Ppe Unit 01 Combined Power Plants and Comparison V+

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Power Plant Engineering - Unit I Combined Power plants and their comparisons
The maximum steam temperature in a power cycle exceeds 600*C but
the pulverized coal furnace temperature is about 1300*C. So there is a
lot of energy wasted in the power plant. To increase the efficiency and
reduce the fuel, the combined power cycles are introduced by'
superposing a high temperature power plant as a topping unit to the
steam plant.
The combined plants may be of the following types:
1. Gas turbine-steam turbine power plant
2. Thermionic-steam power plant
3. Thermo electric-steam power plant
4. M.H.D- steam power plant. .
5. Nuclear-steam combined power plant
6. MHD-Gas turbine power plant.
1.Gas turbine-steam turbine power plant - It is the combination of
simple gas turbine power plant and steam power plant. In the gas turbine
unit, the heat from the exhausted gas is recovered by a heat recovery
boiler and the steam is produced by using this heat in the boiler and it
goes to the steam turbine, Here, two generators are used to produce the
power. One generator is connected to the gas turbine unit and the other
generator is connected to the steam turbine unit. The efficiency of this
combined unit is about 45%. '
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2. Thermionic-steam power plant
Principles of thermionic-power generation
Metals have free electrons. A metal electrode which is called an emitter
is heated until it is hot enough to release electrons from its surface. This
electron crosses a small gap and is stored on a cooled metal electrode
called collector.
To reduce the energy loss, the gap is maintained with vacuum space.
The electrons enter the collector and return through an external load to
the emitter by producing electrical power. The thermionic-generator
transforms heat directly into power. The below fig shows a combined
MHD generator with a thermionic generator.
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In this, the waste heat from and MHD generator is (about 1900*C) used
to heat 'the thermionic device with the addition of a high temperature
emitters like tungsten or rhenium.
3. Thermo electric-steam power plant
principles of thermoelectric-steam power generation: - It is similar to
a thermocouple with the difference that the thermo- elements are made
up of semi conductors P and N, heat is given to the hot junction and the
heat is removed from the cold junction.
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The thermocouple principle is when the junctions of two dissimilar
wires A and B are maintained at two different temperatures, a potential
difference is developed called Seeback effect
Here applying the first law of thermodynamics to the upper plate as
control volume, T1 - T0 will generate a Seeback voltage. Both junctions
are made up of copper elements.
To obtain large outputs, the thermo electric generator can be
incorporated in the fuel elements of nuclear reactors.
The waste heat of gas turbines and diesel engines can also be utilized for
thermo electric power generation. By operating with a higher
temperature range, the over all efficiency would be higher.
4. M.H.D- steam power plant. .
The combined MHD steam power plant is either in an open cycle or in a
closed cycle. If the gas is entering the MHD duct at about 3000*C, it
could be expanded to ambient temperature and the would have reached
90%. But MHD power output is restricted to temperature fall of 2000*C
because of very low electrical conductivity. To, the MHD exhausted at
about 2000*C is utilized in raising steam to drive turbine and generates
power.
Open Cycle MBD - In open cycle MHD, the products of combustion
with preheated air are seeded with 1 % potassium and it is entered in the
MHD duct at about 2500-3000K where some part of internal energy is
converted to electricity. The exhaust from the MHD duct is used to
preheat the steam and air.
Closed Cycle MI-ID - In closed cycle, helium (or argon) gas is seeded
with cesium and it is heated in a nuclear reactor and then it is passed into
the MHD duct. After that it is passed into the steam generating system.
The duct wall material used in MHD generator is strontium zirconate,
magnesium oxide, and hafnium. The Tungsten or Carbon electrodes are
used.
5. Nuclear-steam combined power plant - 4. Nuclear-steam
Combined Power Plant - In this combined cycle, heated helium gas is
used to run the helium turbine. First, helium gas is compressed in the
compressor to raise its pressure and temperature. Then it is preheated in
the Regenerators. This preheated helium is again heated in high
temperature gas cooled reactor (HTGR). After this, this high temperature
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helium gas is expanded in the turbine to produce electricity in the
generator. Both the compression and expansion processes are carried out
isentropically. Then the exhausted helium gas is sent to the regenerator.
Here it is again heated. This helium gas is passed to the feed water to
make steam.
The feed water coming in to the feed is heated by heat released by

