ ))> L21L9> Ro!,o.,;eff$ Pranians
and Qreeks in South -ussia$ Pla,e! ZZI$ ZZII> Dor 0reed! of +or!e! o ,+e Se&,+o1:ui"
!,e))e ad ,+eir re)re!e,a,io i ar,$ !ee %> G> 9der!!o$ M:u,i* 8a*i" i ,+e 9imal
S,&le$M N2FE$ No>L G1957H$ )> 739>
17> T+e !,irru) ?ue!,io i! of "a)i,al im)or,a"e> Dor a lo* ,ime ,+i! i.e,io *a.e ,+e
or,+er omad! a ,remedou! ad.a,a*e o.er ,+e "a.alr& of !ede,ar& )eo)le!> T+e
famou! Gre"o1S"&,+ia .a!e of '+er,oml&# !eem! ,o !+ow Ma !,irru) formed 0& a 0u"#led
!,ra) i!!ui* from ,+e *ir,+M GW> W> 9red,$ MSur l'apparition de l'?trier che! les Seythes$M
ES/ P\ U 195LV$ 702H> 9red, add! ,+a, ,+i! i! 0ore ou, 0& !,ud& of ,+e ma,erial! of ,+e
<o;el ,umulu!$ ear No.o 9leAadro.#a i ,+e 8eli,o)ol di!,ri",$ ow i ,+e :i!,ori"al
8u!eum of 8o!"ow> Similarl&$ ,+e u!e of ,+e !,irru) 0& ,+e :!iu*1u from ,+e ,+ird
"e,ur& oward i! !aid ,o +a.e 0ee demo!,ra,ed> Ye, i, +ardl& a))ear! o ,+e '+ie!e
relief! of ,+e :a )eriod> I, i! foud o Oiro,i !addle! G9l,aiH of ,+e fir!, "e,ur& B>'> I
,+e We!, i, wa! #ow ei,+er 0& Gree#! or Roma!$ ad i, !eem! ,+a, ol& ,+e 9.ar! of
,+e !iA,+ "e,ur& 0rou*+, i, i,o "ommo u!e ,+ere>
15> Dor fuerar& ri,e! amo* ,+e Se&,+ia!$ !ee :erodo,u!$ IV$71 G,+e "u!,om of *a!+i* arm!$
fore+ead$ ad o!e i +oor of ,+e de"ea!ed$ ad ,+e immola,io ad 0urial of !er.a,! ad
+or!e! roud ,+e "or)!eH> Dor ,+o!e of ,+e :!iu*1u$ or :u! of 8o*olia$ !ee 'h'ien $an
Shu/ summari!ed by Xdouard 'havannes/ in Les m?moires histori9ues de See%ma Ts'ien :<
vols6/ ,aris/ #8[<% #[;<=/ i/ l1v :immolation of victims on the chief's tomb/ to the number of
a hundred or a thousand women and servants=6 Lastly/ for the Tu%ch&eh or Turks of
2ongolia in the si1th century/ descendants of the $uns/ see Stanislas Kulien/ *4ocuments
sur les Tou%kiue/* K :#8"7=/ p6 VVW_ *They gash their faces with a knife/ so that one may
see blood flow with their tears6*
1L> 9""ordi* ,o :erodo,u!$ IV$ 15$ ,+e S"&,+ia mi*ra,io ,oward Euro)e wa! a re)er"u!!io
of ,+e !ur*e from ,+e ea!,$ or ra,+er ,+e
S3L6T
or,+ea!,E for ,+e S"&,+ia! +ad 0ee ,+ru!, 0a"# 0& ,+e I!!edoe!$ ad ,+e I!!edoe! 0& ,+e
9rima!)i> Drom :erodo,u!C de!"ri),io$ ,+e I!!edoe! ma& +a.e 0ee Dio1U*ria!> Pmile
Be.ei!,e !ee#! ,+em$ i ,+e "la!!i"al )eriod$ ear ,+e Ural!$ a, ,+e E#a,eri0ur* *a)$ for
i!,a"e> T+e 9rima!)i$ w+o mo!, )ro0a0l& li.ed far,+er ,o ,+e ea!,$ ear ,+e Ir,&!+ ad ,+e
Yei!ei$ !eem li#e ,+e S"&,+ia! ,o +a.e 0ee Iraia!$ a! i! 0ore ou, 0& ,+eir ame$ w+i"+
Be.ei!,e deri.e! from riamaspa4 Mfried! of +or!e!M G!,a,eme, 0& Be.ei!,e ,o ,+e
Soci?t? siati9ue$ 9)ril 7$ 1952H> 9! for ,+e 8a!!a*e,ae of ,+e !ou,+ea!,er !+ore! of ,+e
9ral Sea$ :erodo,u! +im!elf$ I$ 701$ re*ard! ,+em a! S"&,+ia!> 8oreo.er$ ,+eir ame i
Iraia i! 2assyagata$ meai* M,+e fi!+er!M G%> 8ar?uar,$ MSki!!en !ur geschichtlichen
Vi3lkerkunde des 2ittelasien und Siberien$M FF$$ )> 797H> 'er,ai a"ie, au,+or! !u"+ a!
(io 'a!!iu! ad 9rria !ee i ,+e 8a!!a*e,ae ,+e fore0ear! of ,+e Sarma,ia ra"e of 9la!>
'o"eri* ,+e Ma*ri"ul,ural Se&,+ia!$M ,+a, i! ,o !a&$ o dou0, ,+e a,i.e! of ,+e
'+emo;iom u)o w+i"+ omad Gor ,rueH Se&,+ia! le.ied "o,ri0u,io!$ "f> S"+er0a#i.!#i$
MSur gathyrsenfrage$M ES/ P\ G195LH$ 702>
13> Dor !u0!e?ue, S"&,+ia +i!,or&$ )ri"i)all& i i,! rela,io! wi,+ ,+e Gree# world$ !ee 8aA
E0er,$ S&d%-ussland im lterthum G/ei);i*$ 1971H>
16> Tall*re$ MSur l'origine des anti9uit?s dites mordviennes$M ES/ \P G1957H$ 175> 'f> <>
S"+efold$ MSkytische Tierstil in S&d%-ussland$M ES/ \PP G1952H>
17> Emile Be.ei!,e$ !,a,eme, ,o ,+e Soci?t? siati9ue$ 9)ril 7$ 1952>
12> Tall*re$ ES/ \P G1957H172>
19> Pbid6$ )> 177>
70> 'f> N> 8a#are#o$ MLa civilisation des Scythes et $allstatt$M ES/ V G1950H$ 77>
71> D> :aYar$ MQ&rtelsehliessen aus dem (aukasus$M ES/ VPP G1951H$ 1L6$ ad M(aukasus%
Luristan$M ES/ P\ G195LH$ L7>
77> T&)i"al re)rodu",io! ma& 0e !ee i 8> I> Ro!,o.,;eff$ nimal Style in South -ussia and
'hina GPri"e,o$ 1979H$ ad Le centre de rasie/ la -ussie/ la 'hine et le style animal
GPra*ue$ 1979HE G> I> Boro.#a$ Scythian rt GNew Yor#$ 1972H>
75> %> G> 9der!!o$ M:u,i* 8a*i" i ,+e 9imal S,&le$M N2FE$ No>L G1957H> See o ))>
739et se9> of ,+e !ame !,ud&$ a e!!a& o ,+e "la!!ifi"a,io of e?uie$ "er.id$ ad o,+er
aimal! of ,+e !,e))e$ ad a "om)ari!o of ,+e!e wi,+ ,+e ,&)e! !+ow o ,+e Ordo!
0ro;e!> Dor ,+e ma*i"al ori*i of orame,al mo,if! i !,e))e ar,$ !ee al!o O> %a!e$ MLe
cheval cornu et la boule magi9ue$M Ppek/ P G1953H66$
S3L7T

ad Po,a)off$ M'onceptions tot?mi9ues des ltaiens$M - G1957H$ )> 702>
7L> 'f> %o!ef X&#a$ M4er Tier!auber$M / V G1953H$ 707>
73> Tali*re$ MSur l'origine des anti9ui?s dites mordviennes$M ES/ \P G1957H$ 155>
76> Ne.er,+ele!!$ :erodo,u!$ IV$ 116$ me,io! MSauroma,ia!M ,o ,+e ea!, of ,+e mou,+ of ,+e
(o i ,+e fif,+ "e,ur& B>'>$ ad !)ea#! of ,+em a! 0ei* a miA,ure of S"&,+ia! ad
9ma;o!$ !)ea#i* ,+e S"&,+ia la*ua*e> 'ould ,+e!e +a.e "o!,i,u,ed a .a*uard ,+a,
followed ,+e S"&,+ia! well 0efore ,+e mai 0od& of ,+e Sarma,ia!$ w+o a, ,+i! )eriod
were !,ill leadi* a omadi" life or,+ of ,+e 'a!)iaF G'f> 8aA E0er,$ S&d%-ussland im
lterthum/ pp6 VV[%V7;6= +et -ostovt!eff points out that so essential a feature as matriarchy/
which the Qreeks affirm to have prevailed among the Sauromatians/ is nowhere to be found
among the Sarmatians6 $e believes that the two peoples have nothing in common :Pranians
and Qreeks/ p6 ##V=6
77> 9, ,+a, mome, ,+e S"&,+ia! mu!, +a.e foud ,+em!el.e! ,ra))ed 0e,wee ,+e Sarma,ia!
"omi* from 9!ia ad ,+e !)readi* Qetae G,+e fu,ure (a"ia!H of T+ra"o1P+r&*ia !,o"#$
w+o "ar.ed ,+em!el.e! a em)ire i :u*ar& ad Rumaia>
72> S,ra0o$ ZI$ 7>
79> Dor o,+er "+ara",eri!,i" 0ro;e!$ al0ei, di!"o.ered i w+a, wa! dou0,le!! a Dio1U*ria
ra,+er ,+a Sarma,ia area$ ,+e reader i! referred ,o ,+e o0@e",! i ,+e Ufa 0arrow$ we!, of
,+e !ou,+er Ural Ri.er$ ad ,+o!e of ,+e E#a,erio.#a ,rea!ure 0e,wee Ufa ad Perm$ all
da,ed 0& Tall*re from 0e,wee 500 ad 100 B>'> GTall*re$ MEtudes stir la -ussie orientale
durant P'ancien age du fer$M ES/ VPP U 1957V$ 7H> T+e M"urled aimalM )la?ue! foud a,
Gliadeo.o$ or,+ea!, of Perm$ !eem of e?uall& Sarma,ia i!)ira,io$ ad Tall*re da,e!
,+em from ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+i! era> T+e lar*e )la?ue! i ,+e ,rea!ure of Pe,er ,+e Grea,$
foud i we!,er Si0eriaC !eem ,o "o!,i,u,e ,+e ,ra!i,io from S"&,+ia or Mdela&ed
S"&,+iaM ,o Sarma,ia> Ne.er,0ele!!$ ,+e& are of ,+e S"&,+ia )eriod$ 0ei* a!!o"ia,ed wi,+
"oi! of Nero ad Gal0a> 'f> %oa"+im Werer$ MSur Stellung der 5rdosbron!en$M ES/ P\
G195LH$ 760>
50> See ,+e re)rodu",io! i Ro!,o.,;eff$ Pranians and Qreeks/ ,late \\VE Boro.#a$ Scythian
rt$ ))> L61L2$ fi*!>7 ad 2>
51> 'f> Tali*re$ M5glakty$M ES/ \P G1957H$ 71>
57> 'f> Tall*re$ 'ollection Tovostine des anti9uit?s de 2inotksinsk G:el!i#i$ 1917HE %>
8er+ar,$ Nron!e!eit am Penissei GViea$ 1976HE Te)lu#+o.$ MEssai de classification des
anciennes civilisations m?talli9ues de la r?gion de 2inoussinsk$M 2aterialy po Etnographii
G/ei*rad$ 1979H$ IV>
S3L2T
55> T+e!e "u) "auldro!$ wi,+ ,+eir "&lidri"al 0od& ad !,rai*+,$ re",a*ular Mear!$M are ,o 0e
foud 0o,+ i ,+e 'eru!"+i 8u!eum GBa&e mi!!io$ i ,+e 8iu!i!# re*ioH ad i ,+e
mu!eum! of Buda)e!,> 'f> Xol,b Ta#b"!$ MDra"i! :o)) 8emorial EA+i0i,io$M The rt of
Qreater sia GBuda)e!,$ 1955H$ ))>17 ad 62>
5L> Dor ,+e immola,io of +or!e! aroud ,+e 0od& of ,+e "+ief i S"&,+ia ,om0!$ !ee
:erodo,u!$ IV$ 77E ad for reideer$ !ee cad6 'ult6 2at?"r6 GDe0ruar&$ 1951H>
53> Dor ,+e *rou) "om)ri!i* Pa;&r&#$ S+i0e$ <a,ada$ e,">$ "f> 8> P> Gria;o.$ i merican
Kournal of rchaeology G1955H$ )> 57E S> V> <i!eleff$ *Fouilles de #[V7 dans P'ltai/* ,ra!>
i -/ \$L G1957H$ 706E /aure 8or*e!,er$ ML'e1position de P'art iranien T L?ningrad et
les d?couvertes de ,asyryk$Mibid6$ )> 199$ ad Esth?ti9ues d'5rient et d'5ccident GPari!$
1957H> %oa"+im Werer i ES/ P\ G195LH$ 763> Dor ,+e Pa;&r&# ma!"aro!$ !ee 9> Salmo&$
M'hinesische Schmuckform in Eurasien$Mi0id>$ )> 579> Dor "oi! of ,+e Bo!)oru!$ 5rd
"e,ur& B>'>$ foud i (;u*aria$ !ee ibid6$ )> 7L9>
56> Gria;o.$ i merican Kournal of rchaeology G1955H$ )> 57E Tall*re$ M5glakty$M ES/ \P
G1957H$ 69>
57> T+e ra"e! ma& ,+e +a.e 0e"ome mi*led> Gardi;i rela,e! ,+a, i +i! da& ,+e <ir*+i; !,ill
+ad w+i,e !#i ad red +air> 8oreo.er$ ,+e!e <ir*+i; of ,+e Yei!ei were o, ori*iall& a
Tur#i"1!)ea#i* )eo)le GW> V> Radloff$ 4ie altt&rkischen Pnschriften der 2ongolei U S,>
Pe,er!0ur*$ 1293199V$ )> L73H>
52> T+ere ma& 0e *roud! for rela,i* ,o Sarma,ia ar,=or a, lea!, ,o ,+e la,e1a,i?ui,& form!
deri.ed from i,=!ome )ar, of ,+e .er& "uriou! ro"# )ai,i*! di!"o.ered i Si0eria ad
e.e i 8o*olia Go 8ou, O*la#,& G(i!flkaya or @y!yl%9aya UMRed Ro"#!MVH$ a, Sula#
ear 8iu!i!#$ a, 8oro!o.a i Uria*#+ai o ,+e u))er Yei!eiV$ ad la!,l& a, (ur0el@i ad
a, Il#+e19l&# o ,+e Or#+oH> T+e fre!"oe! of Uria*#+ai GTau1OlaH !+ow remar#a0l&
reali!,i" !#e,"+e! of deer ad 0ear!$ wi,+ a lieal mo.eme, e.o#i* ,+e 0e!, Gre"o1
S"&,+ia wor# GBulu#$ <edrala$ T!a*+a1*olH> O ,+e o,+er +ad$ "er,ai ro"# drawi*! of
Sula# ear 8iu!i!#$ re)re!e,i* +or!eme weari* w+a, loo#! li#e a "oi"al +elme, ad
"arr&i* 0ow ad lo* la"e$ are o, a, all uli#e ,+e Romao1Sarma,ia fre!"oe! of <er"+
i ,+e 'rimea> I, i! ,rue ,+a, a, Sula# Mrui"M i!"ri),io! +a.e 0ee foud$ w+i"+ lead! !ome
)eo)le ,o da,e ,+e!e )ai,i*! a! la,e a! ,+e !e.e,+ "e,ur& 9>(> 'f> Tall*re$ MIer 9!ia,i"
ad Si0eria Ro"# Pi",ure!$M ES/ VPPP G1955H$ 1731197> El!ew+ere De,,i"0 +a! !+ow ,+e
rela,io!+i) 0e,wee ,+e la!, 8iu!i!# "ul,ure of ,+e !e.e,+ "e,ur& 9>(> ad ,+e )ro,o1
:u*aria ar, of ,+e /e.edia e)o"+> 'f> Nador
S3L9T
De,,i"+$ M4ie -eitemomadenkultur von 2inussinsk$M 2etallkunst der Landnehmenden
Ungarn/ U G1957H$ )> 707>
59> M'a ,+e ame! :!iu*1u$ :a!$ ad :ua +a.e o "oe",io wi,+ oe ao,+erF 9 priori
,+i! i! o, .er& li#el&M GPellio,$ *` propos des 'omans/* K G1970H$ )> 1L1H>
L0> T+e offi"ial )romo,er of ,+i! dre!! reform wa!$ a""ordi* ,o S!u1ma '+Cie$ ,+e #i* of
'+ao$ Wu1li*$ i 507> See '+a.ae!$ ,ra!>$ 2$ST/ V$ 75>
L1> 'f> 2$ST/ P$ lA.> <ura#i"+i S+ira,ori eA)lai! ,+e word shan%y& 0& a '+ie!e e!,&molo*&
meai* M0oudle!! imme!i,&M G<> S+ira,ori$ M9 S,ud& o ,+e Ti,le! of <+a*a ad
<+a,u$M 2TN/ P/ PP$ ad MO ,+e Terri,or& of ,+e :!iu*1u$M 2TN/ V$ 71>
L7> 9l0er, :errma$ M4ie Qobi im Seitalter der $unnenherrschaft$M Qeografiska nnaler
G1953H$ )> 151>
L5> 2$ST>
LL> S+ira,ori o,e! ,+a, ,+e :!iu*1u wore ,+e ?ueue$ ad ,+a, from ,+em ,+e "u!,om !)read ,o
,+e !u""eedi* Tur#o18o*ol +orde!$ ,+e To0a$ %ua1@ua$ TCu1"+Ie+$ <+i,a$ ad 8o*ol!>
'f> MT+e \ueue amo* ,+e Peo)le! of Nor,+ 9!ia$M 2TN/ PV G1979H>
L3> '+Cie :a S+u i 2$ST/ P$ lA. ad lAA>
L6> S,ai!la! %ulie$ M4ocuments sur les T'ou%kiue$M K G126LH$ )> 557>
L7> :erodo,u!$ IV$ 67$ 6L>
L2> '+Cie :a S+u i 2$ST/ P$ lA.>
L9> Pbid6$ )> lAiii> 'f> %> %> 8> de Groo,$ 4ie $unnen der vorchristlichen Seiten/ pp6 Wet seq6
30> 9f,er ,+eir *rea, raid i ,+e !e.e,+ "e,ur&$ ,+e Se&,+ia! "ea!ed ,o e@o& a! *rea, a
re)u,a,io for )luderi* a! did ,+e :!iu*1u$ o dou0, 0e"au!e ,+eir "ou,r& wa! ri"+er
ad 0e"au!e ,+i! omad "a.alr& of ,+e Bla"# Sea 0order! li.ed o ,+e Ma*ri"ul,ural
S"&,+ia!M w+o "ul,i.a,ed ,+e Bla"# /ad of ,+e U#raie>
31> S+ira,ori$ MSur l'origine des $iong%nou$M K/ P G1975H$ 71> Bu, ,+e !ame au,+or$ 0& o,+er
li*ui!,i" ar*ume,!$ +a! al!o mai,aied ,+e Tur#i" a,ure of ,+e :!iu*1uE !ee MVber die
Sprachen der $siung%nu und der Tung%hu Stiimme$M NPS/ \VPP G1907H$ 7>
37> T> %> 9re$ M4ie Funde von Luan%p'ing und $suan%hua$M N2FE/ V G1955H$ 166>
35> S> Ume+ara$ Shina kodo seikwa/ +amanaka ed6 :#[V<=/ PPP6
3L> <arl*re$ MNew S,udie! o '+ie!e Bro;e!$M N2FE/ P\ G1957H$ 97>
33> 'f> O> %a!e$ MLe style du $ouai et ses affinit?s$M -/ VPPP G195LH$ 139> Dor a !ur.e& of
w+a, +a! 0ee e!,a0li!+ed from a "+roo1
S330T
lo*i"al )oi, of .iew$ !ee %oa"+im Wemer$ MSur Stellung der 5rdosbron!en$M ES/ P\
G195LH$ 739$ ad :er0er, <ii+$ MSur 'hronologie der Sino%Siberischen Nron!en$M Ppek
G195LH>
36> O,+er fid! of ,+e !ame order$ "lo!el& li#ed wi,+ ,+e Ordo! !,&le$ +a.e 0ee made 0&
Tal#o1:r&"ewi"; ear Tul,u o ,+e lower '+i,a$ ad ear Bi"+ur!#o&e$ o ,+e <+ilo#$ i
,+e Sele*a 0a!i> 'f> Werer i ES/ P\ G195LH$ 761>
37> G> I> Boro.#a$ e, al>$ 'omptes rendus des e1p?ditions pour l'e1ploration du nord de la
2ongolie G/ei*rad$ 1973HE <> V> Tre.er$ E1cavations in Aorthern 2ongolia/ #[W7%#[W<
G/ei*rad$ 1957H> 'f> Wemer i ES/ P\ G195LH$ 76L>
32> 'f> 9der!!o$ M:u,i* 8a*i" i ,+e 9imal S,&le$M N2FE$ No> L$ )> 502E Tall*re$
MIer 9!ia,i" ad Si0eria Ro"# Pi",ure!$M ES/ VPPP G1955H$ 173>
39> 'f> Quide to the E1hibitions of the 2useum of Far Eastern nti9uities GS,o"#+olm$
Se),em0er 10$ 1955H$ )> L0>
60> 'f> Sola*e /emai,re$ MLes agrafes chinoises$M -/ \P G1952H>
61> 9me$ MV)stsibirisk kultur fr #;;; ar sedan$M i Etudes arch?ologi9ues d?d?es au ,rince
$?ritier Qustave dolphe GS,o"#+olm$ 1957H$ ))> 5311567>
67> Pellio,$ MSceau1%amulettes de bron!e avec croi1 et colombes$M -/ VPP G1951H>
65> 9lfred Salmo&$ Sino%Siberian rt in the 'ollection of '6 T6 Loo GPari!$ 1955H$ ))> 9519L>
Two )u0li"a,io! o Ordo! ar, are ,+o!e of V> Grie!!ma&er$ Sammlung Naron von der
$eydt/ 5rdos Nron!en 6 6 6 GViea$ 1956H$ ad MEntwicklungfragen der 5rdos%(unst$M /
VPP G1957H$177>
6L> Dor ,+i! )eriod$ !ee %> %> 8> de Groo,$ 4ie $unnen der vorchristlichen Seiten/ and 56
Franke/ *0iedergabe fremder Vlkenamen durch die 'hinesen/* 5S :#[W;%W#=6 'f6 Q6
$aloun/ *Seit wann kannten die 'hinensen die Tocharer oder Pndogermanen &berhaupt/*
2 :#[W"=6
63> 'f> 2$ST/ P$ lAA>
66> I ,+e "urre, '+ie!e word +&eh%chih$ Gu!,a. :alou !ee#! a a"ie, )rou"ia,io
Sgudia$ ide,i"al wi,+ ,+e ame of ,+e Se&,+ia! Gshku!ai i 9!!&riaH> 'f> :alou$ MSur
Ue%tsi Frage$M S42Q$ Vol> 91$7 G1957H$ 516> See al!o i ,+e !ame ar,i"le ,+e !u**e!,ed
lo"a,io of ,+e )rimi,i.e +&eh%chih o ,+e ma) of or,+er ad we!,er <a!u G)> 732H>
67> P,olem&$ VI$ 16> Ni,+1"e,ur& So*dia ,eA,! !,ill de!i*a,e ,+e "ou,rie! of Be!+0ali*+$
Turfa$ <ara S+a+r$ ad !o o a! M,+e Dour Tu*+riM GW> B> :ei*$ M9r*i ad ,+e
To#+aria!$M NSS U 1952V$ )> 360H>
S331T
62> S,ra0o$ ZI$ 2$ 7$ ad 'hien $an Shu/ trans6 Toru $aneda/ Nulletin de la maison franco%
3aponaise/ PV/ P :Tokyo/ #[VV=/ ^%86
69> 9 lu"id eA)o!i,io of ,+e To#+aria ?ue!,io$ wi,+ a re.iew of .ariou! +&)o,+e!e! ad a
0i0lio*ra)+&$ ma& 0e foud i Si*mud Dei!,$ M4er gegenw)rtige Stand des
Tocharerproblems$M i FF$$ ))> 7L12L> Dor la,er modifi"a,io! of .iew!$ !ee ReB Grou!!e,$
ML'5rientalisme et les ?tudes histori9ues$M -evue histori9ue/ Nulletin criti9ue/ 'L\\\P$
fa!"> I G%auar&18ar"+$ 1957H> T+i! ar,i"le rela,e! ,o :> W> Baile&$ MTtaugara$M NSS/ VPPP$L
G1956H$ ad Pellio,$ M propos du tokharien$M T,> See al!o W> W> Tar$ The Qreeks in
Nactria and Pndia G'am0rid*e$ 1952H>
70> T+e !ame "u!,om i! re"orded 0& :erodo,u!$ IV$ 63$ i "oe",io wi,+ ,+e S"&,+ia!>
71> 'f> 2$ST/ #$ lAA>
77> Pellio,$ i P/# G195LH$ 57>
75> I, !eem! ideed ,+a, ,+e Wu1!u were al!o immi*ra,! i,o ,+e Ili re*io ad$ li#e ,+e +&eh%
chih ,+em!el.e!$ were dri.e 0& ,+e :!iu*1u from ,+e or,+we!,er 0order! of '+ia$
o,a0l& from ,+e So0o Nor ad So*o# Nor re*io or,+ of SIe+ow$ a! i! !u**e!,ed i ,+e
tlas of 'hina of 9l0er, :errma$ 8a) 17E or !li*+,l& far,+er !ou,+$ from <a"+ow$ a!
S+ira,ori 0elie.e!E or a*ai$ a! i! )o!!i0le$ far,+er we!,$ from <wa"+ow ear Tu+wa*> 'f>
<ura#i"+i S+ira,ori$ MO ,+e Terri,or& of ,+e :!iu*1u Pri"e :!iu1,Cu Wa* ad :i! 8e,al
S,a,ue! for :ea.e1Wor!+i)$M 2TN/ #$3 G1950H$ 16170> T+e ?ue!,io +a! 0ee rai!ed a! ,o
w+e,+er ,+e +&eh%chih mi*ra,io ma& +a.e "au!ed ,+e 0a"#ward !ur*e of ,+e Sarma,ia!$
w+o we, o ,o "a),ure !ou,+er Ru!!ia from ,+e Se&,0ia!> T+e "+roolo*& +ardl&
!u))or,! ,+i! ,+eor&> 'f> Ro!,o.,;eff$ -ecueil (ondakov GPra*ue$ 1976H$ )> 759E N> De,,i"+$
i U G1957H$ )> 1L7>
7L> %arl '+ar)e,ier$ M4ie ethnographische Stellung der Tocharer$M S42Q$ Vol>71 G1917H>
73> 9! ,+e word sioi 0ear! a rela,io ,o ,+e Tur#o18o*ol ame for 9la! Groo, s$ )lural
sod i 8o*oliaH$ '+ar)e,ier "o"lude! ,+a, ,+e Wu1!u are ,+e a"e!,or! of ,+e 9la!$ a
Sarma,ia G,+a, i! or,+er IraiaH )eo)le> M4ie ethnographische Stellung der Tocharer$M
S42Q$ Vol>71 G1917H$ 5371561>
76> Baile&$ NSS/ VPPP$L G1956H$ 916E Tam$ The Qreeks in Nactria and Pndia$ )> 790>
77> Toru :aeda$ M propos des Ta +ue%tche et des (ouei%chouang$M Nulletin de la maison
franco%3aponaise/ PV/ P GTo#&o$ 1955H$ 15>
72> 'f> O> Dra#e$ M4as alte Ta%hia der 'hinesen/ ein Neitrag !ur Tocharer Frage$M FF$$ )>
117>
79> :aeda ,ra!>$ i M propos des Ta +ue%tche$M )> 2>
S337T
20> Tra!> '+a.ae!$ i MLes pays d'5ccident dapr]s le $eu%$an chou$M T, G1906H$ )> 750>
21> Tar$ The Qreeks in Nactria and Pndia$ )> 725$ merel& o,e! ,+a, ,+e Sa#a "o?ue!, of
Ba",ria i S,ra0o$ ZI$ 2$ L$ rela,e! ,o ,+e !e.e,+ "e,ur& ad o, ,o ,+e !e"od> 'f> %>
Pr;&lu!#i$ MAouveau1 aspects de P'histoire des Scythes$M -evue de l'Universit? de Nru1elles
GDe0ruar&1 9)ril$ 1957H$ )> 5>
27> MDrom ,+i! mome,$M o,e! ,+e $ou $an Shu/ *the +&eh%chih became e1ceedingly powerful6
ll the various kingdoms call them (uei%shuang b(uchanc/ but the $an call them +&eh%
chih/ retaining their ancient name6* :Trans6 'havannes in T, b #[;^c/ p6 #[W6=
25> 'orre",io 0& Pellio,$ MTokharien et (outch?enM$ K/# G195LH$ 50>
2L> New "+roolo*& )ro)o!ed 0& R> G+ir!+ma$ MFouilles T Negram$M K G19L51LLH$ ))> 70171E
al!o$ /> de /a VallBe1Pou!!i$ L'Pnde au1 temps des 2auryas et des Narbares GPari!$ 1950H$
)> 5L5> T+ere are *rea, um0er! of li*ui!,i" "om)ari!o! ad e,+i"al +&)o,+e!e! i S,e
<oow$ *Neitrag !ur (enntniss der Pndoskythen/*' FF$$ )> 770> Bu, o,e ,+e !#e),i"i!m of
/a VallBe1Pou!!i ad of ,+e "ri,i"al e!!a& 0& :> W> Baile&$ MTtaugara$M NSS/ VPPP$L
G1956H$ e!)e"iall& G)> 917H di!)u,i* ,+e ame of rshi$ ide,ified wi,+ sioi ad a))lied ,o
,+e To#+aria!> See al!o :ei*$ Mrgi and the Tokharians$M NSS G1952H$ )> 3L3>
23> 'f> 9l0er, :errma$ M(ie Go0i im Xei,al,er der :ue0err!"+af,M$M Qeografiska nnaler
G1953H$ )> 150>
26> Dor ,+e war! of Wu1,i$ !ee 2$ST/ P$ lAii1lAAA.iii$ ad 9.a,$ $istory of Former $an$ 1952>
27> I 161 B>'>$ <iu1"+Ce +ad !u""eeded +i! fa,+er$ ,+e famou! shall%y& /ao1!+a*>
22> 'f> 2$ST/ P$ lAAi1lAAii>
29> Pbid6$ I$ lA.ii1lA.iii E <ura#ie0i S+ira,ori$ MO ,+e Terri,or& of ,+e :!iu*1u Pri"e :!iu1,Cu
Wa* ad :i! 8e,al S,a,ue! for :ea.e1Wor!+i)$M 2TN/ #$ 3$ ))> 7171>
90> 2$ST/ P$ lA.iii> 'f> 9l0er, :errma$ tlas of 'hina$ 8a) 17$ 7E %> /ar,i*ue$ 2ission
arch?ologi9ue en 'hine #[#7 et #[#^$ Pari!$ 197517L$ 1$ Pl> 1$ ad Lart fun?raire T
l'?po9ue $an GPari!$ 1953H$ )> 55E Xol,b Ta#be!$ The 2onument of $o 'h'uping GBuda)e!,$
8a+ler ed>$ 1957H>
91> 2$ST/ P$ lAAA.ii>
97> Pbid6$ ))> lAAi.1lAA.>
95> Pbid6$ ))> lAA.1lAA.ii> 9! +a! 0ee well e!,a0li!+ed 0& Per"e.al Ye,,!$ ,+e '+ie!e "am)ai*
i Der*aa wa! o mere )arade or di!)la&> '+ia +ad *rea, diffi"ul,& i deali* wi,+ ,+e
redou0,a0le :!iu*1u +or!eme$ ,+o!e ,erri0le mou,ed ar"+er! w+o$ a!,ride
S335T
,+eir li,,le 8o*olia +or!e! GE9uus pr!hevalskiiH$ made )eriodi" raid! u)o +er 0order!>
T+e '+ie!e$ iferior rider! mou,ed o ,+e !ame 0reed of +or!e$ were a, a di!ad.a,a*e>
Der*aa$ li#e ei*+0ori* So*diaa$ )o!!e!!ed a !u)erior war +or!e$ ,+e *rea, +or!e of
Tra!oAiaaE )er+a)! ,+e !ame a! ,+a, #ow ,o ,+e Gree#! i 8edia a! ,+e Ni!aea +or!e>
T+e '+ie!e +ad ,+e idea of a"?uiri* remou,! for )ar, of ,+eir "a.alr& from ,+i! lar*e
forei* 0reed$ w+i"+$ ,+e& ,+ou*+,$ mu!, !ur)a!! ,+e !+a**& )o& of ,+e :u!> :e"e ,+e
eA)edi,io ,o Der*aa$ 0& w+i"+ ,+e& mea, ,o e!ure mili,ar& !u)eriori,& o.er ,+e omad!>
GIdeed$ i relief! of ,+e !e"od :a )eriod$ a, Siao1,Ca*1!+a for eAam)le$ oe ma& !ee ,+e
0i* +or!e of Tra!oAiaa 0e!ide ,+e li,,le Pr;+e.al!#i aimal>H T+e ?uer& +a! 0ee rai!ed a!
,o w+e,+er Der*aa did o, !,ill 0elo* ,o ,+e la!, of ,+e Gre"o1Ba",ria!$ a! ,+e '+ie!e
ame of ,+a, "ou,r&$ MTa1&Ia$M +a! 0ee ,+ou*+, ,o rela,e ,o ,+e Ido1Iraia ame for ,+e
Gree#!$ Ya.aa4 ,+a, i!$ Ioia!> See ,+e fie ar,i"le 0& Per"e.al Ye,,!$ MT+e :or!e4 9 Da",or
i Earl& '+ie!e :i!,or&M$ ES/ P\ G195LH$ 751>
9L> 2$ST/ P$ lAA.1lAA.iii>
93> 'h'ien $an Shu/ ibid6/ p6 111viii6
96> 'f> <o;lo. e, al>$ 'omptes rendus des e1pgditions pour re1ploration du nord de la
2ongolie G/ei*rad$ 1973H>
97> I, !+ould 0e remem0ered ,+a, Gree# "oi! from Pa,i"a)aeum G<er"+H$ of ,+e ,+ird "e,ur&
B>'>$ were foud i 1912 o ,+e Boro,ala$ i (;u*aria> 'f> %> Werer$ i ES/ VPPP G1955H$
7L9>
92> '+ie!e moo*ra)+! o ,+e!e .ariou! #i*dom! duri* ,+e la,e :a )eriod +a.e 0ee
,ra!la,ed from ,+e $ou $an Shu 0& '+a.ae! i MLes pays d'5ecident$M T, G1907H$ ))>
1621771>
99> E> Sie* ad W> Sie*li*$ Tocharische Qrammatik GGJ,,i*e$ 1951H$ ad o0!er.a,io! 0&
S&l.ai /6.i$ Fragments des te1tes koutch?ens GPari!$ 1955H> Dor ,+e rela,i.e )o!i,io! of
<u"+ea ad o,+er diale",! amo* ,+e o,+er Ido1Euro)ea la*ua*e!$ !ee :> Peder!e$ *Le
groupement des dialectes indo%europ?ens/* i (gl6 danske Vid6 sel6 hist6 fil6 meddelelser/
\P$5 G1973H>
100> 'f> 9l0er, :errma$ M4ie alten Seidenstrassen !wischen 'hina und Syrien$M @uell6 u6
Vorsch6 !6 alten Qesch6 u6 Qeog6 G1910HE M4ie Seidenstrassen von 'hina nach dem
-bmischen -eich$M 2itt6 der Qeogr6 Qes6 G1913H$ )> L77E ad M4ie altesten chinesischen
(arten von Sentral% und 0estasien$M FF$$ )> 123>
101> MNiographie de (eng ,ing$M ,ra!> from ,+e $ou $an Shu 0& '+a.ae!$ T, G1907H$ )> 777>
107> Niography of ,an 'h'ao/ ,an +ung/ and Liang ('in$ ,ra!> from ,+e $ou $an Shu 0&
'+a.ae! uder ,+e ,i,le of *Trois g?n?rau1 chinois de la dynastie des $an/* T, G1906H$ )>
712>
S33LT
105> $ou $an Shu/ trans6 'havannes/ T, :#[;^=/ p6 #<"6
10L> $ou $an Shu/ *Niographie de (eng ,ing/* trans6 'havannes/ T, :#[;^=/ pp6 WWW%WWV6
103> Pbid6$ )> 776>
106> $ou $an Shu/ *Niographie de ,an Tch'ao/* T, :#[;^=/ pp6 W#8%WW;6
107> Pbid6$ )> 197>
102> Pbid6$ ))> 705170L>
109> T+i! ame i! of "our!e ,+e '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io of a u#ow <+o,a ame>
110> $ou $an Shu/ T, :#[;^=/ p6 WWW6
111> T, G1906H$ ))> 7761779>
117> Pbid6$ ))> 775177L>
115> T, G1907H$ )> 750>
11L> T, G1906H$ ))> 77L1777>
113> Pbid6$ ))> 7501751>
116> Pbid6$ ))> 7511757>
117> Pbid6$ )> 755>
112> Pbid6$ ))> 7531756>
119> T, G1907H$ )> 172>
170> T, G1906H$ ))> 7361737>
171> Pbid6$ ))> 7L6173L>
177> 'f> Pe,er Bood0er*$ MTwo No,e! o ,+e :i!,or& of ,+e '+ie!e Dro,ier$M $KS/V7
GNo.em0er$ 1956H$ 726>
175> Uder +eadi* 133 ,+e $ou $an Shu !)ea#! of ,+e !e,,i* u) of a '+ie!e *arri!o a, <Ciu1
,!u$ or <u"+a> Pe,er Bood0er* 0elie.e! ,+a, ,+i! refer! o, ,o ,+e <u"+a o ,+e Ri.er 8u;ar,
i 'e,ral 9!ia$ 0u, ,o oe more re"e,l& fouded 0& <u"+ea de)or,ee! or emi*ra,! i ,+e
or,+ea!,er )ar, of S+e!i$ )ro0a0l& or,+ of YIli> $KS/ V%7 GNo.em0er$ 1956H$ 726>
17L> Re)rodu",io! i Sir 8ar# 9urel S,ei ncient (hotan GOAford$ 1907H$ II$ Pl!> ZIV et se96$
Z/IZ$ ad /ZZIE Serindia GOAford$ 1971H$ IV$ Pl!> Z/1Z/II ad Di*!> 15L$ 156 et se96$ ))>
317$ 370et se96E 5n ncient 'entral%sian Tracks G/odo$ 1955H$ Pl!> 3L$ 37> See al!o D>
:> 9drew!$ M'e,ral 9!ia Wall1Pai,i*!$M Pndian rts and Letters/ VPPP$ I G195LH>
173> Tra!la,ed from ,+e Tripitaka 0& S&l.ai /B.i i MLe'Tokharien N/' langue de (outcha$M K/
PP G1915H$ 553>
176> 'f> E> :er;feld$ *(ushano%Sassanian 'oins/* 2emoirs of the rchaeological Survey of
Pndia$ No>52 G1950HE %> :a"#i$ *-?partitions des monnaies anciennes en fghanistan/* K
G9)ril1%ue$ 1953H$ )> 727>
177> 'f> 9> Godard$ Y> Godard$ ad %> :a"#i$ Les anti9uit?s bouddhi9ues de Namiyan GPari!$
1972HE %> :a"#i ad %> 'arl$ Aou%velles recherches arch?ologi9ues T NLmiyLn velles
recherches arch?ologi9ues T NLmiyLn GPari!$ 1955HE %> :a"#i ad %> 'arl$ -echerches
arch?ologi9ues au col de (hair (haneh GPari!$ 1956H>
S333T
172>:a"#i$ MLart indien et P'art iranien en sie 'entrale$M i $istoire des arts/ ed6 L6 -?au/ PV/
W<V/ and *Nuddhist rt in 'entral sia/* in Studies in 'hinese rt and Some Pndian
Pnfluences :London/ #[V8=/ p6 #W6
179>See -/ \PP G1952H>
150>9> .o /e 'o?$ Nilderatlas !ur (unst% und (ulturgeschichte 2ittel%siens GBerli$ 1973H$
Di*!> 57$ 55$ 30E 8> I> Ro!,o.,;eff$ Pranians and Qreeks in South -ussia GOAford$ 1977H$ Pl>
79>
151>I ,+i# i, )o!!i0le ,+a, ,+e iflue"e of ,+e <u"+a fre!"oe! ma& +a.e )ee,ra,ed .er& far ,o
,+e or,+$ i,o Si0eria> I, !+ould 0e o,ed ,+a, ,+e ,&)e of fi*ure !+ow i ,+e *(i!il knights*
ma& 0e !ee i ,+e ro"# fre!"oe! of Sula#$ i ,+e .alle& of ,+e <ara1&u! GPi!aa&a *oraH
ear 8iu!i!#E +ere are foud +or!eme i armor$ wi,+ "oi"al +elme,! ad lo* la"e!$
fairl& !imilar ,o ,+o!e of ,+e MWar of Reli"!M a, <i;il GVo /e 'o?$ Nilderatlas/ p6 <7/ Fig6
<;=6 Taligren considers that the *flying gallops* of the Sulak horsemen/ which suggest the
Sassanian and T'ang flying gallops/ may date from the seventh century 646 Even the
coarse/ anthropomorphic designs of the steles in the Semipalatinsk region/ north of Lake
Nalkhash on the upper Prtysh :(amennaya baba= recall/ with their large turnedover coat
collars/ the influence of the Sassani!ing center of (ucha6 'f6 Tallgren/ *Pnner siatic and
Siberian -ock ,ictures/* ES/ VPPP/ #[V6
157>Sir 8ar# 9urel S,eiM! *rea, )u0li"a,io!$ ncient (hotan G1907H$ -uins of 4esert 'athay
G/odo$ 1917H$ Serindia G1971H$ Pnnermost sia GOAford$ 1972H$ are !ummari;ed i ,+e
e?uall& wellillu!,ra,ed 0oo# 0& ,+e !ame !"+olar$ 5n ncient 'entral%sian Tracks G1955H>
T+e !ame i! ,rue of Vo /e 'o? *rea, al0um!$ Nuddhistische sp)tantike in 2ittelasien
GBerli$ 1977155$7 .ol!>H$ of w+i"+ a rB!umB ma& 0e foud i +i! ,wo !u""eedi* .olume!4
Nilderatlas and Nuried Treasures of 'hinese Turkestan G/odo$ 1972H> 9l!o E>
Wald!"+mid,$ Qandhara/ (utscha/ Turfan G/ei);i*$ 1973H$ ad :a"#i$ M-echerches
arch?ologi9ues en sie 'entrale$M - G1956 ad 1952$ 1H>
155>R> ad <> Torii$ *Xtudes arch?ologi9ues et ethnologi9ues/ populations primitives de la
2ongolie orientale/* Kournal of the 'ollege of Science/ Pmperial University of Kapan$$
To#&o$ ZZZVI$9 ad 19> 9""ordi* ,o ,+e Torii$ ,+e $sien%pi +ad remaied a, a .er&
0a"#ward !,a*e$ ad u!ed aeeoli,+i" ad 0ro;e ,ool!> Iro wa! o, i,rodu"ed amo* ,+em
u,il ,+e ed of ,+e !e"od "e,ur& 9>(> 0& '+ie!e refu*ee! G))>70 ad 96H> Pellio,
"o!ider! ,+a, ,+e '+ie!e ,ra1
S336T
!"ri),io :!ie1)i mu!, refer ,o a ori*ial SKr0i$ Sir0i$ or Sir.i GMTokharien et (outch?en$M
K/ P U 195LV$ 53H>
15L> Sa <ouo ,"+e$ !ummari;ed 0& Pe,er Bood0er* i MTwo No,e! o ,+e :i!,or& of ,+e
'+ie!e Dro,ier$M $KS/ V%7 GNo.em0er$ 1956H$ 797>
153> Dor ,+i! )eriod$ w+i"+ i! a! "ofu!ed a! ,+e fif,+ "e,ur& i ,+e We!,$ !ee 'hih Louh (ouoh
(iang +uh Tchi/ in $istoire g?ographi9ue des sei!e royaumes/ pp6 V;7%7;^/ trans6 4es
2ichels6 ,eter Noodberg has attempted to sort out and reconstruct the genealogy and
chronology of the $siung%nu shan%y&s of the third and fourth centuries in $KS/ V%7
:Aovember/ #[V"=/ W[86
156> T+e )roou"ia,io of ,+e moder '+ie!e word To0a mu!, i old '+ie!e +a.e 0ee T'ak%
b'uat> Pellio,$ i T, G1917H$ )> 757>
157> Dor ,+e ori*i of ,+e To0a$ !ee Pellio,$ i T, G1913H$ )> 629E K G1973H$ ))> 73L1733$ o,e LE
T, G1973176H$ ))>79 ad 95> See al!o Bood0er*$ *The Language of the T'o%pa 0ei/* $KS/W
G%ul&$ 1956H$ 1671123$ w+erei ,+e !u**e!,ed eA)laa,io i! al!o *i.e$ 0& Tur#i" roo,!$ of
,+e few To0a word! w+i"+ +a.e "ome dow ,o u! i '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io>
152> /> Wie*er$ Te1tes histori9ues/ PP$ 9L5>
159> T+e domai! of ,+e 2u%3ung or Id*! of Ye$ ,+u! "u, i ,wo 0& ,+e !udde eA)a!io of ,+e
To0a #i*dom of Wei$ 0eefi,ed ,wo 0ra"+e! of ,+e famil&4 G1H T+e Ye #i*dom of ,+e
or,+$ ,ei%+en$ i moder Kehol$ eA,edi* from ad or,+ea!,ward of Yu*)i*$ wi,+
/u*"+e* a! i,! "e,er$ ear ,+e '+ao&a* of ,+e )re!e, da& ad o ,+e fro,ier! of
)re!e,1da& %e+ol ad oe1,ime 8a"+u#uo> T+i! <i*dom la!,ed u,il L56> G7H T+e Ye
#i*dom of ,+e !ou,+$ Na1Ye i S+a,u*$ wi,+ i,! "e,er a, <ua*#u$ ear T!i*e+ow
GYi,uHE ,+i! #i*dom la!,ed from 592 ,o L10>
1L0> 'f> 8ar?uar,$ $istorische Qlossen$ )> 196$ ad drLnechar/ Nerlin/ #[#;/ pp6 <Vet se96f
'havannes/ 4ocuments sur les T'ou%kiue occidentau1 :St6 ,etersburg/ #[;V=/ pp6 WW#/ WW[f
,elliot/ *` propos des 'omans/* K :#[W;=/ p6 #77f T, :#[#<=/ p6 "88/ and :#[W;=/ p6 VW86
(6 Shiratori/ *(han and (hagan/* ,roceedings of the Kapanese cademy :Kune/ #[W"=6
1L1> Wi,+ ,+e eA"e),io of ,+e Na1Ye #i*dom of S+a,u*$ a fra*me, of ,+e 8u1@u* !,a,e!
