Ec Demo

Energy Conversion 1.
1
Demo Version
Engineering Software
Copyright 1996
P.O. Box 1180
Germantown, MD 20875
Phone/FAX: (301) 540-3605
E-Mail: info@engineering-4e.com
http://www.engineering-4e.com
Physical Properties of Carbon C (S)

Input Values:
Maximum
1,000
Temperature [K]
298
Minimum
273
Pressure [atm]
1.00
Output Values:
Temperature [K]
298
Pressure [atm]
1.00
Density [kg/m^3]
Enthalpy [kJ/kg]
0.130
Internal Energy [kJ/kg]
-206.314
Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg]
-141.045
Entropy [kJ/kg*K]
0.474
Molecular Weight [kg/kmol]
12.00
Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K]
0.693
Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K]
0.711
Kappa [/]

Input Values:
Maximum
5,000
Temperature [K]
2,000
Minimum
1,000
Pressure [atm]
1.00
Output Values:
Temperature [K]
2,000
Pressure [atm]
1.00
Density [kg/m^3]
Enthalpy [kJ/kg]
2,937.582
1,552.050
-3,824.137
Entropy [kJ/kg*K]
3.381
12.00
0.693
2.050
Kappa [/]

Lower Temperature Range
Upper Temperature Range
298 < T <= 1,000 [K]
1,000 < T < 5,000 [K]
Coefficients
Coefficients
A1L
-4.4778053000E-01
A1U
1.3604942000E+00
A2L
5.3691002000E-03
A2U
1.9182237000E-03
A3L
-3.9775571000E-07
A3U
-8.4040389000E-07
A4L
-4.0459300000E-09
A4U
1.6448700000E-10
A5L
2.1130000000E-12
A5U
-1.2000000000E-14
-9.4280688000E+01
A6L
A6U
-6.5713870000E+02
A7L
1.6840791000E+00
A7U
-8.0070207000E+00
Physical Properties of Hydrogen H2 (G)

Input Values:
Maximum
1,000
Temperature [K]
298
Minimum
273
Pressure [atm]
1.00
Output Values:
Temperature [K]
298
Pressure [atm]
1.00
Density [kg/m^3]
0.082
Enthalpy [kJ/kg]
-0.667
-1,239.333
-19,452.177
Entropy [kJ/kg*K]
65.274
2.00
4.157
14.427
Kappa [/]
1.405

Input Values:
Maximum
5,000
Temperature [K]
2,000
Minimum
1,000
Pressure [atm]
1.00
Output Values:
Temperature [K]
2,000
Pressure [atm]
1.00
Density [kg/m^3]
0.012
Enthalpy [kJ/kg]
26,476.589
18,163.400
Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] -161,822.667

Entropy [kJ/kg*K]
94.150
2.00
4.157
17.096
Kappa [/]
1.321

298 < T <= 1,000 [K]
1,000 < T < 5,000 [K]
Coefficients
Coefficients
A1L
3.0574451000E+00
A1U
3.1001901000E+00
A2L
2.6765200000E-03
A2U
5.1119464000E-04
A3L
-5.8099162000E-06
A3U
5.2644210000E-08
A4L
5.5210391000E-09
A4U
-3.4909973000E-11
A5L
-1.8122739000E-12
A5U
3.6945345000E-15
A6L
-9.8890474000E+02
A6U
-8.7738042000E+02
A7L
-2.2997056000E+00
A7U
-1.9629421000E+00
Physical Properties of Sulfur S (S)

Input Values:
Maximum
388
Temperature [K]
298
Minimum
273
Pressure [atm]
1.00
Output Values:
Temperature [K]
298
Pressure [atm]
1.00
Density [kg/m^3]
Enthalpy [kJ/kg]
0.529
-76.888
-296.525
Entropy [kJ/kg*K]
0.997
32.00
0.260
0.691
Kappa [/]
Physical Properties of Sulfur S (S)

298 < T <= 388 [K]
Coefficients
Coefficients
A1L
-5.0637025000E+00
A1U
0.0000000000E+00
A2L
2.8819353000E-03
A2U
0.0000000000E+00
A3L
-2.1330210000E-05
A3U
0.0000000000E+00
A4L
8.4787862000E-07
A4U
0.0000000000E+00
A5L
-1.7344967000E-09
A5U
0.0000000000E+00
A6L
7.1482629000E+02
A6U
0.0000000000E+00
A7L
2.8714074000E+01
A7U
0.0000000000E+00
Physical Properties of Nitrogen N2 (G)

Input Values:
Maximum
1,000
Temperature [K]
298
Minimum
273
Pressure [atm]
1.00
Output Values:
Temperature [K]
298
Pressure [atm]
1.00
Density [kg/m^3]
1.145
Enthalpy [kJ/kg]
-0.165
-88.641
-2,037.859
Entropy [kJ/kg*K]
6.838
28.00
0.297
1.040
Kappa [/]
1.400

