MAGNETIC & DI-ELECTRIC

PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS

Contents

• Introduction
• Importance
• Origin of magnetism
• Structures
• properties
• Classification
• Specific application
• Manufacturers
WHAT IS (Magnetic Ceramics) FERRITE ?
Ceramic magnets containing iron as a major constituent.
Ferrites are a class of chemical compounds
with the formula AB2O4, where A and B
represent various metal cations, usually
including iron. These ceramic materials are
used in applications ranging from magnetic
components in microelectronics.

Why should be Ferrite?

High intrinsic resistivity.
 The intrinsic magnetic properties of a material are
determined by the electronic structure & the crystal
structure
 According to Pauli’s Exclusion principle, only two
electrons can occupy a given energy level and these two
electrons must have opposite spins.
 A net magnetic moment occurs only when electron
energy levels are half filled, such as in the transition
elements, rare earth elements.

 Orbital Magnetic Movement

( -1 Bohr Magnetron)

 Spin Magnetic Movement

=electron
= neutron
= proton
Fundamental Concept
-Origin of Magnetism
Ferrite composition and structure

Cubic ferrites

Spinel General structure MFe2O4, where Fe is trivalent

and M is divalent Ni, Mn, Mg, Zn, Cu, Co, or a mixture
Garnet General structure R3Fe5O12, where Fe is trivalent
and R is a trivalent rare earth, typically Y or Gd.

Hexagonal ferrites

Various Structures BaFe12O9, Ba2MFe12O22,

BaM2Fe16O27
Ba3M2Fe24O41, Ba2M2Fe28O46
Ba4M2Fe36O60, where M is
divalent
Ni,Co,Zn or Mg, and Ba can be
replaced by Sr and Pb.
 Orthorhombic ferrites

Pervoskite General structure RFeO3, where R is trivalent

rare earth and Fe is trivalent and can be
partially replaced by trivalent Ni, Mn, Cr, Co
Al, Ca or V5+

1. 8/64 Tetrahedral sites

2. 6/32 Octahedral sites
3. MeOFe2O3 (Me: a divalent ion)
4. Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+Ni2+, Cu2+, zn2+

<The unit cell of a magnetic inverse spinel>

Property of Spinel Ferrites

A. Low magnetic anisotropic

Magnetically ‘soft’
Exception: Containing ‘Co2+’
-> Very high Coercivity(-Hc).

Garnets: model Y3Fe5O12(YIG)

A. Group of iso structuralminerals with the general

composition (3R’O-R’’2O3-3SiO2)
B. YIG ( Yttrium iron garnet ) : Ferrimagnetic
-> Microwave material
C. Large cubic unit cell (a=1200pm)
containing 160 atoms
Soft-Hard Ferrite

Soft ferrites
Ferrites that are used in transformer or
electromagnetic cores contain nickel,
zinc, or manganese compounds. They
have a low coercivity and are called soft
ferrites. Because of their comparatively
low losses at high frequencies, they are
extensively used in the cores of Switched-
Mode Power Supply (SMPS) and RF
transformers and inductors. A common
ferrite, abbreviated "MnZn," is composed of
the oxides of manganese and zinc.

< Magnetic Hysteresis >

Hard ferrites
In contrast, permanent ferrite magnets (or "hard ferrites"), which have a
high remanence after magnetization, are composed of iron and barium or
strontium oxides. In a magnetically saturated state they conduct magnetic
flux well and have a high magnetic permeability. This enables these so-
called ceramic magnets to store stronger magnetic fields than iron itself.
They are the most commonly used magnets in radios. The maximum
magnetic field B is about 0.35 tesla and the magnetic field strength H is
about 30 to 160 kilo ampere turns per meter (400 to 2000 oersteds). (Hill
2006)
Application

1. Transformer for Power application

-For Loss minimum.
2. Antenna
-For small size.
3. Ferrite Core Memory
-Highly stable & Storage Capacity
4. Magnetic Memory
5. Microwave Devices
 Transformer for Power application

1. Saturation Magnetization Ferrite: about 0.5(T)Si-Fe : about 2.0(T)

2. Higher Frequencies, Critical Eddy Current Losses. Metallic ferromagnetism
impossible.
3. Typically 1kHz –1MHz
Transformer for Power application
-Materials
1. Important to keep “Low Crystalline Anisotropic”
-> Substituting cobalt for about 1% of Nickel in (Ni,Zn)Ferrite.
2. NiZn Ferrites: up to approximately 5MHz MnZnFerrites: about 100kHz
-> High Permeabilities
Antennas

1. Small size radio receivers need “Small Antennas”.

2. We can make Small Antennas with Ferrites!!

Ferrite Core Memory

1. ±Br represent the digits 0 and 1.

2. Greater than ±HC field, switch to the

opposite sense.

<Square Hysteresis Loop>

Ferrite Core Memory
-Materials

1. Core Composition: Based on (Mg, Mn, Zn) Fe2O4

2. For a wider operating temperature range,(Ci, Mn) Fe2O4

Li1/2Fe1/2Fe2O4

Microwave Devices
-Materials

1. Magnesium Ferrites
-about 200-40kA/m

2. Lithium Ferrites (Spinel Family)

-about 380-32kA/m
-High Curie Temperature up to about 670℃
-Superior for most situation.
Manufacturers
TI-Electronic
Acme-Ferrite Dielectric Properties
TDK
Capability of the material to withstand and
Strontium Ferriten India Limited electric field without breaking down and
has units of volts per unit of thickness of
the dielectric material.
Ex: Titanates, 100 to 300 V/mil
Micas, 125 to 5500 V/mil
Phenolics, 2000 V/mil.

Applications

Fabrication of capacitors
BaTiO3 - make possible substantial
miniaturization of capacitors.