w+i"+ i L10 +ad 0ee aeAed 0& ,+e !ou,+er '+ie!e em)ire>
1L7> Pellio,$ i T, G1917H$ )> 797>
1L5> 'f> P> (emiB.ille$ *L'inscription de +un%kang/* NEFE5/ V%7 G1973H$ LL9>
1LL> So "alled for "o.eie"e> 9",uall&$ al,+ou*+ i Dre"+ Gor E*li!+H ,+e ,wo "+ara",er!
re)re!e,i* :u* Gfa,+er ad !oH
S337T
+a.e a !imilar )rou"ia,io$ i '+ie!e wri,i* ,+e& are ?ui,e differe,>
1L3> I B&;a,ie ad S&ria" *eo*ra)+&$ /o&a* i! !ome,ime! referred ,o a! Tau*a!,$ from ,+e
ame of ,+e Ta0*a,"+ or To0a>
1L6> 'f> '+a.ae!$ *Le voyage de Song +un dans l'UdyLna et le Qandhira/* NEFE5 G1905H$ )>
579>
1L7> 'f> Tall*re$ 'ollection Tovostine G:el!i#i$ 1917H> T+e )ri"i)al !i,e! w+ere eAam)le! of
8iu!i!# ar, of ,+i! )eriod +a.e 0ee di!"o.ered are ,+e .illa*e! of 9a!+$ 9&o!+#a$
Oi!#a&a$ B&!#ar$ Gorod"+e!#a&a$ /u*o.!#o&e$ 8al&i1Tere#$ Pro,o!+ilo.o$ ,+e 0a#! of ,+e
Ri.er 9!#&!$ ,+e .illa*e of T&u,!+,a o ,+e ri*+, 0a# of ,+e Ri.er <a;&r$ ad .ariou! )oi,!
i ,+e 90a#a !,e))e> Wea)o! of ,+e !ame !,&le +a.e 0ee foud i Ru!!ia ea!,er
8o*olia$ !ou,+ of /a#e Bai#alE a, Bi"+ura$ ear Ver#+eudi!#E a, Sele*i!#E ad a,
Troi,!#> 'f> N> De,,i"+$ M4ie -eiternomadenkultur von 2inussinsk$M i 2etallkunst der
Landnehmenden Ungarn/ U :#[V^=/ p6 W;W6
1L2> Pbid6$ )> 703>
1L9> 8ar?uar,$ M5ber das Volkstum der (omanen$M i 5stt&rkische 4ialektstudien GBerli$
191LH$ ad Pellio,$ M propos des 'omans$M K G1970H$ )> 1L0>
130> '+a.ae!$ 4ocuments sur les T'ou%kiue occidentau1$ )> 775> 'f> 9l0er, :errma$ M4ie
$ephtaliten und ihre Ne!iehungen !u 'hina$M 2/ PP/ V%7 G1973H$ 36L1320>
131> T> Noelde#e$ Etudes histori9ues sur la ,erse ancienne/ pp6 #"#/ #"Vf 2ar9uart/ YrLnechar/
p6 <^f 6 'hristensen/ L'Pran sous les Sassanides :,aris/ #[V"=/ p6 W876
137> D> W> <> 8Iller$ Soghdische Te1te$ I$ 102>
135> 8ar?uar,$ YrLnechar/ pp6 ";%"Vf 'hristensen/ L'Pran/ p6 W8[6
13L> /o"ali;ed 0& '+ri!,e!e Gi a*reeme, wi,+ 8ar?uar,H$ L'Pran$ ed ma)>
133> 8ar?uar,$ YrLnechahr/ pp6 <<%<^f 'hristensen/ L'Pran/ pp6 W8^% W886
136> Pellio,$ MTokharien et (outch?en$M K/# G195LH$ L7E '+a.ae!$ i T, G1907H$ )> 122>
137> T+e !our"e!$ w+i"+ are !omew+a, o0!"ure$ are di!"u!!ed 0& /a VallBe Pou!!i$ 4ynasties et
histoire de l'Pnde/ pp6 <W%<76
132> Ta0ari$ nnals$ ,ra!> :> Xo,e0er*$ Pari!$ 126717L$ II$ 151>
139> Su* YI$ ,ra!> '+a.ae!$ NEFE5 G1905H$ ))> L07$ L17>
160> 'f> 9> Dou"+er$ rt gr?co%bouddhi9ue du Qandhdra GPari!$ 1903131H$ II$ 329>
161> O E)+,+ali,e umi!ma,i"!$ !ee %u#er$ M4ie hephtalitiscben 2&n!inschriften$M Sit!6 der
preuss6 kad6 der 0issenschaften GBerli$ 1950H$ )> 6L1E 8or*a$ Aum6 5r6 G1956H$ ))> LL61
L37>
S332T
167> T+e ,eA,! are di!"u!!ed i La Vall?e ,oussin/ 4ynasties et histoire de l'Pnde/ pp6 "W%""6
165> Nor,+we!, of (el+i> T+e #i*dom of T+ae!war or T+ae!ar mu!, "er,ail& +a.e owed i,!
ri!e ,o ,+e role of fro,ier mar"+ w+i"+ i, )la&ed ,o )ro,e", ,+e world of ,+e Ga*e! a*ai!,
:u i.a!io!>
16L> Tur#olo*& mi*+, )ro.ide !ome e.ide"e of ,+i! earl& !)li, 0e,wee ,+e :u! of 9!ia ad
,+o!e of Euro)e> 9""ordi* ,o N> Po))e$ ,+e )re!e,1da& '+u.a!+e! w+o o""u)& ,+e re*io
0e,wee Samara ad <a;a o ,+e Vol*a are ,+e de!"eda,! of ,+e we!,er :u!> T+e
'+u.a!+ la*ua*e +a! "+ara",eri!,i"! )e"uliar ,o i,!elf ad di!,i", from ,+o!e of all o,+er
Tur#i" ,o*ue!> T+e !e)ara,io from ,+e o,+er Tur#i" la*ua*e! i! ,+ou*+, 0& Po))e ad
Bar,+old ,o +a.e o""urred a0ou, ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e '+ri!,ia era> 'f> N> Po))e i 2/ P$
773$ ad Ungarische Kahrb&cher/ VPP$ 131E ad Bar,+old$ MTIr#!$M EP$ )> 9L2>
163> Dor ,+e 9la!$ w+o are of )ar,i"ular i,ere!, 0e"au!e ,+e& will 0e foud a*ai$ uder ,+e
ame of 9!od$ i %e*+i;1<+ai,e 8o*ol +i!,or&$ "f> Toma!"+e#$ M9lai$M i -eal
Encyclopddie 0& Paul&1Wi!!owaE Bar,+old$ M9lla$M El$ )> 513E ad V> D> 8ior!#&$ *The
lan/* i $udud al%lam$ )> LLL> 8aA E0er, wri,e!4 MToward ,+e ed of ,+e !e"od "e,ur&
B>'>$ ,+e 9la! were !,ill leadi* a omadi" life i ,+e 9ralo1'a!)ia !,e))e> Drom ,+ere
,+e& mo.ed ,oward ,+e (o> 9, ,+e ,ime of S,ra0o$ ,+e& "am)ed 0e,wee ,+e 'a!)ia ad
,+e (o$ w+e"e ,+e& made )luderi* raid! o Par,0ia 9;er0ai@a>M S&d%-ussland im
lterthum/ p6 V^<6 'f6 2ar9uart/ 5steurop)ische und 5stasiatische Streif!&ge :Leip!ig/
#[;V=/ pp6 #"7 et se96
166> 'f> /> Drae0e,$ MUne colonie scytbo%alaine en 5rl?anais au Ve si]cle6 Les bron!es
caucasiens du Vendmois$M -S GDe0ruar&2 ad 77$ 1950H>
167> mmianus 2areellinus$ ZZZI$ 7> Sidoiu! 9)olliari! add!4 M9rmed wi,+ a +u*e 0ow ad
lo* arrow!$ ,+e :u e.er mi!!e! +i! mar#> Woe ,o +im a, w+om +e aim!$ for +i! arrow!
0ri* dea,+[M
162> 9 Tur#i!+ +i!,oria$ (r> Rei, Saffe, G<ara em!iH$ )rofe!!or a, ,+e Ui.er!i,& of I!,a0ul$
+a! ou,lied a i,ere!,i* )ae*&ri" of 9,,ila$ 'ontribution ti une histoire sinc]re d'ttila
GPari! ad I!,a0ul$ 195LH> Dor :ui" ar, i 'e,ral 9!ia ad i :u*ar&$ !ee 9> 9lfJldi$
MFunde aus der $unnen!eit und ihre ethnische Sonderung$M U G1957H$ ad Xol,b Ta#b"!$
*'ongruencies Netween the rts of the Eurasiatic 2igration ,eriods/* / V$ )ar,! 7$ 5$
adL G1953H$ 177$ i w+i"+ Ta#b"! "om)le,e! +i! )re.iou! wor#!$ M'hinesische (unst bei
den $unnen$M 5S G1916H$ ))> 17L1126E M'+ie!i!"+1+ui!"+e <u!,forme$M Nulletin de
l'Pnstitut rch?o%logi9ue Nulgarelogi9ue Nulgare
S339T
lo*i?ue Bul*are G1973H$ ))> 19L1779E MSio1:ui"aCM read a, ,+e S"+ool of Orie,al
S,udie!$ le1is ,etrovics nniversary Volume G195LHE ML'art des grandes migrations en
$ongrie et en E1trYme% 5rient$M - G1951H$ )> 57> Dor ,+e ar, of ea!,er Ru!!ia a, ,+e !ame
)eriod$ !ee S"+mid,$ *(atchka/ Neitr)ge !ur Erforschungen der (ulturen 5strusslands in
der Seit der Vlkerwanderung/* ES/ P G1977H$ 12> Dor a *eeral !ur.e& of ,+e Sarma,ia$
:ui"$ ad 9.ar )ro0lem of :u*ar&$ !ee De,,i"+$ 2etallkunst$ U G1957E )lu! a .olume of
)la,e!H>
ChapterD
1> 'f> Pellio,$ ML'5rigine de T'ou%kiue/ nom chinois des Tures$M T, G1913H$ )> 627E T+om!e$ i
S42Q$ Vol>72 G197LH$ 177E D> W> <> 8Iller$ Uigurica/ PP$ 67$ 97E 8ar?uar,$
Untersuchungen !ur Qeschichte von Eran/ PP G1903H$ 737E Bar,+old$ MTIr#!$M EP$ )> 9L2>
7> T+e a"e!,or of ,+e TCu1"+Ie+ wa! !u"#led 0& a !+e1wolf> W+e *row1u)$ +e ma,ed wi,+
+er ad +ad ,e !o!$ w+o were 0or i ,+eir mo,+erC! "a.e G%ulie$ M4ocuments sur les
T'ou%kiue$M )> 576H> M9, ,+e ,o) of ,+eir fla*!,aff! ,+e TCu1"+Ie+ )la"e a !+e1wolfC! 0ead i
*old> T+e 0od&*uard! of ,+eir #i*! are "alled wol.e!> Bei* 0or of a !+e1wolf$ ,+e& do o,
wa, ,o for*e, ,+eir a"ie, ori*iM G)> 551H>
5> 'lC> '+a.ae!$ 4ocuments sur les T'ou%kiue occidentau1/ p6 WW# :from the ,ei%Shih/ the
'hou Shu/ and the Liang Shu=6
L> T+i! i! "ofirmed 0& ,+e B&;a,ie +i!,oria T+eo)+&la",u! Simo"a,,e!$ w+o !a&! ,+a, ,+e
rema,! of ,+e 9.ar! ,oo# refu*e i ,+e Tau*a!, "ou,r&$ ,+a, i! ,o !a&$ amo* ,+e
de!"eda,! of ,+e Ta0*a,"+ or To0a> \uo,ed i '+a.ae!$ 4ocuments$ )> 7L6>
3> M'haganus magnus/ despota septium gentium et dominus septem mondi climatumM
GTheophylactus Simocattes/ VPP$ 7H> I, +a! 0ee )oi,ed ou, ,+a, ,+e ,i,le! of #+a*a ad #+a
were %ua1@ua=ad ,+erefore$ i, !eem!$ 8o*ol=,i,le!> So far a! i! #ow$ ,+e TMu1"+Ie+
were ,+e fir!, Tur#i" )eo)le ,o u!e ,+em>
6> S,ai!la! %ulie ,ra!la,ed ,+e )ri"i)al '+ie!e ,eA,! GSui Shu/ T'ang Shu/ etc6= relating to
the T'u%ch&eh/ notably those of the east/ *4ocuments sur les T'ou%kiue/* K :#8"7=6
'havannes continued this work/ translating those parts which concern the western
T'uch&eh :4ocuments sur les T'ou%kiue occidentau1/ St6 ,etersburg/ #[;V= and *Aotes
additionelles sur les T'ou%kiue occidentau1/* T, :#[;7=/ pp6 #%##;6
7> T+e ,i,le of yabgu or yabghu !eem! ,o +a.e 0ee )a!!ed o ,o ,+e Tur#i" )eo)le! 0& ,+e
a"ie, <u"+a or Ido1S"&,+ia )eo)le>
S360T
T+e <u"+a ruler <ad)+i!e! I i!"ri0ed i, o +i! "oi!> 'f> Dou"+er$ L'art grgco%
bouddhi9ue du Qandhdra/ PP$ 799E 8ar?uar,$ drLnechar/ p6 W;7f 06 Nang/ in Ungarische
Kahrb&cher/ VP/ #;W6
2> Dor ,+e affii,ie! of ,+e 0el, orame,! of <o"+#ar$ !ou,+ of /a#e Bal#+a!+$ ,o ,+e 9.ar
0ro;e! of :u*ar&$ "f> De,,i"+$ 2etallkunst/ U G1957H$ ))> 711$ 77L>
9> T+e Tur#! w+o$ a, ,+e ,ime of ,+i! fir!, "o,a",$ foud or,+er '+ia o""u)ied 0& ,+e
Ta0*a,"+$ or To0a$ "o,iued ,o "all ,+e "ou,r& 0& ,+e ame of ,+a, )eo)leE ad i, i! 0& ,+i!
!ame ame$ :ellei;ed ,o Tau*a!,$ ,+a, B&;a,ie wri,er! !u"+ a! T+eo)+&la",u! Simo"a,,e!
"ame ,o #ow i,> 'f> T+om!e$ MI!"ri),io! de lCOr#+o$M i 2gmoires de la Soci?t? finno%
ougrienne G:el!i#i$ 1296H$ V$ 76>
10> Dor ,+e .aria,! of +i! ame$ "f> 8ar?uar,$ $istorische Qlossen !u den altt&rkischen
Pnschriften/ p6 #8</ and :by the same author= Erdnhchar/ p6 W#"6 The story of Pst)mi has
been compiled from 'hinese/ Ny!antine/ and rabian sources by 'havannes/ 4ocuments/
pp6 WW"et se96
11> Dor ,+e "ul,ure ad 0elief! of ,+e TCu1"+Ie+$ !ee T+om!e$ Mltt&rkische Pnschriften aus der
2ongolei$M i S42Q$ >!>$ Vol> 5$ Par,7 G197LH$ )> 151>
17> I, !+ould 0e re"alled ,+a, ,+e B&;a,ie G8eader ad T+eo)+&la",u!H ad '+ie!e !our"e!
are ,+e !u0@e", of a "om)ara,i.e !,ud& 0& '+a.ae! i +i! 4ocuments$ ))> 7551737>
15> Ideed$ ,+e 9rmeia +i!,oria Se0eo! ,ell! ,+a, i 3971392 ,+e Per!ia!$ led 0& ,+e
9rmeia *eeral Sem)ad Ba*ra,ui$ made a "ou,era,,a"# o Tur#i" ,erri,or& a! far a!
Bal#+> 'f> 8ar?uar,$ Erdnhchar$ ))> 63166E '+a.ae!$ 4ocuments$ )> 731E :!Ia1,!a*$
$istoire de la vie/ trans6 Stanislas Kulien :,aris/ #8<#=/ pp6 "#%""6
1L> T+om!e$ MI!"ri),io! de lCOr#+o$M 2?moires de la Soci?t? finno%ougrienne/ V$ 97192>
13> T+om!e$ Mltt&rkischen Pnschriften aus der 2ongolei$M S42Q G197LH$ )> 150>
16> TK*ri deo,e! 0o,+ !#& ad *od> Pellio,$ MLe mont +u%tou%kin :ht&kLn= che! les anciens
Tures$M T,/ 7%< G1979H$ 7131716>
17> 9d o dou0, al!o a ear,+ *odde!!$ )er!oified i ,+e *odde!! of 8ou, R,_#K ad
ide,i"al wi,+ c,I*K or I,I*K$ *odde!! of ,+e ear,+ amo* ,+e 8o*ol! of ,+e ,+ir,ee,+
"e,ur&> Pellio,$ MLe mont +u%tou%kin :ht&k)n= che! les anciens Turcs$M T,/ 7%< G1979H$ 7171
719>
12> T+e eAam)le of To&u?u? !+ow! ,+a, ,+i! '+ie!e a""u!a,io i! of,e ill1fouded>
19> %ulie$ M(o"ume,!$M K G126LH$ )> 551>
70> T+om!e$ MPnscriptions de l'5rkhon$M ))> 92199>
S361T
71> Drom 373 ,o 323$ ,+e #+a TCo1)o *a.e +o!)i,ali,& ,o %aa*u),a$ ,+e Gad+ara
mi!!ioar&$ w+o +ad 0ee dri.e from '+ia$ ad wa! "o.er,ed 0& +im ,o Budd+i!m> 'f>
'+a.ae!$ M%ia*u),a$M T, G1903H$ ))> 55L$ 5L6>
77> 'f> '+a.ae!C re"o!,i,u,ed 0io*ra)+& of Tardu i 4ocuments$ )> L2$ o,e!1 ad 7L1>
75> T+e '+ie!e form of ,+e Tur#i" ori*ial I!+)araF 'f> Pellio,$ MSur 9uel9ues mots d'sie
'entrale$M K G1915H$ )> 711>
7L> I, wa! a0ou, ,+i! ,ime$ i 392$ ,+a, Tardu !e, a em0a!!& ,o Em)eror 8auri"e i
'o!,a,io)le wi,+ a le,,er i w+i"+ +e eA)li"i,l& !,&le! +im!elf !u)reme #+a*a$ MGrea,
'+ief of ,+e Se.e Ra"e! ad 8a!,er of ,+e Se.e 'lima,e!M GT+eo)+&la",u! i '+a.ae! C
4ocuments$ )> 7L6H>
73> 'f> ,+e Sui Shu/ trans6 'havannes/ in 4ocuments sur les T'oukiue occidentau1/ pp6 #<%W;f F6
K)ger/ *Leben und 0erke des ,'ei%kiu/ chinesische (olonialgeschichte/* 5S :5ctober/
#[W#=6
76> 'f> Pellio,$ MAote sur les T'ou%yu%houen et les Sou%p'i$M Tp G1970H$ )> 575>
77> T+e '+ie!e a""ou, of ,+i! e)i!ode$ wri,,e wi,+ a fie e)i" !wee)$ +a! 0ee ,ra!la,ed 0&
%ulie i M4ocuments sur les T'ou%kiue$M K G126LH$ ))> 7151719>
72> '+ie!e !our"e! G,+e T'ang ShuH ,ra!> i S,ai!la! %ulie$ M4ocuments sur les T'ou%kiue$M
K G126LH>
79> T'ang Shu/ trans6 'havannes/ in *4ocuments/* p6 [<6
50> 'f> T+om!e$ MI!"ri),io! de lCOr#+o$M )> 99> '+ie!e !our"e! alread& ,ra!la,ed i 9>
Gau0il$ M$istoire de la dynastie des Tang$M i 2gmoires concernant les 'hinois/ \V$ LL1>
51> T'ang Shu/ trans6 'havannes/ in 4ocuments/ pp6 W7%W</ <W%<V6
57> :!Ia1,!a*$ Vie$ ,ra!> %ulie$ )> 33>
55> '+a.ae!$ 4ocuments$ )> 197>
5L> T'ang Shu/ trans6 'havannes/ in 4ocuments/ pp6 W<%W"/ <V6
53> Pbid6$ ))> 77157$ 36132>
56> 'f> Pellio,$ MTokharien et (outch?en$M K/ P G195LH$ 37> Wi,+ou, )lu*i* i,o li*ui!,i"!$
we ma& *i.e radom i!,a"e! of ,+e Ido1 Euro)ea "+ara",er of mu"+ of ,+e <u"+ea ad
allied .o"a0ularie!4 st ad nessi d ,o 0eE ste d +e i!E pLtar/ mLter d fa,+er$ mo,+erE pracer
:fraterH 0ro,+erE se d !oE tkacer d dau*+,erE okso d oAE yakwe :e9uusH +or!eE iem d ameE
knLn d ,o #owE klautke$ kaklau d "ir"leE sLlyi d !al,E malkwer d mil#E wek d .oi"eE ek d
e&eE trai d ,+reeE okt d ei*+,E ikam d ,we,&E kante d +udredE meie d mooE pest d af,er>
57> Pellio,$ MLe 'ha%teheou Tou tou fou t'ou king et la colonie sogdienne du Lob%nor$M K/ P
G1916H$ 170>
S367T
52> :a"#i$ o,a0l& i ML'art indien et l'art iranien en sia 'entrale$M 735$ ad *Nuddhist rt in
'entral sia/* )> 17>
59> 'f> :a"#i$ M-echerches arch?ologi9ues en sie 'entrale$M - G1956H>
L0> 'f> Pellio,$ MAote sur les anciens noms de (outcha/ d'9su et d'Utch%Turfan$M T, G1975H$ )>
177$ ad MTokharien et (outch?en$M K G195LH$ ))> 26127E :> /Ider!$ M0eitere Neitr)ge !ur
Qeschichte und Qeographie von 5stt&rkistan$M Sit!6 der preuss6 kad6 der 0issenschaften
GBerli$ 1950H$ )> 17> I ,+e !o1"alled *Tokharian * ,eA,!$ Sie* 0elie.ed +e re"o*i;ed ,+e
ame LrRi a! deo,i* ,+e To#+aria )eo)le$ ad ,o ,+i! ,+e ame! of ,+e sioi/ 0u%sun/
lans$ e,">$ were alread& 0e*ii* ,o 0e rela,ed> Bu, Baile& )ro.ed ,+a, ,+i! wa! a "a!e of
mi!,a#e i,er)re,a,io$ LrRi 0ei* merel& ,+e MDo#+ari;a,ioM of a Pra#ri, word LrRa$
re)re!e,i* ,+e Sa!#ri, word Lrya> 'f> Baile&$ MT,au*ara$M NSS/ VPPP/7 G1956H$ 917>
L1> T+e "a)i,al of ,+e #i*dom of Turfa uder ,+e TCa* wa! o, !i,ua,ed o ,+e moder !i,e
0eari* ,+a, ame$ 0u, far,+er ea!,$ a, Idi*u,!"+ai$ w+i"+ i! ,+e old <ara1#+o@a ad w+i"+
,+erefore doe! o, e,irel& "orre!)od ,o ,+e <ara1#+o@a of ,oda&> 'f> Pellio,$ M(aotch'ang/
@otcho/ $ouo%tcheou et @ara%khod3a$M K/ P G1917H$ 379> T+e '+ie!e !our"e! of
iforma,io G^ang ShuH o Turfa +a.e 0ee ,ra!la,ed 0& '0a.ae! i 4ocuments$ ))>
1011110$ ad !ummari;ed 0& S&l.ai /B.i i Fragments des te1tes koutch?ens GPari!$
1955H$ )> 13>
L7> Dor ,+e MTo#+ariaM ad So*dia ame G9r* ad 9#FH of <ara S+a+r$ ,o 0e foud i ,+e
Sa!#ri, ,ra!"ri),io 9*i$ "f> Pellio,$ Mpropos du tokharien$M T,$ )> 763$ ad :ei*$
Mrgi and the Tokharians$M NSS G1952H$ )> 36L> '+ie!e !our"e! of iforma,io o <ara
S+a+r +a.e 0ee ,ra!la,ed 0& '+a.ae!$ 4ocuments$ ))> 1101 11L$ ad !ummari;ed 0&
/B.i$ Fragments$ ))> 2113> 'ofirma,io of ,+e Sa!#ri, ame 9*i for <ara S+a+r i! ,o 0e
foud i /Ider!$ M0eitere Neitr)ge$M )> 70>
L5> '+ie!e !our"e! GT'ang ShuH rela,i* ,o ,+e +i!,or& of <u"+a +a.e 0ee ,ra!la,ed 0&
'+a.ae!$ 4ocuments$ ))> 11L1171$ ad !ummari;ed 0& S&l.ai /B.i$ MLe 'Tokharien N/'
langue de (outcha$M K/ PP G1915H>
LL> :!Ia1,!a*$ Vie G,ra!> %ulieH$ )> L2>
L3> T+e <u"+ea for MflowerM i! pyapyo G/B.i$ Fragments des te1tes koutch?ens/ p6 #7;=6
L6> '+ie!e !our"e! GT'ang ShuH i '+a.ae!$ 4ocuments$ ))> 1711172> 'f> S,e <oow$
M<+o,a S,udie!$M K-S G191LH$ )> 559E /B.i$ MLes rois Fou%tou de (hotan$Mibid>$ )> 1070E
D> W> T+oma!$ MT+e /a*ua*e of 9"ie, <+o,a$M 2/ PP/W G1973H$ 731>
S365T
L7> T'ang Shu/ trans6 'havannes/ in 4ocuments/ p6 #W#6
L2> Pbid6$ ))> 17L1172>
L9> I$id= $ ))> 57152$ 39166>
30> T+e Ti0e,a do"ume,! 0rou*+, from Tu+wa* 0& Pellio, GBi0lio,+Ce?ue Na,ioale$ Pellio,
DudH ad !,udied 0& %> Ba"o, +a.e )ro.ed ,+a, Ti0e,C! *eeral "o.er!io ,o Budd+i!m=
+i,+er,o a,,ri0u,ed ,o ,+e Ti0e,a #i*! of ,+e !e.e,+ "e,ur&1o""urred la,er GNacot/
communication to the Soci?t? siati9ue/ #[V^=6
31> T+om!e$ MPnscriptions de l'5rkhon$M )> 100>
37> T+e \uri?a are !u))o!ed ,o +a.e li.ed o ,+e we!,er !+ore of /a#e Bai#al>
35> T+om!e$ MPnscriptions de l'5rkhon$M ))> 1011107>
3L> MT+e !ea, of *o.erme, of ,+e em)ire wa! ,+e fore!, of R,I#K$M read! 8o1#i1lieC!
i!"ri),io Gibid6$ )> 116H> T+e lo"a,io wa! !u**e!,ed 0& T+om!e i S42Q$ Vol>72
G197LH$ 175>
33> Radloff$ 4ie altt&rkischen Pnschriften der 2ongolei/ PP> GRadloff$ M4ie Pnschrift des
Ton3ukukEM D> :ir,+$ MAachworte !ur Pnschrift des Ton3ukukEM V> V> Bar,+old$ M4ie
altt&rkischen Pnschriften und die arabischen @uellen>MH
36> 'f> Radloff$ ltt&rkischen Pnschriften/ PP$ 51>
37> :ir,+C! ide,ifi"a,io$ MNa"+wor,e$M ))> 36132>
32> T'ang Shu i '+a.ae!$ 4ocuments$ )> 119>
39> T+e form TIr*i!+ i! foud i Ui*urE !ee$ for eAam)le$ 9> .o Ga0ai$ M4ie uigurische
Ueberset!ung der Niographie $&en%tsangs$M Sit!6 der preuss6 kad6 der 0issenschaften
GBerli$ 1953H$ )> 7L>
60> T'ang Shu i '+a.ae!$ 4ocuments$ ))> L5$79 Gw+ere ,wo re!ide"e! of ,+e TIr*i!+ #+a
are me,ioed4 a M*rea, e"am)me,M i ,+e To#ma# .alle& ad a M!mall e"am)me,M a,
<u*&ue+$ or,+ of ,+e Ili> 'f> '0a.ae!C remar#!$ ibid>$ )> 725H>
61> Pellio,$ MAeuf notes sur des 9uestions d'sie 'entrale$M T,/ 7%< G1979H$ 7061707>
67> 'f> S,ai!la! %ulie$ M4ocuments sur les T'ou%kiue$M K G126LH$ ))> L151L32> O 8o1"+Co
ad BK#1"+or$ !ee Pellio,$ T, G191LH$ )> L30>
65> %ulie$ M(o"ume,!$M )> L70>
6L> T+om!e$ MPnscriptions de l'5rkhon$M )> 109>
63> Pbid>$ )> 103>
66> Pbid>$ )> 109>
67> 8ar?uar,$ 'hronologie der altt&rkischen Pnschriften G/ei);i*$ 1292H$ ))>17 ad 35E
'+a.ae!$ 4ocuments$ )> 725> Dor So1#o1i Tur#i" Sa?al$ a""ordi* ,o Pellio,=!ee T'ang
Shu/ ibid6/ pp6 7V%77/ ^[%8#6
62> T+om!e$ MPnscriptions de l'5rkhon$M ))> 110$ 111>
S36LT
69> 'f> Pellio,$ MLa fille de 2o%tch'o 9aghan et ses rapports avec (&l%tegin$M T, G1917H$ )> 501>
70> 8o1#i1lie +ad 0ee omia,ed earlier 0& +i! u"le 8o1"+Co$ #+a of ,+e S&r Tardu!+$ a
Tur#i" ,ri0e of ,+e <o0do re*io>
71> T+e T+ir,& Ta,ar! GO,u; Ta,arH were !li*+,l& far,+er awa&> 'f> T+om!e$ MPnscriptions de
l'5rkhon$M )> 1L0>
77> T+e Ui*ur$ or ,+e T0ld"+ of old$ )ro0a0l& roamed a0ou, ,+e Tar0a*a,ai re*io$ !ou,+we!, of
,+e 9l,ai ra*e of ,+e 8o*ol!$ ad ,+e \arlu? dou0,le!! *ra;ed ear ,+e ea!,er eA,remi,&
of /a#e Bal#+a!+> T+e Ui*ur "+ief!$ li#e ,+o!e of ,+e \arlu?$ 0ore ,+e ,i,le of elt)bir> 'f>
ibid>$ ))> 177$ 172>
75> Pbid>$ ))> 117$ 1731176>
7L> 2?moires concernant les 'hinois/ \VP$ 11> 'f> %> 8ar?uar,$ MSki!!en !ur geschichtlichen
Vlkerkunde des 2ittelasien und Siberien$M FF$$ )> 791>
73> T+om!e$ MPnscriptions de l'5rkhon$M ))> 1171112>
76> O ,+e dea,+ of 8o1#i1lie$ :!Ia1,!u* wa! ,o *i.e +i*+ )rai!e ,o ,+e )ea"eful !e,ime,!
ad !i"ere fried!+i) w+i"+ ,+i! #+a*a +ad !+ow ,oward ,+e em)ire> 'f> Pellio,$
ML'inscription chinoise de Nilg) 9aghan$M T,/ 7%< G1979H$ 752>
77> 'f> Pellio,$ MLes fun?railles de (&l%tegin$M T,/ 7%< G1979H$ )> 7L6>
72> Pellio,$ M/0inscription chinoise de .il'@ qa'han$M T,/ 7%< G1979H$ 77917L6>
79> 9 ?ue!,io mu"+ di!)u,ed amo* Tur#olo*i!,! i! w+e,+er or o, ,+e Ui*ur !+ould 0e
ide,ified wi,+ ,+e O*+u;> T+i! well1#ow "o,ro.er!& i! 0a!ed u)o ,+e followi* )oi,!4
T+e "a!e for ide,if&i* Ui*ur wi,+ O*+u; i! !u))or,ed 0& T+om!e GMPnscriptions de
l'5rkhon$M )> 1L7H ad 0& 8ar?uar, G'hronologie der altt&rkischen Pnschriften/ p6 WV/ and
5steurspdische und 5stasiatische Streif!uge/ p6 [#=6 Narthold has opposed this theory
:*Toghu!ghu!/* El/ p6 878/ and *Vorlesungen/* p6 <V=6 Ao less debatable is the e1act
locali!ation of the To9u! 5ghu! or Aine 5ghu! mentioned in eighth%century T'u%ch&eh
inscriptions and in Uigur inscriptions of the ninth century6 Narthold :*T&rks/* El/ p6 [78=
places them very hypothetically north of Mt&k)n :the (hangai 2ountainsj=f other e1perts/
followed by lbert $errmann :tlas of 'hina/ pp6 V</ V[=/ place them on the middle
(erulen6 Those who claim that Uigur and To9u! 5ghu! were identical advance the
following arguments_ :#= Pn the 5rgt& inscription/ the Uigur khagan 2o%yen%cho calls his
people *5n Uigur To9u! 5ghu!* :although this may denote a confederation of two separate
elements=6 :W= Pn the 5ghu!%name/ 5ghu!%(han/ the eponymous hero of the 5ghu!/ says/ *P
am the khagan of the Uigur* :9uoted by ,elliot/
S363T
MSur la #?gende d'5ghou!%khan en ?criture ouigoure$M T,/ 7%< U 1950V$ 531H> Bu, Pellio, i!
of ,+e o)iio ,+a, ,+e 5ghu!%name Mwa! "om)o!ed i ,+e Ui*ur ,o*ue of Turfa a0ou,
1500ME ,+u! ,+e )a!!a*e "i,ed ma& re)re!e, o more ,+a a lo"al !,&li!,i" addi,io$ made a,
a la,er da,e> G5H 8a!Cudi$ Gardi;i$ ad Ya?u, ,ell u! ,+a, ,+e To?u; O*+u; were a, oe ,ime
8ai"+aea!$ w+i"+ would !eem ,o ide,if& ,+em wi,+ ,+e Ui*ur$ w+o 0e"ame 8ai"+aea!
0e,wee 765 ad 2L0> T+e ?ue!,io ,ur! o w+e,+er ,+ere ma& +a.e 0ee !ome "ofu!io
i ,+e mid! of ,+e!e ,+ree wri,er! 0e,wee Ui*ur ad O*+u;$ owi* ,o ,+e !imilari,& i
ame!> T+e "o,rar& ar*ume,$ !u!,aied 0& Bar,+old$ i! ,+a, ,+e To?u; O*+u; !+ould 0e
ide,ified o, wi,+ ,+e Ui*ur 0u, wi,+ ,+e old TCu1"+Ie+E i effe",$ ,+e TCu1"+Ie+ #+a*a
8o1#i1lie$ i ,+e <o!+o1T!aidam i!"ri),io$ "all! ,+e To?u; O*+u; Mm& ow )eo)le>M
Ne.er,+ele!!$ ,+o!e !ame Or#+o i!"ri),io! !+ow ,+e To?u; O*+u; ,o +a.e 0ee a, lea!,
)ar,iall& au,oomou!$ !i"e ,+e& me,io ,+e "am)ai*! led 0& 8o1#i1lie ad <ul1,e*i ,o
?uell ,+eir re.ol,!> I, i! ,+erefore o0.iou! ,+a, we "ao, 0e !ure ,+a, Ui*ur ad To?u;
O*+u; were ide,i"al> We do o, e.e #ow w+e,+er ,+e To?u; O*+u; of 8o*olia
me,ioed i ,+e Or#+o i!"ri),io! i ,+e ei*+,+ ad i,+ "e,urie! were ide,i"al wi,+
,+e To?u; G+u; ad ,+e G+u;;$ me,ioed$ for eAam)le$ i ,+e Per!ia *eo*ra)+& $udud
al%lam i ,+e ,e,+ "e,ur&> 9, ,+e ,ime$ ideed$ a""ordi* ,o ,+i! ,eA,$ Tur#! #ow a!