Input Values:
Maximum
5,000
Temperature [K]
2,000
Minimum
1,000
Pressure [atm]
1.00
Output Values:
Temperature [K]
2,000
Pressure [atm]
1.00
Density [kg/m^3]
0.171
Enthalpy [kJ/kg]
2,003.764
1,409.965
-15,989.830
Entropy [kJ/kg*K]
8.997
28.00
0.297
1.286
Kappa [/]
1.300

298 < T <= 1,000 [K]
1,000 < T < 5,000 [K]
Coefficients
Coefficients
A1L
3.6748261000E+00
A1U
2.8963194000E+00
A2L
-1.2081500000E-03
A2U
1.5154866000E-03
A3L
2.3240102000E-06
A3U
-5.7235277000E-07
A4L
-6.3217559000E-10
A4U
9.9807393000E-11
A5L
-2.2577253000E-13
A5U
-6.5223555000E-15
A6L
-1.0611588000E+03
A6U
-9.0586184000E+02
A7L
2.3580424000E+00
A7U
6.1615148000E+00
Physical Properties of Oxygen O2 (G)

Input Values:
Maximum
1,000
Temperature [K]
298
Minimum
273
Pressure [atm]
1.00
Output Values:
Temperature [K]
298
Pressure [atm]
1.00
Density [kg/m^3]
1.309
Enthalpy [kJ/kg]
-0.149
-77.566
-1,909.150
Entropy [kJ/kg*K]
6.406
32.00
0.260
0.917
Kappa [/]
1.395

Input Values:
Maximum
5,000
Temperature [K]
2,000
Minimum
1,000
Pressure [atm]
1.00
Output Values:
Temperature [K]
2,000
Pressure [atm]
1.00
Density [kg/m^3]
0.195
Enthalpy [kJ/kg]
1,848.778
1,329.204
-14,938.405
Entropy [kJ/kg*K]
8.394
32.00
0.260
1.182
Kappa [/]
1.282

298 < T <= 1,000 [K]
1,000 < T < 5,000 [K]
Coefficients
Coefficients
A1L
3.6255985000E+00
A1U
3.6219535000E+00
A2L
-1.8782184000E-03
A2U
7.3618264000E-04
A3L
7.0554544000E-06
A3U
-1.9652228000E-07
A4L
-6.7635137000E-09
A4U
3.6201558000E-11
A5L
2.1555993000E-12
A5U
-2.8945627000E-15
A6L
-1.0475226000E+03
A6U
-1.2019825000E+03
A7L
4.3052778000E+00
A7U
3.6150960000E+00
Physical Properties of Water H2O (L)

Input Values:
Maximum
1,000
Temperature [K]
298
Minimum
273
Pressure [atm]
1.00
Output Values:
Temperature [K]
298
Pressure [atm]
1.00
Density [kg/m^3]
0.736
Enthalpy [kJ/kg]
-15,878.521
-16,016.150
-17,035.630
Entropy [kJ/kg*K]
3.883
18.00
0.462
4.183
Kappa [/]
1.124
Physical Properties of Water H2O (L)

298 < T <= 1,000 [K]
Coefficients
Coefficients
A1L
1.2712782000E+01
A1U
0.0000000000E+00
A2L
-1.7662790000E-02
A2U
0.0000000000E+00
A3L
-2.2556661000E-05
A3U
0.0000000000E+00
A4L
2.0820908000E-07
A4U
0.0000000000E+00
A5L
-2.4078614000E-10
A5U
0.0000000000E+00
A6L
-3.7483200000E+04
A6U
0.0000000000E+00
A7L
-5.9115345000E+01
A7U
0.0000000000E+00
Physical Properties of Air (G)

Input Values:
Maximum
1,000
Temperature [K]
298
Minimum
273
Pressure [atm]
1.00
Output Values:
Temperature [K]
298
Pressure [atm]
1.00
Density [kg/m^3]
1.186
Enthalpy [kJ/kg]
-172.742
-258.167
-2,164.625
Entropy [kJ/kg*K]
6.684
29.00
0.287
1.006
Kappa [/]
1.398

Input Values:
Maximum
5,000
Temperature [K]
2,000
Minimum
1,000
Pressure [atm]
1.00
Output Values:
Temperature [K]
2,000
Pressure [atm]
1.00
Density [kg/m^3]
0.177
Enthalpy [kJ/kg]
1,789.964
1,216.312
-15,811.078
Entropy [kJ/kg*K]
8.801
29.00
0.287
1.261
Kappa [/]
1.294

