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The document provides a detailed list and genealogy of the kings of the Odrysian, Astaean, and Sapaean kingdoms of Thrace from around 480 BC to AD 46. It notes that the identities, relationships, and reigns of many of the Thracian kings are uncertain or conjectural due to limited evidence. The Thracian tribes failed to unite until the 5th century BC under powerful kings like Sitalkes and Kotys I, though the kingdom was later divided and challenged by neighboring powers like Macedon and Rome. By AD 46, Thrace was annexed as a Roman province after the murder of King Roimétalkes III.
The document provides a detailed list and genealogy of the kings of the Odrysian, Astaean, and Sapaean kingdoms of Thrace from around 480 BC to AD 46. It notes that the identities, relationships, and reigns of many of the Thracian kings are uncertain or conjectural due to limited evidence. The Thracian tribes failed to unite until the 5th century BC under powerful kings like Sitalkes and Kotys I, though the kingdom was later divided and challenged by neighboring powers like Macedon and Rome. By AD 46, Thrace was annexed as a Roman province after the murder of King Roimétalkes III.
The document provides a detailed list and genealogy of the kings of the Odrysian, Astaean, and Sapaean kingdoms of Thrace from around 480 BC to AD 46. It notes that the identities, relationships, and reigns of many of the Thracian kings are uncertain or conjectural due to limited evidence. The Thracian tribes failed to unite until the 5th century BC under powerful kings like Sitalkes and Kotys I, though the kingdom was later divided and challenged by neighboring powers like Macedon and Rome. By AD 46, Thrace was annexed as a Roman province after the murder of King Roimétalkes III.
The Thracian tribes failed to achieve any semblance of unity until the rise of Odrysian power during the first half of the 5 th century BC. But while powerful kings like Sitalks and Kotys I managed to unite the tribes under them and to carry out an aggressive policy towards their neighbors (e.g., Macedon and the Greek colonies on the seacoast), the potential for tribal disunity and multiple kingship remained. On the death of Kotys I in 360, Thrace was effectively divided between three kings, who were all subjugated by Philippos II of Macedon by 341. Nevertheless, the Thracian kingship was not completely eliminated, and Seuths III repeatedly challenged the authority of Alexandros III, his generals and successors, including Lysimakhos, governor from 323 and king 306281. Seuths III also imitated Hellenistic monarchs by founding a regularly planned city and naming it after himself (Seuthopolis). While much of Thrace effectively escaped Macedonian control at this time, Seuths death coincided with another period of disunity and the invasion of the Gauls, who set up their own small kingdom at Tylis (location unknown) on Thracian territory. During this period the identity, sequence, and relations of Thracian rulers are very poorly known, and Thracian political history becomes only a little better- illuminated during the period of Romes wars with Macedon during the first half of the 2 nd century. By 100, in addition to the apparently senior Astaean line of kings, a line of Sapaean dynasts ruled in parts of Thrace. On the death of the last Astaean king in 11 BC, the Roman emperor Augustus conferred all of Thrace to his Sapaean uncle Roimtalks I. In AD 46, on the murder of Roimtalks III by his wife, the kingdom of Thrace was annexed as a province by the Roman emperor Claudius I. The list below (which may not be exhaustive) includes the known Odrysian and Sapaean kings of Thrace, but much of it is conjectural. The distinction made here between the rival Odrysian and Astaean successors of Seuths III is largely arbitrary, the genealogical relationships are all too often inferred from circumstantial considerations (chronology, geography, onomastic patterns) and the few new pieces of evidence that have come to light from recent archaeological work. 1 Names are presented in (Greek) standardized forms.