To?u; G+u; li.ed !ou,+ of /a#e Bal#+a!+$ i moder Semire"+&e$ ,+e re*io of ,+e Ili$
'+ari$ Te#e!$ ad 8u;ar, G8ior!#&$ $udud al%lam/ pp6 W"V%W^[/ and map/ p6 W^[=f and
other Turks called Qhu!! inhabited the region occupied today by the (irghi!% (a!akh/ west
of Lake Nalkhash and north of the ral Sea/ in the steppes of Sary%Su/ Turgai/ and Emba
:ibid6/ p6 V##/ and map/ p6 V;^=6 Pt seems that the Qhu!! of the (irghi! steppe must have
been a branch of the To9u! Qhu! of Semirechye/ as it is certain that it was from the Qhu!!
that the U!es :5u!oi= of southern -ussia emerged in the eleventh century/ as well as the
Sel3uk Turks of ,ersia also in the eleventh/ and the Turkomans of today6 Nut there our
certainty ends6
20> Tang Shu/ trans6 'havannes/ 4ocuments/ pp6 77%7"f Tang Shu/ pp6 8#/ 8V6 s 2ar9uart has
shown/ Naga%tarkhan is the (okrOokl of Tabari :kokrOokl l kul%chur=6 2ar9uart/
'hronologie der altt&rkischen Pnschriften/ p6 V8/ n6 #f Narthold/ *4ie altt&rkischen
Pnschriften und die arabischen @uellen/* p6 W^6
21> Tse tche t'ong kien i '+a.ae!$ 4ocuments$ )> 726$ > 1>
27> I0id>
25> Tang Shu/ ibid6/ p6 7</ n6 #/ and p6 #7V6
2L> Pbid>$ )> 726$ > 1>
23> Pbid>$ ))> 177$ 707>
S366T
26> Dor ,+i! )eriod$ !ee ,+e "ri,i"al e!!a& o 8u!lim !our"e! i Bar,+old$ Turkestan down to the
2ongol Pnvasion G/odo$ 1972H$ ))> 12L1196>
27> Pbid>$ ))> 12L1123$ a""ordi* ,o Ta0ari ad Balad+uri>
22> 'f> 8ar?uar, o)iio i 'hronologie der altt&rkischen Pnschriften/ p6 86 This is/ however/
opposed by Narthold in *4ie altt&rkischen Pnschriften und die arabischen @uellen/* p6 #;/
where he e1presses his belief that the khagan's nephew was not necessarily (ul%tegin6
29> Dor ,+e alle*ed 9ra0 "o?ue!, of <a!+*ar$ !ee :> 9> R> Gi00$ MT+e 9ra0 'o?ue!,! i
'e,ral 9!ia$M NSS$ II G1975H> 9 e!,a0li!+me, of ,+e fa",! a""ordi* ,o 9ra0 !our"e!
GTa0ari$ Balad+uriH i! *i.e 0& Bar,+old i Turkestan$ ))> 1231122> T+e '+ie!e !our"e!
GT'ang Shu/ Tch'e fou yuan koueiH are ,ra!la,ed 0& '+a.ae! i 4ocuments$ ))> 705$ 79L>
90> Der*aa d Ni*&Ia i ,+e *eo*ra)+i" ome"la,ure of ,+e TCa*>
91> Tse tche t'ong kien i '+a.ae!$ 4ocuments$ )> 1L2>
97> Tang Shu/ ibid6/ pp6 #V"/ #V86
95> I 719 ,+e .i"ero& of To#+ari!,a amed Te!+ GTi1!+JH !e, ,o ,+e '+ie!e "our, a
8ai"+aea .er!ed i a!,room& G'+a.ae! ad Pellio,$ MUn trait? manich?en retrouv? en
'hine>M K$ I U 1915V$ 135H> Dor ,+e '+ie!e )a,e,! "oferred u)o ,+e yabghu of
To#+ari!,a$ !ee MTang Shu ad Tse tche t'ang kienM i '+a.ae!$ 4ocuments$ ))> 137$ 706>
9L> Bar,+old$ Turkestan$ ))> 1291197 Ga""ordi* ,o Ta0ariH$ ad '+a.ae!$ 4ocuments$ ))>
7051707>
93> T'ang Shu i '+a.ae!$ 4ocuments$ ))> 157$ 166E Tch'e fou yuan kouei/ ibid6/ pp6 W;[/
W#V6
96> T'ang Shu/ ibid6/ pp6 #<# and W#7 :pp6 #<#%#<W/ biography of (ao Sien%chih according to
the Tang Shu=/ and 'havannes' reconstruction/ p6 W["6
97> Pbid>$ ))> 1L7$ 797E Bar,+old$ Turkestan$ ))> 1931196>
92> 'f> Bar,+old$ MTIr#!$M EP$ ))> 9L219L9>
99> T+e #i* of <+o,a$ Wei1"+J '+e* Gof ,+e Wei1"+J d&a!,&H$ al!o 0rou*+, a "o,i*e, of
,roo)! ,o aid ,+e TCa* a*ai!, ,+e re0el!>
100> Drom ,+i! '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io 8o1&e1"+o$ S"+le*el +a! )o!,ula,ed a Tur#i" ame
8o&u1"+orE w+erea!$ a! Pellio, o,e!$ ,+e e?ui.ale, would more )ro0a0l& 0e Ba&a1"+or
GPellio,$ M9 )ro)o! de! 'oma!$M K U 1970V$ )> 135H> T+e Ui*ur ,i,le of ,+i! )ri"e i!
T)ngrida 9ut bulmysh il ytmish bilg) 9aghan> I ,+e Or*J,I .alle&$ 0e,wee ,+e Or#+o ad
,+e Sele*a$ +i! ,om0 +a! 0ee foud$ ad o i, a i!"ri),io !,ill i a"ie, or Mrui"M
Tur#i"> 'f> Ram!,ed,$ SweiUigurischen -uneninschriften in der Aord%2ongolei
S367T
Uigurischen -uneninschriften in der Aord%2ongolei G:el!i#i$ 1915H$ ZZZ$ ad
'+a.ae!$ i T, G1915H$ )> 729>
101> I a 8ai"+aea fra*me, ad i ,+e <ara0al*a!u i!"ri),io of a))roAima,el& 270$ ,+i!
#+a*a i! referred ,o 0& a !erie! of ?ualifi"a,i.e!4 MUlug ilig U*rea, #i*V$ t)ngrida 9ut
bulmysh U0& :ea.e +a.i* o0,aied ma@e!,&V$ )rd)min il tutmysh U,+rou*+ meri, +oldi* i
+i! +ad ,+e #i*domV$ alp U+eroi"V$ 9utlugh Uma@e!,i"V$ k&l&g U*loriou!V$ bilg) Uwi!eVM GD>
W> <> 8Iller$ Uigurica$ II$ 93H>
107> 'f> '+a.ae! ad Pellio,$ MUn trait? manich?en retrouv? en 'hine$M K$ I G1915H$ 190$ 1931
196>
105> Pbid>$ )> 776> 9, ,+i! ,ime '+ia !,ood i *rea, eed of a Ui*ur allia"e a*ai!, ,+e
Ti0e,a!> 90ou, 727$ ,+e Ti0e,a! +ad !ei;ed ,+e <u"+a oa!i! from ,+e la!, of ,+e TCa*
*arri!o!$ 0u, ,+e& were af,erward dri.e ou, 0& ,+e Ui*ur> I 791 ,+e& a,,a"#ed ,+e '+ie!e
ou,)o!, of /i*wu$ ear Ni*!ia i <a!u$ ad o"e more i, wa! ,+a#! ,o ,+e Ui*ur ,+a,
,+e& were re)ul!ed> Drom 725 u,il 2L9$ ad a*ai u,il 260$ ,+e& !,u00orl& +eld ,+e
Sii* ad /i"+ow re*io i !ou,+we!, <a!u>
10L> 'f> Radloff$ tlas der lterth&mer der 2ongolei GS,> Pe,er!0ur*$ 1297199H$ Pl!> ZZZI1
ZZZVE Radloff$ nti9uit?s de l'5rkhon G:el!i#i$ 1297H$ ))> 30160E D> W> <> 8Iller$ Sit!6
der preuss6 kad6 der 0issenschaften GBerli$ 1909H$ )> 776>
103> We ma& o,e ,+a, ,+e 8ai"+aea )ro+i0i,io a*ai!, "o!umi* mil# ad 0u,,er$ diffi"ul,
,o o0!er.e i ,+i! lad of "a,,le rai!i* ad #umi!! Gferme,ed mareC! mil#H$ mu!,$ ,o*e,+er
wi,+ ,+e admoi,io ,o ea, .e*e,a0le!$ +a.e ,ured ,+e Ui*ur from ,+eir )a!,oral life ,o oe
0a!ed o a*ri"ul,ure G"f> '+a.ae! ad Pellio,$ MTrai,B mai"+Be$M )> 762H>
106> T+e e.ide"e )ro.ided 0& ,+e So*dia i!"ri),io of <ara0al*a!u$ Be!+0ali*+$ Turfa$
<ara S+a+r$ e,">$ !+ow! ,+a, M,+e Dour Tu*+riM were !u0@u*a,ed 0& ,+e Ui*ur a0ou, 200>
:ei*$ M9r*i ad ,+e To#+aria!$M NSS G1952H$ )> 330>
107> 'f> 9> .o /e 'o?$ Nuddhistische sp)tantike in 2ittelasien/ PP/ 2anich)ische 2iniaturen
:Nerlin/ #[WV=/ and 'hotscho :Nerlin/ #[#V=/ ,ls6 #%"6
102> Vo /e 'o?$ 'hotscho$ Pl!> 50157$ ad Nuddhistische sp)tantike/ PPP/ ,l6 #^f also E6
0aldschmidt/ Qandhara/ (utscha/ Turfan/ ,ls6 #"%W#6
109> Wald!"+mid,$ Qandhara/ (utscha/ Turfan$ Di*> 12>
110> 9 Ui*ur )ri"e of Turfa$ of ,+e ,e,+ "e,ur&$ Bu*+ra Sali Tu,u?$ i! re)re!e,ed o oe of
,+e Be;e#li# fre!"oe!>
111> 'f> .o /e 'o?$ (ur!e Einf&hrung in die uigurische Schriftkunde GBerli$ 1919H$ ))> 951
109>
S362T
117> See$ for i!,a"e$ 9emarie .o Ga0ai$ M4ie uigurische Ueberset!ung der Niographie
$&en%tsangs$M Sit!6 der preuss6 kad6 der 0issenschaften GBerli$ 1953H>
115> Oe of ,+e la!, Ui*ur #+a*a!$ Wu1#iai GU*KFH$ more ad.e,urer ,+a ruler$ a,,em),ed ,o
mai,ai +i! )o!i,io i ,+e Go0i 0& wa*i* war 0o,+ o <ir*+i; ad '+ie!e> :e wa!
#illed i !ome o0!"ure a",io i ,+e 9l,ai i 2L7>
11L> See Bar,+old$ MBe!+0ali#$M EP$ )> 7L6>
113> T+e Ui*ur #i*! of <a"+ow )re,eded ,o ,+e ,i,le of #+a*a G'+a.ae! ad Pellio,$
*Frait? manich?en/* )> 179H>
116> T+i! a))ear! ,o 0e "orro0ora,ed 0& ,+e me,io of Ui*ur "ele!,ial #+a*a!M of <a"+ow o
a um0er of Budd+i" )ael! of ,+e 'a.e! of ,+e T+ou!ad Budd+a! a, Tu+wa*>
'+a.ae! ad Pellio,$ *Trait? manich?en/* )> 505>
117> Bar,+old$ MTIr#!$M EP$ )> 937> T+e Ba!mil$ w+o i ,+e !e.e,+ "e,ur& )re"eded ,+e Ui*ur i
,+e re*io of <u"+e*$ ,+e former Be!+0ali*+$ 0ad i addi,io ,o Tur#i" ,+eir ow )ar,i"ular
la*ua*e>
112> We ma& me,io$ for i!,a"e$ ,+e Ui*ur ,ra!la,io of ,+e Life of $s&an%tsang$ da,i* from
,+e !e"od ?uar,er of ,+e ,e,+ "e,ur& ad re"e,l& ,ra!la,ed 0& 8i!! .o Ga0ai i *4ie
uigurische Ueberset!ung6*
119> Bar,+old$ MTo*+u;*+u;$M EP$ )> 2L2$ ad MTIr#!$Mibid>$ )> 9L9> Ye, ,+e '+ie!e !our"e!
?uo,ed 0& '+a.ae!$ w+ile !,re!!i* ,+e "lo!e #i!+i) of S+a1,Co ad '+Cu1&ue+$ me,io
a! a di!,i",io ,+a, i ,+e !e.e,+ "e,ur& ,+e former roamed ea!, of /a#e Bar <ol ad ,+e
la,,er ,o ,+e we!,>
170> Bar,+old$ MTo*+u;*+u;$M ad MTIr#!$M )> 9L2> 'f> 8ior!#&$ $udud al%lam/ p6 W""6 The
Tang Shu/ trans6 by 'havannes :4ocuments/ p6 ["=/ tells that the Sha%t'o were of western
Tu%ch&eh stock/ deriving in particular from the 'h'u%yueh/ a Turkic tribe which in the
seventh and eighth centuries roamed seasonally between (ucheng and Lake Nar (ol6
171> Dor ,+e <+i,a$ !ee G> .o Ga0ele,;$ Qeschichte der grossen Liao/ trans6 from the Liao%
shih :St6 ,etersburg/ #8^^=f E6 Nretschneider/ 2ediaeval -esearches :London/ #888=/ P/
W;[f 'havannes/ *Voyageurs chinois che! les (hitan et les Koutchen/* K/ P :#8[^=/ V^^f K6
2ullie/ *Les anciennes villes de l'empire des Qrands Leao au royaume mongol de Narin/*
T, :#[WW=/ p6 #;<6 Pn 2ongol/ the singular is (itan/ the plural (itat6
177> Pellio,$ M propos des 'omans$M K G1970H$ ))> 1L611L7> /e, u! o,e ,+a, Ra!+id ad1(i
!,a,e! eA)li"i,l& ,+a, M,+e <+i,a la*ua*e "oform! .er& "lo!el& ,o ,+a, of ,+e 8o*ol!>M
See al!o Will& Baru"+$ MT+e Wri,i* ad /a*ua*e of ,+e Si1:ia ad <Ci1,a$M i 9>
Salmo&$
S369T
Sino%Siberian rt in the 'ollection of '6 T6 Loo GPari!$ 1955H$ )> 7L$ ad W> <o,wi";$ Les
(hitai et leur ?criture G/wow$ 1973H$ )> 7L2> Da,+er 8o!,aer, ,+ou*+, ,+a, <+i,a wa! a
8o*ol )lural of <+i,ai G8o!,aer,$ MOrdo!i"a$M Nulletin [/ 'atholic University of ,eking
G195LH$ )> L0>
175> 'f> '+a.ae!$ MVo&a*eur! "+ioi!$M K$ I G1297H$ 527E Bre,!"+eider$ 2ediaeval
-esearches$ I$ 763>
17L> T+e "ul,ural iflue"e of ,+e Ui*ur o.er ,+e <+i,a wa! a))are,l& "o!idera0le> Oe of ,+e
,wo <+i,a !"ri),! !eem! ,o +a.e 0ee deri.ed from Ui*ur wri,i*$ ,+e o,+er from '+ie!e
"+ara",er!> 8ar?uar,$ Quwaini's Nericht &ber die Nekehrung der Uiguren/ pp6 <;;%<;#f
'havannes and ,elliot/ *Trait? manich?en/* p6 V^^6
173> <ow a! Mof ,+e S+u1lI "laME i '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io$ MS+u1lI !+i+>M
176> Wie*er$ Te1tes histori9ues$ II$ 135711352>
177> 'f> 8ullie$ MLes anciennes villes de l'empire des Qrands Leao$M T, G1977H$ )> 103> Drom
10LL$ Ta,u* al!o ra#ed a! a we!,er "a)i,al$ hsi%ching>
172> M<i#ow lie! ,+ir,& li !ou,+we!, of '+o"+ow> B& ,+e ed of ,+e TCa* d&a!,&$ a C0arrierC
GkuanH +ad 0ee !e, u) ,+ere> 9""ordi* ,o ,+e "omme,a,or :u Sa1!+e*$ ,+e 0arrier wa!
or,+ of ,+e ri.er <iu1ma w+i"+ ri!e! i ,+e re*io or,+we!, of Sili* ad ru! !li*+,l& ,o
,+e !ou,+ of Yi"+owM Go,e 0& de! Ro,our!H>
179> T+e ide,ifi"a,io of S+e"+ow$ 8> de! Ro,our! wri,e! ,o u!$ +a! 0ee u,,erl& "ofu!ed$ fir!,
0& 8ailla ad ,+e 0& 'ordier> 8ailla GVIII$ 1L7H ,ell! u! ,+a, ,+e <+i,a "am)ed or,+ of
Ta&Ia> (e! Ro,our! !a&! ,+a, ,+i! i! 8aillaC! mi!readi* of S+e&Ia$ ao,+er ame for
S+e"+ow uder ,+e Su*> 'ordier muddle! ,+e )oi, !,ill fur,+er 0& ma#i* S+e"+ow a
differe, ,ow from 8aillaC! Ta&Ia4 MT+e <+i,a "am)ed or,+ of Ta&Ia or Tai"+ow=
ow <ai"+ow= ad 0e!ie*ed '+e"+owM G$istoire g?n?rale de la 'hine/ ,aris/ #^^^% 8</
PP/ 8^=6 Pn fact/ only one single town is in 9uestion/ the one known during the Sung period as
Shenchow/ Sheny&an/ or 'henchowf as (aichow during the seventeenth/ eighteenth/ and
nineteenth centuriesf and as ,uyanghsien under the 'hinese -epublic/ as 26 des -otours
has been good enough to establish for me in correcting 2ailla's and 'ordier's errors6
150> 'f> '+a.ae!$ MVo&a*eur! "+ioi!$M )> L1LE Bre,!"+eider$ 2ediaeval -esearches$ I$ 709E
:errma$ tlas of 'hina$ ))> L5$ LL>
151> 'f> 8ar?uar,$ 5stt&rkische 4ialektstudien$ )> 3LE Bar,+old$ M\ara1<+i,ai$M EP$ )> 727$ ad
Turkestan down to the 2ongol Pnvasion$ )> 779>
S370T
157> 'f> Pellio,$ MLes documents chinois trouves par la mission (o!lov$M K G8a&1%ue$ 191LH$ )>
305$ ad T, G1973H$ ))> 6$ 599E I.ao.$ MLes monuments de l'?criture tangout$M K$ I G1970H$
107E Will& Baru"+$ MT+e Wri,i* ad /a*ua*e of ,+e Si1:ia ad <Ci1,a$M Sino%Siberian
rt> O :!i1:!ia ar,$ !ee 9> Ber+ardi$ MBudd+i!,> Bilder der Gla;;ei, der Ta*u,e$M 5S
GO",o0er$ 1917H>
155> Bar,+old$ M<ara <+i,ai$M EP$ )> 727>
15L> Pellio, ad /> <er$ MLe tombeau de l'empereur Tao%tsong des Leao G103311101H et les
premi]res inscriptions connues en ?criture k'i%tan$M T, GO",o0er$ 1975H$ )> 797E W> <o,wi";$
M/e! <+i,ai e, leur B"ri,ure$M -oc!nik 5r3entalistyc!ny G1973H$ )> 7L2>
153> Pellio, "o!ider! ,+e form 43&rtch)t G%ur"+idH ,o 0e ,+e ori*ial oe> 'f> T, G1950H$ ))> 797
ad 5564 M%ou,"+e U%u1"+eV i! i fa", a "orru), form of (@Ir,"+K,>M
156> 'f> '+a.ae!$ MVoyageurs chinois che! les (hitan et les Koutchen$M K$ I G1297H$ 572E
Wie*er$ Te1tes histori9ues$ II$ 1671>
157> T+e ame Wa1&e 0ore 0& ,+e ro&al famil& ma& 0e o more ,+a a Tu*u!i" ,ra!"ri),io
of ,+e '+ie!e word wang$ meai* #i* or )ri"e> Pellio,$ MSur 9uel9ues mots d'sie
'entrale$M K G1915H$ )> L67>
152> Pellio,$ T, G8a&1%ul&$ 1977H$ )> 775E '> %> de :arle;$ $istoire de l'empire kin ou empire
d'or/ traduit de l'isin Qurun G1227H>
159> Oe de,ail of ,+i! war "o"er! ,+e +i!,or& of '+ri!,edom> I ,+e "our!e of ,+eir i.a!io$
,+e <i ,oo# )ri!oer "er,ai mem0er! of ,+e R*I, ,ri0e$ w+i"+ la,er !e,,led i ,+e area of
To?,o i or,+er S+a!i$ 0u, of w+i"+ .ariou! "la! +ad emi*ra,ed i ,+e dire",io of
/i,ao i !ou,+er <a!u> T+e <i de)or,ed ,+em i,o !ou,+er 8a"+uria> T+e!e R*I,
were Ne!,oria!$ ad a .i!io !ee 0& ,+e #i* Wu1#Ci1mai ad eA)laied 0& oe of ,+eir
i"o! wo ,+em ,+eir freedom ad re!e,,leme, 0& ,+e <i a, T!i*"+ow$ or,+ of ,+e
Yellow Ri.er> Pellio,$ M'hr?tiens d'sie 'entrale et d'E1trYme%5rient$M T, G191LH$ )> 650>
1L0> 'f> Bar,+old$ Turkestan$ )> 521E Pellio,$ i K G1970H$ )> 1L6>
1L1> Pellio,$ M'+ama$M K G8ar"+19)ril$ 1915H$ )> L62E W> Gru0e$ MAote pr?liminaire sur la
langue et l'?criture des Kou%tchen$M T, G129LH$ )> 55L>
ChapterJ
1> 8ir#+od$ $istoire des Samanides GPari!$ 12L3H$ ,ra!> '> D> (efrBmer&$ )> 115>
7> Ta0ari i Bar,+old$ Turkestan$ )> 710>
S371T
5> T+i! da,e i! di!"u!!ed i ibid>$ )> 773>
L> Pbid>$ )> 77L$ a""ordi* ,o Nar!+a#+i$ Ta0ari$ ad 8a!udi> T+i! la!, !our"e !,a,e! ,+a, ,+e
Ne!,oria! "om)ul!oril& "o.er,ed 0& ,+e Samaid! were \arlu? Tur#!>
3> Pbid>$ )> 7L5>
6> Pbid>$ ))> 7L91731>
7> 'f> Pellio,$ MNo,e! !ur le Tur#e!,a$M T, G1950H$ )> 16>
2> Bar,+old$ Turkestan$ ))> 761$ 767>
9> Pbid>$ )> 762> T+e da,e i! *i.e 0& Gardi;i>
10> 9, a0ou, ,+e !ame ,ime$ <a!+*ar i! !u))o!ed ,o +a.e 0ee o""u)ied 0& ,+e Ya*+ma$ ao,+er
Tur#i" ,ri0e ad a "la of ,+e To?u; O*+u; Gfir!, ?uar,er of ,+e ,e,+ "e,ur&FH> Dor ,+e
ame of ,+i! "la$ !ee Pellio,$ i K G1970H$ )> 153$ ad T, G1950H$ )> 17E al!o 8ior!#&$
$udud al%lam$ )> 777> T+e +i!,or& of ,+e <ara#+aid!$ +i,+er,o eA,remel& "ofu!ed$ +a!
0ee "larified 0& Bar,+old$ w+o +a! "olla,ed all ,+e Orie,al ma,erial i +i! Turkestan down
to the 2ongol Pnvasion U /odo$ 1972V$ ))> 73L e, !e?>H>
11> 'f> ibid>$ ))> 7321739>
17> Pellio, !u**e!,! ,+e readi* Ili* ra,+er ,+a Bar,+oldC! Ile#$ Ili* 0ei* ,+e Ui*ur word for
#i*> MNo,e! !ur le Tur#e!,a$M T, G1950H$ )> 16>
15> (a,ed 0& 'ardi;i i Bar,+old$ Turkestan$ )> 775> 8a+mudC! .i",or& o.er ,+e <ara#+aid! i!
a,,ri0u,ed ,o +i! u!e of Idia ele)+a,!>
1L> 'ommui"a,io ,o ,+e 9"adBmie de! I!"ri),io!$ 1957>
13> Bar,+old$ Turkestan$ ))> 7231726$ a""ordi* ,o Gardi;i>
16> Dor ,+e ,i,le of Tam*a,"+1#+a$ ,+a, i! ,o !a&$ M#i* of or,+er '+iaM GTa0*a,"+H$ "f>
Bar,+old$ Turkestan$ )> 50L> 'o"eri* ,+e 8u!lim )ie,& of ,+i! ruler$ !ee ibid>$ )> 511
Ga""ordi* ,o I0 al1 9,+irH> :e wa! a ?ui,e i,ere!,i* eAam)le of a o1omadi" Tur# ad
a a0le admii!,ra,or>
17> 8ior!#&$ $udud al%lam$ )> 511 ad ma)$ )> 507>
12> Bar,+old$ M<i)Ya#$M EP$ )> 1027>
19> 'f> Bar,+old$ MG+u;;$M EP$ )> 172$ ad MTur#mee!$Mibid>$ )> 9L5> %> (e&$ Qrammaire de la
langue tur9ue GPari!$ 1971H$ )> 576$ a""ou,! for ,+e ame MTur#me$M ado),ed 0& ,+e
G+u;;$ 0& i,! Mau*me,a,i.eM !uffiA m)n Gor menH$ w+i"+ i ,+e Tur#i" la*ua*e +a! a !e!e
of i,e!ifi"a,io> Tur#me would ,+u! !i*if& !ome,+i* li#e MTur# of )ure 0lood$M
M,+orou*+0red Tur#>M
70> T+e ,radi,ioal !)elli* i 9ra0o1Per!ia +i!,or& 0e"ame Sel@e? Gor Sal@e?H> Bu, ori*iall&
,+e "orre", !)elli* wa! Sel@u#> 'f> Bar,+old$ Turkestan$ )> 737>
71> Pbid>$ )> 737>
S377T
77> Dor ,+e +i!,or& of ,+e Sel@u#!$ !ee I0 al19,+ir$ (Lmil fi't Ta'rikh/ partial trans6 in -ecueil
des historiens des 'roisades6 $istoriens 5rientau1 :,aris/ #8^W% #[;"/< vols6=f 26 T6
$outsma/ -ecueil des te1tes relatifs T l'histoire des Sel3oucides :Leiden/ #88"% #[;W/7
vols6=f *$istoire des Sel3oucides et des Psma?liens :TLrikh%i gu!ida=/* trans6 4efr?mery/ K
:#878=f $outsma/ *Tughril P/* EP/ p6 8^W/ and *2alikshih/*ibid6/ p6 WW<f Narthold/
Turkestan/ pp6 V;W et se96
75> 'f> 'laude 'a+e$ MLa campagne de 2ant!ikert d'apr]s les sources musulmanes$M
Ny!antion$ IZ$7 G195LH$ 615>
7L> Bar,+old$ Turkestan$ )> 509>
73> 'f> %> /aure,$ Ny!ance et les Turcs seld3oucides GPari!$ 1915H$ ))> 96192>
76> Bar,+old$ MG+u;;$M EP$ )> 172>
77> Bi0lio*ra)+& i Xe,,er!,ee$ MSulaima$M EP$ )> 339$ ad :ou,!ma$ MTu,u!+$Mibid>$ )> 105LE
ReB Grou!!e,$ $istoire des 'roisades GPari!$ 195L156H$ I$ Ai.>
72> 'f> I0 al1\alai!i$ 4amascus 'hronicle$ ,ra!> Gi00 G1957H> I +a.e ,old ,+e !,or&=a fairl&
!+or, oe=of ,+e Sel@u#! of 9le))o ad (ama!"u! i Vol> I of m& $istoire des 'roisades/
to which P refer the reader6
79> MT+e )la,eau! of /&"aoia are "old$ 0are lad! w+ere *rea, um0er! of oa*er! *ra;e$ 0u,
,+e& are almo!, e,irel& de.oid of dri#i* wa,er> T+i! la"# of wa,er doe! o, )re.e,
li.e!,o"# from ,+ri.i* woderfull& ,+rou*+ou, ,+e "ou,r&> T+e flee"e of ,+e flo"#!$ i, i!
,rue$ i! !omew+a, "oar!e> :ere al!o are !al, la#e!M GS,ra0o$ ZII$ 6$ 1$ Tardieu ed>$ )> 355H>
50> Dor ,+e effe", o Tur#i!+ +i!,or& of ,+e )er!oali,ie! of ,+e fir!, ,+ree Sel@u#!$ "f> Bar,+old$
Turkestan$ )> 503>
51> 'f> I0 al19,+ir$ i $istariens 5rientau1/ P6
57> Bi0lio*ra)+& i Xe,,er!,ee$ M<i;il 9r!la$M EP$ )> 1115E "f> :ou,!ma$ MTu*+ril II$Mibid>$ )>
271>
55> 'f> Bar,+old$ Turkestan$ )> 519>
5L> 9r!la1#+a wa! de)o!ed i "o!e?ue"e of ,+e i,ri*ue! of ,+e Sui,e 8u!lim M"ler*&$M
w+o were a!!umi* e.er *rea,er im)or,a"e i ,+e affair! of Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad> T+i!
M"leri"ali!mM wa! ,o i"rea!e i Tra!oAiaa uder ,+e !+a+! of <+wari;m ad$ af,er ,+e
%e*+i;1<+ai,e !,orm$ uder ,+e Timurid! ad U;0e#!> Pbid>$ )> 570>
53> Bar,+old$ Turkestan$ ))> 5761577$ refu,e! Gwi,+ %u.aiiH I0 al19,+ir$ w+o a""u!e! 9,!i;$
!+a+ of <+wari;m$ of +a.i* eli!,ed ,+e aid of ,+e <ara1<+i,ai a*ai!, Sa@ar> T+e
.i",oriou! <ara1<+i,ai were @u!, a! a",i.e i )illa*i* <+wari;mia ,erri,or&> T+e
a""u!a,io
S375T
ori*ia,ed from ,+e fa", ,+a, Sa@arC! defea, )ro.ed *rea,l& ,o 9,!i;C ad.a,a*e>
56> 9""ordi* ,o %u.aii$ Sa@ar died o 8a& 2$ 1137E "f> ibid>$ )> 557>
57> T+e Sel@u#! e.e eA)or,ed Iraia "ul,ure ,o 9!ia 8ior> T+o!e of <o&a ado),ed Per!ia
a! ,+eir offi"ial la*ua*e$ ad i, remaied ,+e "our, la*ua*e ,+ere$ a! +a! 0ee o,ed$ u,il
a0ou, 1773 G%> :> <ramer!$ M<arama1o*+lu$M EP$ )> 795>
52> I, wa! i 1175 ,+a,$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e Liao%shih/ +e%l& Ta%shih fled from ,eking in the
direction of Neshbaligh6 'f6 ,elliot/ in K :pril%Kune/ #[W;=/ p6 #^76 The name Ta%shih may
represent the 'hinese title t'ai%tsu/ prince/ or t'ai%shih/ great teacher6 ,elliot/ *Aotes sur le
Turkestan/* T, :#[V;=/ p6 7<6
59> 'o"eri* ,+i! ame$ !ee Bre,!"+eider$ 2ediaeval -esearches$ I$ 12$ ad Pellio,$ MNo,e!
!ur le Tur#e!,a$M )> 12>
L0> Dor ,+e!e e.e,!$ !ee %u.aii$ Ta'rmkh%i Kahan%gusha/ trans6 in d'5hsson/ $istoire des
2ongols/ P/ 77#/ and in Nretschneider/ 2ediaeval -esearches/ P/ WW<6
L1> 'f> Pellio,$ MNo,e! !ur le Tur#e!,a$M )> L9>
L7> Bar,+old$ Zur Geschichte des Christentums in ittelasien bis !ur ongolischen
"roberungen GTI0i*e$ 1901H$ )> 32>
L5> Ru# ad1(i 8a+mud +ad +ad ,o flee wi,+ ,+e defea,ed Sel@u# arm&$ 0u, ao,+er
<ara#+aid$ Tam*a,"+1#+a I0ra+im$ 0e"ame lord of Samar#ad uder <ara1<+i,ai
!u;erai,& Gd> 1136H> 9f,er +im$ '+a*ri1#+a %alal ad1(i rei*ed i ,+i! "i,&E +e ,oo wa! a
<ara#+aid ad a .a!!al of ,+e <ara1<+i,ai G1136165H> :i! )la"e wa! ,a#e 0& +i! !o
\ili"+ Tam*a,"+1#+a 8a!Cud G1165172H>
LL> 'f> Bar,+old$ Turkestan$ ))> 5571555$ a""ordi* ,o I0 al19,+ir ad %u.aii>
L3> 'f> Bar,+old$ M(ara (hit?i$M EP$ )> 727$ !ummari;i* +i! +i!,or& of Semire"+&e Gi Ru!!ia$
1292H$ II$ 107 e, !e?>
L6> (efrBmer& +a! ,ra!la,ed ,+e $istoire des sultans du (hare!m 0& 8ir#+od GPari!$ 12L7H>
T+e "olle",ed Orie,al !our"e!$ wi,+ "ri,i"al "omme,!$ are li!,ed i Bar,+old Turkestan
down to the 2ongol Pnvasion$ ))> 577 e, !e?>
L7> Bar,+old$ Turkestan$ ))> 55715L0$ a""ordi* ,o I0 al19,+ir$ %u.aii$ ad 8ir#+od>
L2> (a,ed 0& I0 al19,+ir Gibid>$ )> 5L7H>
L9> T+e o""u)a,io of :era, 0& ,+e G+orid! i 1173176 made ,+em ,+e a,ural eemie! of ,+e
!+a+ of <+wari;m Gibid>$ )> 552H>
30> 'f> ibid>$ ))> 5301531>
31> (a,ed 0& %u.aii Gibid>$ )> 535H>
S37LT
37> %u.aii *i.e! ,wo differe, .er!io! of ,+e!e e.e,!> T+e& are arra,ed ad di!"u!!ed$ ibid>$
))> 5331560$ wi,+ "om)leme,ar& de,ail! !u))lied 0& I0 al19,+ir>
35> Pbid>$ ))> 5631566 Ga""ordi* ,o %u.aii ad I0 al19,+irH>
3L> 'o"eri* ,+e 0rea"+ 0e,wee 8u+ammad ad ,+e "ali)+$ !ee ,+e re.iew of ,+e !our"e!
GI0 al19,+ir$ Na!awi$ ad %u.aiiH$ ibid>$ ))> 5751573>
Chapter9
1> See ,+e di!"u!!io of 8ar?uar, ,+eorie! G5stt&rkische 4ialektstudien U 191LVH 0& Pellio,$ M9
)ro)o! de! 'oma!$M K G1970H$ )> 1L1>
7> :errma$ tlas of 'hina$ )> 57>
5> 8ior!#&$ $udud al%lam/ p6 7786
L> tlas of 'hina$ )> 50>
3> T+e %ua1@ua are !aid ,o 0e ,+e <ermi#+io! of B&;a,ie +i!,oria!>
6> See Pellio,$ i NEFE5 G1905H$ )> 99E '+a.ae!$ 4ocuments sur les T'ou%kiue occidentau1/
pp6 WW[%WVVf ,elliot/ * propos des 'omans/* p6 #7#6
7> T+eo)+&la",u!$ I$ 2>
2> M,rincipem suum chagana/ honoris causa/ nominarunt$M wri,e! T+eo)+&la",u!> 9d
Gre*or& of Tour!4 MVo"a0a,ur *a*au!E ome! eim re*e! *e,i! illiu! +o" a))ella,ur
omie>M
9> Gre*or& of Tour!$ IV$ 75>
10> Pellio,$ M/Cori*ie de TCou1#iue$M TP G1913H$ )> 629>
11> I, i! i,ere!,i* ,o o,e$ wi,+ Nador De,,i"+$ ,+a, ,+e ar, of /om0ard I,al& wa! ,o re!)od ,o
,+e iflue"e of ,+e "ul,ure of 8ar,io.#a Gear <ie.H$ a iflue"e w+i"+ wa! fel, from ,+e
Po ,o ,+e <ama$ ,+e 'rimea$ ad ,+e or,+er 'au"a!u!> Dor ,+e *old!mi,+!C wor# of
8ar,io.#a$ !ee De,,i"+$ 2etallkunst der Landnehmenden Ungarn$ U G1957H$ ))> 727 e,
!e?>
17> E1c6 leg>$ )> 167>
15> I woder w+e,+er ,+i! Mformi"arum i!,arM ma& 0e rela,ed ,o ,+e ,erm de!"ri0i* !warmi*
i!e",!4 a ,erm a))lied 0& ,+e '+ie!e ,o ,+e %ua1@ua$ ad from w+i"+ ,+e!e deri.e ,+eir
ame>
1L> '+a.ae!$ 4ocuments$ )> 7L1>
13> T+e fid! of Sado.e,! )ro.e ,+a, ,+e or,+er )ar, of Bul*aria "ame uder Ba&aC! ;oe of
iflue"e> De,,i"+$ 2etallkunst$ )> 790>
16> 9d o,$ a! 9mBdBe T+ierr& +a! i,$ i 616> 'f> :owor,+$ MT+e 9.ar!$M K-S G1229H$ )> 779>
17> T+i! ,i,le i! foud i ,+e a"ie, Tu1"+Ie+ i!"ri),io!> 'f> W> Radloff$ 4ie altt&rkischen
Pnschriften der 2ongolei/ pp6 #[^/ W<^6
S373T
12> O ,+e ?ue!,io of ,+e Oo*+udur$ !ee %> 8ora.!"i#$ MSur Qeschichte der 5noguren$M
Ungarische Kahrb&cher/ \/ Nooks #%W :#[V;=/ <V/ and 2inorsky/ $udud al%lam/ p6 7"^6
19> 'f> D> De,,i"+$ Mhber die Erforschung der Vlkerwanderungskunst in Ungarn$M PpekE N>
De,,i"+$ M(a! <u!,*ewer0e der 9.are;ei, i U*ar$M U G1976H$ M4er !weite Schat! von
S!ilagysomlio$M M9UM G1957H$ ad fetallkunst der Landnehmenden Ungarn$ U G1957H$
e!)> ))> 1L2 ad 703E 9> 8aro!i ad N> De,,i"+$ MTrouvailles avares de 4unapentele$M U
G1956HE (> .o Bar,+a$ M4ie avarische 4oppelschalmei von Kanoshida$M U G195LHE Ti0or
:or.a,+$ M4ie avarischen Qr)berfelder von Ullo und (iskrs$M U G1953HE 9drea!