helium gas. The steam is collected in steam boiler. Here supplementary
heat supply is given to the steam-water mixture. The super heated steam
is produced due to this supplementary heat. Then this steam is expanded
in steam turbine isentropically, After expansion, the steam is condensed
in steam condenser. The condensed steam will become as water now. It
is passed to the feed pump to raise its pressure. Finally, it is sent to the
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feed water heater. Both the cycles are closed cycles, Here, topping cycle
is helium gas turbine cycle and bottoming cycle is Rankine cycle. So,
the overall efficiency this combined cycle is dependent on the individual
efficiency of topping and bottoming cycles.The only disadvantage is, the
thermal efficiency of this cycle is less because of its high temperature
gas cooled reactor.
6. MHD-Gas turbine power plant. - here One MHD and one gas
turbine power plant are connected in series which means heat rejected by
MHD plant is fully utilized to heat the air inside the combustion
chamber in gas turbine power plant. by this, heat action by the cycle is
reduced drastically so that the efficiency of the combined cycle will
increase. The overall efficiency can be off 70 - 72%.
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plants The maximum steam temperature in a power cycle exceeds 600*C, but
the pulverized coal furnace temperature is about 1300*C. So there is a
lot of energy wasted in the power plant. To increase the efficiency and
reduce the fuel, the combined power cycles are introduced by
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superposing a high temperature power plant as a topping unit to the low
temperature as a bottoming unit.
The combined plants may be of the following types:
1. Gas turbine-steam turbine plant .
2. MHD-Gas turbine power plant
3. Gas turbine and combined cycle cogeneration plant.
1. Gas turbine-steam turbine plant: - It is the combination of simple
gas turbine power plant and steam power plant, The two cycles of Gas
turbine Steam turbine power plant are connected in series, the topping
cycle on Brayton cycle and the bottoming one operating on Rankine
In the gas turbine unit, the heat from the exhausted gas turbine is
recovered by a heat recovery boiler and the steam is produced by using
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this heat in the boiler and it goes to the steam turbine. Here two
generators are used to produce the power.
One generator is connected to the gas turbine unit and the other
generator is connected to the steam turbine unit. So, the overall heat
rejection will be reduced. As a result of this, the overall efficiency will
increase. It is given by = 1 + 2 - 12
Where :1 and 2 are the thermal efficiencies of the Brayton cycle and
the steam cycle respectively. The achievable overall efficiency may be
in the range of 40 - 45%.
2. MHD-Gas Turbine Power Plant - here One MHD and one gas
turbine power plant are connected in series which means heat rejected by
MHD plant is fully utilized to heat the air inside the combustion
chamber in gas turbine power plant. by this, heat action by the cycle is
reduced drastically so that the efficiency of the combined cycle will
increase. The overall efficiency can be off 70 - 72%.
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3. Gas turbine and combined cycle cogeneration plant - The power
plant which produces both thermal and electrical energy is called a
cogeneration plant. By this, the conversion efficiency of 33% for
electricity and 53% for thermal output are captured. The remaining 14%
goes as waste heat, In usual cycles, the air after expansion in the turbine
is condensed in condenser. The steam is produced by using heat rejected
by air in the condenser.
The device in which steam is produced is known as heat recovery

generator (HRSG). This steam is for further works. The cogeneration
cycles are mainly used in process heating, absorption cooling and space
heating operations.
Advantages of Combined Cycles
1. Low environmental effect.
2. Small amount of water required.
3. Low investment cost.
4. The efficiency of combined cycle plant is more than the open cycle
power plant.
5. When compared with ordinary steam plants, these plants produce less
smoke,
6. simplicity of operation.
7. Great operating flexibility.
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8. It gives high ratio of power output to fuel.
Comparison of various Power Plants
1. Thermal power plant Vs Hydro-plant:
Sl.No Thermal power plant
Hydro power plant
1
Initial cost is low.
Initial cost is high.
2
Located near to load center..
Not like that
3
Transmission losses are less.
Transmission losses are high
4
Power production is not
It is only dependent on nature's
dependent on nature's mercy.
mercy.
5
Construction time is less.
Initial construction requires long
time.
6
Power generation cost is high Power generation cost is less
7
Air pollution is more.
No air pollution.
8
Fuel transportation is difficult. No fuel transportation.
9
Life of the plant is less.
Life of the plant is high.
10
Efficiency of the plant is less
Efficiency of the plant is. high.
11
Not suitable for peak load
It is suitable.
plant.
2. Steam power plant Vs Nuclear power plant:
Sl.No Steam power plant
Nuclear power plant
1
It is not suitable where water. and
No such constraints.
coal resources are not available.
2
Fuel storage space is required.
No fuel storage space.
3
Requirement of workmen is very
Can be managed with very
high..
less number of workmen
4
Capital cost is high.
Capital cost is less when
size of plant is increased.
5
No radioactive materials
Radioactive wastes.
6
Space requirement is high.
Space requirement is less.
7
Steam power plants are affected by It will not be affected by
weather conditions.
adverse weather conditions
8
It requires large quantity of ' water. It does not require large
quantity of water.
9
Large quantity of fuel is required.
Less quantity of fuel
required.
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10
11
12
Maintenance cost is less.

Maintenance cost is high.
Operating cost is high.
Operating cost in less. .
Steam Power plant efficiency
Nuclear Power plant
= 20 to 30%.
efficiency = 30 to 32%.'
3. Diesel power plant Vs Gas turbine power plant
Sl.No Diesel power plant
Gas turbine power plant
1
The efficiency of the diesel The efficiency of the simple gas
power plant is about 35 to turbine power plant is 20 to 42%.
25%.
2
Only particular fuel should The fuel of different qualities can
be used.
be used in this plant.
3
The work output is high.
The network output is less.
4
It is not require special The unit is operated at high
metals.
temperature and pressure so special
metals are required.
5
Cost of the plant is less.
Gas turbine cost is high.
6
Limited plant capacity.
Capacity of the plant is higher than
diesel power plant.
7
Not suitable for continuous It can be work on over loads.
over loads.
8
Lubrication cost is high.
lubrication cost is less.
9
No ash-handling problem.
It has ash handling.
10
Life of the plant is less.
Life of the plant is high when
compared to diesel power plant.
Selection of Power Plant - The following factors should be considered
for the selection of power plant:
1 . Depending on the load requirement ; 2. Availability of fuel and water
3. Availability of fuel storage facility; 4. Transportation facility.
5. Availability of land ; 6. Environmental conditions
7. Efficiency of the plant ; 8. Capacity of the plant.
9. Distance from the load center., 10. Life of the plant.
l l . Availability of time period for power production.; 12. Cost of the
fuel used; 13. Nature of losses.; 14. Requirements of labours.
15. Depending on the noise of vibration.
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Ppe Unit 01 Combined Power Plants and Comparison V+

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The feed water coming in to the feed is heated by heat released by

The device in which steam is produced is known as heat recovery

Maintenance cost is less.

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