Small Signal Model

Voltage Amplifier (Voltage in Voltage out)

How to find Ri?

Ri =

vi
ii

How to find RO? (Source = short circuit)

vx
ix

Ro =

vi = 0

How to find AVo? (Output = open circuit)

Avo =

Current Amplifier (Current in Current out)

vo
vi

open

How to find Ri?

Ri =

vi
ii

How to find RO? (Source = short circuit)

Ro =

vx
ix

ii = 0

How to find Ais? (Output = short circuit)

Ais =

io
ii

short

Relationship with AVo

R
Avo = Ais o
Ri

Transconductance Amplifier (Voltage in Current out)

How to find Ri?

Ri =

vi
ii

How to find RO? (Source = short circuit)

Ro =

vx
ix

ii = 0

How to find Ais? (Output = short circuit)

Ais =

io
ii

short

Relationship with AVo

Avo = Gm Ro

Transresistance Amplifier (Current in Voltage out)

How to find Ri?

Ri =

vi
ii

How to find RO? (Source = short circuit)

Ro =

vx
ix

vi = 0

How to find AVo? (Output = open circuit)

Avo =

vo
vi

open

Relationship with AVo

Avo =

Rm
Ri

Suggested solution steps (Gain and Rin):

1. Sketch the small signal model of the circuit.
2. Define A, and express it as 3 product of two terms, one fully defined by the input side and the other
by the output side.
3. Consider input and output circuits separately and derive (in pronumerals) the expressions for both
terms of Step 2.
4. Express Av as the product of both parts from Step 3.
5. Substitute the numerical values into the AL, expression from Step 4 and calculate the gain value.
6. Consider the input side of the small signal model from Step 1 and establish, which is defined as Rin =
Vs/Is.

Q1. BJT Amplifier Biasing Condition (Related to Lab)

1.
2.
3.
4.

Find IB by using KVL (Assume VBE = 0.7V)

Find IC and IE by using
Find VE by using V=IR
Find Vc and VCE by using KVL

For a 4 resistors Common Emitter Biasing, Find the Thevenin Equivalent Circuit for the base

Finding Q-Point (Q-point is the point (Current and Voltage) where the amplifier operates.)
1. Sketch the output characteristic
2. Find the load line (at the collector circuit)
3. Determine the Q-Point

Q2. BJT Amplifier Small Signal Operation (Related to Lab)

1. Replace the BJT with SSM
2. Short circuit the DC source
3. Short circuit the capacitor

Note:

vbe = rbib
i
vbe = rb e

r
vbe = b ie

Since
vbe = reie
hence
rb = re

re =

VT
I EQ

or
r =

VT
IB

Q3. Amplifier with Feedback (Test 2)

If short circuit the RL kill the feedback

Voltage sampling
If open circuit the RL kill the feedback
Current sampling

Walk through the source

1. No feedback Current Mixing
2. Has feedback Voltage Mixing

Q4. BJT SSM Frequency Response (Lab 4)

Steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.

DC analysis (Find IB, IE and IC (and VB, VE and VC if requested))

Establish the SSM (Find r, ro and gm (and re if requested))
AC analysis (Find Rin, Rout and AV)
Find the low break frequency for the external capacitors (f = f1 + f2 + f3)

5. Find the high break frequency for the internal resistor (

1 1 1 1
= + + )
f
f1 f 2 f3

a. Determine the Miller voltage gain.

b. Determine Cin and C out .
c. Find the high break frequency from the SSM of the Hybrid Model (with Miller Effect)

Additional Notes

For CE

RTh = RE || (

) Rin || (
)R
+1
+ 1 out

For CS

RTh =
Rs + Rb1 || Rb 2 || ( Ri + ( Rout ) || (( + 1) REM )
For CC

+1
RTh
= RL + ( RC || Ro || ( Rin ) ||
( REM ) )