9lfJldi$ MSur historischen Nestimmung der varenfunde$M ES$ IZ G195LH$ 723> Dor ,+e ar,
of Dio1U*ria )o)ula,io! remaii* i Ru!!ia$ "f> Tall*re$ MLes provinces culturelles
finnoises de l'Lge r?cent du fer dans la -ussie du Aord G90011700H$M ES$ III G1972H>
70> %>1%> 8i##ola$ M4ie 'hronologie der t&rkischen 4onaubulgaren$M Kournal de la Soci?t?
finno%ougrienne/ \\\ :#[#8=/ fasc6 VVf Narthold/ *NulghLr/* EP/ p6 8;< :with bibliography=f
2inorsky/ $udud al%lam/ p6 7"^f 6 Lombard/ 'onstantin V :,aris/ #[;W=/ p6 7#f 6
-ambaud/ 'onstantin ,orphyrog?n]te :,aris/ #8^;=/ p6 V#<f A6 2avrodinov/ L'industrie
d'art des ,rotobulgares6
71> See %> (e&$ MLangues tur9ues/ mongoles et tongou!es$M i Les langues du monde G197LH$ )>
123$ ad Pellio,$ MLes mots T $ initiale$M K G1973H$ )> 195> T+e re!ear"+e! of Guillaume de
:B.B!& ,ed ,o li# ,+e Dio1U*ria la*ua*e! Go,a0l& O!,&a# ad Vo*ulH wi,+ ,+e
8uda la*ua*e! of )re19r&a Idia> We !+ould remem0er ,+a,$ a,+ro)olo*i"all&
!)ea#i*$ ,+e Tur#o18o*ol! are 0ra"+&"e)+ali"$ w+erea! ,+e Dii!+ )eo)le! are
doli"+o"e)+ali"> (ei#er$ -aces et peuples G1976 ed>H$ ))> L53$ L39>
77> T+e Ba!+#ir! of ,+e Ural! were$ a""ordi* ,o Profe!!or %> Neme,+$ a ,ri0e of :u*aria
ori*i w+i"+ la,er ado),ed ,+e Tur#i" wa&! of life> 'f> %> NBme,+$ M8a*a U*aria$M i :>
.o 8fi#$ Neitr)ge G/ei);i*$ 1979H$ ))>97 e, !e?>
75> 'f> 8ior!#&$ i -evue de $ongrie G1957H$ ad $udud al%lam/ pp6 V#^%VW76
7L> Ram0aud$ 'onstantin ,orphyrog?n]te/ p6 V<W6 For $ungarian origins/ see N6 2unkncsi/
*4ie Urheimat der Ungarn/* in (eleti S!emle/ VP :#[;<=f K6 A?meth/ *2agna Ungaria*f
Qyula A?meth/ *La pr?histoire hongroise/* Aouvelle -evue de $ongrie :Kune/ #[VW=/ p6
7";f 6 Sakharov and 06 rendt/ *Studia Levedica/ rchaeologischer Neitrag !ur
Qesehichte der ltungarn im P\ Kahrhundert/* Uf Aandor Fettich/ *#er $andel in
%ussland und das &ngartum von Levedien/*
S376T
.o /e.edie$M i 2etallkunst der Landnehmenden Ungarn/ U G1957H$ ))> 671707> Dor ,+e
ar, of a"ie, /e.edia$ ibid>$ ))> 7201795 GM(ulturkunst der ,seudoschnallenMH>
73> Bar,+old$ MTIr#!$M El$ ))> 9L91931$ 0elie.e! ,+a, ,+e <+a;ar la*ua*e ad ,+e old la*ua*e
of ,+e Bul*ar! 0elo*ed ,o ,+e a"ie, we!,er Tur#i" *rou)$ of w+i"+ ,+e ol& moder
re)re!e,a,i.e i! '+u.a!+> 9 0i0lio*ra)+& o ,+e <+a;ar! i! ,o 0e foud i Bar,+old$
M<+a;ar$M EP$ )> 990$ ad i 8ior!#&$ $udud al%lam/ p6 7<;6 The political constitution of
the (ha!ars/ as e1pounded by 'onstantine ,orphyrogenitus/ consisted of a sovereign/ the
khaganos/ and a sort of mayor of the palace/ the pekh/ called also bek by Psbthakri :cf6
2inorsky/ $udud al%lam/ p6 7<#=6 For the (ha!ars and Ny!antium/ cf6 L6 4rapeyron/
L*empereur $?raclius :,aris/ #8"[=/ p6 W#<f Lombard/ 'onstantin V/ p6 V#f -ambaud/
'onstantin ,orphyrog?n]te/ p6 V[7f 'havannes/ 4ocuments/ pp6 W<W%W<V6
76> I Ru!!ia$ Sar#el wa! #ow 0& ,+e ame of Bela Ve;+a GBela&a Ve;+aH$ MW+i,e Tower$M
?ui,e !imilar ,o al1Baida$ a))lied 0& ,+e 9ra0! ,o I,il> 'f> Naf,ula Da@er$ nnali del Pstituto
superiore orientale di Aapoli$ III G1956H$ 31E 8ior!#&$ $udud al%lam$ )> L35>
77> 8ar?uar,$ 5steurop)ische und 5stasiatische Streif!&ge G/ei);i*$ 1905H$ )> 3> Dor ,+e
,radi,io of ,+e #+a*a BulaC! "o.er!io ,o %udai!m$ a0ou, 7L0$ af,er a de0a,e 0e,wee
'+ri!,ia$ 8u!lim$ ad %ewi!+ )rie!,!$ "f> Naf,ula Da@er$ MSull'origine dei 'hefsuri$M nnali
del Pstituto superiore orientale di Aapoli/ \PV G1956H$ 15>
72> 9""ordi* ,o 8ar?uar,$ Samadar=w+i"+ i! ,+ou*+, ,o 0e ide,i"al wi,+ ,+e Tar?u of o,+er
!our"e!=!+ould 0e !ou*+, !ou,+we!, of Pe,ro.!#$ 0e,wee ,+e Tere# ad (er0e,
G5steuropdische6 6 6 Streif!&ge/ p6 #"=6
79> 'f> Pellio,$ M propos des 'omans$M K G1970H$ )> 155E %> NBme,+$ MSur (enntniss der
,etschenegen$M (rsi 'soma%rchiv/ pp6 W#[%WW<6
50> B&;a,ie !our"e! i D> '+alado$ Essai sur le r]gne d'le1is Per 'omn]ne GPari!$ 1900H$
))> 713$ 102115L>
51> 'f> Bar,+old$ MG+u;;$M EI$ )> 172>
57> 'f> 8ior!#&$ $udud al%lam/ p6 V#"6
55> Bar,+old$ M(ipoak$M EP$ )> 1027E Ra!o.!#&$ ,olovtsi GPra*ue$ 1953HE 8ar?uar,$ Mhber das
Volkstum der (omanen$M i 5stt&rkische 4ialektstudien GBerli$ 191LH$ ))> 731752E Pellio,$
M` propos des 'omans$M K G1970H$ )> 173>
5L> Bar,+old$ M(im)k$M EP$ )> 1062E 8ior!#&$ $udud al%lam$ )> 503>
53> 8ar?uar,$ Mhber das Volkstum der (omanen$M )> 156E Pellio,$ M` propos des 'omans$M )>
1L9>
S377T
56> Dor ,+e !a"# of ,+e "i,& of <ie. 0& ,+e <i)"+a#!$ 'uma!$ or Polo.,!& i 170L$ !ee Bru"e
Bo!well$ MT+e <i)"+a# Tur#!$M Slavonic -eview/ VP G1977H$70 et se9>E '> 9> 8a"ar,e&$
MT+e Pe"+ee*!$M ibid>$ VIII G1979H$ 5L7>
Chapter:
1> Pellio,$ La $aute sie GPari!$ 1951H$ )> 72>
7> Tra!la,io 0& (ei!o Ro!!$ i $istory of the 2oghuls of 'entral sia G/odo$ 1293H$ )>
790>
5> Or ra,+er <erei,$ a! 8o!,aer, !u**e!,! i MOrdo!i"a$M Nulletin Ao6 [/ 'atholic University of
,eking G195LH$ )> 37> T+e ,ra!"ri),io of ,+e Secret $istory reder! i, a! <ere&id Gibid>$ )>
55H> T+e moder form i! <Ceri,>
L> Pellio,$ M'hr?tiens dasie 'entrale et d'E1trYme%5rient$M T, G191LH$ )> 679>
3> Pellio,$ La $aute sie/ p6 W<6
6> Bu, Pellio, woder! w+e,+er ,+e word <era&i, ma& o, +a.e 0ee i,er)ola,ed +ere 0& Bar
:e0raeu!>
7> Bar :e0raeu!$ 'hron6 eccles6/ PPP$ 7201727>
2> Dor ,+e '+ri!,ia ame! of <era&i, #i*!$ !ee Pellio,$ M'hr?tiens d'sie 'entrale$M )> 677>
9> We do o, #ow ,+e !i,e of \araCu \a0"+al$ w+ere$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e Secret $istory G,ra!>
E> :aei!"+$ )> L2H$ To*rul wa! earl& "a),ured 0& Gur1#+aE or ,+e !i,e of \ur0a Tele!u,$
w+ere$ ,+a#! ,o Ye!u*eiC! +el)$ To*rul defea,ed Gur1#+a> 'f> dCO+!!o$ $istoire des
2ongols/ P$ 75>
10> T+e ?ue!,io +a! 0ee rai!ed w+e,+er ,+e!e 8Kr#i, mi*+, 0e ,+e 8u#ri$ me,ioed 0&
B&;a,ie wri,er! of ,+e !iA,+ "e,ur& G"f> Pellio,$ M` propos des 'omans$M K U 1970V$ )>
1L3H> O,+er! rela,e ,+e 8u#ri ,o ,+e 8o1+o of '+ie!e +i!,orio*ra)+&$ ,+a, i! ,o !a&$ wi,+ ,+e
Tu*u! of ,+e 9mur duri* ,+e !e.e,+ ad ei*+,+ "e,urie!>
11> T+i! i! ,+e re*io of ,+e +&)o,+e,i"al lo"a,io of ,+e ei*+,+"e,ur& "ofedera,io of ,+e
T+ree \uri?a$ me,ioed i ,+e <o!+o1 T!aidam i!"ri),io! G"f> T+om!e$ MPnscriptions
de l'5rkhon$M )> 92H>
17> 'f> Thomsen/ *Pnscriptions de l'5rkhon/* p6 #7;> Dor ,+e fal!e li*ui!,i" rela,io 0e,wee
Ta,ar ad Ta1,Ca$ !ee Pellio,$ M9 )ro)o! de! 'oma!$M )> 1L3>
15> T+e ame of ,+e 8o*ol! !eem! ,o a))ear fir!, duri* ,+e TCa* )eriod4 MDrom ,+e Ta*
)eriod$ '+ie!e ,eA,! re.eal ,o u! amo* ,+e S+e1wei ,ri0e! Uof ,+e lower <erule ad ,+e
or,+er <+i*a ra*eV$ w+o were almo!, "er,ail& 8o*olia1!)ea#i*$ a
S372T
8o*1wu or 8o*1wa ,ri0e$ i w+i"+ for ,+e fir!, ,ime we !eem ,o de,e", ,+e ame of ,+e
8o*ol!>M Pbid>$ )> 1L6>
1L> I$id>$ ))> 1L611L7>
13> B> Y> Vladimir,!o.$ The Life of 'hingis%khan G/odo$ 1950H$ 1> El!ew+ere$ Vladimir,!o.
,ra!la,e! ulu! 0& a,io$ re!er.i* ,o ,+e word irgen ,+e !e!e of ,ri0e$ ad ,o ulus%irgen
,+a, of !,a,e> Vladimir,!o.$ 5bschestvennyi stroy 2ongolov_ 2ongolskii kochevoy feodali!m
G/ei*rad$ 195LH$ ))> 39$ 92>
16> Tai&i"+iCu,$ or Ta&i"+Ciu, i ,+e ,ra!la,io of ,+e Secret $istory 0& :aei!"+$ )> 10> 'f>
Pellio,$ i T, G1950H$ )> 3L> T+e li!, of Niru ad (IrlI#i ,ri0e! a""ordi* ,o Ra!+id ad1
(i i! *i.e i de,ail GPer!ia ,ra!"ri),io!H i D> .o Erdma$ Temudschin G/ei);i*$
1267H$ ))> 162$ 19L1750>
17> Ra!+id ad1(i$ a""ordi* ,o dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ P$ L76> T+e !)elli* i ,+e
Secret $istory G)> 2H i! O**ira,> Pellio, o,e! ,+a, ,+e %a@ira, ad ,+e \o*ira, are
me,ioed$ alo* wi,+ ,+e 8Kr#i,$ i ,+e '+ie!e +i!,or& of ,+e <+i,a$ a! of 117517L GM`
propos des 'omans$M )> 1L6H>
12> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ P$ 79>
19> B> Y> Vladimir,!o.$ The Life of 'hingis%khan$ )> 5> Dor ,+e feudal "+ara",er of 8o*ol
!o"ie,& i ,+e ,+ir,ee,+ "e,ur&$ !ee Vladimir,!o.$ 5bschestvennyi stroy 2ongolov/ which
2adame 5lav Kans? had the kindness to translate for me6
70> Dor ,+i! ,+eor&$ !ee Pellio,$ M1otes sur le Tur&estan$M T, 1950H$ )> 30>
71> Pellio,$ MSur 9uel9ues mots d'sie 'entrale$ III$ '+ama$M K G1915H$ )> L66>
77> MT+ere are al!o ,+e Ore*a& GUria*?aiH w+o wear !mall$ well1)oli!+ed 0oe! ,ied ,o ,+eir
fee,$ wi,+ w+i"+ ,+e& !)eed !o !wif,l& o.er ,+e i"e ad !ow ,+a, ,+e& "a,"+ aimal! i
fli*+,M GRu0ru"#$ '+a)> ZZZIZH>
75> Vladimir,!o.$ 5bschestvennyi stroy 2ongolov/ pp6 V7/7# and V[/ #W86
7L> Pbid>$ )> L1>
73> 'f> Owe /a,,imore$ MT+e Geo*ra)+i"al Da",or i 8o*ol :i!,or&$M QK/ \'P G%auar&$
1952H$ 9>
76> Pbid>$ ))> 1L113>
77> T+e umerou! word! rela,i* ,o "i.ili;a,io or ,o "ommad w+i"+ +a.e )a!!ed from Tur#i"
,o 8o*olia a,,e!, ,o ,+e rela,i.e "ul,ural !u)eriori,& of ,+e Tur#! o.er ,+e 8o*ol!> 'f>
Vladimir,!o.$ Sapiski vost6 otd6 imp6 russk6 arkheol6 ob6/ \\ G1911H> T+e Tur#!C !u)rema"&
i ,+e i,elle",ual !)+ere i! e.ide, a0o.e all i ,+e
S379T
"om)ara,i.e e.olu,io of ,+e ,wo la*ua*e!> MI *eeral$M wri,e! Bar,+old i !ummari;i*
Po))e$ M,+e Tur#i" la*ua*e! are more +i*+l& e.ol.ed ,+a ,+e 8o*ol oe!> 8o*olia$
from w+a,e.er re*io i ,+e world$ i! far more ar"+ai" ,+a ,+e mo!, a"ie, of ,+e #ow
Tur#i" la*ua*e!> Wri,,e 8o*olia remai!$ from ,+e )+oe,i" )oi, of .iew$ a, almo!,
,+e !ame de*ree of e.olu,io a! )rimi,i.e 9l,ai" GTur#o18o*oliaH>M
72> 8a*+ol u Niu"a To0"aCa GSe"re, :i!,or& of ,+e 8o*ol!H$ ed> :aei!"+ G1957H$ )> 6>
79> Pellio,$ MNo,e! !ur le Tur#e!,a$M TP G1950H$ )> 7L>
50> Bar,+old$ Turkestan$ )> 521> I ,+e Secret $istory$ \a0ulC! !o! are *i.e a! O?ui10ar?a?$
Bar,a10aCa,ur$ \u,u?,u1mu**ur$ \u,ula1#+a*a$ \adaCa$ ad TJdJ&K1o"+i*i G0a!ed
u)o :aei!"+C! ,ra!"ri),io$ )> 6H>
51> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ P$ 55>
57> (eliCI 0olda? i :aei!"+ ,ra!la,io of ,+e Secret $istory$ )> 2> Tradi,io )u,! %e*+i;
<+aC! 0ir,+ a, a0ou, 1133$ ,+e da,e *i.e 0& Per!ia +i!,oria!$ w+ile ,+e offi"ial +i!,or& of
,+e YIa d&a!,& *i.e! 1167> Bu, i a "ommui"a,io made ,o ,+e So"iB,B 9!ia,i?ue o
(e"em0er 9$ 1952$ Pellio, re.ealed ,+a, ew re!ear"+e! i,o '+ie!e !our"e! +ad led +im ,o
a""e), 1167 a! ,+e da,e of ,+e 'o?uerorC! 0ir,+> 9, +i! dea,+ i 1777$ ,+erefore$ +e would
+a.e 0ee 0arel& !iA,& &ear! old> I ,+e !ame )a)er$ Pellio, re"alled ,+a, i 8o*olia ,+e
i,er)re,a,io of ,+e ame Temu@i 0& M!mi,+M i! )+oe,i"all& "orre",>
55> Bar,+old$ Turkestan/ p6 7<[/ and *'inghi!%(hLn/* EP/ p6 8^^6
5L> Oelu1e#e4 mo,+er Oelu> Dor ,+e ame Oelu$ "f> Pellio,$ M8o,! g : ii,iale da! le
mo*ol$M %9 G1973H$ )> 750> I ,+e Se"re, :i!,or&$ i, i! :J1lu>
53> %J"+i1\a!ar> We )ur)o!el& refer ,o +im 0& ,+e ame \a!ar ol& !o a! ,o a.oid "ofu!io
wi,+ %e*+i; <+aC! elde!, !o$ w+o wa! al!o "alled %J"+i>
56> S)elli* of ,+e Secret $istory$ "orre!)odi* +ere Gi E*li!+ ,ra!li,era,ioH ,o Targhutai
(iriltu9 G))>17 ad 53H>
57> BJr,K1I@i$ Pri"e!! BJr,K GBJr,eH>
52> T+e ori*ial of ,+i! ame a))ear! ,o 0e To#,a*+a> Pellio,$ i K G1970H$ )> 16L>
59> Tra!la,io of ,+e "uriou! )a!!a*e i ,+e Secret $istory 0& Pellio,$ La $aute sie$ )> 76>
L0> \or?oa+ (@ou0our i :aei!"+ ,ra!la,io of ,+e Secret $istory$ )> 77>
L1> Vladimir,!o.$ Life of 'hingis%khan/ p6 VV/ and Narthold/ *'inghi!%(hLn/* p6 8^86
S320T
L7> T+e readi* 3ourki/ 3ourkin$ or yourkin G3urki/ 3urkin/ yurkinH i! ,+a, of ,+e Secret $istory$ )>
72> I, +ad 0ee ri*+,l& admi,,ed 0& :ammer GQeschichte der Qoldenen $orde/ p6 "#=/ who
was blamed for this by Erdmann/ Temudschin/ p6 V8"6 Nut Erdmann reading/ bourkin/
derives from a false writing6
L5 >9f,erward$ o, fidi* Temu@i a! amea0le a! +e +ad eA)e",ed$ 9l,a re)e,ed of ,+i! a",$
re0elled a*ai!, ,+e ma w+om o dou0, +e "o!idered a u)!,ar,$ ad allied +im!elf wi,+
Temu@iC! eemie!> Bu, i, wa! ,+e ,oo la,e>
LL> T"+i**i; Gi our ,ra!li,era,io$ '+i**i!H$ Pellio, remar#!$ mi*+, 0e a )ala,ali;ed form of
,+e Tur#i" word tengi! Gi Ui*urH or dengi! Gi O!maliH$ w+i"+ mea! !ea$ li#e dalai i
8o*olia> MI, ma& 0e ,+e !ame forma,io a! ,+e 8o*olo1Ti0e,a word dalai lama4 o"ea
lama> We #ow 0& ,+e le,,er from ,+e Va,i"a ,+a, ,+e *rad #+a GI&I#$ :e*+i; <+aC!
!e"od !u""e!!or$ ,ermed +im!elf o"eai" #+a Gdalai 9aan i 8o*olia$ ,alui ?aa i
Tur#i"H> Dur,+er e,&molo*ie! +a.e 0ee !ou*+, i ,+e 8o*ol chingga4 !,ro*$ )owerful>M
'f> Pellio,$ MLes 2ongols et la ,apaut)$M -evue de l'5rient chr)tien/ Aos6 #%W :#[WW%WV=/ p6
W<6 -ashid ad%4in's opinion on the word Kinki!/ strong/ is carried over in Erdmann/
Temudschin/ p6 ";#6 Lastly/ Vladimirtsov imagines that Tchinggi! :'hinggis= could be the
name of a spirit of light worshiped by the shamans :'hingis%khan/ pp6 V^%V8=6
L3> Vladimir,!o.$ 'hingis%khan/ p6 VW6
L6> Pbid>$ ))> 56157>
L7> Ra,+er ,+a 8u?uli> T+e Secret $istory *i.e! 8ou?ali>
L2> (CO+!!o G$istoire des 2ongols$ I$ 3LH 0elie.e! ,+a, ,+e Wa*#+aC! arri.al$ a! a
eA+au!,ed fu*i,i.e$ a, %e*+i; <+aC! door ma& 0e da,ed i ,+e !)ri* of 1196>
L9> T+e Secret $istory$ ))> 56$ L2$ *i.e! Er#e1?ara$ Er*e1?ara>
30> +&an Shih$ ,ra!> D> E> 9> <rau!e$ 'ingis $an G:eidel0er*$ 1977H$ )> 13>
31> T+e Secret $istory$ )> 56$ *i.e! (@a?a1*am0ou G%a*a1*am0uH> O ,+i! dou0,le!! Ti0e,o1
Ta*u, ,i,le$ "f> Pellio,$ MAotes sur le Turkestan$M T, G1950H$ ))> 30131>
37> 'f> dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ P/35$ 7L>
35> T+e Secret $istory lo"a,e! ,+e!e o)era,io! aroud Ba&idara+0el"+ir$ a !i,e w+i"+ :owor,+
GMT+e <irei! ad Pre!,er %o+$M K-S U 1229V$ )> L00H !ee#! ear ,+e Ri.er Baidari#> T+i!
wa,er"our!e ru! dow from ,+e <+a*ai ra*e i a or,+1,o1!ou,+ dire",io ,o @oi ,+e li,,le
/a#e Bu"+a*a> T+e <J#!eCu Sa0ra+ or Sa0ra? of ,+e Secret $istory G)> L9H 0e"ome!$ wi,+
dCO+!!o G$istoire des 2ongols/ P$ 73H$ Geu*u!!u Saira">
S321T
3L> +&an Shih$ ,ra!> <rau!e$ 'i*i! :a$ )> 17E Secret $istory$ )> L0E ,ra!la,io from ,+e !ame
Secret $istory i :owor,0$ M<irei!$M ))> L001L01>
33> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ P$ 604 MTar*+u,ai )eri!+ed a, ,+e 0ad of '+ilao"a$ !o of
,+e Seldu; S+e0ur*a S+ire>M (CO+!!oC! S+e0ur*a S0ire i! ,+e SoCor?a1!+ira or Sor?a1
!+ira of ,+e Secret $istory G))>5L ad 77H> 9o,+er Ta&ie+iCu, "+ief$ \uduCudar$ wa! #illed a,
,+e !ame ,ime a! Tar*+u,ai> 9 ,+ird "+ief of ,+e !ame ,ri0e$ 9?u"+u or 9Cu"+u$ wa! a0le ,o
e!"a)e>
36> $istoire des 2ongols/ P$ 73176>
37> T+e Secret $istory rela,e! ,+a, ,+e Wa*1#+a ifli",ed ,+e "a*ue o ,+e ,+ree a""om)li"e!
of %a*am0u4 El?u,ur$ \ul0ar$ ad 9ri1,ai;e> See :owor,+$ M<irei!$M )> 596>
32> :owor,+$ M<irei!$M )> 593$ !ee#! ,+e <J&i,K of ,+e Secret $istory ear ,+e or,+er )ar, of
,+e (alai Nor G:ulu NorH 0e,wee <erule ad 9r*u>
39> :i! former ame wa! (@ir?oCadai G%ir?oCadaiH$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e Secret $istory$ )> 53>
60> SI0J,Ki$ 0or a0ou, 1176$ died i 17L2> MS)el, SI0I*K,Ki i 8o*olia$ SI0ICK,Ki i ,+e
8o*ol ,eA, of ,+e YIa1"+Cao1)i1!+i+$ )roou"ed SI0J,Ki or SI0I,Ki$M a""ordi* ,o
Pellio,$ i K G1970H$ )> 165> :i! 0io*ra)+& +a! 0ee ,ra!la,ed 0& 9> RBmu!a,$ Aouveau1
m?langes asiati9ues GPari!$ 1279H$ II$ 97> T+e ame of ,+e (IrlI#i1 8o*ol ,ri0e of ,+e
Uria?u,$ ,o w+i"+ SI0J,Ki 0elo*ed$ rea))ear! i ,+e !e.e,ee,+ "e,ur& i a Tur#i"
)eo)le$ ,+e Uria*?ai$ w+o li.ed 0& 0reedi* reideer ad 0& +u,i* o ,+e u))er Yei!ei
G8> 'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale au1 \VPPe et \VPPPe si]cles/ p6 ^8=6
61> Tra!> <rau!e$ 'ingis $an$ )> 19> I, wa! ,+e Wa*1#+a w+o$ a! we !aw$ for"ed To?,oCa ,o
flee ,o Bar*0u or Bar?u"+i> Dor ,+e word Bar*u,$ "f> 9> 8o!,aer,$ MOrdo!i"a$M Nulletin [/
'atholic University of ,eking G195LH$ )> 57>
67> Tra!"ri),io of ,+e Secret $istory$ ))> L1$ L7>
65> +&an Shih$ )> 70> Dor ,+e ame of Nil?a or Il?a$ !ee Pellio,$ M` propos des 'omans$M K
G1970H$ )> 176$ ad MAotes sur le Turkestan$M T, G1950H$ ))> 7717L> Dor ,+e ,i,le ,!ia*1#iu
d !K*I$ !ee Pellio,$ i K G1973H$ )> 761> GO,+er 0orrowi*! of '+ie!e ,i,le! 0& Tur#o1
8o*ol la*ua*e! are Tu1,u$ w+i"+ i Tur#i" 0e"ame ,u,u?E ,Cai1,!u$ im)erial )ri"e$ w+i"+
i 8o*olia 0e"ame Tai3i>H
6L> +&an Shih/ p6 W;6
63> :e "oferred u)o ,+em ,+e ,i,le of tarkhan$ wi,+ ,+e )ri.ile*e of mai,aii* a 0od&*uard
of ?ui.er 0earer! G?ui.er d ?or"+iH> 'f> Pellio,$ i T, G1950H$ )> 57>
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
(CO0!!o$
S327T
66> +&an Shih/ p6 W#f d'5hsson/ $istoire des 2ongols/ P/ ^;6 translation of the passage in the
Secret $istory is in $oworth/ *(ireis/* p6 7;<f $aenisch transcription is in 2anghol un
Aiuca Tobca'an/ p6 776
67> Vladimir,!o. ,ra!la,io$ 'hingis%khan/ p6 <#/ and in $oworth/ *(ireis/* p6 7;^6
62> %e*+i; <+a$ !a&! ,+e Secret $istory$ wi,+drew alo* ,+e Ri.er Ul?uui1!ilu*el@i, G,+e
moder Ol#+ui$ w+i"+ ru! from ,+e <+i*a 8ou,ai! i,o a li,,le la#e of ,+e ea!,er
Go0iH ad ,+e alo* ,+e <+al#a G"f> :owor,+$ M<irei!$M )> L02E :aei!"+ ,ra!"ri),io$ )>
L6H>
69> Or more a""ura,el&$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e Secret $istory$ from ,+e .i"ii,& of a Ri.er Tu**e or
Tu*eli$ w+i"+ :owor,+ 0elie.e! ,o 0e a ,ri0u,ar& of ,+e Oo GM<irei!$M )> L02H ad w+i"+
ma& 0e ,+a, of ,+e <+al#a>
70> 'f> dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ P$ 75$ ad :owor,+$ M<irei!$M )> L09> T+e Secret
$istory ad ,+e +&an%ch'ao%pi%shih$ o ,+e oe +ad$ ad ,+e S+e*1wu1,!Ci1"+e*1lu ad
Ra!+id ad1(i$ o ,+e o,+er$ *i.e "ofli",i* .er!io! of MT+e 'om)lai, of %e*+i; <+a>M
I reali,&$ ,+e!e ,wo *rou)! of !our"e! are +ere "om)leme,ar&$ a! dCO+!!o )er"ei.ed>
71> Tra!la,io of ,+e Secret $istory i :owor,+$ M<irei!$M )> L10>
77> 'f> D> Greard$ Qengis%khan/ p6 7"6
75> T+e Baliua i! ,+e ri.er Pa1"+u1i of ,+e '(an )hih G,ra!> <rau!e$ 'ingis $an/ p6 WV=6
Nut the Secret $istory says that it is a lake or pond_ *Nal3una na'ur/ that is to say/ Nal3una
Aor* p6 <#=6
7L> Secret $istory$ )> 37E +&an Shih/ trans6 (rause :'ingis $an/ p6 W7=6
73> 9l0er, :errma$ tlas of 'hina$ )> L9$ D> 7E :owor,+$ M<irei!$M )> L17$ )la"e! ,+e
%er?a0"+i?ai defile ad ,+e +ei*+,! of %e@eCer Udur o ,+e lower <erule>
76> Secret $istory$ ,ra!> Pellio,$ K G1970H$ )> 176>
77> Re!,ora,io of ,+e ,eA, 0& Pellio,$ K G9)ril1%ue$ 1970H$ ))> 125112L>
72> /a,er$ af,er a dream$ %e*+i; <+a +aded o.er I0a?a10K#i ,o oe of +i! mo!, .alia,
lieu,ea,!$ %ur"+edKi of ,+e UruCud "la>
79> Dor ,+e ame To?,oCa$ "f> Pellio,$ i K G9)ril1%ue$ 1970H$ )> 16L$ ad T, G1950H$ )> 7L>
20> T+e !edi* of e.o&! GYI?ua ,o ,+e R*I,$ Tor0i,a!+i ,o %e*+i; <+aH i! me,ioed
0o,+ i ,+e Secret $istory G)> 33H ad i Ra!+id ad1(i GTemudschin/ pp6 W[[%V;;=6 For the
genealogy of la9ush%tigin%9uri/ cf6 ,elliot/ *'hr?tiens d'sie 'entrale et d'E1trYme%
5rient/* T, :#[#7=/ p6 "V#6 la9ush%tigin%9uri is mentioned in the Secret $istory :p6 <<=6
5ngilt Aestorianism is attested from the
S325T
0e*ii* of ,+e ,welf,+ "e,ur& G"f> Pellio,$ M'hr?tiens d'sie 'entrale$M )> 650H>
21> T+e Secret $istory$ !ummari;ed 0& Bar,+old$ Turkestan$ ))> 525152L>
27> 9l0er, :errma$ tlas of 'hina$ )> L9$ E> 7>
25> Vladimir,!o. ,ra!la,io$ The Life of 'hingis%khan$ )> 60> T+e +&an Shih/ always more
laconic/ tells merely that Kamu9a/ alarmed by the power of the 2ongol army/ forsook the
Tayang and fled with his Ka3irat followers before the battle began :(rause/ 'ingis $an/ p6
W"=f this flight is confirmed by -ashid ad%4in :Temudschin/ p6 V;W=6
2L> MTayang un eke Qurbesu$M ,+e Secret $istory +a! i, G))>3L ad 60H> Ra!+id ad1(i$ i
dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ P$ 29$ ma#e! +er ,+e Tayang's fa.ori,e wife>
23> Gou,"+oulou* GGu"+ulu*H i ,+e ,ra!"ri),io of ,+e Secret $istory G)> 61H>
26> If we are ,o 0elie.e ,+e +&an Shih G<rau!e$ 'ingis $an/ p6 W"=/ (&chl&g and To9to'a had
gone to find Nuyiru9/ the Tayang's brother/ who earlier had been driven as far as the upper
+enisei by Kenghi! (han6 0e saw how/ unlike -ashid ad%4in and the +&an Shih/ the Secret
$istory states that Nuyiru9 died soon after his defeat by the 2ongols/ on his flight to the
Urungu :$oworth/ *(ireis/* p6 V[8=6 Nut the Secret $istory is very ill%informed where the
more remote campaigns are concerned6
27> 'f> Greard$ Qengis%khan/ p6 <^6
22> Bar,+old$ Turkestan/ p6 V"#6 The same date is given in the +&an Shih :trans6 (rause/ 'ingis
$an/ p6 W[=6
29> %e*+i; <+a !o1i1law$ dire",ed a*ai!, ,+e la!, of ,+e 8Kr#i, 0ad!$ i! !,a,ed 0& ,+e
Sheng%wu%ts'in%cheng%lu ,o +a.e ,a#e )la"e i 1717> Ra!+id ad1(i *i.e! a almo!,
ide,i"al da,e$ w+erea! ,+e Secret $istory !e,! ,+e 0a,,le i 1706> Bu, ,+i! la,,er !our"e$ al,+F
u*+ .i,al for ,+e i,eral +i!,or& of 8o*olia$ i! urelia0le w+e deali* wi,+ more di!,a,
mili,ar& a",io! G"f> Pellio,$ i K U 1970V$ ))> 165116LH> T+e defea, of ,+e 8Kr#i, )eo)le 0&
SI0J,Ki i! !aid ,o +a.e o""urred o ,+e Ri.er 'liKm or %Km$ w+i"+ Bar,+old 0elie.e! ,o +a.e
0ee i we!,er Ui*uria$ ad Bre,!"+eider ear ,+e u))er Ir,&!+> 'f> Bar,+old$ Turkestan/
p6 V"W6
90> I, i! from ,+e '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io aloe ,+a, we #ow ,+e ame MTCa1,Ca1,Cu*1a>M Pellio,
re@e",! Bar,+old !u**e!,ed deri.a,io of ,+i! form from MTashatunM GBar,+old$ Turkestan/ p6
V8^=f ,elliot/ *Aotes sur le Turkestan/* T, :#[V;=/ p6 VV6
91> Pellio, "o,ed! ,+a, for ,+i! word ,+e form 9uriltai G9ourilta> i Dre"+H i! )refera0le ,o ,+e
9urultai G9ouroulta> i Dre"+H of
S32LT
Bar,+old ad Vladimir,!o. GMAotes sur le Turkestan$M T, U 1950V$ )> 37$ ad MSur la l?gende
d'Utu!%khan$Mibid>$ )> 5L7H>
97> <+a*a wa! ,+e old %ua1@ua=,+erefore 8o*ol=,i,le$ af,erward ado),ed 0& ,+e #i*! of
,+e TCu1"+Ie+ Tur#!$ de!,ro&er! of ad !u""e!!or! ,o ,+e %ua1@ua em)ire i ,+e !e"od +alf
of ,+e !iA,+ "e,ur&> T+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e 8o*ol form of ,+e word i! ?a+a i ,+e Secret
$istory G:aei!"+ ,ra!"ri),ioH ad 9aan i o,+er ,eA,! G9Ln i moder Ordo!$ a""ordi* ,o
8o!,aer,$ MOrdo!i"a$M Nulletin [/ 'atholic University of ,eking U 195LV$ )> 75H> Pellio,
wri,e!4 MI dou0, w+e,+er %e*+i; <+a e.er 0ore ,+e ,i,le of #+a*a> :i! ,rue ,i,le !eem! ,o
me ,o +a.e 0ee '+i*i!1?a or '+i**i;1?a>M Pellio,$ MAotes sur le Turkestan$M )> 73$ ad
MLes 2ongols et la ,apaut?$M -evue de l'5rient chr?tien G1977175H$ )> 19>
95> T+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e 8o*ol! !ome,ime! "alled ,+em!el.e! Blue 8o*ol! G(kd 2ongolH>
'f> Saa* Se"+e G,ra!> S"+mid,H$ )> 70> E.e ,+e old TCu1"+Ke+ *a.e ,+em!el.e! ,+e
ame of Blue Tur#! G<J# TIr#H i ,+e <o!+o1T!aidam i!"ri),io!> 'f> T+om!e$
MPnscriptions de l'5rkhon$M )> 92> T+e e)i,+e, M0lueM i! deri.ed from ,+e !#&$ ,+e TK*ri$ of
w+i"+ ,+e Tu1"+Ie+ #+a*a! ad la,er ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e *rad #+a! )ro"laimed
,+em!el.e! ,+e re)re!e,a,i.e! ad a*e,!$ ,+e e.o&! o ear,+ G3ayagatu or 3aya'atu i
%e*+i;1 <+ai,e 8o*oliaH> We #ow from o,+er !our"e! ,+a, ,+e 8o*ol! were
im)ro)erl& ,ermed Ta,ar! or Tar,ar!$ ad ,+a, ,+e& )ro,e!,ed a0ou, ,+i! ,o we!,er ,ra.eler!
of ,+e ,+ir,ee,+ "e,ur&> Ru0ru"# o,e!4 MT+e 8o*ol! do o, wi!+ ,o 0e "alled Tar,ar!$
0e"au!e ,+e Tar,ar! were a differe, )eo)le$ a! I !+all !+ow from w+a, I +a.e learedM
GRu0ru"#$ '+a)> ZVIIIH>
9L> E> :aei!"+ ,ra!la,e! T)b%t)ngri GTe01,e**eri i +i! ,ra!"ri),io of ,+e Secret $istoryH a!
M*a; *J,,li"+$ _0er*o,,$ Er;*o,,$M ,+a, i!$ .er& di.ie$ !u)reme *od$ ar"+*od G2anghol un
Aiuca Tobca'an/ p6 ##[=6 The Secret $istory has the spelling (kchu6
93> 9! "ofide,ial ad.i!er ,o Ye!u*ei ad Oelu1e#e$ 8u*li#$ o Ye!u*eiC! dea,+$ wa!
"+ar*ed wi,+ ,+e ,a!# of !ee#i* ou, ,+e &ou* Temu@i amo* ,+e \o*ira, ad 0ri*i*
+im +ome> I ,+i! +e !u""eeded$ 0u, !+or,l& af,erward 8u*li# for!oo# Temu@i$ ,+e a*ed
,+ir,ee$ ad remo.ed ,+e la!, of ,+e "laC! +erd!> :owe.er$ af,er %e*+i; <+aC! fir!,
!u""e!!e!$ 8u*li# re,ured ,o +im> I, wa! +e w+o wared %e*+i; <+a ,o 0eware of a
rede;.ou! wi,+ ,+e <era&i, Wa*1#+a 0e"au!e of a am0u!+ )re)ared 0& ,+e SK*I>
8eaw+ile$ 8u*li# ma& +a.e married ,+e widowed Oelu1e#e>
96> Pellio,$ MLes 2ongols et la ,apaut?$CM )> 77>
97> 'f> Pellio,$ MAotes sur le Turkestan$M )> 57>
S323T
92> Vladimir,!o. ,ra!la,io$ Life of 'hingis%khan$ )> 65E Greard$ Qengis%khan/ p6 "V6 Aot long
before/ in #W;7/ @asar had distinguished himself when commanding the center of the
2ongol army in the decisive battle against the Aaiman Tayang6
99> Bar,+old$ Turkestan/ p6 V[#6
100> I ,+i! "oe",io$ %e*+i; <+a re.i.ed ,+e !)iri, if o, ,+e le,,er of ,+e old )ro,o"ol! of ,+e
TCu1"+Ie+ #+a*a! of ,+e !e.e,+ ad ei*+,+ "e,urie! a! ,+e& a))ear i ,+e <o!+o1T!aidam
i!"ri),io!4 MI w+o re!em0le :ea.e ad am a))oi,ed 0& :ea.e$ Bil*+K #+a*a of ,+e
Tur#!M1T)ngrit)g T)ngi 3aratmysh T&rk Nilgh) 9aghan GT+om!e$ MPnscriptions de
l'5rkhon$M )> 177H>
101> Ra!+id ad1(i$ i dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ P$ )> 175E Vladimir,!o.$ Life of 'hingis%
khan/ p6 [W6
107> MI ,+e au*u!, edi",! of ,+e em)eror %e*+i; <+a$ i, i! !aid4 'o"eri* ,+e +o1!+a*
GBudd+i!, mo#!H$ ye%li%ko%wen GNe!,oria mo#!H$ hsien%sheng GTaoi!, mo#!H$ ad ta%
chih%man G8u!lim reli*iou! leader!H$ le, ,+em 0e !u0@e", ei,+er ,o lad ,aA$ or ,rade ,aA$
or a& #id of re?ui!i,io$ 0u, le, ,+em i.o#e :ea.e ad re?ue!, +a))ie!! for ,+e
em)erorM Gedi", of ,+e em)eror <u0lai$ 1773$ i '+a.ae!$ MI!"ri),io! e, )ih"e! de
"+a"ellerie "+ioi!e! de lCB)o?ue mo*ole$M T, G1902H$ ))> 5771572H>
105> Pellio,$ MAotes sur le Turkestan$M T, G1950H$ )> 5L>
10L> Dor ,+e tamgha GTur#i" word$ 8o*ol ,ra!"ri),io tamaghaH$ "f> ibid>$ )> 53>
103> /i#e Pierre de /a Garde dC:o;ier !e.e,ee,+1"e,ur&Q?n?alogie des principales familles
de France> Pellio,$ MAotes sur le Turkestan$M ))> 52$ L0et se9>$ amedi* Bar,+old ad
Vladimir,!o.>
106> Kasa9 or 3asa i 8o*olia$ yasa9 or yasa i Tur#i"4 M,o re*ula,e$ fiA>M 'f> Pellio,$ i K
G9)ril18a&$ 1915H$ )> L32$ ad G9)ril1%ue$ 1973H$ )> 736>
107> T+i! i! +ow %oi.ille Ged> Waill&$ $istoire de Saint Louis U Pari!$ 127LV$ )> 765H !ummari;e!
w+a, +e #ow! of ,+e &a!a? from Dra"i!"a mi!!io!4 MT+e ordia"e! w+i"+ +e U %e*+i;
<+aV *a.e ,+em were de!i*ed ,o #ee) ,+e )ea"e amo* ,+e )eo)leE ad ,+e& were !u"+
,+a, o oe !,ole ,+e )o!!e!!io! of ao,+er$ or !,ru"# +im$ ule!! +e de!ired ,o lo!e +i! fi!,$
ad ,+a, o oe la& wi,+ ,+e wife or dau*+,er of ao,+er$ ule!! +e de!ired ,o lo!e fi!, or life>
:e *a.e ,+em ma& o,+er *ood ordia"e! ,o !e"ure )ea"e>M
102> MI ,+e $ua yi yi yu .o"a0ular& of 1529$ noyan i! ,+e e?ui.ale, of kuei$ o0le> T+e moder
)rou"ia,io i! nogon$ 0u, i, a))ear! ,o +a.e 0ee 0eard a))roAima,el& a! oi 0&
forei*er! i ,+e 8iddle 9*e!>M T+e )lural i! o&ad or o&a,> Pellio,$ i Reue de l0Orient
chrPtien G197LH$ ))> 506 G110H>
109> T+e tarkhan or dar9an wa! i )ri"i)le vir immunis$ eAem),
S326T
from ,aAa,io G8o!,aer,$ MOrdo!i"a$M )> 52H> Dor ,+e J#ur$ !ee Ral)+ DoA$ Qenghis%khan$ )>
109>
110> Dor ,+e!e ,erm!$ !ee Pellio,$ MNo,e! !ur le Tur#e!,a$M ))>72 e, !e?>$ amedi* Bar,+old$
Turkestan$ )> 552$ ad '+a.ae!$ i T, G190LH$ ))> L791L57>
111> Bar,+old$ Turkestan$ )> 52L> We +a.e !ee ,+a, ,+e *rou) of 10$000 me wa! "alled tumenE
,+a, of 100$000 wa! ,+e tu9 Gfrom tu9$ fla*H>
117> /i,erall&$ Mlef, 0ad>M
115> /i,erall&$ Mri*+, +ad>M
11L> Bar,+old$ M'i*+i;1<+i$M El$ )> 221$ *i.e! 179$000 me a! ,+e ,o,al !,re*,+ of ,+e 8o*ol
arm&> T+e a0o.e eumera,io$ 0orrowed from Ra!+id ad1(i$ ma& 0e foud i dCO+!!o$
$istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ 513> Erdma$ Temudschin$ )> L33$ dedu"e! differe, fi*ure! from
,+e !ame Per!ia !our"e!4 0od&*uard$ 1$000 meE "e,er$ 101$000E ri*+, wi*$ L7$000E lef,
wi*$ 37$000E im)erial )ri"e!C *uard$ 79$000E 750$000 me i all>
113> Greard$ Qengis%khan$ )> 76> Piao 'ar)ii$ uder ,+e da,e 17L6$ de!"ri0e! ,+i! armame,
.er& miu,el&$ e!)e"iall& ,+e +oo#ed )i#e for !)eari* ad u!ea,i* ,+e +or!ema>
116> I0id> Derme,ed mareC! mil# or #umi!! G9umi!H wa! ,+e fa.ori,e dri# of ,+e 8o*ol!> 'f>
Pel+o,$ i K G1970H$ )> 170>
117> 'f> G> 9l,uia$ 4ie 2ongolen und ihre Eroberungen in kaukasischen und kleinasiatischen
Ldndem im \PPP Kahrhundert GBer+$ 1911H$ )> 7L>
112> +&an Shih$ ,ra!> <rau!e$ 'ingis $an$ )> 72>
119> 'f> Pellio,$ M'hr?tiens d'sie 'entrale et d'E1trYme%5rient$M T, G191LH$ )> 650>
170> Mlaghai%b)ki$ a woma of eer*&$ !+owed +er!elf "a)a0le of ruli* +er ,ri0e af,er +er
+u!0adC! dea,+>M I0id>$ )> 651>
171> I, ma& 0e re"alled ,+a, ,+e 8o*ol! de!i*a,ed ,+e <i em)eror 0& ,+e ame of 9l,a1#+a>
9l,a i 8o*olia +a! ,+e !ame meai* a! ,+e '+ie!e word #i> T+e 9l,a1#+a i! ,+u!