Odrysian kings of Thrace c.480c.450 Trs I son of Odryss? c.450:431 Sparatokos son of Trs I :431424 Sitalks son of Trs I 424405: Seuths I son of Sparatokos :405:391 Mtokos son of (?) Sitalks :391390: Amatokos I son of Mtokos 2
390:387: Seuths II son of Maisads, son of (?) Sparatokos; rival since :401 :386: Hebryzelmis son of (?) Seuths I :384360 Kotys I son of (?) Seuths II 3
360341 Kersoblepts son of Kotys I; in eastern Thrace; deposed 360357 Brisads son of (?) Saratokos, son of (?) Seuths I; in western Thrace 360351 Amatokos II son of Amatokos I; in central Thrace 357352 Ketriporis son of Brisads; in western Thrace; deposed 351341 Trs II son of Amatokos II; in central Thrace; deposed 341331 (to Macedon) 331305: Seuths III son of (?) Kotys I Kotys II 4 son of Seuths III Raizdos 5 son of (?) Kotys II
1 For example, the discovery of a coin of Sitalks (who is thus not identical with Saratokos), of a king Seuths (not the same as Seuths III), son of a Trs (perhaps the like-named son of Seuths III), and the plausible ascription of the Kazanlk Tomb to Roigos (known from coins), son of a Seuths (who cannot be Seuths III). 2 So in Taeva (2006); Mtokos and Amatokos I are often considered to be the same person. 3 Or possibly of Seuths I, as in Topalov (1994), though the historical background may still favor Seuths II. 4 It is uncertain if he reigned as king, as he is known only from an Athenian inscription honoring Rboulas, brother of Kotys and son of Seuths from 331/330. The succession to Seuths III remains unclear. Towards the end of his reign, his wife Berenik and her four sons (not including Kotys or his brother Rboulas) made a treaty with two other Thracian dynasts, Spartokos of Kabyl and Epimens; other dynasts: Skostokos and Kersibaulos. 5 It is uncertain if he reigned as king (unless identical to Roigos), as he is only attested as father of Kotys III. I. Mladjov, Page 2/2 :261: Kotys III son of Raizdos Raiskouporis I 6 son of Kotys III (to the Astaean kings of Thrace?)
Astaean kings of Thrace Trs III 7 son of Seuths III Seuths IV son of Trs III :255: Trs IV son of (?) Seuths IV Roigos son of Seuths IV Seuths V 8 son of (?) Roigos :184: Amatokos III son of (?) Seuths V :171167: Kotys IV son of Seuths V :148: Trs V son of (?) Amatokos III :146: Beithys 9 son of Kotys IV Kotys V son of (?) Beithys :8779: Sadalas I son of Kotys V :5748 Kotys VI son of Sadalas I 4842 Sadalas II son of Kotys VI 4231 Sadalas III son of (?) Sadalas II 3118 Kotys VII son of Sadalas II 1811 Raiskouporis II son of Kotys VII (to the Sapaean kings of Thrace 11 BC)
Sapaean kings of Thrace Kotys I son of (?) Roimtalks :4842 Raiskouporis I son of Kotys I 4231 Kotys II son of Raiskouporis I 31 BCAD 12 Roimtalks I 10 son of Kotys II; all Thrace 11 BC 1219 Raiskouporis II son of Kotys II & 1218 Kotys III son of Roimtalks I 1938 Roimtalks II son of Raiskouporis II 3846 Roimtalks III son of Kotys III (Roman province of Thracia 46)
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY: Archibald, Z., The Odrysian kingdom of Thrace, Oxford, 1998 Barloewen, W.-D., ed., Abriss der Geschichte Antiker Randkulturen, Munich, 1961 Beevliev, V., Prouvanija vrhu linite imena u trakite, Sofia, 1965 Jurukova, J., Monetite na trakijskite plemena i vladeteli, Sofia, 1992 Sullivan, R., Near Eastern Royalty and Rome, Toronto, 1990. Taeva, M., Istorija na blgarskite zemi v drevnostta prez elinistieskata i rimskata epoha, Sofia, 1997 Taeva, M., The Kings of Ancient Thrace, vol. 1, Sofia, 2006. Topalov, S., The Odrysian Kingdom from the Late 5 th to the Mid-4 th C. B.C., Sofia, 1994
6 It is not entirely certain if he reigned as sole king. 7 It is uncertain if he reigned as king, as he is attested only as a son of Seuths III and as father of Seuths IV, which also assumes that these indicators refer to the same Trs. 8 It is uncertain if he reigned as king, as he is attested only as the father of Kotys IV. 9 It is uncertain if he reigned as king, unless he is identical with a certain Byzs attested in c.146. 10 Gaius Iulius (Gaios Ioulios) as Roman citizen, a name inherited by his descendants.