,+e #i* of *old>
177> T+e !our"e of ,+i! a"ou, of %e*+i; <+aC! "am)ai* i! ,+e YIa S+i+$ w+i"+$ w+ile ,er!e$
i! ,o)o*ra)+i"all& .er& )re"i!e>
175> +&an Shih$ )> 57>
17L> +&an Shih$ )> 55> Bu, i, ma#e! o me,io of ma!!a"re> I ,+e Secret $istory G,ra!>
:aei!"+$ )> 26H$ Pe#i* i! de!i*a,ed i 8o*olia a! %u*du$ a ame deri.ed from ,+e
'+ie!e '+u*1,u>
173> MI ,+ou*+,$M !a&! S+i*i1?u,u?u ,o %e*+i; <+a$ M,+a, e.er&,+i* i ,+e "i,& Uof Pe#i*V
0elo*ed ,o &ou af,er ,+e "o?ue!,$ ad ,+a, oe 0u, &ou +ad ,+e ri*+, ,o di!)o!e of i,>M O
,+e 0a!i! of Per!ia !our"e!$ ,+e a,,i,ude! of S+i*i1?u,u?u o ,+e oe +ad ad of
S327T
U**ur ad 9r?ai o ,+e o,+er are de!"ri0ed$ from Per!ia !our"e!$ i Erdma$
Temudschin$ )> 579> 'f> Secret $istory$ )> 26>
176> Dor a a""ou, of a,ro"i,ie! )er)e,ra,ed i '+ia 0& %e*+i; <+aC! arm&$ o,a0l& i Pe#i*$
ad for a de!"ri),io of +ea)! of "or)!e! ro,,i* o ,+e *roud$ of field! "o.ered wi,+
+uma 0oe!$ ad of ,+e e)idemi"! 0or of ,+i! "ara*e$ !ee ,+e 8u!lim e.ide"e of ,+e
Taba9at%i%Aasiri$ )ro.ided 0& ,+e <+wari;mia am0a!!ador ad e&ewi,e!! Be+a ad1(i
Ra;i GBar,+old$ Turkestan$ ))> 595159LH> T+e +&an Shih/ for which the 2ongol con9ueror
became retrospectively.and very posthumously.an emperor of 'hina/ tends to draw a
discreet veil over these facts6
177> Of ,+e Sal@iCu, ,ri0eE !ee Erdma$ Temudschin/ p6 VW86
172> SiA,&1,wo ,+ou!ad me i all$ a! Bar,+old e!,ima,e! GM'i*+i;1 <+a$M El$ )> 227H>
179> +&an Shih/ pp6 V<%V86
150> Bu, +ere a*ai$ ,+e 8o*ol! did o, effe", a )ermae, o""u)a,io of Tami*$ for 8u?ali
wa! "om)elled ,o "a),ure i, a*ai i 1770 G+&an Shih/ p6 V"=6
151> I, wa! ,+u! 8i*1a$ a <i offi"er *oe o.er ,o ,+e 8o*ol!$ w+o$ wi,+ a "or)! of %ur"+id!
w+o 0ad !imilarl& ,ra!ferred ,+eir alle*ia"e$ fou*+, 0e!ide Samu?a for ,+e "o?ue!, of
Pe#i*> 'f Erdma$ Temudschin$ )> 572>
157> I ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e )eriod$ ,+e Ui*ur #i*! 0ore ,+e ,i,le of idu?1?u, or idi?u,$ M!a"red
ma@e!,&$M w+i"+ +ad 0ee u!ed i ,+e ei*+,+ "e,ur& 0& ,+e leader! of ,+e Ba!mil Tur#!$ w+o
were e!,a0li!+ed i ,+i! !ame re*io of Be!00ali*0 G,+e (;im!a of ,oda&H$ ear <u"+e*>
'f> Bar,+old$ MTIr#!$M El$ )> 9L9>
155> 9""ordi* ,o %u.aii GBar,+old$ Turkestan$ )> 567H>
15L> 9lCal,u i ,+e Secret $istory>
153> 'f> Bar,+old$ Turkestan$ )> 567$ > L>
156> I0id>$ )> 536$ a""ordi* ,o %u.aii>
157> %u.aii$ w+o i! ,+e )ri"i)al ori*ial !our"e$ *i.e! ,wo .er!io! of ,+e!e e.e,!> See
Bar,+oldC! di!"u!!io$ Turkestan$ ))> 532$ 567$ 567>
152> T+i! #+a wa! "alled 9r!la1#+a 90uCl 8u;affar Yu!uf Gd> 1703H> :i! !o$ ,+e la!,
<ara#+aid$ wa! 9r!la1#+a 90ul Da,+ 8u+ammad Gd> 1711H> 'f> Bar,+old$ Turkestan$ ))>
565$ 566 Ga""ordi* ,o %u.aii ad %amal \ar!+iH>
159> I0id>$ )> 562>
1L0> 90ou, 1711$ a""ordi* ,o %amal \ar!+i> %u.aii "orre!)od! ,o 1717112> 'f> Bar,+old$
Turkestan$ ))> L01 ad 562>
1L1> :ere a*ai$ %u.aii ad %emal \ar!+i *i.e differe, .er!io!> Bar,+old$ Turkestan$ )> L01>
1L7> 'f> Bar,+old$ Tur#e!,a$ )> L07 Ga""ordi* ,o %u.aii ad
S322T
Ra!+id ad1(i$ wi,+ a "ri,i?ue 0& 90ul G+a;i$ ,ra!> (e!mai!o!$ $istoire des 2ongols et
des Tatares U S,> Pe,er!0ur*$ 127117L$7 .ol!>V$ )> 107H>
1L5> Pellio,$ MNo,e! !ur le Tur#e!,a$M )> 33>
1LL> I ,+e 8o*olia of ,+e Secret $istory$ ,+e <+wari;mia! are "alled Sar,e!4 Sar,aCu,$
Sar,a*+ol G,ra!> :aei!"+$ )> 27H>
1L3> E.e i Tra!oAiaa$ 8u+ammad +ad i"urred ,+e +o!,ili,& of ,+e 8u!lim M"ler*&M 0&
eAe"u,i*$ i 1716$ ,+e !+ei#+ 8a@d ad1(i Ba*+dadi of ,+e order of Sufi <u0rawi>
Re*ardi* ,+e +i!,or& of ,+e 8o*ol i.a!io of ,+e 8u!lim world$ a "ri,i?ue of ,+e 9ra0o1
Per!ia !our"e! will 0e foud i Bar,+old Turkestan down to the 2ongol Pnvasion$ ))> 521
32> I, !+ould 0e re"alled ,+a, ,+e ,+ree "+ief ori*ial !our"e! are Na!awi$ w+o i 1775 wa!
!e"re,ar& ,o %alal ad1(i$ ,+e !+a+ of <+wari;m$ w+o!e life +e wro,e i 9ra0i" i 17L1E
%u;@ai$ w+o i 1777 fled from 9f*+ai!,a ,o Idia ,o e!"a)e 8o*ol domia,io$ ad
,+ere$ a0ou, 1760$ wro,e$ i Per!ia$ ,+e Taba9at%i%AasiriE ad %u.aii$ ,+e !o of a Per!ia
i 8o*ol !er.i"e$ w+o from +i! &ou,+ +ad +im!elf 0ee a 8o*ol offi"ial> I 17L9131 ad
a*ai i 1731135$ +e made ,+e @oure& ,o 8o*oliaE i 1767$ ,+e 8o*ol! a))oi,ed +im
*o.eror Gmali#H of Ba*+dad> 9roud 1760 +e wro,e %e*+i; <+aC! +i!,or& GM:i!,or& of ,+e
'o?ueror of ,+e World$M Ta'rikh%i KahangushaH> %u.aii died i 1725> /a!,l& ,+ere wa!
Ra!+id ad1(i G17L71 1512H> 9, ,+i! ,ime +e wa! )ar,l& de)ede, o %u.aii for +i!
ma,erial>
1L6> Dor ,+e!e ame!$ !ee Pellio,$ MNo,e! !ur le Tur#e!,a$M T, G1950H$ ))> 37135>
1L7> Na!awi a,,ri0u,e! ,+e !la&i* of ,+e "ara.aeer! ,o Ial"+i?C! *reed> %u;@ai 0elie.e! ,+a, +e
+ad ,+e ,a"i, a))ro.al of 8u+ammad> I0 al19,+ir la&! ,+e 0lame for ,+e "rime o
8u+ammad +im!elf> %u.aii re)or,! ,+a, Ial"+i? +ad 0ee offeded 0& ,+e la"# of re!)e",
!+ow +im 0& oe of ,+e "ara.aeer! GBar,0old$ Turkestan$ )> 592H>
1L2> I0id>$ ))> L091L10>
1L9> I0id>$ )> L15>
130> Two o,a0le fi*ure! a, ,+e !ie*e of Ur*e"+ were BoCor"+u$ w+o "ommaded a de,a"+me,
of %e*+i; <+aC! )er!oal *uard$ ad Tulu1"+er0i$ "a),ai of a ,+ou!ad o ,+e ri*+,
wi*> Bo,+ warrior! are "ele0ra,ed i 8o*ol e)i"> I ,+e "our!e of ,+i! diffi"ul, !ie*e$ %J"+i
!+owed +im!elf ,o 0e a .er& )oor leader> :i! wra*le! wi,+ %a*a,ai$ w+o u)0raided +im
fier"el& for +i! ide"i!io$ "om)elled %e*+i; <+a ,o !u0ordia,e 0o,+ of ,+em ,o ,+eir
0ro,+er O*RdKi> Dor ,+i! !ie*e$ 0a!ed o ,+e a""ou,! i 9ra0 ad Per!ia !our"e! GNa!awi$
%u.aii$ Ra!+id ad1(i$ e,">H$ !ee Bar,+old$ Turkestan$ ))> L55$ L57>
S329T
131> 'f> Bar,+old$ Turkestan$ ))> L701L76$ af,er re.iew of ,+e da,a from Na!awi$ %u;iai$ ad
%u.aii>
137> :ere a*ai I follow ,+e "+roolo*& !u**e!,ed 0& Bar,+old$ Turkestan$ ))> L771L33$ w+ere
oe ma& fid ,+e "ri,i"al eA)o!i,io of da,a furi!+ed 0& Na!awi$ %u;@ai$ ad %u.aii>
135> 9""ordi* ,o %u.aii ad Ra!+id ad1(i> I, i! !,ra*e ,+a, ei,+er %u;@ai or Na!awi
me,io ,+i! !ie*e$ 0u, de!"ri0e %e*+i; <+a a! *oi* dire",l& from T0ale?a ,o G+a;i>
'f> Bar,+old$ Turkestan$ )> LLL>
13L> I Tur#i"$ ,+e ame i! 8K*I0er,i4 MGi.e 0& God>M
133> :> G> Ra.er,& woder! w+e,+er ,+i! i! ideed ,+e Perwa i ,+e .alle& of ,+e Pad!+ir$ ad
!u**e!,! ao,+er Perwa !i,ua,ed ear ,+e !our"e! of ,+e /u*ar$ a ,ri0u,ar& of <a0ul Ri.er
GRa.er,&$ ,ra!la,io of ,+e Taba9at%i%Aasiri U 'al"u,,a$ 1221197$7 .ol!>V$ ))> 722$ 1071H>
136> Na!awi$ ,ra!> :ouda!$ $istoire du sultan 4ielal eddin 2ankobirti GPari!$ 1291H$ ))> 1521
1L1>
137> 'f> Bar,0old$ Turkestan$ ))> LL61LL9$ ,a#e "+iefl& from Na!awi ad %u.aii>
132> Dor ,+e @oure& of <Ciou '+Ca*1"+Cue$ alia! <Ciou '+Cu1#i$ !ee Bre,!"+eider$ 2ediaeval
-esearches/ P$ 531102E 9r,+ur Wale&$ Travels of an lchemist G/odo$ 1951HE Pellio,$ i T,
G1950H$ )> 36> '+Ca*"+Cue 0rou*+, 0a"# from +i! !,a& wi,+ %e*+i; <+a a edi",
)ro,e",i* Taoi!, moa!,erie!> I 1772 +i! "om)aio$ ,+e mo# /i '+i+1"+Ca*$ wro,e a
a""ou, of ,+i! @oure&> 'f> '+a.ae!$ MPnscriptions et pi]ces de chancellerie chinoises$M
T, G1902H$ )> 792>
139> 8ior!#& GMRai&$M EP$ )> 112LH woder! w+e,+er I0 al19,+ir eAa**era,e! i !,a,i* ,+a, ,+e
w+ole )o)ula,io of Rai wa! ma!!a"red 0& ,+e 8o*ol! i 1770> I0 al19,+ir add! ideed
,+a, ,+ere wa! a !e"od ma!!a"re$ of !ur.i.or!$ i 177L> 8ior!#& o0!er.e!4 M%u.aii !a&!
merel& ,+a, ,+e 8o*ol *eeral! #illed a *rea, um0er of )eo)le i <+war1i Rai Ui ,+e
"ou,r&!ide i+a0i,ed 0& S+iCi,e!FV$ 0u, ,+a, i Bai ,+e& were me, 0& ,+e US+afiCi,eFV "adi$
w+o made !u0mi!!io ,o ,+em$ af,er w+i"+ ,+e i.ader! de)ar,ed> Ra!+id ad1(i admi,! ,+a,
%e0eC! ad SI0J,KiC! 8o*ol! #illed ad )ludered i Rai$ 0u, +e !eem! ,o ma#e a
di!,i",io 0e,wee Rai ad \um$ of w+i"+ ,+e i+a0i,a,! US+iCi,e!V were ma!!a"red ,o ,+e
la!, ma>M
160> See ,+e a""ou, of ,+e i.a!io of MSa0ada Ba+adurM 0& ,+e 9rmeia "+roi"ler <ira#o!$
,ra!> E> (ulaurier$ i K/# G1232H$ 1971 700$ ad i 8> D> Bro!!e,$ $istoire de la Q?orgie
GS,> Pe,er!0ur*$ 12L9137$7 .ol!> i 5H$ I$ L97>
161> R> Grou!!e,$ $istoire des 'roisades/ PPP$ 750 e, !e?>
S390T
167> Dor ,+e ,ou"+i* wel"ome ,+e& eA,eded i 1735 ,o ,+e Dra"i!"a Ru0ru"#$ !ee Voyage de
-ubrouck$ '+a)> ZIII>
165> 9, ,+i! )eriod ,+e <i)"+a#! were 0e"omi* "o.er,! ,o '+ri!,iai,&> Oe of ,+eir "+ief!
#illed 0& ,+e 8o*ol! i 1775$ Yuri <o"+a#o.i"+$ +ad a '+ri!,ia ame> Pellio,$ M propos
des 'omans$M K G1970H$ )> 1L9>
16L> Bre,!"+eider$ 2ediaeval -esearches/ #$ 797>
163> 'f> Erdma$ Temudschin$ ))> L5L e, !e?>
166> :ammer$ Qeschichte der Qoldenen $orde/ p6 8^6 ,ohtically/ Soldaia :Sudak= was a
dependency of the Qreek empire of Trebi!ond :Q6 P6 Nratianu/ -echerches sur le commerce
g?nois dans la 2er Aoire au \PPPe si]le b ,aris/ #[W[c/ p6 W;V=6
167> +&an Shih/ trans6 (rause/ 'ingis $an/ p6 7;6
162> (a,e *i.e i ,+e +&an Shih6
169> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ 17115> T+e fuereal immola,io of a,,eda,! ad
+or!e! 0ad 0ee )re!er.ed u"+a*ed i ,+e !,e))e! from ,+e Se&,+ia! of :erodo,u! ,o
%e*+i; <+a G:erodo,u!$ IV$ 71177H>
170> %e*+i; <+a wa! o, ol& illi,era,eE +e did o, e.e !)ea# Turlde$ a la*ua*e #ow ,o
ma& 8o*ol! G%u;@ai$ i Bar,+old$ Turkestan$ )> L61$ ad dCO+!!o$ $istoire des
2ongols/ PP$ 93H>
171> Ra!+id ad1(i$ i dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ P$ L0L>
177> I0id>$ I$ L16>
175> '+a.ae!$ MPnscriptions et pi]ces de chancellerie chinoises de l'?po9ue mongole$M T,
G1902H$ )> 500>
17L> 9 eAam)le of ,+i! i! ,+e "a!e of <J#"+I$ ,+e fai,+le!! *room of ,+e <era&i, S)ng&n$ i
1705 GSecret $istory$ ,ra!> Pel+o,$ K U 1970V$ ))> 1791120H>
173> $istory of the +&an$ ,ra!> 9> '> 8oule$ 'hristians in 'hina Nefore the +ear #<<; GNew
Yor#$ 1950H$ )> 753>
176> 8aflla$ IZ$ 721176>
177> %e*+i; <+a "+ar*ed +im ,o ,ea"+ ,+em 8o*olia i Ui*ur wri,i*> See Pellio,$ MLes
syst]mes d'?criture en usage che! les anciens 2ongols$M 2 G1973H$ )> 727$ ad T, G1950H$
)> 5L>
172> 'f> Bar,+old$ M'aghatLi%khLn$M EP$ )> 257>
179> 9> RBmu!a,$ Aouveau1 m?langes asiati9ues/ P$ 6L>
120> RBmu!a,$ MVie de +eliu Thsoutsai$M i Aouveau1 m?langes asiati9ues/ PP$ )> 6LE "f>
Bre,!"+eider$ 2ediaeval -esearches/ P$ )> 9> Ye1lI '+Cu1,!Cai 1190117LLH e,ered 8o*ol
!er.i"e i 171L or 1713>
121> 'f> (e.eria$ MNo,e! d'?pigraphie mongole%chinoise$M K/ PP G1296H$ )> 177>
S391T
127> 8ar"o Polo$ ed> %> P> G> Pau,+ier$ Le livre de 26 ,olo GPari!$ 1263$ ad Pe#i*$ 197L172H$ I$
125E %oi.ille$ ed> Waill&$ )> 765>
125> 90uCl G+a;i Ba+adur #+a$ $istoire des 2ongols et des Tatares/ trans6 4esmaisons/ p6 #;76
See also in the Qeorgian chronicle what is said of *the e1cellent laws of Kenghi! (han/ the
impartiality of the 2ongols where 3ustice is concerned* :Nrosset/ $istoire de la Qgorgie/ #/
78"=6 lso observe the impression of ma3esty/ order/ and *divine right* produced by the
memory of Kenghi! (han on the rmenian *$ayton* :$ethum= :-ecueil des historiens des
'roisades6 4ocuments arm?niens b ,aris/ #8"[% #[;"/W vols6c/ PP/ #78%#<;=6 The same
impression of stern 3ustice and perfect order appears in ,iano 'arpini :,art PV=6
12L> No,e +i! "o"er$ 0efore ,+e <+wari;mia war$ ,o e!,a0li!+ )ermae, ,rade rela,io! wi,+
,+e <+wari;mia em)ire> I, wa! ideed ,+e a,,a"# o a M8o*olM "ommer"ial "ara.a
w+i"+ 0rou*+, a0ou, ,+e 0rea"+ wi,+ Sul,a 8u+ammad GBar,+old$ Turkestan )> 596H>
ChapterA
1> 'f> Bar,+old$ M'i*+i;1<+a$M EP$ )> 227>
7> Dor ,+i! ame$ !ee Pellio,$ MSur 9uel9ues mots dasie 'entrale$M K G1915H$ )> L39> GPo!!i0le
e,&molo*& i! @o"+i$ +o!,>H
5> 'f> Bar,+old$ MBa,e1#+a$M EP$ )> 699>
L> Or '+a*+a,ai> Drom ,+e 8o*olia chaghan$ w+i,eF 'f> Bar,+old$ M'a*+a,ai1#+a$M EP$ )>
251> :ere we #ee) ,o ,+e form %a*a,ai G(ia*+a,ai i ,+e "la!!i"al Dre"+ !)elli* of ,+e
MTur#i"1%a*+a,aiM la*ua*eH>
3> Or O*KdKi> Drom ,+e 8o*olia g)d)$ o +i*+F
6> Dor ,+i! ame$ !ee Pellio,$ MSur 9uel9ues mots d'sie 'entrale$M )> L60> GPo!!i0le
e,&molo*&4 toli$ mirror>H 'f> Ra!+id ad1(i$ i Erdma$ Temudschin$ )> 6L1>
7> 9""ordi* ,o !ome !our"e!$ ,+e da,e of O*JdKiC! a""e!!io wa! Se),em0er 15$ 1779> Tolui
died ,+ree &ear! af,er O*JdKiC! ele",io$ o O",o0er 9$ 1757$ w+e ol& for,&> :e +ad a0l&
)erformed +i! fu",io a! re*e,>
2> T+e '+ie!e ame of ,+i! "i,& i! :oli$ ,+e ormal ,ra!"ri),io of G<araH #orum> Dor ,+e
da,e of i,! fouda,io$ !ee Pellio,$ MNo,e !ur <ara#orum$M K/ P G1973H$ 577$ ad Bar,+old$
M<ara#orum$M EP$ )> 723> 9 )la of ,+e rui! of <ara#orum ma& 0e foud i Radloff$ tlas
der lterth&mer der 2ongolei$ Pl> ZZZVI>
9> %u.aii ad Ra!+id ad1(i$ i dCO0!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ 65E 8ar"o Polo$ '+a)>
97>
S397T
10> 8ailla$ IZ$ 157> Ye, ,+e rou*+ 8o*ol ma& +a.e 0ee more "lear!i*+,ed ,+a +i! '+ie!e
ad.i!er$ a, lea!, w+ere ,+e i,ere!,! of ,+e 8o*ol )eo)le were "o"ered> O*JdKi wa,ed ,o
!ed 8u!lim "o,i*e,! ,o '+ia ad "o,i*e,! from ,+e Dar Ea!, ,o ,+e we!,er area!>
Ye1lI '+Cu1,!Cai di!!uaded +im$ o ,+e *roud ,+a, ,+e mar"+e! would 0e ,oo fa,i*ui*> 9! a
re!ul,$ fif,& &ear! la,er$ ,+e 8o*ol! of ,+e Dar Ea!, +ad 0e"ome '+ie!e$ w+ile ,+o!e of ,+e
G8o*olH We!, +ad 0e"ome Tur#! or Per!ia! G"f> 8ailla$ IZ$ 717H>
11> Pellio,$ M'hr?tiens d'sie 'entrale et d'E1trYme%5rient$M T, G191LH$ )> 672> Pellio, o,e!
,+a, ,wo of '+i?aiC! !o! 0ore ,+e '+ri!,ia ame! Yao1!+u1mu GYo!+mu,H ad <Cuo1li1#i1
!!u GGeor*eH>
17> T+e ame of Ni1#ia1!u *i.e i '+ie!e +i!,orie! "ome! from Aangkiyas or Aang%kiyas$
,+e ame 0& w+i"+ ,+e 8o*ol! de!i*a,ed ,+e '+ie!e Gnikasa i 8a"+uH> Pellio,
0elie.e! ,+a, ,+e 8o*ol! ,oo# ,+e ,erm from ,+e %ur"+id! or <i$ w+o ,+em!el.e! referred
,o ,+e Su* a! Na1#ia$ M)eo)le of ,+e !ou,+M i '+ie!e> 'f> Pel+o,$ MNa#ia!$M i K/#
G1915H$ L601L66$ ad T, G1950H$ )> 17>
15> 8o*ol ,radi,io a!"ri0e! ,o ,+e d&i* %e*+i; <+a ,+e !,ra,e*i"al )la for deali* fiall&
wi,+ ,+e <i>
1L> T+e arra,i.e from ,+e +&an Shih i! !ummari;ed 0& 8ailla$ IZ$ 1551133> T+e )a!!a*e from
Ra!+id ad1(i i! ,ra!la,ed i dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ 615> Tolui wa!
a""om)aied o ,+i! "am)ai* 0& ,wo of +i! fa,+erC! old *eeral!$ S+i*i1?u,u?u ad
Tu?ul?u1"0er0i$ 0ro,+er of ,+e *rea, BoCor"+u> 'f> ibid>$ II$ 61L$ ad Erdma$ Temudschin$
))> 707$ L67>
13> 8ailla$ IZ$ 1361707> 9mo* ,+e +eroi" dea,+! a, ,+e fall of ,+e <i$ Pellio, me,io! ,+a, of
,+e Ne!,oria 8a <Ci*1!ia* i 175L>
16> 9 "uriou! eAam)le of ,+i! '+ie!e irrede,i!m amo* ,+e Su* will 0e foud i ,+e
Pnstruction d'run futur empereur de 'hine en ##[V$ ,ra!> '+a.ae! G2?moires concernant
l'rasie 5rientale/ P U 1915V$ 72179H>
17> We mu!, o, "ofu!e Goda$ O*JdKiC! !e"od !o$ wi,+ \adaCa$ +i! !iA,+> Pel+o,$ MLes
2ongols et la ,apaut?$M -evue de rorient chr?tien G1951157H$ )>65 G705H>
12> Pellio,$ M'hr?tiens d'sie 'entrale et d'E1trYme%5rient$M T, G191LH$ )> 651>
19> :> B> :ul0er,$ The $istory of (orea GSeoul$ 1901105H$ ))> 129$ 193E (emiB.ille$ NEFE5$ 11
7 G197LH$ 193>
70> Sour"e!4 Na!awi$ ,ra!> :ouda!$ $istoire du sultan 43elal eddin 2ankobirtiE dCO+!!o$
$istoire des 2ongols/ PV$6L e, !e?>$ a""ordi* ,o Na!awi$ %u.aii$ Nowairi$ ad I0 al1
9,+irE %u;@ai$ ,ra!> Ra.er,&E B> S)uler$ M\uelle#ri,i# ;ur 8o*ole*e!"+i"0,e Ira!$M
S42Q G1952H$ )> 719>
S395T
71> 'f> 8ior!#&$ MTifli!$M EP$ )> 793>
77> 'f> Grou!!e,$ $istoire des 'roisades/ PPP$ 566>
75> Dor de,ail! re*ardi* ,+i! *eeral$ !ee Pellio,$ MLes 2ongols et la ,apaut?$M )> 31>
7L> T+e 9rra Gaf,erward ,+e <ara0a#+H i!$ *eerall& !)ea#i*$ ,+e )lai 0e,wee ,+e ea!,er
"our!e! of ,+e 9ra! ad ,+e <uraE ,+e 8u*a i! ,+e )lai !ou,+ ad ea!, of ,+e lower "our!e
of ,+e <ura$ from i,! "oflue"e wi,+ ,+e 9ra! ,o ,+e 'a!)ia>
73> I0 aV19,+ir$ i dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PPP$ 70>
76> 'f> G> 9l,uia$ (ie 8o*ole ud i+re Ero0eru*e$ ))>53 e, !e?>
77> Pellio,$ MLes 2ongols et la ,apaut?$M )> 7L6 G31H>
72> O Ra00a1a,a G/ie1)ie1a1,a i '+ie!eH$ !ee ibid>$ ))> 756 GL1H e, !e?> T+e 9rmeia
"+roi"ler <ira#o! of Gaia eulo*i;e! Ra00a1a,a i ,+e mo!, *lowi* ,erm!4 M:e 0uil,
"+ur"+e! i ,+e "i,ie! of ,+e Tad;+i#! Ui>e>$ 8u!lim!V$ w+ere u,il ,+e me +ad 0ee
for0idde !o mu"+ a! ,o )roou"e ,+e ame of '+ri!,$ a! for eAam)le i Ta0ri; ad
Na#+i"+e.a$ w+ere ,+e i+a0i,a,! +ad !+ow )ar,i"ular +o!,ili,& ,oward '+ri!,ia!> :e
0uil, "+ur"+e!$ rai!ed "ro!!e!$ ad "ommaded ,+e "ele0ra,io of '+ri!,ia "eremoie! wi,+
Go!)el$ "ro!!e!$ "adle!$ ad "+a,!> :e )ui!+ed +i! o))oe,! wi,+ dea,+> 9ll Ta,ar ,roo)!
did +im +oor> :i! )eo)le$ uder ,+e )ro,e",io of +i! ta"'ha$ )a!!ed freel& e.er&w+ere>
E.e Ta,ar *eeral! offered +im *if,! > > >M Gibid>$ )> 7LL UL9VH>
79> Dor Bai@u$ "f> i0id>$ ))> 505 G109H e, !e?>
50> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PPP$25 Ga""ordi* ,o Nowairi$ Bar :e0raeu!$ ad 8a?ri;iH>
'f> M<ai#+u!raw II$M El$ ))> 6791620E 9l,uia$ 4ie 2ongolen und ihre Eroberungen/ p6 V86
51> 'f> Grou!!e,$ $istoire des 'roisades/ ###/ <W"6
57> 9""ordi* ,o a ,eA, of ,+e +&an Shih G,ra!> Pellio,H$ Ba,u wa! !e, ,o Euro)e i 175L$ ad i,
wa! o, u,il 1753 ,+a, 8o*#a re"ei.ed ,+e order ,o @oi +im ,+ere>
55> MT+e rui! of Bol*ar "orre!)od ,o ,+e moder .illa*e of Bol*ar!#o&e UBol*ar&V$ or
U!)e!#o&e$ i ,+e di!,ri", of S)a!!#$ 133 #ilome,er! !ou,+ of <a;a ad7 #ilome,er! from
,+e lef, 0a# of ,+e Vol*aM G8ior!#&$ $udud al%lam$ )> L61H>
5L> Pellio,$ M propos des 'omans$M K G1970H$ ))> 1661167>
53> 'f> i0id>$ )> 169 E 8ior!#&$ $udud al%lam$ )> LL6>
56> 'f> G> S,ra#o!"+1Gra!!ma$ 4er Einfall der 2ongolen in 2itteleuropa in den Kahren
#W7#%#W7W GI!0ru"#$ 1295HE 9l,uia$ 4ie 2ongolen und ihre Eroberungen GBerli$
1911HE :> 8orel$ MLes campagnes mongoles$M -evue 2ilitaire franOaise G%ue1%ul&$ 1977H>
57> (CO+!!o 0elie.e! ,+a, \adaCaC! arm& did o, @oi i ,+e
S39LT
,roo) "o"e,ra,io or i ,+e 0a,,le of ,+e Sa@o> /> 'a+u$ o ,+e o,+er +ad$ mai,ai! ,+a,
i, +ad ,ime eou*+ ,o ,a#e )ar, i i,> I fa",$ ,+e iforma,io furi!+ed 0& Per!ia +i!,oria!
i! ?ui,e "ofu!ed> %u.aii ad e!)e"iall& Ra!+id ad1(i$ w+o!e da,a "o"eri* ,+e
*eo*ra)+& of ,+e We!, were iade?ua,e$ of,e muddled ,+eir fa",!$ ad e.e,! ufor,ua,el&
do o, a))ear i ,+e "lear li*+, de!ired 0& 'a+u> :i! +i!,ori"al a""ou, wa! iflue"ed 0&
+i! o.el La Tueuse/ which/ as such/ is ama!ingly vivid6
52> 9 )la of ,+e 0a,,lefield of 8o+i i! i S)ruer18e#e$ $and% tlas f&r die Qeschichte des
2ittelalters und der neuren Seit GGo,+a$ 1230H$ 8a) 75>
59> 'a+u GPntroduction d 'histoire de l'rsie U Pari!$ 1296V$ )> 576H a,,em),ed ,o re.er!e ,+e
!e!e of "er,ai !,a,eme,! i ,+e 'arme mi!era0ile i order ,o )ro.e ,+a, ,+ere wa! a
i"i)ie, e,e,e 0e,wee 8a*&ar! ad 8o*ol!> I fa",$ i, i! dCO0!!o$ a! alwa&!$ w+o
!eem! ,o !,ri#e ,+e ri*+, o,e G$istoire des 2ongols/ ##$ 1L61133H>
L0> Dor ,+i! )ri"e!!$ !ee Pellio,$ MLes 2ongols et la ,apaut?$M -evue de rorient chr?tien :#[V#%
#[VW=$ )>35 G195 of ,+e !e)ara,e re)ri,H>
L1> 9 \udu$ To?,oCa10K#iC! !o>
L7> :e e!"a)ed TJrK*KKC! emi,& 0& fli*+,> :er !o GI&I#C! a""e!!io i 17L6 wa! ,o re!,ore
+im ,o +i! former )o!i,io>
L5> %a*a,ai$ w+o +ad "au!ed ,+e re*e"& ,o 0e e,ru!,ed ,o +er$ died ,+e followi* &ear G17L7H>
LL> 'f> Bar,+old$ MNLtk%khLn$M EP$ )> 700>
L3> 'f> M'hroni9ue de (irakos$M K/ P G1232H$ L37E -ecueil des historiens des 'roisades6
4ocuments armeniens/ #/603>
L6> TJrK0ELK died ,wo or ,+ree mo,+! af,er ,+e ele",io of +er !o>
L7> (CO0!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PPP$ 199>
L2> Pellio,$ M'hr?tiens d'sie 'entrale et d'E1trLme 5rient$M T, G191LH$ )> 672>
L9> Pellio,$ M'hr?tiens d'sie 'entrale$M )> 672$ ad MLes 2ongols et la ,apaut?$M -evue de
l'5rient chr?tien G1977175H$ )> 7L7 G31H> Ye, of "our!e GI&I#$ +owe.er fa.ora0l& di!)o!ed
,oward Ne!,oriai!m$ i o wa& de)ar,ed from ,+e ui.er!al M!u)er!,i,iou! ,olera"eM of +i!
ow )eo)le wi,+ re*ard ,o o,+er 8o*ol reli*io!> I, i! #ow ,+a, +i! &ou*er 0ro,+er
Goda$ w+o +eld a a))aa*e i <a!u G+e died i /a"+ow i 1731H$ )ro,e",ed ,+e lama!
of ,+e famou! Ti0e,a moa!,er& of Sa!1<&a> 'f> Pellio,$ MLes syst]mes d'?criture che! les
anciens 2ongols$M 98 G1973H$ )> 723>
30> Per!ia ,eA,$ Tur#i" )refa"e$ ad 8o*ol !eal> 'f> Pellio,$ CLes 2ongols et la ,apaut?$M )>71
G12H>
S393T
31> 'f> -ecueil des historiens des 'roisades6 4ocuments arm?niens/ #$ 603$ 631E Na*i!$ MVie
de saint Louis$M -ecueil des historiens de la France/ \\$ 5611565E Grou!!e,$ $istoire des
'roisades$ III$ 3761377>
37> T+e admii!,ra,i.e re!)o!i0ili,ie! of Bai@u ad El@i*idKi are ill1defied$ 0u,$ a! Pellio,
)oi,! ou,$ i, !eem! li#el& ,+a, ,+e )ower! wi,+ w+i"+ GI&I# i.e!,ed El@i*idKi were
!u)erior ,o ,+o!e of Bai@u>
35> %u.aii ad Ra!+id ad1(i i dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ ##$ 706E M'hroni9ue de
(irakos$M K/ P G1232H$ L31E Bro!!e,$ $istoire de la Q?orgie/ dd6 P/ W[86
3L> Bar,+old$ MNLtk%khLn$M EP$ )> 700E Pellio,$ MLes 2ongols et la ,apaut?$M ))>32 G196H ad61
G199H>
33> Bar :e0raeu! i! mi!,a#e i !,a,i* ,+a, GI&I#C! dea,+ ,oo# )la"e o %ul& 77$ 17L9>
36> (CO+!!o G$istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ 7L6H i! mi!,a#e i !a&i* ,+a, O*+ul \aimi!+ wa! ,+e
dau*+,er of ,+e former Oira, #i* \u,u?u10K#i> GT+e "orre",io i! made 0& Pellio,$ MLes
2ongols et la ,apaut?$M )>61 U199V>H
37> Dor ,+i! ame G)o!!i0l& SolomoH$ "f> Pellio,$ MLes 2ongols et la ,apaut"$M ))> 6516L G7051
70LH>
32> 'f> i0id>$ )> 196 G199H>
39> Sor*+a?,ai wa! ,+e dau*+,er of @a*am0u$ ,+e 0ang%khan's 0ro,+er> S+e died i De0ruar&$
1737$ !+or,l& af,er +er !o 8o*#aC! a""e!!io>
60> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ 70L>
61> 2ongka i 8o*olia$ m)ng& or mangu i Tur#i"$ mea! M>e,eral>M 'f> Pellio,$ MSur
9uel9ues mots d'sie 'entrale$M K G1915H$ )> L31>
67> Pellio,C! re"o!,ru",io$ i MLes 2ongols et a ,apaut?$M )>67 G700H>
65> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ ##$ 7L9 e, !e?> Ga""ordi* ,o %u.aii ad Ra!+id ad1(iH>
6L> Pellio,$ MLes 2ongols et la ,apaut?$M )>65 G701H>
63> I0id>$ ))>66 G70LH ad79 G717H>
66> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ 766 Ga""ordi* ,o %u.aii ad Ra!+id ad1(iH>
67> 9""ordi* ,o Ru0ru"# G'+a)> ZZVH$ ,+e fro,ier di.idi* ,+e ,wo domiio! wa! i ,+e
9la1Tau area$ or,+ of ,+e I!!&# <ul> T+e !ame ,ra.eler !,a,e! ,+a, 8o*#a ad Ba,u
"o!,i,u,ed a ,rue d&ar"+&E 0u,$ a! 8o*#a +im!elf !aid ,o Ru0ru"#$ MT+e +ead +a! ,wo e&e!
i i,$ ad al,+ou*+ ,+e& are ,wo$ ,+e& 0o,+ loo# ,+e !ame wa&>M Ne.er,+ele!!$ 8o*#a$ wi,+
+i! au,+ori,aria ,em)erame, ad e"oomi" !e!e$ +ad o diffi"ul,& i refu!i* e.e Ba,uC!
demad!
S396T
for moe& GdCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ 5701571$ o ,+e 0a!i! of ,+e +&an ShihH>
62> 'f> Pellio,$ M'hretiens d'sie 'entrale$M )>679
69> 'f> '+a.ae!$ MPnscriptions et pi]ces de chancellerie chinoises$M T, G190LH$ ))> 56L$ 57LE
G1902H$ ))> 536$ 567>
70> 'f> Ba;i$ M-echerches sur les ordres religieu1 chinois$M K/ PP G1236H$ 152$ ad '+a.ae! $
MPnscriptions et pi]ces de chancellerie chinoises$M T, G190LH$ ))> 567$ 525>
71> Grou!!e,$ $istoire des 'roisades/ PPP$ 377>
77> Pellio, ,+i#! ,+a, Ru0ru"# lef, Pale!,ie for 'o!,a,io)le a, ,+e 0e*ii* of 1735 ad
o, i 1737$ a! Ro"#+ill +a! i,> MLes 2ongols et la ,apaut?$M )>77 G771H>
75> Dor ,+e differe, !or,! of #umi!!$ !ee Pellio,$ i K G1970H$ )> 170>
7L> (e!)i,e Ru0ru"#$ w+o!e )re@udi"e a*ai!, Ne!,oriai!m ma& +a.e mi!led +im !omew+a,$
Sar,a?C! Ne!,oriai!m i! "orro0ora,ed 0& ,+e 9rmeia "+roi"ler <ira#o! GK/ P U 1232V$
L39H> Ru0ru"#C! "omme,! o ,+e )rofoud i*ora"e of ,+e Ne!,oria "ler*& are "ofirmed
0& ,+e Polo famil&$ ,o w+om ,+e *rea, <u0lai <+a made ,+e !ame remar# w+e re?ue!,i*
,+a, 'a,+oli" !"+olar! 0e !e, ,o +im ,o eli*+,e +i! "our, a! ,o ,rue '+ri!,ia ,+ou*+,
G8ar"o Polo$ Pl 2ilione/ ed6 Nenedetto/ pp6 ^;%^#=6
73> 8ior!#&$ $udud al%lam/ p6 W^"6
76> M9+[ T+e @ewel i! ideed i ,+e lo,u![M
77> 9""ordi* ,o Ru0ru"# G'+a)> ZZZVIH$ ,+e!e Ne!,oria fea!,! eded a! "arou!al!> 9f,er ,+e
"eremo& me,ioed a0o.e$ 8o*#aC! wife 0e"ame eA,remel& dru#4 MWe were 0rou*+,
0eer made of ri"e ,o dri#$ ad li*+, red wie re!em0li* ,+e wie of /a Ro"+elle$ wi,+
#umi!!> T+e lad&$ ,a#i* a full *o0le,$ #el, dow ad a!#ed a 0le!!i*> 9! ,+e )rie!,!
"+a,ed$ !+e dra#> > > > T+e da& )a!!ed ,+u! u,il ,+e e.ei*> 9, la!, ,+e lad&$ a! dru# a!
,+e re!,$ re,ured +ome i +er "ar, a""om)aied 0& ,+e )rie!,!$ w+o "+a,ed$ or ra,+er
+owled$ i"e!!a,l&>M
72> T+e ame of Tuinan or Tuin$ 0& w+i"+ Ru0ru"# ad o,+er we!,er mi!!ioarie! de!i*a,ed
Budd+i!, mo#!$ mu!, "ome from ,+e '+ie!e tao%3en$ Mme of ,+e road$M or Mof ,+e wa&$M
referri* ,o ,+e sramana>
79> 'om)are ,+e formula of ,+e mo# :e,+um or M:a&,oM4 'hangius 'an/ empereor par le
comandement de 4eu U!i"V G-ecueil des historiens des 'roisades6 4ocuments arm?niens/ PP$
1L21130H>
20> Grou!!e,$ $istoire des 'roisades/ PPP$ 377$ 656>
21> +arligh i Tur#i"$ 3arli9 i 8o*olia4 im)erial edi",> 'f> Pellio,$ i T, G1950H$ )> 797>
S397T
27> :a&,o$ 4ocuments arm?niens/ PP$ 16L1166E "f> M'hroni9ue de (irakos$M K G1255H$ )> 779$
ad i G1232H$ L651L75E Grou!!e,$ $istoire des 'roisades/ PPP$ 3771379> I"ide,all&$ i, ma&
0e a))ro)ria,e ,o "orre", "er,ai ui,e,ioall& ,ede,iou! !,a,eme,! made 0& 9rmeia
+i!,oria!> 8o*#aC! de!i*! a*ai!, ,+e "ali)+a,e were )urel& )oli,i"al> :e wa! i o wa&
+o!,ile ,o I!lam a! !u"+> O ,+e "o,rar&$ a! %u.aii ,e!,ifie!$ +e li!,eed ,o 8u!lim )ra&er!
wi,+ ,+e !ame re.ere"e a! ,o '+ri!,ia or o,+er #id!> T+u! i, wa! ,+a, a, ,+e fea!,! of
0airam i 1737 ,+e *rea, @ud*e %amal ad1(i 8a+mud of <+od;+e, "ame ,o re"i,e a )ra&er
i +i! ordu> M8o*#a "au!ed +im ,o re)ea, i, a um0er of ,ime!$ ad loaded ,+e 8u!lim!
wi,+ )re!e,!>M
25> 'f> Bre,!"+eider$ 2ediaeval -esearches/ P$ 162>
2L> I +a.e )ur)o!el& u!ed ,+e form <u0lai for ,+e )ri"e of ,+i! ame$ af,er u!i* ,+a, of
\u0ilai for %e*+i; <+aC! lieu,ea,$ o, 0e"au!e ,+e!e word! are of differe, ori*i$ 0u, i
order ,o a.oid "ofu!io i ,+e mid of ,+e reader>
23> (CO+!!o !,a,e! ,+a, ,+e 8o*ol! ,oo# )o!!e!!io of '+e*,u i ,+e &ear of O*JdKiC! dea,+
G(e"em0er$ 17L1H> I 1737$ ,+e T'ungchien%k'ang%mu !+ow! ,+e 8o*ol! )luderi*
'+e*,u afre!+$ )roof ,+a, ,+ere +ad 0ee o effe",i.e o""u)a,io of i, 0& ,+e 8o*ol!>
26> 'f> :errma$ tlas of 'hina$ 8a) 37>
27> 'f> Pellio,$ MLes 2ongols et la ,apaut?$M )>77 G701H> I Per!ia$ Uria#?adai>
22> 'f> '+a.ae!$ MPnscriptions et pi]ces de chancellerie chinoises d'?po9ue mongole$M T,
G1903H$ ))> 117E Aan%chao ye%shih/ trans6 '6 Sainson :,aris/ #[;7=/ p6 #;[6
29> T+e *o.erme, of Yua=alo*!ide ,+a, of ,+e old d&a!,& =wa! e,ru!,ed ,o %e*+i;1
<+ai,e )ri"e!$ amo* w+om were U*ee0i$ <u0laiC! !o$ Tu*+lu*+$ ad E!e TemIr$ ,+i!
la!, 0ei* U*e"+iC! !o> Dor ,+e 8o*ol!C )oli"& i Yua ad ,+e wa& i w+i"+ ,+e&
!u""eeded i wii* ,+e "o1o)era,io of ,+e oe1,ime #i*! of Tali a! lo&al auAiliarie!$ "f>
'+a.ae!$ MI!"ri),io!$M ))> 7$ 51$ ad Aan%chao ye%shih/ pp6 ##;%##W6
90> 'f> '+a.ae!$ MI!"ri),io!$M ))> 6$ 79>
Chapter8
1> @ubilai i ,+e 8o*olia of ,+e Secret $istory> T+e '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io i! $u%pi%lie6
,ersian transcriptions are @ubilay or @ublay6 0e have adhered to the classic transcription
(ublai :(hubilai=/ which conforms to 2ongol spelling and at the same time recalls the
'hinese transcription6
S392T
7> 9mo* ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e! )re!e, a, <u0laiC! ele",io$ +ardl& a&oe i! me,ioed 0&
ame eA"e), \adaCa$ O*JdKiC! !o$ ad To*a"+ar$ ,+e !o of Temu*e O"+i*i> <u0laiC!
mo!, eer*e,i" )ar,i!a! i"luded ,+e Mng&t princes (&n%bu9a/ and i%bu9a G0o,+
Ne!,oria!H$ w+o i 1760 defea,ed \ara10u?a$ 9ri?10J*KC! *eeral> 'f> 9> '> 8oule$
'hristians in 'hina GNew Yor#$ 1950H$ )> 756>
5> 8ailla$ IZ$ 7731727>
L> Pellio,$ M'hr?tiens d'sie 'entrale et d'E1trYme%5rient$M T, G191LH$ )> 679>
3> Ba&a$ i 8o*olia$ mea! ri"+$ fa.ored 0& for,ue> T+i! *eeral 0elo*ed ,o ,+e BaCari
,ri0e> T+e '+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io i! Po1&e>
6> 8ar"o Polo "redi,! +i! fa,+er ad u"le wi,+ ,+e "o!,ru",io of ,+e!e ma"+ie! Ged>
Pau,+ier$ II$ L701L76E ed> 8oule1 Pellio, U /odo$ 1952V$ )> 512H>
7> 9, ,+e ,ime of ,+e !ie*e of '+e"+ow 0& ,+e 8o*ol!$ a 0od& of '+ri!,ia 9la! Gof ,+e
Gree# ri,eH w+o were !er.i* i ,+e 8o*ol arm& were o.erru ad ma!!a"red more or le!!
,rea"+erou!l& i a reewed offe!i.e 0& ,+e '+ie!e G%ue$ 1773H> Ba&a$ era*ed 0& ,+i!$
a.e*ed ,+e 9la! a, ,+e ,ime of ,+e fial "o?ue!, of ,+e "i,& i (e"em0er$ 1773$ 0&
ro00i* ,+e )o)ula,io ad allo"a,i* ,+e re.eue! of '+e"+ow ,o ,+e .i",im!C familie!> 'f>
8ar"o Polo$ ed> Beede,,o$ )> 1L1E Pellio,$ M'hr?tiens d'sie 'entrale$M )> 6L1E 8oule$
'hristians in 'hina$ )> 1L0>
2> 8ar"o Polo$ ed> ,authier/ PP$ L60E ed> 8oule1 Pellio,$ )> 515> 'f> 8oule$ M$ang%chou to
Shang%tou$M T, G1913H$ )> 595>
9> 'f> Bre,!"+eider$ -echerches 6 6 6 sur ,?kin GPari!$ 1279H$ 8a)! III$ V$ ))> 37$ 2L> T+i!
ame of khan%baligh$ "i,& of ,+e #+a$ li#e ,+a, of ordu%baligh$ "i,& of ,+e "our,$ wa! of,e
0e!,owed 0& Tur#o18o*ol )eo)le! o ,+eir ro&al re!ide"e!> I ,+e Ui*ur ,ra!la,io of ,+e
life of ,+e )il*rim :!Ia1,!a*$ '+a*a or Sia$ ,+e "a)i,al of ,+e '+ie!e Ta* em)eror!$
wa! al!o "alled @an%bali9> 9> .o Ga0ai$ M4ie uigurische Ueberset!ung der Niographie
$&en%tsangs$M Sit!6 der preuss6 kad6 der 0issenschaften GBerli$ 1953H$ )> 50>
10> 'f> (emiB.ille$ i NEFE5/ #%W G197LH$ 193> T+e #i* <o1,@o*C! )oli"& of re!i!,a"e ,o ,+e
8o*ol! wa! i!)ired 0& +i! mii!,er '+Ceu Ou$ la!, re)re!e,a,i.e of a famil& of +eredi,ar&
ma&or! of ,+e )ala"e w+o +ad wielded )ower !i"e 1196>
11> 'oura, wri,e!4 M <orea wa! from ,+a, ,ime forward o more ,+a a 8o*ol )ro.i"e ruled
0& a,i.e #i*!> T+e!e$ 0ei* married ,o 8o*ol wome$ !o! of 8o*ol mo,+er!$ ad
"ou!eled 0& 8o*ol re!ide,!$ "ould 0e !ummoed ,o Pe#i* ad eAiled or de)o!ed a, ,+e
#+aC! )lea!ure> T+e& !)o#e ,+e la*ua*e ad wore ,+e "lo,+e! of ,+e YIa$ ad +ad o,+i*
<orea a0ou, ,+em a& more>M
S399T
17> 'f> %> 8urdo"+ ad I> Yama*a,a$ $istory of Kapan G/odo$ 1973176$5 .ol!>H$ i$ L911397E
al!o N> Yamada$ Qhenkp/ the 2ongol Pnvasion of Kapan G/odo$ 1916E wi,+ 0i0lio*ra)+&
of %a)ae!e wor#! ad !our"e!$ )> 769H> Pa!!a*e! from ,+e Tai+ei#i are ,ra!la,ed i W> G>
9!,o$ $istory of Kapanese Literature GNew Yor#$ 1973H$ )> 70> Dor %a)ae!e )ai,i*! of
,+i! war$ !ee S+i;u&a Du@i#a#e$ MO ,+e S"roll Pai,i* of ,+e 8o*ol I.a!io$M (okka
G1971H$ No!> 5711579>
15> 'f> Geor*e! 8a!)ero$ M$istoire du 'hampa$M T, G1911H$ )> L67$ ad !e)ara,e .olume
G1972H$ ))> 17L1127E Pellio,$ NEFE5/ PP G1907H$ 1L0>
1L> 'f> :u0er$ MLa fin de la dynastie de ,agan$M NEFE5 G1909H$ ))> 6551620E :ar.e&$ $istory
of Nurmah G1973H$ ))> 6L169>
13> T+i! arra,i.e$ ,+e 'hen%la Fung t'u ki/ has been translated and studied by ,elliot6 :'heu
Ta%kuan/ *2?moire sur les coutumes du 'ambodge/* trans6 ,elliot/ NEFE5 b #[;Wc/ p6
#WV6=
16> 'f> Pellio,$ M4eu1 itin?raires de 'hine en Pnde$M NEFE5 G190LHE G> 'idh!$ MLes origines
de la dynastie de Sukhodaya$M K/ P G1970H$ 7L7> T+e #i*dom! of '+ia*mai GZie*maiH
ad Su#+o,ai were #ow re!)e",i.el& i '+ie!e 0& ,+e ame! of Pa)e ad :!ie>
17> 'f> 8ailla$ IZ$ L37E N> %> <rom$ $indoe%3avaansche Qeschiedenis GT+e :a*ue$ 1976H$ ))>
5371539> 9, ,+e ,ime of ,+e 8o*ol i.a!io of %a.a$ ,+e ra@a of 8ala&u$ i Suma,ra$ 0ei*
alarmed$ al!o a"#owled*ed +im!elf a ,ri0u,ar& for a !+or, ,ime> G> Derrad$ L'empire
sumatranais de Rrivi3aya/ p6 WV#6
12> \aidu wa! ,+e !o of \a!+i$ a &ou*er 0ro,+er of GI&I#>
19> I '+ie!e$ No1mu1+a>
70> I '+ie!e$ :!i1li1#i>
71> Ra!+id ad1(i GdCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ L36H ,ra"e! Na&aC! de!"e, from
Temu*e$ w+ile ,+e +&an Shih ,ra"e! i, from Bel*u,ai>
77> 'f> dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PP/ 7<"/ and Erdmann/ Temudschin/ p6 <"[6
75> 8ar"o Polo$ ed> 8oule1 Pellio,$ )> 700E ed> Beede,,o$ ))> 69170> 'f> Pellio,$ M'hr?tiens
d'sie 'entrale et d'E1trYme%5rient$M T, G191LH$ )> 653>
7L> I '+ie!e$ <a1ma1la> :e wa! ,+e !o of )ri"e '+i#im GRa!+id ad1(iC! ,ra!"ri),ioH or
'+e1#i G,ra!"ri),io of ,+e +&an ShihH$ +im!elf <u0laiC! !e"od !o>
73> 'f> Ra!+id ad1(i$ i dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ 315E ad +&an Shih/ trans6 2oule/
in 'hristians in 'hina/ pp6 WV^%WV86
76> 'f> Bar,+old$ M$ul)gu$M EP/ PP$ 535>
77> Ed> Pau,+ier$ I$ 756E ed> 8oule1 Pellio,$ I$ 197>
S600T
72> 8ar"o Polo$ ed> ,authier$ )> L21E ed> 8oule1 Pellio,$ I$ 577>
79> 8ar"o Polo$ ed> ,authier$ )> 5L3E ed> 8oule1 Pellio,$ I$ 730>
50> 8ar"o Polo$ ed> ,authier$ )> 5L6E ed> 8oule1 Pellio,$ I$ 731>
51> T+e Sa&&id 9@all$ S+am! ad1(i CUmar G'+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io$ Sai%tien%ch'e Shen%ssu%ting
0u%ma%eulH$ wa! 0or a0ou, 1710 ad died i 1779> Drom 177L ,o 1779 +e wa!
admii!,ra,or of Yua> :i! !o! Na!ir ad1(i Gd> 1797H ad :u!ai !u""eeded +im i ,+e
admii!,ra,io of ,+e !ame )ro.i"e$ w+i"+ ,+i! d&a!,& of 8u!lim offi"ial! +el)ed ,o
I!lami;e> T+e Sa&&id 9@all +im!elf "au!ed ,+e ,wo fir!, mo!?ue! i Yua ,o 0e 0uil,> See
9> %> 9> Vi!!ihre ad /e)a*e$ M4ocuments sur le Seyyid Ed3ell$M i Vi!!ihre$ 2ission
d'5llone/ -echerches sur les musulmans chinois GPari!$ 1911H$ ))> 701705$ ad Vi!!ihre$ MLe
Seyyid Ed3ell$M -evue du monde musulman/ PV$ No>7 GDe0ruar&$ 1902HE Bre,!"+eider$
2ediaeval -esearches/ P$ 771E '+a.ae!$ MPnscriptions et pi]ces de chancellerie
chinoises$M T, G1903H$ )> 19>
57> 9+med Dea#e,i G'+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io$ 91+a1maH wa! i )ower from 1770 u,il +i!
a!!a!!ia,io i 1727> Sa*a G'+ie!e ,ra!"ri),io$ Sa*1#oH wa! a))oi,ed ,o ,+e fia"e
mii!,r& from a0ou, 1722 ,o 1791> 'f> 8ar"o Polo$ ed> 8oule1 Pellio,$ ))> 71L$ 752>
55> 8ar"o Polo$ Pl 2ilione/ ed6 Nenedetto/ p6 ^;6
5L> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ L91$ af,er Ra!+id ad1(i>
53> Saa* Se"+e$ ,ra!> S"+mid,$ Qeschichte der 5stmongolen/ pp6 ##V/ ##<6
56> 'f> '+a.ae!$ MPnscriptions et pi]ces de chancellerie chinoises$M T, G1902H$ )> 527>
57> 'f> G> :u,+$ Qeschichte des Nuddhismus in der 2ongolei GS,ra!!0ur*$ 1297196$7 .ol!>H$ ii$
159E Saa* Se"+e$ ,ra!> S"+mid,$ Qeschichte der 5stmongolen/ p6 ##<6
52> Pellio,$ MLes '(ouo%che' ou 'mamtres du royaume' dans le bouddhisme chinois$M T, G1911H$ )>
671>
59> I, wa! i ,+e Ui*ur wri,i* ,+a, ,+e olde!, #ow moume, i ,+e 8o*ol la*ua*e wa!
i!"ri0ed> T+i! i! ,+e !,oe #ow a! %e*+i; <+aC! i ,+e 9!ia,i" 8u!eum of /ei*rad$
,+e i!"ri),io o w+i"+ da,e! from a0ou, 1773> Pellio, !a&!$ MI, "a ol& +a.e 0ee i
Ui*ur wri,i* ,+a, ,+e e)i" "+roi"le 2onghol%un ni'utcha tobtchi'an Gor 2anghol un Aiuca
Tobca'anH wa! re"orded> T+i! Se"re, :i!,or& of ,+e 8o*ol! +a! "ome dow ,o u! i
'+ie!e ,ra!la,io ad ,ra!"ri),ioM GPellio,$ i 2 U 1973V$ )> 722H> 9l!o i Ui*ur wri,i*
were ,+e *rea, 8o*ol i!"ri),io of 1567$ foud 0& Pellio, i <a!u i 1902$ ad ,+e ,wo
le,,er! of ,+e #+a! of Per!ia$ 9r*0u ad Ol@ai,u$ ,o P+ili) ,+e Dair$ )re!er.ed i ,+e Dre"+
9r"+i.e! Na,ioale!> 9o,+er eAam)le i! ,+e 8o*ol i!"ri),io o ,+e !eal
S601T
of Q&y&k's letter to Pnnocent PV in #W7"> 'f> Pellio,$ MLes 2ongols et la ,apaut?$M -evue de
l'5rient chr?tien G1977175H$ ))> 5150>
L0> 'f> Pellio,$ MLes syst]mes d'?criture che! les anciens 2ongols$M 2 G1973H$ )> 72L$ ad
MLes mots T $ initiale/ au3ourd'hui amuie/ dans le mongol des \PPPe et \PV si]cles$M K
G1973H$ )> 195>
L1> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ 357$ af,er Ra!+id ad1(i>
L7> Saa* Se"+e$ ,ra!> S"+mid,$ Qeschichte der 5stmongolen/ p6 V[8f d'5hsson/ $istoire
des 2ongols/ PP/ <VV6
L5> 8ailla$ IZ$ 359> See ,+e remar#! 0& \ua,remhre i +i! edi,io of Ra!+id ad1(i GPari!$
1256H$ )> 129>
LL> I '+ia ,+e 8o*ol re*ime +ad i ,+e !ame wa& fa.ored ma*i"al !e",! ad !e"re, !o"ie,ie!
formerl& )ro!"ri0ed 0& ,+e a,ioal d&a!,ie!> M(i!!ide, !e",!$ )er!e"u,ed ,o a *rea,er or
le!!er eA,e, 0& ,+e Su*$ +ad +el)ed ,+e ew d&a!,&> I re,ur$ ,+e& +ad 0ee *ra,ed o,
ol& freedom of wor!+i) 0u, al!o offi"ial re"o*i,io ad a +ierar"+&> T+u! i, i! ,+a, a, ,+e
ed of ,+e ,+ir,ee,+ "e,ur& ad a, ,+e 0e*ii* of ,+e four,ee,+$ 0o,+ i ,+e $istory of
the +&an ad i ,+e "olle",io of edi",! e,i,led +&an tien chang/ there is fre9uent mention
of the religious tribunals of the '0hite 'loud' and '0hite Lotus' and of the sect of the
'4huta6' There are also references to many Taoist sects and to all sorts of foreign religions_
Aestorian and 'atholic 'hristianity/ Pslam/ and Kudaism6* 'havannes and ,elliot/ *Un
trait? manich?en retrouv? en 'hine/* K :#[#V=/ p6 V"76
L3> 8ar"o Polo$ ed> Beede,,o$ )> 70>
L6> T+e edi",! of O*JdKi$ 8o*#a$ ad <u0lai "arried ,aA eAem),io ad .ariou! )ri.ile*e! i
re!)e", of ho%shang ad t'o%yin GBudd+i!, mo#!H$ hsien%sheng GTaoi!, mo#!H$ ye%li%k'o or
)rk)g&n GNe!,oria )rie!,!H$ and ta%chih%man Gdanishmend$ or 8u!lim do",or!H> See
(e.eria$ MAotes d'?pigraphie mongole%chinoise bedict of Nuyantukhanc$M K/ PP G1296H$ 596E
'+a.ae!$ MPnscriptions et pi]ces de chancellerie$M T, G190LH$ )> 522E Pellio,$ M'hr?tiens
d'sie 'entrale et d'E1trYme%5rient$M T, G191LH$ )> 657> 9 "la of Ordo! 8o*ol! 0ear! ,o
,+i! da& ,+e ame Er9&t or Erk&t$ a moder form of ,+e medie.al word )rk)g&d> Da,+er
8o!,aer,$ w+o +a! !,udied ,+e Er#I, )eo)le$ +a! foud ,+a, ,+e& are ei,+er !+amai!,! or
Budd+i!,!$ 0u, ,+a, ,+e& re.ere ,+e "ro!!=i ,+e form of ,+e !wa!,i#a=ad$ u#ow ,o
,+em!el.e!$ 0e,ra& "ofu!ed memorie! of '+ri!,iai,&> Drom ,+i! +e "o"lude! ,+a, ,+e& are
dou0,le!! ,+e de!"eda,! of ,+e Ne!,oria! of ,+e O*ii, "ou,r& a, ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e
)eriod G8o!,aer,$ MOrdo!i"a$MC Nulletin [/ 'atholic University of ,eking U 195LVH>
L7> Pellio,$ M'hr?tiens d'sie 'entrale$M )> 65L>
S607T
L2> Pbid>$ )> 650>
L9> la9ush%tigin:or tekin=%9uri> See ,+e Secret $istory$ ,ra!> :aei!"+$ )> 33>
30> See 9> '> 8oule$ 'hristians in 'hina Nefore the +ear #<<; GNew Yor#$ 1950H$ )> 753>
31> Pellio,$ M'hr?tiens d'sie 'entrale$M )> 651E 8oule$ 'hristians in 'hina$ )> 756>
37> 8ar"o Polo$ ed> Beede,,o$ ))> 60$ 61E dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ 315E 8oule$
'hristians in 'hina$ )> 757>
35> 8oule$ 'hristians in 'hina$ )> 99>
3L> Pbid>$ )> 702>
33> Pbid>$ )> 100>
36> 8ar"o Polo$ ed> Beede,,o$ ))> 32$ 60E ed> 8oule1 Pellio,$ I$ 121>
37> 8ar"o Polo$ ed> Beede,,o$ )> 1L1E Pellio,$ M'hr?tiens d'sie 'entrale$M )> 657E 8oule$
'hristians in 'hina$ )> 1L3>
32> Oe of ,+e Ne!,oria "+ur"+e! i Ya*"+ow me,ioed 0& Odori"o da Pordeoe +ad 0ee
fouded a, ,+e ed of ,+e ,+ir,ee,+ "e,ur& 0& a ri"+ mer"+a, amed 90ra+am> Pellio, +a!
foud a edi", of 1517 rela,i* ,o ,+i! "+ur"+ GM'hr?tiens d'sie 'entrale$M )> 652H>
39> Pbid>$ )> 651E 8oule$ 'hristians in 'hina$ ))> 9L1177>
60> 4uwa 0e"ame 59o i ,+e S&ria" 0i0lio*ra)+&[
61> 8oule$ 'hristians in 'hina$ )> 101>
67> Pellio,$ M'hr?tiens d'sie 'entrale$M T, G191LH$ )> 6L0$ ad G1977H$ )> 139$ ad MLes
2ongols et la ,apaut?$M -evue de l'5rient chr?tien/ V%7 G197LH$ 7L2 G37H> Dor iforma,io
o ,+e ch'eng%hsiang Bolod$ !ee Pellio,$ i T, G1977H$ )> 139>
65> '> de /a Ro"ihre ad (ore;$ Nibliographie de l'Xcole des 'hartes/ LVP G1293H$ 79E Pellio,$
i T, G191LH$ )> 6L1> Pellio, +a! foud i ,+e +&an Shih ,+e ame! of !e.eral of ,+e 9la
"+ief! of Pe#i* w+o !e, ,+i! em0a!!&4 Du1,i*$ :!ia*1!+a$ ad %a&a10u?a$ w+i"+ i ,+e
le,,er ,o Beedi", ZII 0e"ame Dodim %o.e!$ '+&a!am GS+&a!amH$ ad '+em0o*a
GS+em0o*aH>
6L> Pellio,$ MLes traditions manich?ennes au Fou%kien$M T, G1975H$ )> 195> T+e !o1"alled
'+ri!,ia! o,ed 0& 8ar"o Polo a, Du"+ow GDu*iuH mu!,$ Pellio, ,+i#!$ +a.e 0ee
8ai"+aea!> 'f> Beede,,o edi,io$ )> 132E 8oule$ 'hristians in 'hina$ )> 1L5E Pellio,$ i
Kournal des Savants G%auar&$ 1979H$ )> L7>
63> 9, 'arachoOo 8ar"o Polo me,io! ,+e )re!e"e of a Ne!,oria "ommui,& GPl 2ilione$ ed>
Beede,,o$ )> L6E ed> 8oule1 Pellio,$ II$ AAH$ ad a, '+i*i,ala!$ i ,+e re*io or,+ of
Be!00ali*+$ !ome a!0e!,o! mie!>
66> 8ar"o Polo$ ed> 8oule1 Pellio,$ I$ 79E ed> Beede,,o$ ))> 70171>
S605T
67> Pellio, +a! e!,a0li!+ed ,+a, w+e 8ar"o Polo !)ea#! of 8o!ul ad Ba*+dad$ i, i! from
+ear!a& ol&> :> Yule GYule1 'ordier edi,io U /odo$ 1905V$ i$ 19H i! mi!,a#e i
a,,ri0u,i* ,o +im a @oure& 0e,wee 8o!ul$ Ba*+dad$ ad Ba!ra> T+e mo!, li#el& i,ierar&
i! ,+a, idi"a,ed 0& P> 8> S&#e!$ ,ersia$ )> 767>
62> Ed> Yule1 'ordier$ i$ 179E ed> 8oule1 Pellio,$ i$ 172>
69> S,ei$ Serindia$ '+a)> IZ$ ))> 512 e, !e?> T+e ide,ifi"a,io of Pem wi,+ <eri&a i! Pellio,C!>
70> 'f> 8ar"o Polo$ ed> Beede,,o$ )> L2E ed> 8oule1 Pellio,$ i$ 132 GSu""iuHE Pellio,$ M(ao%
tch'ang/ @otcho$M K/ P G1917H$ 391>
71> Ed> Pau,+ier$ i$ 705E ed> Beede,,o$ )> L2E ed> 8oule1 Pellio,$ )> 139>
77> 'f> Beede,,o$ )> 37E 8oule1 Pellio,$ )> 172>
75> 'f> Beede,,o$ )> 32E 8oule1 Pellio,$ )> 121>
7L> MI 8ar"o PoloC! da&$ Per!ia mu!, +a.e !er.ed a! a !or, of lingua franca for 'e,ral ad
Ea!, 9!ia$M Pellio,$ i K/ PP G1915H$ 123>
73> Ed> Beede,,o$ )> 157E "f> Pellio,$ i T, G1977H$ ))> 16L1162>
76> 8ar"o Polo al!o me,io! a Ne!,oria "ommui,& i @uengianfu Ged> Beede,,o$ ))> 1071
102E ed> 8oule1 Pellio,$ )> 76LH>
77> 'f> Beede,,o$ )> 113E 8oule1 Pellio,$ )> 777> O 'ara*ia$ !ee Pellio,$ MTrois itin?raires$M
NEFE5 G190LH$ )> 132>
72> 'f> :u0er$ MLa fin de la dynastie de ,agan$M NEFE5 G1909H$ ))> 6551620>
79> 'a"iafu i! ri*+,l& ide,ified wi,+ :o#ie> 9> %> :> '+ari*o$ +owe.er GLe livre de 2arco
,olo U Pe#i*$ 197L172$5 .ol!>V$ III$ 7H$ e?ua,e! i, wi,+ '+e*,i*[ 'f> Beede,,o$ )> 172>
20> 8ar"o Polo "all! ,+e Yellow Ri.er ,+e 'aramoran$ from i,! 8o*ol ame <ara 8ure4
Bla"# Ri.er>
21> 'f> G> 8a!)ero$ i T, G1911H$ )> L76>
27> Bur?a$ ,+e 8o*ol ame for ,+e Budd+a>
25> Ed> Pau,+ier$ )> 322E ed> 8oule1 Pellio,$ )> L07>
2L> Ed> Pau,+ier$ )> 573E ed> 8oule1 Pellio,$ )> 759> 'f> o,e i Yule1 'ordier edi,io$ i$ L761L50>
See al!o I01Ba,u,a$ ed> 4efr?mery GPari!$ 1235179$L .ol!>H$ i.$ 7391760>
23> 'f> :e&d$ ,ra!> Dur"& Ra&aud$ $istoire du commerce du Levant au moyen%Lge G/ei);i*$
1975H$ i.$ 670$ 695>
26> T+e ame @uinsai$ or$ a""ordi* ,o .ariou! mau!"ri),!$ (hansa$ (hinsa$ (hingsai$
(han!ai$ 'ansay$ 'ampsay$ "ome! from king%tsai4 M,em)orar& re!ide"eM GPellio,H> 'f>
8oule$ M8ar"o PoloC! (e!"ri),io of \ui!a&$M T, G1957H$ )> 103>
27> MT+e )or, of Xa&,o i! oe of ,+e lar*e!, i ,+e world> I am wro*E i, i! ,+e lar*e!, of all
)or,!M GI01Ba,u,a$ ed> 4efr?mery/ PV$ 769H> Near Xa&,o wa! Tingiu$ ,+a, i!$ TJ1+ua$ al!o i
Du#ie$ of w+i"+
S60LT
8ar"o Polo )rai!e! ,+e "erami"! Ged> 8oule1 Pellio,$ )> 537E "f> :e&d$ $istoire du
commerce du Levant/ PP$ 7L7H>
22> Ed> Pau,+ier$ )> 361E ed> 8oule1 Pellio,$ )> 562E :e&d$ $istoire du commerce du Levant/ PP$
6LLE ad G> Derrad$ -elations de voyages et te1tes g?ographi9ues arabes/ persans et turcs
GPari!$ 191511L$7 .ol!>H$ i$ 51>
29> 9 wor# "om)iled i Dlore"e 0e,wee 1553 ad 15L5> 'f> :e&d$ $istoire du commerce du
Levant/ P$ A.iii>
90> :e&d$ $istoire du commerce du Levant/ PP$ 712>
91> Pellio,$ M'hr?tiens d'sie 'entrale et d'E1trYme%5rient$M T, G191LH$ )> 655>
97> 8oule$ 'hristians in 'hina$ )> 191>
95> T+e da,e 1512 *i.e i 9drew of Peru*iaC! le,,er a! ,+a, of +i! arri.al i Pe#i* i! "er,ail&
erroeou!$ ad 8oule !u**e!,! ,+a, i, !+ould 0e "orre",ed ,o read 1515 G'hristians in 'hina$
))> 1911197H>
9L> Odori"o da Pordeoe$ ed> 'ordier GPari!$ 1291H$ )> 99>
93> 'f> :> :o!,e$ MS,> T+oma! ad S,> T+omB$ 8&la)ore$M Kournal of the siatic Society of
Nengal G197LH$ )> 135>
96> Dor ,+e im)or,a"e of Sincalan Ge!)e"iall& for ,+e eA)or, of '+ie!e "erami"! ,o Idia ad
,+e YemeH$ !ee al!o I01Ba,u,a$ ,ra!> 4efr?mery/ PV$ 777>
97> 'f> 8oule$ 'hristians in 'hina$ )> 7L1$ ad MT+e Te T+ou!ad Brid*e! of \ui!ai$M Aew
'hina -eview G1977H$ )> 57>
92> 8ar"o Polo +ad alread& o,ed a Ne!,oria "+ur"+ i :a*"+ow Ged> Beede,,o$ )> 137H>
99> Odori"o da Pordeoe$ ed> 'ordier$ )> 573> No,e al!o i ,+i! "oe",io w+a, 8ar"o Polo
!a&! of ,+e )ar, ,a#e 0& <u0lai i ,+e *rea, '+ri!,ia fe!,i.al! Ged> Beede,,o$ ))> 69$ 70H>
100> Ed> Beede,,o$ ))> 60161>
101> Odori"o$ ed> 'ordier$ )> L30> 'f> B> /aufer$ MWa! Odori" of Pordeoe e.er i Ti0e,FM T,
G191LH$ )> L03>
107> T+e le,,er from ,+e lans of ,eking to ,ope Nenedict \PP/ dated Kuly ##/ #VV"$ !,a,e! ,+a,
8o,e"or.io +ad died ei*+, &ear! earlier G8oule$ 'hristians in 'hina$ )> 192H>
105> Pbid>$ )> 197>
10L> Pellio,$ M'hr?tiens d'sie 'entrale$M T, G191LH$ )> 6L7>
103> See 8ari*olliC! M"+roi"leM i 8oule$ 'hristians in 'hina$ )> 73L>
106> T+i! .i"ero&al,&$ *i.e 0& <u0lai ,o +i! ,+ird !o 8a*ala ad la,er ,ra!mi,,ed ,o 9ada$
8a*alaC! !o$ "om)ri!ed al!o S+e!i ad +ad a! i,! "a)i,al Sia$ or '+a*a>
107> 'f> /> /i*e,i$ MLes noms mongols de 0en%tsong des +uan$M T, G1950H$ )> 37>
102> 'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale au1 \VPle et \VPPPe si]cles/ p6 <6
S603T
ChapterG
1> Or '+a*+a,ai> I ,+e Secret $istory$ ,+e ame i! *i.e a! '+aCadai> :ere$ wi,+ Pellio, GT,
U 1950V$ )> 50LH ad Bar,+old GTurkestanH$ we u!e ,+e form %a*a,ai G(@a*+a,aiH "u!,omar& i
,+e We!,>
7> Wa!!af$ i dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PPP$ L56>
5> Ra!+id ad1(i$ ibid>$ ii$ 1011107>
L> Ra!+id ad1(i$ ibid>$ ii$ 95$ 100>
3> 'f> Bar,+old$ M'aghatLi%khLn$M EP$ )> 257>
6> Pbid>
7> %u.aii$ i dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ 1071107>
2> 8o*#a i 8o*olia i! ,+e !ame word a! 8a*u i Tur#i"> I u!e ,+e ,wo form!
deli0era,el& !o a! ,o a.oid "ofu!io 0e,wee ,+e %a*a,ai,e i ?ue!,io ad ,+e *rad #+a
w+o de)o!ed +im i 1737>
9> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ 70LE Bar,+old$ M'aghatLikhLn$M EP$ ))> 255125L>
10> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ 771>
11> Bar,+old$ M'aghatLi%khLn$M EP$ ))> 255125L>
17> 8u+ammad \a;.ii )oi,! ou, ,+a, %u.aiiC! !)elli* i! <!mai Gu.o"ali;edE Ta'rikh%i
Kahan%gusha/ p6 V7=/ or (shmain :ibid6/ N?r?!ine ed6/ P/ #"<=6
15> Saidi i %u.aii$ I$ 5L$ ad i Ra!+id ad1(i$ BBrB;ie ed>$ I$ 163 G"ommui"a,io from
8u+ammad \a;.iiH>
1L> T+i! )ri"e$ re)or,! 8u+ammad \a;.ii$ i! me,ioed i %u.aii 0& ,+e u.o"ali;ed form
of ,+e ame4 U#i or Ou#d@ G%u.aii$ I$ 52H>
13> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ 7711775$ a""ordi* ,o Ra!+id ad1(i>
16> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ 537153L> I ,+i! eA)o!i,io of ,+e +i!,or& of ,+e #+aa,e
of %a*a,ai$ I am "om)elled ,o re)ea, !ome fa",! alread& 0riefl& !,a,ed$ from ,+e )oi, of .iew
of <u0laiC! +i!,or&$ i '+a)> 7>
17> Bar,+old$ M'aghLtai%khLn$M EP$ )> 255$ ad MBer#e$Mibid>$ )> 776>
12> T+e u!ual form of ,+i! ame$ Bora? or Borra?$ i! a I!lami;a,io> Pellio,$ re"alli* 8ar"o
Polo Narac ad ,+e ,a%la of ,+e +&an Shih$ em)+a!i;e! ,+a, ,+e 8o*ol ame wa! Bara?
GMSur la l?gende d'Ughu!%khan$M T, U 1950V$ )> 559H> Dor ,+e rei* of ,+i! )ri"e$ !ee
dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ 5391560$ ad Bar,+old$ MBura#$M EP$ )> 21L>
19> I, wa! o ,+e Tala! ,+a, \aidu u!uall& li.ed af,er +i! .i",or& o.er ,+e %a*a,ai,e! G"f> Pellio,$
i T, U 1950V$ )> 777H$ ad i, wa! ,+ere
S606T
,+a, +e wa! .i!i,ed 0& Ra00a Sauma ad 8ar Ya+0alla+a o ,+eir wa& from Pe#i* ,o Ira>
70> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PPP$ L53 Ga""ordi* ,o Wa!!af ad Ra!+id ad1(iH> T+e
BIri me,ioed +ere !+ould o, 0e "ofu!ed wi,+ ,+e BIri w+o +ad +ad Ba,u eAe"u,ed i
1737> Ni#)ai mu!, +a.e refere"e ,o NK*I0Ki GPellio,$ i K/ PP U 1977V$ 766H>
71> (CO+!!o$ II$ L301L31$ ad III$ L771L35E Bar,+old$ MNurLk$M EP$ )> 21L>
77> Ra!+id ad1(i ad Wa!!af$ dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ L31$ w+o *i.e ,+e da,e of
Ni#)ai O*+ulC! dea,+ a! 1777>
75> Pbid6$ III$ L371L32$ a""ordi* ,o Wa!!af>
7L> 'f> Bar,+old$ M'aghatLi%khLn$M EP$ )> 255>
73> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ L311L37$ ad 'ordier$ II$ 5101511> I 177L$ \aidu +ad
dri.e <u0laiC! re)re!e,a,i.e! from <a!+*ar$ Yar#ad$ ad e.e from <+o,a> I 1776$
<u0lai reo""u)ied <+o,a ad al!o=,em)oraril&=Yar#ad ad <a!+*ar>
76> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ 3171313>
77> Pbid>$ II$ 3161317E 8ailla$ IZ$ L79>
72> MTra!oAiaa$M Wa!!af o,e!$ M)ro!)ered uder ,+e rule of \aidu$ a @u!, ad +umae ruler>M
See dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PPP$ L32>
79> Pbid>$ II$ 311$ ad III$ L51E Bar,+old$ MNurLk%khLn$M EP$ )> 21L>
50> 8oule$ 'hristians in 'hina$ )> 101>
51> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ 312>
57> Pbid>$ II$ 319$ ad III$ 3371332E Bar,+old$ M'aghatLi%khLn$M EP$ )> 255>
55> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ 370>
5L> Pbid>$ II$ 3701371$ ad IV$ 3321339$ a""ordi* ,o Wa!!af>
53> Pbid>$ IV$ 360>
56> Pbid>$ IV$ 361>
57> :afi;1i 90ru$ ,ra!> <> Ba&ai GPari!$ 1956152$7 .ol!>H$ ))> 571 L1>
52> Pbid>$ ))> L51L6E dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 3651363>
59> :afi;1i 90ru$ ))> 6717L$ 20122E dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 3671362$ 6121679$ 6L71
6LL>
L0> Bar,+old$ M'aghatLi%khLn$M EP$ )> 25L>
L1> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 367>
L7> Tom0!,oe! i!"ri0ed i S&ria" ad Tur#i" from Pi!+)e# GSemire"+&eH$ da,i* from 176L ,o
1552$ i ,+e Guime, 8u!eum GNau$ E1pansion nestorienne$ )> 500H>
L5> Bar,+old$ M'aghatLi%khLn$M EP$ )> 25L>
LL> 8oule$ 'hristians in 'hina$ ))> 7331736>
L3> Pbid>$ )> 733>
S607T
L6> I 1567$ oe la!, mi!!ioar&$ %ame! of Dlore"e$ ,i,ular ar"+0i!+o) of Xa&,o Gi>e>$
'+Wa"+ow i ,+e moder '+ie!e )ro.i"e of Du#ieH$ died a mar,&rC! dea,+ i 'e,ral
9!ia$ a))are,l& i ,+e #+aa,e of %a*a,ai$ ,+ou*+ )o!!i0l& i Per!ia Gibid>$ ))> 197$ 733H>
L7> Safer%name$ ,ra!> PB,i! de la 'roiA$ I$ 7>
L2> :e@ira 7L7$ ,+e Year of ,+e Pi* GSafer%name/ P$ LH>
L9> Safer%name/ P$ L13>
30> Safer%name/ P$ 6112>
31> :e@ira 739$ ,+e Year of ,+e (o* GSafer%name/ P$ 19H>
37> Safer%name/ P$ 71177>
35> 'f> Bar,+old$ M4kghlLt$M EP$ )> 1117>
3L> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ trans6 4enison -oss/ pp6 ^%86
33> Pbid>$ ))> 619>
36> Pbid>$ ))> 10113>
37> Pbid>$ )> 13>
32> Safer%name$ ,ra!> PB,i! de la 'roiA$ ))> 79157>
39> Pbid>$ ))> 57152>
60> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ trans6 -oss/ p6 #86
61> Safer%name$ ,ra!> PB,i! de la 'roiA$ ))> L11L3E Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ trans6 -oss/ pp6 W;%WW6
ChapterE
1> O '+orma*+a$ !ee Pellio,$ MLes 2ongols et la ,apaut?$M -evue de l'5rient chr?tien
G197LH$ )> 7L7 G31H>
7> Pbid>$ )> 7LL GL9H>
5> O Bai@u$ !ee ibid>$ ))> 505et se9> G109 et se9>H>
L> T+i! !ummer +ead?uar,er! of ,+e 8o*ol! i! "alled Si!ia or MSi,ie!M i 9rmeia ad
/a,i !our"e!> I, !eem! ,+a, i, !+ould 0e )la"ed i ,+e :a0ad di!,ri",$ 0e,wee ,+e Siui ad
,+e 9r,!a#+$ Mi ,+e mou,ai! @u!, ,o ,+e ea!, of /a#e Go#"+a>M Pellio,$ M2ongols et la
,apaut?$M )> 507 G106H>
3> O El3igid)i :qld3igid)i=$ !ee Pellio,$ M2ongols et la ,apaut?M G1951157H$ )>55 G171H>
6> O 9i0e* ad SKr*i!$ !ee ibid> G197LH$ )> 577 G151H>
7> Pbid> G1951157H$ ))> 177 G17LH ad 195 G193HE Grou!!e,$ $istoire des 'roisades/ PPP$ 370>
2> Pellio,$ M2ongols et la ,apaut?$M ))> 173 G177H et se9>E Grou!!e,$ $istoire des 'roisades/
PPP$ 371>
9> :i! !o 9r*+a!u or :ar?a!u 0ad )lo,,ed a*ai!, 8o*#a ad +ad alread& 0ee )u, ,o
dea,+ i 8o*olia>
10> Pellio,$ M2ongols et la ,apaut?M G1951157H$ )>63 G705H>
S602T
11> Bi0lio*ra)+& GGeor*ia ad 9rmeia !our"e!$ ad %u.aiiH i 8ior!#&$ MTifli!$M EP$ )>
796>
17> 'f> M(aikL'ks II$M EP$ ))> 6771672>
15> 'f> dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PPP$ 1051107 Ga""ordi* ,o %u.aiiH>
1L> Be+a ad1(i 8u+ammad$ %u.aiiC! fa,+er$ +ad 0ee ,a#e )ri!oer a, Tu! 0& ,+e 8o*ol
"+ief <Il1Bula,> :e wa! ,rea,ed #idl& 0& +i! "a),or ad e,ered 8o*ol !er.i"e a! sahib%
divan of <+ura!a> :e remaied a 8o*ol offi"ial u,il +i! dea,+ a, I!)a+a i 1735> 'f>
Bar,+old$ M43uwainm$M EP$ )> 1100>
13> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PPP$ 1161117 Ga""ordi* ,o %u.aiiH>
16> Pbid>$ III$ 170 Ga""ordi* ,o %u.aiiH>
17> %u.aii$ w+o !er.ed wi,+ +i! fa,+er a! a *o.erme, offi"ial uder ,+e order! of 9r*+u
9*+a$ "ould o, refrai from )ro,e!,i* .iole,l& a*ai!, ,+e a!"eda"& of Ui*ur !"+olar!
o.er ,+e 9ra0o1 Per!ia!4 MI ,+e re.olu,io ,+a, +a! @u!, !+a#e ,+e world$ "olle*e! +a.e
0ee de!,ro&ed ad leared me !lai$ e!)e"iall& i <+ura!a$ w+i"+ wa! ,+e !our"e of
eli*+,eme, ad ,+e mee,i* )la"e of do",or!> 9ll me of le,,er! i ,+e "ou,r& +a.e
)eri!+ed 0& ,+e !word> T+e "rea,ure! from ow+ere w+o +a.e re)la"ed ,+em "are for
o,+i* 0u, ,+e Ui*ur la*ua*e ad wri,i*>M See ibid>$ I$ AA.>
12> %u.aii ad Ra!+id ad1(i$ ibid>$ III$ 1711172>
19> Pbid>$ III$ 1791151>
70> Pbid>$ III$ 151E 8ior!#&$ M(utlugh%khLn$M EP$ )> 1752E T> W> :ai*$ MSalghurides$M EP$ )>
109>
71> :ulK*u "ome! from ,+e 8o*olia roo, h&l)1 or &l)1$ meai* Mi eA"e!!>M I Per!ia$ ,+e
ame i! :ula#u> Pellio,$ MLes mots T $ initial/ au3ourd'hui amui/ en mongol des \PPPe et
\PVe si]cles$M K G1973H$ )> 756>
77> Ra!+id ad1(i$ ,ra!> \ua,remhre$ )> 1L3E dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PPP$ 159>
75> 'f> Ra!+id ad1(i$ ,ra!> \ua,remhre$ ))> 717$ 719E dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PPP$
197>
7L> 'f> 90uCl Dida$ -ecueil des historiens des 'roisades6 $istoriens 5rientau1/ P$ 156E Ra!+id
ad1(i$ ,ra!> \ua,remhre$ )> 7L7E dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PPP$ 717 Ga""ordi* ,o
Wa!!afHE Grou!!e,$ $istoire des 'roisades/ PPP$ 362>
73> Ra!+id ad1(i$ ,ra!> \ua,remhre$ )> 751>
76> Ra!+id ad1(i$ i dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PPP$ 717>
77> 'f> Grou!!e,$ $istoire des 'roisades/ PPP$ 371>
72> 90uCl Dida$ $istoriens des 'roisades/ P$ 156>
S609T
79> Ra!+id ad1(i$ ,ra!> \ua,remhre$ )> 799E "f> <ira#o!$ ,ra!> (ulaurier$ K/ P G1232H$ )> L29>
50> 'f> <ira#o!$ K G1232H$ )> L91>
51> 90uCl Dida$ $istoriens des 'roisades/ p6 #V^6
57> <ira#o!$ K/ P G1232H$ )> L95>
55> Var,a$ K/ PP G1260H$ 791>
5L> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PPP$ 770> See ,+e a""ou, 0& ,+e mo# :a&,o i -ecueil
des historiens des 'roisades6 4ocuments arm?niens/ PP$ 1691170E !ee al!o Grou!!e,$
$istoire des 'roisades/ PPP$ 37L1373>
53> <ira#o!$ K/ P G1232H$ )> L97>
56> Grou!!e,$ $istoire des 'roisades/ PPP$ 3731376>
57> (au*+,er of %a*am0u or %a?am0u$ ,+e 0ang%khan's 0ro,+er>
52> Ra!+id ad1(i$ ,ra!> \ua,remhre$ )> 1L3>
59> Pbid>$ ))> 9L193>
L0> Var,a$ K/ PP G1260H$ 790$ 509E $istoriens des 'roisades6 4ocuments arm?niens/ P$ L55>
L1> Var,a$ K/ PP G1260H$ 5001501>
L7> Pbid>$ )> 507E "orro0ora,ed 0& Ra!+id ad1(i$ ,ra!> \ua,remhre$ )> 595>
L5> Bar,+old$ M$klLgk$M EP$ )> 535>
LL> Ra!+id ad1(i$ ,ra!> \ua,remhre$ )> 773E <ira#o!$ K/ P G1232H$ L2LE dCO+!!o$ $istoire
des 2ongols/ PPP$ 767>
L3> Grou!!e,$ $istoire des 'roisades/ PPP$ 3L9>
L6> Pbid>$ )> 313>
L7> Pbid>$ )> 379>
L2> Pbid>$ ))> 3771372>
L9> Var,a$ K/ PP G1260H$ 79L>
30> <ira#o!$ K/ P G1232H$ L96E Ra!+id ad1(i$ ,ra!> \ua,remhre$ ))> 5501551$ 5301573>
31> :a&,o$ -ecueil des historiens des 'roisades6 4ocuments arm?niens/ PP$ 170E Var,a$ K/ PP
G1260H$ 795>
37> MQestes des 'hiprois$M 4ocuments arm?niens$ )> 731E Grou!!e,$ 'roisades/ PPP$ 321>
35> Bar :e0raeu!$ i dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PPP$ 516>
3L> Pbid>$ III$ 5021509E Grou!!e,$ 'roisades/ PPP$ 3211327>
33> 90uCl Dida$ $istoriens des 'roisades/ P$ 1L0>
36> Pbid>E Bar :e0raeu!$ 'hronicon Syriacum$ )> 355E :a&,o$ 4ocuments arm?niens/ PP$ 171E
Grou!!e,$ 'roisades/ PPP$ 325>
37> 90uCl Dida$ $istoriens des 'roisades/ p6 #7#f *Qestes des 'hiprois/* -ecueil des historiens
des 'roisades6 4ocuments arm?niens/ PP/ ^<#f Qrousset/ Croisades/ PPP/ <8"6
32> 90uCl Dida$ $istoriens des 'roisades/ p6 #7V6
S610T
39> Pbid>E M,estes des Chiprois$M 4ocuments arm?niens/ PP$ 731E dCO+!!o$ $istoire des
2ongols/ PPP$ 573E Grou!!e,$ Croisades/ PPP$ 329>
60> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PPP$ 577E Bar,+old$ MBer#e$M EP$ ))> 7731776>
61> <ira#o!$ K/ P G1232H$ L92E :a&,o$ 4ocuments arm?niens/ PP$ 175>
67> Pbid>$ )> 17L>
65> (ela0orde$ MLettres des chr?tiens de Terre Sainte$ 1760$M -evue de l'5rient latin/ PP G129LH$
71LE Grou!!e,$ 'roisades/ PPP$ 32L>
6L> :a&,o$ 4ocuments arm?niens$ )> 17LE MQestes des 'hiprois$M )> 737E Grou!!e,$ 'roisades/
PPP$ 39L>
63> Ra!+id ad1(i$ ,ra!> \ua,remhre$ )> 5L7>
66> MQestes des 'hiprois$M )> 735E M2anuscrit de -othelin$M $istoriens des 'roisades/ p6 "V^f
Qrousset/ Croisades/ PPP/ ";#%";V6
67> <ira#o!$ K/ P G1232H$ L92>
62> Ra!+id ad1(i$ ,ra!> (efrBmer&$ ))> 5311535>
69> Pbid>$ )> 595E "f> Var,a$ K/ PP G1260H$ 507>
70> 'f> Bar,+old$ MBer#e$M EP$ )> 776E :a&,o$ 4ocuments arm?niens/ PP$ 176>
71> Ra!+id ad1(i$ ,ra!> \ua,remhre$ )> 599E dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PPP$ 5201521>
77> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PPP$ 567$ 570157L Ga""ordi* ,o Ra!+id ad1(i ad Bar
:e0raeu!H>
75> Pbid>$ III$ 5971L0L Ga""ordi* ,o Ra!+id ad1(i ad 8ir#+odHE "f> T> W> :ai*$
MSalghurides$M EP$ )> 109>
7L> 'f> Ra!+id ad1(i$ ,ra!> \ua,remhre$ )> L05E 8ior!#&$ M(utlugh%khLn$M EP$ )> 1752>
73> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 1L2>
76> Pbid>$ IV$ 721>
77> Bar,+old$ M43uwainm$M EP$ )> 1100>
72> 9""ordi* ,o dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PPP$ L071L02>
79> 8ar (e+a$ )a,riar"+ from 1766 ,o 1721$ +ad !u""eeded 8a#i#+a>
20> W> Bud*e$ The 2onks of (ublai%khan$ ))> 15911L0>
21> MVie de 2ar +ahballaha$M ,ra!> %> B> '+a0o,$ -evue de l'5rient latin G1295H$ ))> 395139L>
27> :a.i* lef, '+ia "a> 1773$ ,+e& arri.ed i 8e!o)o,amia "a> 1772>
25> Bud*e$ 2onks of (ublai%khan$ )> 1L2>
2L> MVie de 2ar +ahballaha$M ))> 6071602>
23> Pbid>$ ))> 6091610>
26> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PPP$ L121L19>
27> Pbid>$ III$ L571LL9 Ga""ordi* ,o Ra!+id ad1(iH>
S611T
22> Pbid>$ III$ LL11LL7E IV$ 1791125>
29> 90uCl Dida$ $istoriens des 'roisades/ P$ 133E :a&,o$ 4ocuments arm?niens$ )> 120E
dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PPP$ L211L22E Grou!!e,$ 'roisades/ PPP$ 69L>
90> 'f> :a&,o$ 4ocuments arm?niens$ ))> 1201121>
91> 'f> 90uCl Dida$ $istoriens des 'roisades/ P$ 1321139E :a&,o$ 4ocuments arm?niens$ ))>
125112LE Bar :e0raeu!$ 'hronicon Syriacum/ pp6 <[W%<[Vf d'5hsson/ $istoire des
2ongols/ PPP/ <W7f -6 -hricht/ *Les batailles de $oms/* rchives de l'5rient latin/ P/ "V8f
Qrousset/ 'roisades/ PPP/ "[[6
97> MT)gh&d)rM i 8o*olia>
95> :a&,o$ 4ocuments arm?niens$ )> 123>
9L> MVie de 2ar +ahballaha$M ))> 73177>
93> 'f> dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 51152$ L9137 Ga""ordi* ,o Wa!!afH>
96> '+a0o,$ M-elations du roi rgoun avec l'5ccident$M -evue de l'5rient latin G129LH$ )> 371E
8oule$ 'hristians in 'hina$ )> 106E Grou!!e,$ 'roisades/ PPP$ 711>
97> -evue de l'5rient latin G129LH$ ))> 27125>
92> Pbid>$ )> 29>
99> Pbid>$ )> 91> 'f> Grou!!e,$ 'roisades/ PPP$ 7131716>
100> '+a0o,$ -evue de l'5rient latin G129LH$ )> 10L>
101> Pbid>$ ))> 1061111E Grou!!e,$ 'roisades/ PPP$ 7171712>
107> '+a0o,$ -evue de l'5rient latin G129LH$ ))> 1151171>
105> Pbid>$ )> 117E Grou!!e,$ 'roisades/ PPP$ 770>
10L> '+a0o,$ M-elations du roi rgoun$M ))> 3761391>
103> '+a0o,$ -evue de l'5rient latin/ pp6 #W#%#WW6 -abban Sauma lived another four years/ and
died at Naghdad on Kanuary #;/ #W[76
106> '+a0o,$ M-elations du roi rgoun$M ))> 60L$ 611$ 617E 8oule$ 'hristians in 'hina$ ))> 1171
112E Grou!!e,$ 'roisades/ PPP$ 77L>
107> '+a0o,$ M-elations du roi rgoun$M ))> 617$ 612>
102> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ L71L9>
109> Pbid>$ )> L7> 'f> Bar,+old$ M2angk Timur$M EP$ )> 760$ emedi* +i! o,+er ar,i"le Gibid>$ )>
L56H o Mrghkn>M
110> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 1011106E Bar,+old$ MQaikhLtk$M EP$ )> 153> Gai#+a,u
+ad *aied iforma,io a0ou, ,+e "+ao from ,+e ch'eng%hsiang Bolod$ <u0laiC! e.o& a, ,+e
"our, of Per!ia>
111> '+a0o,$ -evue de l'5rient latin G129LH$ ))> 1771172>
117> Pbid>$ )> 155>
115> Bar :e0raeu!$ 'hronicon Syriacum/ p6 ";[f cf6 d'5hsson/ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV/ #7#6
S617T
11L> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 157>
113> Ra!+id ad1(i$ ibid>$ IV$ 5391560>
116> Pbid>$ IV$ 7211727>
117> Ra!+id ad1(i$ o faa,i"$ ,e!,ifie! ,o ,+e reli*iou! !i"eri,& of G+a;a$ w+o lo* 0efore +i!
a""e!!io +ad a))are,l& aou"ed +i! i,e,io of for!a#i* ,+e "ul, of Budd+i!, Midol!M
for I!lam> Pbid>$ IV$ 1L2>
112> MVie de 2ar +ahballaha$M ))> 15L11L7$ 7591730>
119> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 17L1190 Ga""ordi* ,o Ra!+id ad1(i ad 8ir#+odH>
170> Bar,+old$ MQhL!Ln$M EP$ )> 132>
171> Ra!+id ad1(i$ i dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 567>
177> Ra!+id ad1(i$ ibid>$ IV$ L171L12>
175> E> Ber,+el!$ M-ashmd al%4mn Tabmb$M EP$ )> 1707>
17L> MVie de 2ar +ahballaha$M ))> 7311763>
173> MMl3)it&CM i 8o*olia>
176> %> :> <ramer!$ M5loaitu (hudLbanda$M EP$ )> 10L7>
177> MVie de 2ar +ahballaha$M ))> 7661500>
172> :afi;1i 90ru$ ,ra!> Ba&ai$ )> L>
179> Ber,+el!$ M-ashmd ad%4mn Tabmb$M EP$ )> 1707> Dor ,+e 0uildi* of Sul,ai&e+$ "f> :afi;1i
90ru$ ,ra!> Ba&ai$ ))> 317>
150> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 3271397>
151> Pbid>$ IV$ 357 Ga""ordi* ,o Nowairi ad 8a?ri;iH>
157> :afi;1i 90ru G,ra!> Ba&ai$ )> 53H "laim! ,+a, ,+e 0e!ie*ed ,ow!fol# made !u0mi!!io>
155> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 376E %> :> <ramer!$ M(aramLn%oghlu$M EP$ )> 79L>
15L> G> Pa"+&mere!$ II$ L551LLLE dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 356>
153> %> :> <ramer!$ MCO,+ma I$M EP$ )> 1073>
156> :afi;1i 90ru$ ,ra!> Ba&ai$ ))> 17179E dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ L97$ 377>
157> (CO+!!o$ IV$ 3621371E :afi;1i 90ru$ ,ra!> Ba&ai$ ))> 57$ L5$ 67>
152> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 367136L>
159> Pbid>$ IV$ 363$ 3671362$ 6171679$ 6L716LLE :afi;1i 90ru$ ,ra!> Ba&ai$ )> 26>
1L0> :afi;1i 90ru$ ,ra!> Ba&ai$ ))> 71$ 20126E dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 6701679>
1L1> :afi;1i 90ru$ ,ra!> Ba&ai$ )> 36E dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 6091617>
1L7> Dor ,+e e,&molo*& of ,+i! word$ !ee Bar,+old$ M'&p)n$M EP$ )> 90L>
S615T
1L5> Dor ,+e e.e,ful "au!e! of ,+i! 0rea"+$ "f> :afi;1i 90ru$ ,ra!> Ba&ai$ )> 91>
1LL> Pbid>$ ))> 1001103>
1L3> Pbid>$ )> 107>
1L6> MTirur,a!+ di!,i*ui!+ed +im!elf a! *o.eror of Rum Ui Sel@u# 9a,oliaV 0& "o?ue!,!
eA,edi* ,o ,+e .er& !+ore! of ,+e 8edi,erraea$ w+ere o 8o*ol ,roo)! +ad e.er
a))eared 0efore$ ad w+ere +e fou*+, Gree#! ad re0el Tur#! i ,ur>M (CO+!!o$ $istoire
des 2ongols/ PV$ 626>
1L7> :afi;1i 90ru$ ,ra!> Ba&ai$ ))> 1111119>
1L2> :afi;1i 90ru$ ,ra!> Ba&ai$ )> 170E dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 77517L7>
1L9> So of Timur,a!+$ ,+e former .i"ero& of 9a,olia$ +im!elf ,+e !o of '+o)a> 'f> :afi;1i
90ru$ ,ra!> Ba&ai$ )> 17LE dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 776175L>
130> (CO+!!o$ IV$ 753E :afi;1i 90ru$ ,ra!> Ba&ai$ ))> 17711L0>
131> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 7L117L7E :afi;1i 90ru$ ,ra!> Ba&ai$ ))> 1351136>
137> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 7L7$ 7L3E :afi;1i 90ru$ ,ra!> Ba&ai$ )> 135>
135> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 715171LE T> W> :ai*$ M<ar,$M EP$ )> 277E Safer%name$
,ra!> PB,i! de la 'roiA$ I$ 6>
13L> 'f> V> D> BI"+er$ MSerbedLrs$M EP$ )> 7L0>
133> 'f> 8ior!#&$ MTugha Tmmkr$M EP$ )> 265E :afi;1i 90ru$ ,ra!> Ba&ai$ )> 177>
136> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 7L517L7E Xe,,er!,ee$ M2u!affarides$M EP$ )> 237>
137> 'f> :uar,$ M(ara%koykn%lu$M EP$ )> 723>
132> M9r,ea$M EP$ )> L69E :uar,$ MNurhLn al%4mn$Mibid>$ )> 217>
139> :uar,$ Mk%koykn%lu$M EP$ )> 772>
160> %> :> <ramer!$ M(aramLn%oghlu$M EP$ )> 797>
ChapterC;
1> Ru0ru"#$ '+a)> ZV>
7> Ra!+id ad1(i$ i Erdma$ Temudschin/ p6 7<V6
5> Bar,+old$ MNLtk%khLn$M EP$ )> 692E Bar,+old$ MSarLi$M EP$ )> 165>
L> Ru0ru"#$ '+a)> ZZI>
3> 'f> Ra!+id ad1(i i dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ 5531556>
6> See Safer%name$ ,ra!> PB,i! de la 'roiA$ )> 772>
7> T+e S+a&0aid! !u0@u*a,ed ,+e Si0eria #+aa,e of T&ume or Si0ir aroud 1L20$ ad i,
remaied i ,+eir )o!!e!!io u,il ,+e Ru!!ia "o?ue!, of 1392 G!ee )a*e L90H> W+e ,+e
"+ief of ,+e
S61LT
W+i,e :orde$ <+a To?,ami!+$ +ad "o?uered ,+e Golde :orde i 1520$ ,+e *rea,er )ar, of
,+e W+i,e :orde we, wi,+ +im i,o Euro)e> OrdaC! old fief or,+ of ,+e lower S&r (ar&a$
0ei* ,+u! em),ied of i,! i+a0i,a,!$ wa! *raduall& reo""u)ied 0& ,+e S+a&0aid +orde> T+e
S+a&0aid 90uCl <+air$ w+o 0e*a +i! rei* i 1L72 i ,+e Tura area of we!,er Si0eria$ wa!
,o rule from /a#e Bal#+a!+ ,o ,+e Ural$ +i! "e,er 0ei* a, Si*a#+i o ,+e S&r (ar&a> :i!
*rad!o$ ,+e famou! 8u+ammad S+a&0ai$ 0e"ame ,+e fouder i 1300 of ,+e U;0e#
Em)ire a, Bu#+ara ad Samar#ad$ w+i"+ will 0e di!"u!!ed la,er>
2> Piao 'ar)ii o0!er.ed ,+a, Orda wa! i effe", ,+e dea of ,+e !eior %e*+i;1<+ai,e
0ra"+4 MOrdu$ ,+e !eior "a),ai ad du#e of ,+e Ta,ar!M G'+a)> VH>
9> Ru0ru"#$ '+a)!> ZZV ad Z/VI>
10> Bar,+old$ MNLtk%khLn$M EP$ )> 699>
11> Piao 'ar)ii$ '+a)> III>
17> T+i! !u0!er.ie"e ,o ,+e 8o*ol !u;erai! wa! o, wi,+ou, i,! da*er!$ e.e for ,+e mo!,
fa.ored amo* ,+e Ru!!ia )ri"e!> Piao 'ar)ii G'+a)> ZIIIH rela,e! ,+a, w+e Yaro!la.
we, ,o )a& "our, i 8o*olia G+e wa! )re!e, a, ,+e ele",io of ,+e *rad #+a GI&I# i
17L6H$ ,+e em)re!! mo,+er TJrK*KK !er.ed food ,o +im Mwi,+ +er ow +ad$M af,er w+i"+$
o re,uri* ,o +i! ow ?uar,er!$ +e fell ill ad died a wee# la,er$ +i! 0od& "o.ered wi,+
!u!)i"iou!1loo#i* !)o,!>
15> I eed +ardl& !a& ,+a, I !)ea# +ere of O,,oma Tur#e& ad o, of <emali!, Tur#e&$ w+ere
,+e eAa", o))o!i,e wa! ,rue>
1L> 'f> R> P> Ba,,o$ 0ilhelm von -ubruk$ ))> 571L3$ 67$ passim>
13> T+i! i! o, ,o !a& ,+a, i I!lami"$ Ru!!ia$ ad o,+er "ul,ure! oe will o, fid eleme,! of a
Golde :orde M"i.ili;a,io>M I ,+i! "oe",io$ !ee Balodi!$ MAeuere Forschungen &ber die
(ultur der Qoldenen $orde$M Seitschrift f&r Slavische ,hilologie/ PV G1977H> Bu, we mu!,
0e "lear a! ,o ,+e rela,i.e .alue of ,+a, "ul,ure>
16> Ru0ru"#$ '+a)> ZIZ>
17> Dor ,+e ame Sar,a? G,+e MSar,$M ,+e MSar,aCulMH$ !ee Pellio,$ MLes 2ongols et la ,apaut?$M
-evue de l'5rient chr?tien G1951157H$ )>72 G717H>
12> No,e e!)e"iall& <ira#o!$ K/# G1232H$ L39>
19> Bar,+old$ MBer#e$M EP$ ))> 7731776E %u.aii$ i dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PP$ 556>
70> So dee) a mar# did Ber#e lea.e o <i)"+a# Gli,erall& ,+e 4esht%i (ipchak or M!,e))e of
<i)"+a#MH ,+a, dow ,o ,+e fif,ee,+ "e,ur& ,+e "ou,r& wa! !ome,ime! referred ,o a!
Ber#eC! S,e))e4
S613T
4esht%i Nerke> Su"+ i! ,+e )ra",i"e i I0 C9ra0!+a+ GLife of Tamerlane$ ,ra!> Sader!
U /odo$ 1956V$ )> 75H>
71> Pbid>$ ))> 77172>
77> Ra!+id ad1(i$ ,ra!> \ua,remhre$ )> 595E Grou!!e,$ $istoire des 'roisades/ PPP$ 617>
75> Wa!!af$ i dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PPP$ 579>
7L> Ra!+id ad1(i$ ,ra!> \ua,remhre$ )> 599E 8a?ri;i$ )> 711E dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/
PPP$ 5201521>
73> Wa!!af$ i dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PPP$ 521>
76> 'orad '+a)ma$ 2ichel ,al?ologue GPari!$ 1976H$ )>79 Ga""ordi* ,o Pa"+&mere!HE G> I>
Bra,iau$ -echerches sur le commerce g?nois dans la 2er Aoire/ pp6 WVV%WV76
77> G> I> Bra,iau$ )> 703>
72> '+a)ma$ ,al?ologue/ p6 8;f Q6 P6 Nratianu/ -echerches Sur Vicina et 'etatea lba/ p6 V[6
79> 8> 'aard$ M/e traitP de CDGC entre Michel PalPolo'ue et le sultan HalQ0un$M Ny!antion
G1953H$ ))> 6691620E Grou!!e,$ $istoire des 'roisades/ PPP$ 615$ 673>
50> Bar,+old$ MSarLi$M EP$ )> 165>
51> I0 C9ra0!+a+$ ,ra!> Sader!$ ))> 76179E "f> :e&d$ $istoire du commerce du Levant/ PP$
7771779>
57> I0 C9ra0!+a+$ ,ra!> Sader!$ )> 72>
55> Bar,+old$ M2angk Timur$M EP$ )> 761>
5L> 'f> Bra,iau$ -echerches sur le commerce g?nois/ p6 W<[6
53> 'f> Bra,iau$ -echerches sur Vicina/ pp6 V8%V[6
56> G> Golu0o.i,"+$ Nibliotheca Nio%bibliografica della Terra Santa e dell'5riente francescano/
PP$ LLL> Eulo*& of No*ai i 8ar"o Polo$ ed> 8oule1Pellio,$ )> L22>
57> Variou! eA)laa,io! will 0e foud i '+e!+ire$ MT+e Grea, Tar,ar I.a!io of Euro)e$M
Slavonic -eview/ V G1976H$ 101$ ad i Bru"e Bo!well$ MT+e <i)"+a# Tur#!$Mibid>$ VI
G1977H$ 27>
52> '+a)ma$ ,al?ologue/ pp6 #V"%#V^f Nratianu/ -echerches stir le commerce g?nois/ p6 WV76
59> G> 'a+e$ MLes 2ongols dans les Nalkans$M -ev6 histori9ue G197LH$ )> 33E Bra,iau$
-echerches sur Vicina/ p6 #;[6 5n Aogai/ see Veselovskii monograph in 2?moires de
l'cad?mie des sciences de l'U6-6S6S6/ \PPP :#[WW=/ in -ussian6 Aote that a daughter of
Aogai's married the -ussian prince Fedor of -ya!an6
L0> I (e"em0er$ 1799$ No*ai wa! 0efore Suda# ad mar"+ed from ,+ere ,o ,+e (ie)er ,o fi*+,
+i! la!, 0a,,le>
L1> Nowairi ad Ra!+id ad1(i$ i dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 733$ 732>
L7> 'f> Bra,iau$ -echerches sur Vicina/ pp6 V[%7;/ ^W6
S616T
L5> Ra!+id ad1(i$ i dCO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 313>
LL> :e&d$ $istoire du commerce du Levant/ PP$ 165E Bra,iau$ -echerches sur le commerce
g?nois/ p6 W#[f $ammer/ Qeschichte der Qoldenen $orde/ p6 W<76
L3> :e&d$ $istoire du commerce du Levant/ PP$ 170E Bra,iau$ -echerches sur le commerce
g?nois/ pp6 W8W%W8V6
L6> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 3751373>
L7> :i! !i!,er <o"+a#a +ad married ,+e Ru!!ia *rad )ri"e Geor*e G1512H>
L2> I ,+e !ame wa&$ a, ,+e )e,i,io of Pe,er$ 8e,ro)oli,a of 8o!"ow$ R;0e* +ad 0e!,owed
*rea, )ri.ile*e! o ,+e Ru!!ia '+ur"+ G1515H>
L9> 8oule$ 'hristians in 'hina$ )> 733>
30> :e&d$ 'ommerce du Levant/ PP$ 170E Bra,iau$ -echerches Sur le commerce g?nois/ p6 W8V6
31> :e&d$ 'ommerce du Levant/ PP$ 1211125E Bra,iau$ -echerches sur le commerce g?nois/ p6
W8"6
37> :e&d$ 'ommerce du Levant/ PP$ 127et se96
35> T+i! !ie*e wa! ,o !,ar, ,+e !)read of ,+e Bla"# (ea,+ ,o ,+e We!,>
3L> :e&d$ 'ommerce du Levant/ PP$ 197et se96
33> I a edi", of 1570$ R;0e* for0ade ,+e ri*i* of 0ell! a, Suda# Gibid6$ II$ 70LH>
36> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 7L117L7>
37> Dir!, o ,+e (o$ ,+e a, Sarai> :ammer$ Qeschichte der Qoldenen $orde/ pp6 V#8%VW"6
32> :e&d$ 'ommerce du Levant/ PP$ 703>
39> Bar,+old$ MTo#,ami!+$M EP$ )> 230>
60> Safer%name$ ,ra!> PB,i! de la 'roiA$ I GII$ '+a)!> ZZ1ZZIH$ 772>
61> Or \u,lu*+10u*+a>
ChapterCC
1> Safer%name$ i (ei!o Ro!! ,ra!la,io of ,+e Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ p6 #<6
7> Safer%name$ ,ra!> PB,i! de la 'roiA$ I$ 72>
5> Pbid6$ ))> 56152>
L> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ trans6 4enison -oss/ p6 #86
3> 9! +e la,er eAe"u,ed Ba&a Seldu;>
6> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ trans6 4enison -oss/ p6 WW6
7> Safer%name$ ,ra!> PB,i! de la 'roiA$ I$ L3$ 3L>
2> Pbid6$ ))> 62$7L E Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ trans6 4enison -oss/ pp6 W^%W[6
S617T
9> Safer%name$ ,ra!> PB,i! de la 'roiA$ )> 73>
10> Pbid6$ ))> 76172 E Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ trans6 4enison -oss/ pp6 W[% V#6
11> Safer%name$ ,ra!> PB,i! de la 'roiA$ ))> 20197E Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ trans6 4enison -oss/ pp6
V#%V^6
17> Ne.er,+ele!!$ :u!ai u!uall& li.ed a, Sali1Sarai$ o ,+e or,+ 0a# of ,+e 9mu (ar&a$ or,+
of <udu;>
15> Safer%name$ ,ra!> PB,i! de la 'roiA$ I$ 97>
1L> Pbid6$ I$ 1771157>
13> Pbid6$ I$ 1L21136>
16> Pbid6$ I$ 1371160>
17> Pbid6$ I$ 1601173>
12> Pbid6$ I$ 173>
19> Pbid6$ I$ 120119L>
70> I0 C9ra0!+a+C! furiou! .ilifi"a,io! of Tamerlae G,ra!> %> :> Sader!$ 1956H are le!! ,elli*
,+a ,+e )iou! eA"u!e! of S+arif ad1(i> :ere ,+e defe!e i! more dami* ,+a ,+e "+ar*e>
71> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ trans6 4enison -oss/ p6 8V6
77> Safer%name/ P$ 126 ad 195 G"f> ibid6$ )> 121HE Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ trans6 4enison -oss/ pp6
^W/ 8V6
75> Safer%name/ PP$ 19170E IV$ L0>
7L> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ p6 8V6
73> I0 C9ra0!+a+$ ,ra!> Sader!$ )> 799>
76> Bar,+old$ M<+wari;m$M EP$ )> 967>
77> Safer%name/ P$ 776>
72> S)ri* of 775 G1577H$ ,+e Year of ,+e 8ou!eE Safer%name/ P$ 779>
79> Pbid6$ I$ 759>
50> Pbid6$ I$ 7L7>
51> Ramada 77L GDe0ruar& 7L18ar"+ 73$ 1575H$ ,+e Year of ,+e OAE Safer%name/ P$ 7L5>
57> S)ri* of ,+e &ear 777 G%ue 7$ 157318a& 70$ 1576H$ ,+e Year of ,+e 'ro"odileE Safer%name/
P$ 760E Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ trans6 -oss/ p6 776
55> T+e war 0e*a i S+awal 720 G%auar& 711De0ruar& 12$ 1579H$ ,+e Year of ,+e S+ee)E Sater%
name/ P$ 799>
5L> Pbid6$ I$ 5011507>
53> Pbid6$ I$ 5031506>
56> Bar,+old$ M(e*+la,$M EP$ )> 1117>
57> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ p6 V86
52> Pbid6$ ))> 52159>
59> Pbid6$ ))> 59$ 31>
L0> Pbid6$ )> L0>
S612T
L1> T+i! eA)edi,io !,ar,ed i S+a0a 776 G%auar& 31De0ruar& 7$ 1573HE ibid6$ )>L1 E Safer%
name$ ,ra!> PB,i!$ I$ 731>
L7> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ p6 7#6
L5> Pbid6$ )>L7 E Safer%name/ P$ 733>
LL> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ pp6 7"%7^f Safer%name/ P/ W"7%W"[6
L3> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ p6 <;f Safer%name/ pp6 W^<%W^"6
L6> :e@ira 723 G8ar"+ 6$ 15251De0ruar& 75$ 152LH$ ,+e Year of ,+e 8ou!eE Safer%name$ ,ra!>
PB,i!$ I$ 561>
L7> T+i! "am)ai* o)eed i :e@ira 791 G(e"em0er 51$ 15221 (e"em0er 19$ 1529HE Safer%
name/ PP$ 53>
L2> Pbid6$ II$ L5>
L9> Pbid6$ II$ L3$ 31> 'f> '+a.ae!$ 4ocuments sur les T'ou%kiue occidentau1/ Ao6 </ p6 W^;6
30> Safer%name/ PP$ L6>
31> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ p6 <W6
37> Safer%name/ PP$ 30135>
35> Pbid6$ II$ 35>
3L> Pbid6$ II$ 3L133>
33> Pbid6$ II$ 66170 G0e*ii* of ,+e &ear :e@ira 797$ !,ar,i* o (e"em0er 70$ 1529$ ,+e Year
of ,+e :or!eH> 'f> 8ior!#&$ $udud al% lam/ pp6 #[<%#["6
36> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ p6 <"6
37> Pbid6$ )> 37>
32> Pbid6$ )>37 E Safer%name/ PP$ L71>
39> T+i! i! ,+e order *i.e i ,+e Ta'rikh%i -ashidi6 The Safer%name and 2irkhond know only of
2uhammad%khan and Aaksh%i Kahan :A6 Elias and 4enison -oss/ $istory of the 2oghuls of
'entral sia b London/ #8[<c/ pp6 7#%7W=6
60> Safer%name/ PPP$ 7151770> Narra,ed uder ,+e +eadi* of :e@ira 207 GSe),em0er 5$ 15991
9u*u!, 71$ 1L00H$ ,+e Year of ,+e :are$ w+e ,+e ew! of ,+i! "am)ai* rea"+ed Tamerlae$
,+e i Per!ia>
61> Safer%name/ P$ 517E 8uCi ad1(i$ M$istoire de $?rat$M ,ra!> Bar0ier de 8e&ard$ K
G1261H$ ))> 3131316>
67> 8u+arram 725 G8ar"+ 7219)ril 76$ 1521H$ ,+e Year of ,+e (o*E Safer%name/ P$ 576>
65> Ed of 72L G1527125HE Safer%name/ P$ 539>
6L> Pbid6$ I$ 561>
63> 8ior!#&$ MTu*+a Tjmer$M EP$ )> 265>
66> (CO+!!o$ $istoire des 2ongols/ PV$ 75917L0>
67> Safer%name/ P$ 5791550>
62> Pbid6$ I$ 550>
69> Pbid6$ I$ 551>
S619T
70> Pbid6$ I$ 55215L6>
71> Pbid6$ I$ 535>
77> Pbid6$ I$ 577 E I0 C9ra0!+a+$ ,ra!> Sader!$ ))> 73177>
75> T+e ,a#i* of Xara@ wa! i S+awwal 723 GNo.em0er 771 (e"em0er 73$ 1525H$ ,+e Year of
,+e 8ou!e>
7L> Safer%name/ P$ 579>
73> I 1956$ ,+e :a"#i eA)edi,io eA)lored ,+e rui! of Sar1O,ar or Tar1U!!ar GXa+idaH i
Sei!,a$ amid o"e1"ul,i.a,ed lad w+i"+ +ad 0ee !u0mer*ed 0& !ad due! af,er ,+e
Timurid de!,ru",io of 152L>
76> S+awwal 726 GNo.em0er 161(e"em0er 1L$ 152LH>
77> Safer%name/ P$ 5221593>
72> Bar,+old$ M9+med (@alair$M EP$ )> 700E "f> I0 C9ra0!+a+$ ))> 6516L>
79> :e@ira 727 GDe0ruar& 17$ 15231De0ruar& 1$ 1526H$ ,+e Year of ,+e Pa,+erE Safer%name/ P$
5991L00E "f> I0 C9ra0!+a+$ )> 3L>
20> Safer%name/ P$ L07E I0 C9ra0!+a+$ )> 33>
21> Safer%name/ P$ L021L11E I0 C9ra0!+a+$ ))> 37132>
27> Safer%name/ P$ L1LE "f> 8ior!#&$ MTifli!$M EP$ )> 796>
25> Safer%name/ P$ L731L79 G0e*ii* of 729$ ,+e Year of ,+e :are$ !,ar,i* %auar& 77$ 1527H>
2L> Pbid6$ I$ L57>
23> I0 C9ra0!+a+$ ))> 77150>
26> 'f> Xe,,er!,ee$ M8u;affaride!$M EP$ )> 235E I0 C9ra0!+a+$ )> 56>
27> Safer%name/ P$ LL71LL7>
22> Pbid6$ I$ LL91L3L E II$ 1751125E I0 C9ra0!+a+$ ))> L51L6>
29> Safer%name/ P$ L3L1L67 GTamerlaeC! e,r& i,o S+ira;$ XuCl#ada+ 1$ 729$ or No.em0er 15$
1527H>
90> Safer%name/ PP$ 1L5113L>
91> Pbid6$ II$ 1251192E I0 C9ra0!+a+$ ))> 561L7>
97> I0 C9ra0!+a+$ ))> L21L9E Safer%name/ PP$ 7011707>
95> I0 C9ra0!+a+$ )> 6LE Safer%name/ PP$ 7711752 GTamerlaeC! arri.al 0efore Ba*+dad4 ed of
S+awwal 793$ 9u*u!, 101Se),em0er 7$ 1595H>
9L> Ra0ia I$ 796 G%auar& L1De0ruar& 7$ 159LH$ ,+e Year of ,+e :eE Safer%name/ PP$ 770>
93> Ra0ia II$ 796 GDe0ruar& 518ar"+ 5$ 159LHE ibid6$ )> 773>
96> 'f> 8ior!#&$ MTifli!$M EP$ )> 796> I :e@ira 792 GO",o0er 16$ 15931O",o0er L$ 1596H>
97> 8ior!#&$ MTifli!>M
92> Safer%name/ PPP$ 5651571 Gfial a!!aul, o Ba*+dad4 Xul#ada+ 77$ 205$ or %ul& 9$ 1L01HE I0
C9ra0!+a+$ ))> 1631169>
99> Safer%name/ PV$ 95197E Bar,+old$ M9+med (@alair$M EP$ )> 701>
S670T
100> I a)olo*i;e for re.er,i* +ere=ad i *rea,er de,ail=,o fa",! alread& !ummari;ed i
"oe",io wi,+ 8o*ol Ru!!ia> Owi* ,o ,+e "om)leAi,& of ,+e !u0@e",$ i, i! im)o!!i0le ,o
a.oid ,+e!e a))are, re)e,i,io!> Wi,+ou, ,+em$ ,+i! a""ou, would 0e ui,elli*i0le>
101> 'f> Bar,+old$ MTo#,ami!+$M EP$ )> 230>
107> Safer%name/ P$ 7761726 Ged of ,+e Year of ,+e (ra*o$ 0e*ii* of 1577H>
105> To 0e di!,i*ui!+ed from ,+e o,+er \ara,al G<ara1TalH$ or ,+e !ou,+er ,ri0u,ar& of /a#e
Bal#+a!+ ea!, of ,+e Ili$ w+i"+ wa! o, i W+i,e :orde ,erri,or& a, all 0u, i ,+e %a*a,ai,e
#+aa,e of ,+e Ili$ ,+a, i!$ i 8o*+oli!,a>
10L> Safer%name/ P$ 797179L> Bar,+old "+roolo*&$ i MTo#,ami!+$M EP$ )> 230>
103> Safer%name/ P$ L071L0LE E> G> Browe$ $istory of ,ersian Literature under Tartar
4ominion G'am0rid*e$ 1970H$ III$ 571E 8ior!#&$ MTa0ri;$M EP$ )> 616>
106> Safer%nanw/ P$ L751L79 Gerroeou!l& da,ed i PB,i! a! ,+e &ear of ,+e :e@ira 727$ De0ruar&
17$ 15231De0ruar& 1$ 1526$ ,+e Year of ,+e 'ro"odileH>
107> Pbid6$ I$ L651L63>
102> Pbid6$ I$ L631L69>
109> Pbid6$ II$ 77176 G0efore Safar 791$ %auar& 501De0ruar& 77$ 1529H>
110> Pbid6$ II$ 77151 G"a> Ra0ia I$ 791$ De0ruar& 7218ar"+ 79$ 1529H>
111> Tamerlae lef, Ta!+#e, o Safar 17$ 795$ ,+a, i!$ o %auar& 19$ 1591 GSafer%name/ PP$ 75H>
117> Pbid6$ II$ 21$ uder ,+e +eadi* of ,+e ed of %umada 1$ 795 Gedi* 8a& 3$ 1591H>
115> Pbid6$ II$ 27>
11L> Pbid6
113> Pbid6$ II$25 Gfir!, da& of %umada II$ 79518a& 6$1591H>
116> M Tamerlae mou,ed +i! +or!e i "eremoial dre!!> O +i! +ead +e wore ,+e *olde "row
eri"+ed wi,+ ru0ie! ad +e +eld i +i! +ad a war "lu0 of *old i ,+e !+a)e of a oA +ead>M
Safername/ PP$ 23> T+e de,ailed de!"ri),io of ,+i! re.iew$ !?uadro 0& !?uadro$ i!
ama;i*l& "olorful ad oe of ,+e fie!, e)i" )a!!a*e! ,+a, I #ow>
117> Safer%name/ PP$ 95>
112> I ,+e Safer%name/ PP$ 96197$ Tamerlae arri.e! fir!, a, ,+e MSemmurM ad ol& af,erward a,
,+e Yai# Gda,e of ,+e Yai# arri.al i! Ra@a0 1$ 795$ %ue L$ 1591H>
119> Bar,+old$ MTo#,ami!+$M EP$ )> 231>
S671T
170> Safer%name/ PP$ 1101170 Guder ,+e da,e Ra@a0 13$ 795$ or %ue 12$ 1591H>
171> Pbid6$ II$ 177>
177> Timur \u,lu*+ Gor \u,lu?H wa! ,+e !o of Timur1mali#$ +im!elf ,+e !o of Uru!$ former
#+a of ,+e W+i,e :orde>
175> Safer%name/ PP$ 17L>
17L> T+e e)i!ode of Idi?u G+ere Ida#ou$ or Ida#uH i! arra,ed a, le*,+ i I0 C9ra0!+a+ G))> 271
2LH> T+e au,+or$ w+o )ur!ue! Tamerlae wi,+ !a.a*e +a,red$ deli*+,! ,o !ee +im ,ri"#ed 0&
Idi?u> Bu, w+erea! S+arif ad1(i GII$ 17LH )la"e! Idi?uC! Me!"a)eM af,er TamerlaeC! fir!,
MRu!!ia "am)ai*$M I0 C9ra0!+a+ !eem! ,o da,e i, af,er ,+e !e"od oeE or ra,+er$ +e
"ofu!e! ,+e ,wo eA)edi,io!>
173> Safer%name/ PP$ 5511557>
176> 75rd of %umada II$ 797$ or 9)ril 13$ 1593 GXafer1ame$ II$ LL6H>
177> Bar,+old$ MTo#,ami!+$M EP$ )> 231>
172> :e&d$ $istoire du commerce du Levant/ PP$ 573>
179> Safer%name/ PP$ 562>
150> Pbid6$ II$ 5791527 E I0 C9ra0!+a+$ )> 27E :e&d$ $istoire du commerce du Levant/ PP$ 779E
Bar,+old$ MSarai$M EP$ )> 165>
151> Pri"e <oiri@a#$ !aid ,o 0e Uru!C !o GW+i,e :ordeH$ w+om Tamerlae omiall& a))oi,ed
#+a of ,+e Golde :orde i 1593 af,er ,+e .i",or&$ e.er !u""eeded i *aii* "o,rol>
Safer%name/ PP$ 533>
157> I0 C9ra0!+a+$ ))> 2L127>
155> Safer%name/ PPP$ 11E al!o 2alfu!at%i Timuri$ i I!+wari Pra!ad$ L'Pnde du VPPe au \VPe
si]cle/ p6 V7W6
15L> 'f> I0 C9ra0!+a+$ )> 93>
153> 9""ordi* ,o Pra!ad$ L'Pnde/ p6 V7"f 3ustifying essay in Safername/ PPP/ 8[%[;6
156> Safer%name/ PPP$ 100>
157> 2alfu!at%i Timuri$ i Pra!ad$ L'Pnde/ p6 V7[f Safer%name/ PPP/ ##;%##V6
152> Safer%name/ PPP$ 106>
159> O ,+e fir!, da& of %umada I$ :e@ira 201$ or %auar& 9$ 1599E Safer%name/ PPP$ 112>
1L0> Safer%name/ PPP$ 137>
1L1> Grou!!e,$ $istoire des 'roisades/ PPP$ 6051607E G> Wie,$ $istoire de la nation ?gyptienne/
PV$ L10>
1L7> Wie,$ $istoire/ PV$ 376E Safer%name/ PPP$ 79L1792E I0 C9ra0!+a+$ )> 17L>
1L5> I0 C9ra0!+a+$ ))> 1721150>
1LL> Wie,$ $istoire/ PV$ 379> T+e Safer%name/ PPP$ 573$ !)e"ifie! ,+e 19,+ da& of %umada I$ 205$ or
%auar& 3$ 1L01>
S677T
1L3> Wie,$ $istoire/ PV$ 350E "f> I0 C9ra0!+a+$ ))> 1L5$ 796>
1L6> Safer%name/ PPP$ 5L515LL>
1L7> I0 C9ra0!+a+$ )> 167>
1L2> I0 C9ra0!+a+ wa! 0or i 1597> 'f> %> Peder!e$ MI0 C9ra0!+a+$M EP$ ))> 52L1523>
1L9> 'f> %> .o :ammer1Pur*!,all$ $istoire de l'empire ottoman GPari!$ 12531L5$12 .ol!>H$ I$ 7971
536E N> Ior*a$ Qeschichte des osmanischen -eiches GGo,+a$ 1902115H$ I$ 7661575>
130> C9la ad1(i$ emir of <arama$ wa! defea,ed ad ,a#e )ri!oer a, 9#"a& i 1590191 0& ,+e
O,,oma .i;ier Timur,a!+$ w+o +a*ed +im wi,+ou, ,rial> 'f> D> Ba0i*er$ MTjmer,a!+$M EP$
)> 275E %> :> <ramer!$ M<arama1o*+le$Mibid6$ )> 793>
131> 'f> I0 C9ra0!+a+$ ))> 1701171E Safer%name/ PPP$ 7331736>
137> Safer%name/ PPP$ 739$ 597$ ad L02E "f> I0 C9ra0!+a+$ )> 172>
135> Safer%name/ PPP$ 761$ 767> 'f> I0 C9ra0!+a+$ ))> 1711175E :ammer1Pur*!,all$ $istoire de
l'empire ottoman/ PP$ 79127>
13L> Tamerlae e,ered ,+e O,,oma Em)ire o 8u+arram 1$ 205$ or 9u*u!, 77$ 1L00> Safer%
name/ PPP$ 76L>
133> Pbid6$ III$ 5731576E "f> I0 C9ra0!+a+$ )> 129>
136> Safer%name/ PV$ 11113E I0 C9ra0!+a+$ )> 127>
137> 8o!,rele,$ I$ 2L>
132> We!,er !our"e! o ,+e 0a,,le of 9#ara are Saudo G/> 9> 8ura,ori$ ZZII$ 791H$ ,+e
Reli*ieuA de S,> (ei! GIII$ L6131H$ 8o!,rele, Ged> /> '> (ouW, dC9r"?$ I$ 2LH$ %>
S"+il,0er*er G)> 75H$ ad %u.eal de! Ur!i! GII$ L75H> T+e& are eumera,ed ad u!ed 0& %>
8> (ela.ille1le1RoulA$ La France en 5rient au \PVe si]cle GPari!$ 1226H$ )> 595>
139> I0 C9ra0!+a+$ )> 122E Safer%name/ PV$ 16170$ 57$ 53>
160> Safer%name/ PV$ L9$ uder ,+e 6,+ da& of %umada I$ 203$ or (e"em0er 7$ 1L07> I0
C9ra0!+a+$ )> 197$ !a&! ,+a, Sm&ra wa! ,a#e o ,+e 7d of %umada II$ or (e"em0er 72$
1L07> Dor we!,er !our"e!$ !ee (ela.ille1le1RoulA$ La France en 5rient au \PVe si]cle/ p6
V[<6
161> Safer%name/ PV$ 31$ 35>
167> Pbid6$ IV$ 36$ 32>
165> Pbid6$ IV$ 52159>
16L> Pbid6$ IV$ 55>
163> Pbid6$ IV$ 60>
166> 'f> Safer%name/ PV$ 501E I0 C9ra0!+a+$ )> 759>
167> :e@ira 777 G%ue 7$ 157318a& 70$ 1576H> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ trans6 4enison -oss/ p6 786
162> To 0e di!,i*ui!+ed from +i! "ou!i ad ame!a#e$ ,+e +eir ,o ,+e ,+roe>
169> Safer%name/ PV$ 721$ 72LE I0 C9ra0!+a+$ )> 7L5>
S675T
170> I0 C9ra0!+a+$ ))> 739$ 762> T+e da,e of Pir 8u+ammad i01 %a+a*irC! defea, 0& <+alilC!
arm& i! ,+e 0e*ii* of Ramada 202$ w+i"+ !,ar,! De0ruar& 70$ 1L06>
171> Safer%name/ PV$ 191>
177> Dor ,+e rei* of S+a+ Ru#+$ !ee C90d ar1Ra;;a? Samar?adi$ 2atla' es%sa'dein/ trans6
@uatrem]re/ K/ PP :#8V"=/ #[V%WVV/ VV8%V"7f and L6 Nouvat/ Empire mongol :,aris/ #[W^=/
pp6 ["et se96
175> E> G> Browe$ $istory of ,ersian Literature>
17L> 2atla' es%sa'dein/ trans6 @uatrem]re/ pp6 #[Vet se96
173> See <+odemir$ i Bou.a,$ Empire mongol$ ))> 1101111>
176> I0 C9ra0!+a+$ )> 720>
177> See <+odemir$ i Bou.a,$ Empire mongol$ ))> 11Let se96
172> S+a+ Ru#+ !e, ao,+er em0a!!& i 1L71> 'f> 2atla' es%sa'dein/ p6 V8^6
179> 2atla' es%sa'dein/ in Elias and 4enison -oss/ $istory of the 2oghuls of 'entral sia/ p6 7V/
and Narthold/ *4kghlLt/* EP/ p6 ###V6
120> T+e !ame 2atla' es%sa'dein ,ell! el!ew+ere ,+a, <+udaidadC! !o Sa&&id 9+med +ad 0ee
dri.e from <a!+*ar i 1L16 0& ,+e Timurid!$ ad ,+a, i, wa! Sa&&id 9+medC! !o Sa&id
C9li Gd> 1L32H w+o re"a),ured ,+e ,wo "i,ie! from ,+em> I, i! +ard ,o re"o"ile ,+e!e
!,a,eme,!>
121> Bar,+old ad Be.erid*e$ M90e SaCjd$M EP$ )> 107E Bou.a,$ Empire mongol$ )> 156>
127> 'f> Bar,+old$ M90uCl1<+air$M EP$ )> 92>
125> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ p6 ^[6
12L> 8uCi ad1(i$ M'hroni9ue de $?rat$M ,ra!> Bar0ier de 8e&ard$ K/ \\ G1267H$ 50L1509>
123> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ pp6 8#%8W/ 8V%886
126> 8uCi ad1(i$ M'hroni9ue de $?rat$M ))> 5171519E :uar,$ M(arakovkn%lu$M EP$ )> 723>
127> 'f> 8ior!#&$ MU!un $asan$M EP$ )> 1175>
122> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ pp6 [<%[^6
129> Pbid6$ ))> 1171115>
190> <+odemir$ ,ra!> Der,B i Vie du sultan $osein Naykara G1292HE 9> S> Be.erid*e$ M:u!ai
8jr;a$M EP$ )> 56LE NLbur%name$ ed> Be.erid*e G/eide$ 1903E "f> Bou.a,$ Empire mongol$
)> 167H>
191> 'f> E> Beli$ MAotice sur 2mr 'lm 'hmr A?wa>$M K/ \VPP G1261H$ 173$ 721E G1266H$ 375E
Bou.a,$ M4?bat sur les deu1 langues$M K G1907H$ )> 567>
ChapterCD
1> Timur \u,lu*+ wa! ,+e !o of Timur1mali# ad *rad!o of Uru!$ ,+e famou! #+a of ,+e
W+i,e :orde ad TamerlaeC! ad.er!ar&>
S67LT
7> I0 C9ra0!+a+C! MRa!+adi0e*>M Life of Tamerlane$ ,ra!> Sader! 1956H$ )> 26>
5> 'f> Bar,+old$ M8a*i,$M EP$ )> 739>
L> I0 C9ra0!+a+$ ))> 26127> Idi?u i! ,+e Yedi*ei of Ru!!ia !our"e!>
3> <+a of ,+e 'rimea from 1L69 ,o 1L73 ad 1L72 ,o 1313>
6> Bar,+old$ MGira&$M EP$ )> 121>
7> 'f> :e&d$ $istoire du commerce du Levant/ PP$ 599>
2> 'f> :owor,+$ $istory of the 2ongols/ PP$ 5631L79E Bar,+old$ M<a;a$M EP$ )> 227$ ad
M<a!imo.$M EP$ )> 2L2>
9> 'f> :owor,+$ $istory of the 2ongols/ PP$ 5L91567>
10> I Ru!!ia a! i '+ia$ i, wa! ar,iller& ,+a, ?uelled ,+e la!, 8o*ol rea",io!> See )a*e 379$
o ,+e "aoade of <+a GaldaC! %u*ar 0ad! 0& ,+e em)eror <Ca*1+!i> T+e
immemorial ,a",i"al !u)eriori,& of ,+e omad!$ w+i"+ wa! due ,o ,+e eA,raordiar& mo0ili,&
ad u0i?ui,& of ,+e mou,ed ar"+er$ &ielded 0efore ,+e ar,ifi"ial !u)eriori,& "oferred a, a
!,ro#e u)o !ede,ar& "i.ili;a,io! 0& ,+e u!e of ar,iller&>
ChapterCJ
1> 'f> Bar,+old$ MS+ai0aide!$M EP$ )> 725>
7> Safer%name/ PP$ 70195>
5> 'f> Bar,+old$ M90uCl1<+air$M EP$ )> 92E :owor,+$ $istory of the 2ongols/ PP$ 627E Ta'rikh%i
-ashidi/ trans6 4enison -oss/ p6 8W6
L> 'f> Bar,+old$ M<a;a#$M EP$ )> 226E Bar,+old$ M<ir*i;$M EP$ )> 102LE Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ pp6
W^W%W^V6
3> 9mo* ,+e <ir*+i; ,+em!el.e!$ ,+e ,+ree M+orde!M are "alled 3&! or M+udred!>M T+e& are
#ow re!)e",i.el& a! Ulu%3&!$ Grea, :udred GGrea, :ordeHE (ishi%3&!$ /i,,le :udredE ad
5rta%3&!$ 8iddle or 8edium :udred> T+i! di.i!io i,o ,+ree +orde! wa! o, "om)le,ed
u,il ,+e ed of ,+e !e.e,ee,+ "e,ur&> Bar,+old o,e!4 MT+e #+a T&aw#a$ w+o wa!
#ow a! ,+e le*i!la,or of +i! )eo)le$ ad w+o re"ei.ed a Ru!!ia em0a!!& i 169L ad a
<almu"# em0a!!& i 1696$ !,ill ruled o.er ,+e ,+ree +orde! ad +ad a re)re!e,a,i.e i
ea"+M GM<ir*i;$M )> 1023H>
6> 'f> N> Elia! ad (ei!o Ro!!$ $istory of the 2oghuls of 'entral sia$ )> 777>
7> Pbid6$ ))> 77L$ 776> \a!im 0ad +i! wi,er ?uar,er! i ,+e .alle& of ,+e <ara1Tal$ !ou,+ of
/a#e Bal#+a!+ ad ea!, of ,+e Ili>
2> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ pp6 [W%[V6
9> 'f> Bou.a,$ MShaibLni%khmn$M EP$ )> 721$ ad Empire mongol$ )> 191E :owor,+$ $istory of
the 2ongols/ PP$ 6371759E 9> Vam0Br&$ II$ 53192E 90uCl G+a;i Ba+adur #+a$ $istoire des
2ongols et des Tatares/ trans6 4esmaisons6
S673T
10> Greard$ Naber GPari!$ 1950H$ )> 73E "f> Vam0Br&$ II$ 6L>
11> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ p6 #W;6
17> T+i! wa! ideed ,+e ,ime of ,+e *rea, eA)a!io of ,+e <ir*+i;1 <a;a#+!> T+eir #+a \a!im$
w+o died i 1312$ wa! )ar,i"ularl& )owerful> 'f> Bar,+old$ M<ir*i;$M EP$ )> 1023>
15> 'f> Bar,+old$ i EP$ )> 73$ emedi* Vam0Br&$ II$ 191>
1L> Timur1!+a+$ !e"od #i* of 9f*+ai!,a of ,+e (urrai d&a!,& G1777195H$ !o ad
!u""e!!or of ,+e "ele0ra,ed 9+med ,+e (urrai>
13> 90uCl G+a;i$ ,ra!> (e!mai!o!$ ))> 19L1770E "f> Bar,+old$ M(hwLri!m$M EP$ )> 965>
16> 'f> 90uCl G+a;i$ ,ra!> (e!mai!o!$ ))> 5521532E Bou.a,$ Empire mongol$ )> 5L7>
17> 'f> 'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale au1 \VPPe et \VPPPe si]cles/ pp6 V"%V^6
12> 'f> Bar,+old$ MDar*+aaa$M EP$ )> 70$ ad M<+o#ad$M EP$ )> 1070E Nali.#ie ,ra!> (o;o$
$istoire du khanat de (hokand GPari!$ 1229H>
19> 'f> :owor,+$ $istory of the 2ongols/ PP$ 927E Bar,+old$ M<uYum #+a$M EP$ )> 1136E
'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale au1 \VPPe et \VPPPe si]cles/ pp6 V8et se96f bu'l Qha!i/ trans6
4esmaisons/ p6 #^^f 'bd al% (arim Nukhari/ trans6 '6 Schefer/ $istoire de l'sie 'entrale
:,aris/ #8^"/W vols6=/ p6 V;V6
ChapterC9
1> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ p6 "^6
7> Pbid6$ )> 63> T+e au,+or )la"e! ,+e 0a,,le i w+i"+ E!e ,oo# Vai! )ri!oer a, a !i,e "alled
8i*1la#>
5> T+e Ta'rikh%i -ashidi G)> 63H )la"e! ,+i! !e"od 0a,,le Ma, <a0a#a$ o ,+e 0order! of
8o*+oli!,a$ o, far from ,+e Ri.er 9ila+$M ide,ified wi,+ ,+e Ili4 ,+e Ila of ,+e $udud al%
lam Ged> 8ior!#&$ )> 71H>
L> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ pp6 "<%""6 Sayyid 'li was the son of Sayyid hmed%mir!a and grandson
of the celebrated (hudaidad :ibid6/ p6 "#=6
3> Dor ,+e affe",ioa,e wel"ome *i.e 0& Olu*+10e* ad S+a+ Ru#+ ,o Yuu!$ de!)i,e ,+e
!,u)idi,ie! of ,+e la,,erC! ad+ere,!$ !ee ibid6$ ))> 7L$ 2L>
6> Pbid6$ )> 73>
7> Pbid6$ )> 76>
2> Pbid6$ ))> 79120>
9> Pbid6$ )> 26>
10> Pbid6$ )> 93>
11> E.e,! o""urri* )rior ,o 1L62 GTa'rikh%i -ashidi/ pp6 [#%[W=6
17> Pbid6$ )> 93>
S676T
15> Pbid6$ ))> 27122>
1L> Pbid6$ ))> 991107>
13> Pbid6$ ))> 1061107>
16> T+e M:a1liM of ,+e 2ing%shih i! *i.e a! <+a 9+medC! fa,+er ad )rede"e!!or> Bu, Yuu!
wa! ,+e fa,+er of 9+med$ w+o !u""eeded +im i Ui*uri!,a> I, a))ear! ,+erefore ,+a, ,+e
2ing%shih ad ,+e Ta'rikh%i -ashidi ide,if& ,+e !ame )er!o 0& differe, ame!>
17> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi$ ))> 1171115$ w+ere 8u+ammad :aidar II "i,e! 8ir#+od> 'f> Vam0Br&$
II$ 19170>
12> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi$ ))> 117111L>
19> Pbid6$ )> 93>
70> Pbid6$ ))> 1171115>
71> Pbid6$ )> 97>
77> Pbid6$ ))> 1171115$ 170>
75> Pbid6$ )> 177>
7L> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi$ ))> 1131116>
73> Pbid6$ )> 112>
76> Pbid6$ ))> 170$ 1771175>
77> Pbid6$ ))> 175117L$ 176>
72> Pbid6$ ))> 155$ 573$ 577>
79> :e "o?uered <a!+*ar i 8a&1%ue$ 131L$ ad died o %ul& 9$ 1355>
50> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi$ )> 15L>
51> :aidar1mir;a wa! dou0l& 8o*ol i ori*i> T+rou*+ +i! mo,+er +e wa! a %e*+i;1<+ai,e$
a *rad!o of <+a Yuu!>
57> T+e 0oo# wa! wri,,e 0e,wee 13L1 ad 13L7> 'f> Bar,+old$ M$aidar%2mr!L$M EP$ )> 755>
55> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi$ )> 177>
5L> Elia! ad (ei!o Ro!!$ $istory of the 2oghuls of 'entral sia$ ))> 1511L>
53> M:e rei*! ,oda& i Turfa ad %ali!+ U<ara S+a+rVM wro,e :aidar1mir;a i 13L3 G)> 179H>
56> 2?moires concernant les 'hinois/ \PV$ 19>
57> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi/ pp6 #7V/ 7<;6
52> Sabdat at%Tavarikh/ in Elias and 4enison -oss/ $istory of the 2oghuls of 'entral sia/ p6
#W#6
59> P)> 577$ 579>
L0> $eft P9lim/ in @uatrem]re/ Aotes et e1traits/ \PV/ 7^76
L1> Elia! ad Ro!!$ $istory of the 2oghuls of 'entral sia$ )> 175>
L7> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi$ )> 571>
L5> Pbid6$ )> 593>
LL> 'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale au1 \VPPe et \VPPPe si]cles/ p6 <;6
S677T
L3> See 8ar,i :ar,ma$ MEi :eili*e!,aa, im I!lam$M Pslam6 5rient6$ I$ 193> Geerall&
!)ea#i*$ ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e! di!a))eared from <a!+*aria uder differe, "ir"um!,a"e!
from ,+o!e of '+ia$ &e, ,+e uderl&i* "au!e! ma& o, +a.e 0ee di!!imilar> I '+ia$ i
,+e fir!, +alf of ,+e four,ee,+ "e,ur&$ <u0laiC! de!"eda,! +ad allowed Budd+i!m ,o
a"?uire a !omew+a, eA"e!!i.e iflue"e$ ad ,+i! arou!ed ,+e +o!,ili,& of ,+e '+ie!e
li,era,i> I <a!+*aria$ ,+e de!"eda,! of %a*a,ai +ad 0e"ome !o !,ee)ed i 8u!lim )ie,i!m
a! ,o allow ,+em!el.e! ,o 0e el0owed ou, 0& ,+e M+ol& familie!M of I!lam> /a,er$ a! will 0e
!ee$ i ,+e !e.e,ee,+ "e,ur& Ti0e,a lamai!m +ad a o le!! ema!"ula,i* effe", u)o ,+e
Ordo!$ '+a+ar$ ad e.e ,+e <+al#a 8o*ol!> 9ll ,+e!e former 0ar0aria!$ w+e "o.er,ed$
,oo# ,o 8u!lim or Budd+i!, )ie,i!m wi,+ ,ou"+i* fer.or$ 0u, i ,+a, "o.er!io ,+e& ma&
+a.e lo!, !ome M.ir,ue$M or a, lea!, ,+eir warli#e ?uali,ie!> Wi,+ou, de&i* ,+e moral 0eau,&
of Budd+i!m or of ,+e 8u!lim m&!,i?ue$ we mu!, re"o*i;e ,+e fa", ,+a, i 8o*olia
lamai!m dulled ,+e 8o*ol !)iri, @u!, a! I!lam dea,ioali;ed ,+e la!, 8o*ol! of <a!+*aria
ad led ,+em i,o a 0i*o,r& ,+a, )a.ed ,+e wa& for ,+eir a0di"a,io i fa.or of ,+e a!,u,e
#+o@a!>
ChapterC:
1> 'oura, GL'sie 'entrale/ p6 ##= identifies Ugechi as a prince not of the (erg&d but of the
Trg&d or Torghut/ which were one of the four 5irat tribes6 For all this/ see Sanang Sechen/
pp6 #7V%#<<6
7> I am of Pellio,C! o)iio ,+a, ,+e 9ru?,ai of ,+e 8o*ol +i!,oria Saa* Se"+e
"orre!)od! )+oe,i"all& ,o ,+e 91lu1,Cai of ,+e 2ingshih> I, i! ,rue ,+a, ,+e 2ing%shih !+ow!
91lu1,Cai )la&i* a ma@or )ar, i e.e,! a, a ,ime w+e Saa* Se"+e me,io! +i! 9ru?,ai
a! 0ei* +eld )ri!oer> :owor,+ G$istory of the 2ongols/ P$ 535H ,a#e! ,+i! a! +i! *roud!
for ide,if&i* ,+e 91lu1,Cai of ,+e '+ie!e o, wi,+ ,+e 9!od "+ief 9ru?,ai 0u, wi,+ ,+e
<+or"+i "+ief 9dai> Su"+ a ide,ifi"a,io a))ear! )+oe,i"all& u,ea0le> T+ere !eem! i
a& "a!e ,o 0e !ome "ofu!io i ,+i! )ar, of ,+e 2ing%shih> T+e !ame di!"re)a"& i! ,o 0e
foud 0e,wee Saa* Se"+e ad ,+e 2ing%shih i "oe",io wi,+ ,+e Oira, "+ief
8a+amu> Saa* Se"+e !a&! ,+a, ,+e Oira, "+ief i )ower duri* ,+e fir!, &ear! of ,+e
fif,ee,+ "e,ur& wa! "alled Ba,ula$ ad ,+a, +e wa! !u""eeded G"a> 1L13$ 1L12H 0& +i! !o
Ba#+amu M!uramed To*+o>M Ye, a""ordi* ,o ,+e 2ing%shih$ ,+e )er!o "orre!)odi* ,o
Ba,ula wa! "alled 8a+amu ad +i! !oC! ame wa! To*+o>
5> Pellio,$ i T, G191LH$ )> 6L1E 8oule$ 'hristians in 'hina$ ))> 760$ 76L>
S672T
L> Saa* Se"+eC! 5l3)i Tem&r ad ,+e ,en%ya%sh%li of ,+e 2ingshih do !eem ,o re)re!e,
oe ad ,+e !ame )er!o$ al,+ou*+ ,+e "+roolo*i"al da,a of ,+e ,wo !our"e! Gad ,+e!e are
e?uall& "ofu!edH do o, eAa",l& "orre!)od i de,ail>
3> T+e <+or"+i!$ i ,+e %e*+i;1<+ai,e mili,ar& .o"a0ular&$ were ,+e 0od&*uard$ ,+e M?ui.er
0earer!>M Pellio,$ i K G1970H$ )> 171$ ad T, G1950H$ )> 57E 8o!,aer,$ i MOrdo!i"a$M )> L1>
6> Ye, a""ordi* ,o Saa* Se"+e G,ra!> S"+mid,$ )> 131H$ ,+e Oira, "+ief To*+o wa! doe
,o dea,+ i 1L59 i a m&!,eriou! ad mira"ulou! wa& 0& ,+e !+ade of %e*+i; <+a$ w+o
wa! a*ered 0& ,+e 0olde!! of ,+e u!ur)er i ro00i* +i! de!"eda,!>
7> Saa* Se"+e ,e!,ifie! ,+a, ,+e "a),i.e wa! well1,rea,ed4 ME!e e,ru!,ed ,+e em)eror ,o ,+e
"are of ,+e chingsang 9lima$ 0iddi* +im ,o ,ed ,o ,+e "a),i.e amo* ,+e SiA T+ou!ad
U"+i&ed!$ i a "ou,r& w+ere ,+e "lima,e i! mild i wi,er>M 9! !oo a! +e wa! relea!ed$ ,+e
em)eror eA)re!!ed +i! *ra,i,ude ,o ,+e U"+i&ed! 0& loadi* ,+em wi,+ )re!e,!>
2> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi$ )> 91> T+e )a!!a*e i! o0!"ure or "orru),>
9> 'f> Ta'rikh%i -ashidi$ )> 777>
10> Pbid6$ )> 775>
11> Bar,+old$ M<almu"#!$M EP$ )> 7L5>
17> 'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale/ p6 "6
15> Nara'un%ghar/ 3e'un%ghar/ in the Secret $istory6 'f6 2ostaert/ *5rdosica/* pp6 7[%<;6
1L> TIme, or TImed !i*ifie! ,+e Te T+ou!ad>
13> 'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale/ pp6 ^%[6 2ost of these tribes e1ist today_ the 'hahars north of the
Qreat 0all/ north of Shansif the (halkas in 5uter 2ongolia/ from the Ubsa Aor to the Nor
Aorf the Uriangkhans were abolished by 4ayan himselff the 5rdos still inhabit the *5rdos*
:loop of the +ellow -iver=f the Tilmed lie northeast of the loopf and the (harachin remain
in southern Kehol/ north of $opei6
16> T+e M"a)i,al$M ,+a, i!$ 9l,aC! walled "am) a, <wei+wa"+e*$ ,+e 0ore ,+e ame of
Bai!+i*> 'f> 8o!,aer,$ MOrdo!i"a$M )> 57>
17> Aoyandara 3inong$ Nayisangghur$ 5yidarma$ Aomtarni$ Nuyangghulai$ Nan3ara$ Nadma
Sambhava$ murdara$ ad 5ghla9an G8o!,aer,$ MOrdo!i"a$M )> 72H>
12> Pbid6$ )> 31>
19> 'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale/ pp6W^ et se96/ according to the Tung hua lu6
70> Pbid6$ )> 51$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e Tung hua lu>
71> I, !eem! ,+a, i ,+e Ordo! "ou,r& ,+ere were !,ill !ur.i.al! of ,+e Ne!,oriai!m of ,+e
R*I, )eriod> T+i! wa! ,rue of ,+e "la of
S679T
,+e Er#e*Id$ w+o!e ame deo,ed M'+ri!,iaM i %e*+i;1<+ai,e 8o*olia G)rk)g&nH> 'f>
8o!,aer,$ MOrdo!i"a>M
77> Bor i 13L0$ died i 1326> :e wa! ,+e *rea,1*radfa,+er of ,+e +i!,oria Saa* Se"+e>
75> 'f> 8o!,aer,$ MAotes sur le (hutuktai Setsen (hung Taid!i$M i MOrdo!i"a$M )> 36>
7L> G> :u,+$ Qeschichte des Nuddhismus in der 2ongolei/ PP$ 700 e, !e?>$ 771$ 576E G>
S"+ulema$ Qeschichte des 4alailamas G:eidel0er*$ 1911H$ ))> 110 e, !e?>$ 171 e, !e?>E
'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale/ p6 #V6
73> Saa* Se"+e$ of ,+e )ri"el& G%e*+i;1<+ai,e ad (a&aidH famil& of ,+e Ordo! of ,+e
U!+i Baer$ re"ei.ed i 165L from Eri"+i 3inong$ +ead of ,+e !eior Ordo! 0ra"+
GBaer of Wa*H$ ,+e ,i,le of Er#e Se"+e <+o*,ai@i> :e "om)le,ed +i! +i!,or& of ,+e
ea!,er 8o*ol! i 1667> T+e da,e of +i! dea,+ i! u#ow>
76> 'f> 8ailla$ IZ$ 1551136>
77> Dor ,+e old 8a"+u "la!$ !ee E> :aei!"+$ MNeitr)ge !ur altmandschurischen
Qeschlechterkunde$M FF$$ ))> 171112L>
72> 8o!,aer,$ MOrdo!i"a$M ))> 76$ 59>
79> Dor ,+e ori*i of ,+i! word$ !ee Bar,+old$ M<almu"#!$M EP$ )> 7L5>
50> 'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale/ p6 "6
51> 'f> Pellio,$ i K$ II G191LH$ 127$ drawi* a,,e,io ,o "er,ai "ofu!io! 0& 'oura,>
57> Pellio,$ MNo,e! !ur le Tur#e!,a$M T, G1950H$ )> 50>
55> 'f> Pellio,$ i K$ II G191LH$ 127$ ad %> (e&$ M/a*ue! mo*ole!$M i Les langues du
monde/ p6 WWV6 t times 'ourant identifies the 5lt not with the 'horos but with the
(hoshot6
5L> (e&$ M/a*ue! mo*ole!$M )> 751>
53> 'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale/ p6 7;6
56> Bar,+old$ M8a*i!+la#$M EP$ )> 739>
57> 'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale/ pp6 77%7<6
52> Pbid6$ ))> 15L1156>
59> :u,+$ Qeschichte des Nuddhismus/ PP$ 7L2$ 763 Ga""ordi* ,o ,+e Kigs%med%nam%mkaH$ Tung
hua lu$ i 'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale/ pp6 WV%W<f Schulemann/ Qeschichte des 4alailamas/ p6
#VVf 06 -ockhill/ *The 4alai%Lamas of Lhasa/* T, :#[#;=/ p6 ^6
L0> 'f> :u,+$ Qeschichte des Nuddhismus/ PP$ 769E S"+ulema$ Qeschichte des 4alailamas/
pp6 #"#%#^;f -ockhill/ *The 4alai%Lamas of Lhasa/* T, :#[#;=/ p6 W;f 'ourant/ L'sie
'entrale/ p6 #;6 Some vivid pages are in 2ailla/ \P/ W#"6
L1> 'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale/ p6 V^6
L7> T+e 8o*ol d! 0e"ame ! i <almu"#$ !o ,+a, ,+e )rou"ia,io of ,+e word 4!ungar
0e"ame Xu*ar$ w+e"e ,+e !)elli* MSou*arM
u!ed 0& 'oura,> 'f> (e&$ M/a*ue! mo*ole!$M i Langues du monde/ p6 WW76
S650T
L5> 'f> Tung hua lu$ i 'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale/ p6 7[6
LL> (hongtai3i$ from ,+e '+ie!e huang t'ai%tsu/ prince imperial6 'f6 ,elliot/ *Aotes sur le
Turkestan/* T, :#[V;=/ p6 776
L3> 'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale/ p6 786
L6> Pbid6$ )> L7>
L7> T+e e.e,! ,+a, ,oo# )la"e 0e,wee BaCa,ur1#+o*,ai@iC! dea,+ ad GaldaC! a""e!!io are
!omew+a, o0!"ure> T+ere are "o,radi",or& .er!io! i ,+e Tung hua lu$ ,+e Sheng wu ki$
8ailla$ ad ,+e 8Bmoire! "o"era, le! '+ioi!> Re"o!,i,u,io 0& Po;dee.$ i 'oura,$
L'sie 'entrale/ p6 78/ n6 #6
L2> Pbid6$ )> L9$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e Tung hua lu>
L9> 'f> 8> :ar,ma$ 'hinesisch%Turkestan G:alle$ 1902H$ ))> 17$ L3E Bar,+old$ M<a!+*ar$M EP$
II$ 253E 'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale/ p6 <;f Sheng wu ki/ trans6 Lepage/ in 2ission d'5llone/
-echerches sur les musulmans chinois/ p6 VV;6
30> Tung hua lu$ i 'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale/ p6 <76
31> Pbid6$ ))> 5515L$ 33>
37> Pbid6$ )> 37> (a,e of ,+e 0a,,le4 79,+ da&$ 7,+ moo of 1690 GSe),em0er 7H>
35> <Ca*1+!i wa! a""om)aied o ,+i! "am)ai* 0& Phre Ger0illo$ ,o w+om we owe ,+e
)i",ure!?ue de,ail! *i.e 0& 8ailla$ ZI$93 et se9>
3L> Tung hua lu$ i 'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale/ pp6 <"%"V6
33> (e&$ M/a*ue! mo*ole!$M i Langues du monde/ p6 WW#6
36> 8o!,aer,$ MLes noms des clans che! les 2ongols 5rdos$M i MOrdo!i"a$M ))> 71et se9>
37> 'f> 'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale/ pp6 "7/ "^6
32> Bar,+old$ M<ir*i;$M EP$ )> 1023E 'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale/ p6 "<6
39> 'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale/ p6 ""/ according to the Tung hua lu6
60> Pbid6$ )> 62>
61> 'f> :u,+$ Qeschichte des Nuddhismus/ PP/ W"[f Schulemann/ Qeschichte des 4alailamas/
pp6 #"#%#^;f -ockbill/ *The 4alai%Lamas of Lhasa/* T, :#[#;=/ pp6 W;%V"f 2ailla/ \P/
W#"6
67> 'f> 'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale/ p6^^ :according to the Tung hua lu=f Schulemann/ Qeschichte
des 4alailamas/ p6 #^#f -ockhill/ *The 4alai%Lamas of Lhasa/* T, :#[#;=/ pp6 V8%7Vf E6
$aenisch/ *Nruchst&cke aus der Qeschichte 'hinas/ P/ 4ie Eroberung von Tibet/ aus dem
'Feld!ug gegen die 4!ungaren/'* T, :#[##=/ p6 #[^6
65> 'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale/ p6 ^[/ according to the Tung hua lu6
6L> 'oura,$ ibid6$ )> 2L$ ,+i#! ,+i! would +a.e 0ee a0ou, 177L>
63> Se.e,+ moo G9u*u!,H$ 1751>
66> Dif,+ moo G%ueH$ !ummer of 1751>
S651T
67> Te,+ moo GNo.em0erH$ 1751>
62> Ei*+,+ moo$ 3,+ da& GSe),em0er 75H$ 1757>
69> 9""ordi* ,o ,+e Tung hua lu$ i 'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale/ p6 8"6
70> Tung hua lu$ ibid6$ ))> 27129>
71> (ar@aC! eAe"u,io ad (awa@iC! a""e!!io$ 1735$ 0efore ,+e 3,+ moo G!,ar,i* %ue 7H>
'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale/ p6 [[/ according to the Tung hua lu6
77> Tung hua lu$ ibid6$ ))> 991105>
75> Pa1,iC! !ui"ide$ 79,+ da& of ,+e 2,+ moo of 1733 GO",o0er LH$ a""ordi* ,o ,+e Tung hua
lu$ ibid6$ ))> 1031106>
7L> Iforma,io from ,+e Tung hua lu a0ou, ,+i! !,ru**le$ w+i"+ ,oo# ,+e form of *uerrilla ad
"ou,er*uerrilla warfare$ a""om)aied 0& mer"ile!! re)re!!i.e mea!ure! 0& ,+e '+ie!e
Gibid6$ ))> 106111LH>
73> Tung hua lu$ ibid6$ )> 157> 'f> 9l0er, :errma$ tlas of 'hina$ 8a) 67>
76> Dif,+ ad 6,+ moo! G%ue1%ul&H$ 1732>
77> 'a),ure of <a!+*ar 0& ,+e '+ie!e$ 6,+ moo G9u*u!,H$ 1739> Dor all ,+e!e e.e,!$ ,+e 0e!,
!our"e i! ,+e Tung hua lu$ i 'oura,$ L'sie 'entrale/ pp6 ##<%#W;6
72> 'f> C bd al%(arim Nukbari$ ,ra!> S"+efer$ $istoire de l'sie 'entrale/ pp6 W8</ W8"6
S657T