298 < T <= 1,000 [K]
1,000 < T < 5,000 [K]
Coefficients
Coefficients
A1L
3.6620900000E+00
A1U
3.0378300000E+00
A2L
-1.3324400000E-03
A2U
1.3712400000E-03
A3L
3.3111800000E-06
A3U
-4.9473600000E-07
A4L
-1.9325500000E-09
A4U
8.5889900000E-11
A5L
2.8625400000E-13
A5U
-5.6833600000E-15
A6L
-1.6602700000E+03
A6U
-1.5654400000E+03
A7L
2.7205400000E+00
A7U
5.6328600000E+00
Brayton Cycle (Power) (Ideal)

Input Values:
Output Values:
Working Fluid
Air
Kappa [/]
1.40
Specific Heat [J/kg*K]
1,004.0
Compressor Inlet Temperature [K]
298.0
Compressor Outlet Temperature [K]
646.0
Compressor Inlet Pressure [atm]
1.00
Turbine Outlet Temperature [K]
691.9
Turbine Inlet Temperature [K]
1,500.0
Cycle Efficiency [%]
53.87
Turbine Inlet Pressure [atm]
15.00
Heat Rate [Btu/kWhr]
6,334
Working Fluid Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]
1.0
Power Output [kW]
462
Fuel HHV [Btu/lbm]
24,000
Fuel Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]
0.015
Isentropic Compression (Ideal)

Input Values:
Output Values:
Working Fluid
Air
Kappa [/]
1.40
1,004.00
Inlet Temperature [K]
298.0
Outlet Temperature [K]
646.0
Inlet Pressure [atm]
1.0
Power Input [kW]
349
Outlet Pressure [atm]
15.0
Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]
1.0
Combustion -- Coal/Oil
MW
[kg/kmol]
12
2
32
28
32
18
Input Values:
Output Values:
Fuel Composition
Combustion Products Composition
Mass Basis
MW
Mass Basis
Mass Basis
[kg/kg]
[kg/kmol]
[kg]
[kg/kg]
Carbon
0.780
44
Carbon Dioxide
2.860
0.249
Hydrogen
0.050
18
Water Vapor
0.470
0.041
Sulfur
0.030
64
Sulfur Dioxide
0.060
0.005
Nitrogen
0.040
28
Nitrogen
8.097
0.705
Oxygen
0.080
32
Oxygen
0.000
0.000
Water
0.020
Total
11.487
1.000
Fuel Total
1.000
Stoichiometric Oxidant to Fuel Ratio [/]
Fuel HHV [Btu/lbm]
14,162.76
Oxidant to Fuel Ratio [/]
Combustion Efficiency [/]
1.000
Oxidant Composition
MW
[kg/kmol]
32
28
MW
[kg/kmol]
32
28
10.487
10.487
Oxidant Total
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Mass Basis
[kg/kg]
0.23
0.77
Maximum
1,000
Maximum
Fuel Temperature [K]
298
Oxidant Temperature [K]
Minimum
273
Minimum
1.00
Fuel Enthalpy [kJ/kg]
-317.5
Oxidant Enthalpy [kJ/kg]
Oxidant Total
Stoichiometry [/]
(1 or > 1)
1.00
Kappa
[/]
0.381
MW
Gas
Mole Basis [kg/kmol]
[kmol/kmol]
44
Carbon Dioxide
0.21
18
Water Vapor
0.79
64
Sulfur Dioxide
28
Nitrogen
1.00
32
Oxygen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Gas
Mole Basis
[kmol]
0.065
0.026
0.001
0.289
0.000
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
O2
Combustion Products
Flame Temperature [K]
1.30
1.33
1.26
1.40
1.40
Gas Constant
[kJ/kg*K]
0.189
0.189
0.130
0.297
0.260
1.37
0.265
2,484
Mole Basis
[kmol/kmol]
0.170
0.068
0.002
0.759
0.000
1.000
Specific Heat
[kJ/kg*K]
0.845
1.690
0.622
1.038
0.916
1.014
5,000
298
273
-0.2
Normal Shock
Input/Inlet Values:
Output Values:
Working Fluid
Air
Kappa [/]
1.40
1,004.0
Gas Constant [J/kg*K]
286.7
Stagnation Temperature [K]
1,500.0
1,500.0
Stagnation Pressure [atm]
2.00
1.94
Velocity [m/s]
900.0
Velocity [m/s]
557.6
Static Temperature [K]
1,096.6
1,345.3
Static Pressure [atm]
0.67
1.32
Mach Number [/]
1.36
Mach Number [/]
0.76
Thrust (Ideal)
Input Values:
Output Values:
Working Fluid
Air
Kappa [/]
1.40
1,004.0
Gas Constant [J/kg*K]
286.7
1,500.0
1,375.5
10.00
7.38
Velocity [m/s]
500.0
Mach Number [/]
0.67
Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]
1.0
Thrust [N]
1,181.9
Ambient Pressure [atm]
1.00
Engineering Equations
Here are some of the basic engineering formulas/equations related to energy conversion
systems which are built into the Engineering Software product line:
Continuity Equation
m = vA
Momentum Equation
F = (vm + pA)out - (vm + pA)in
Energy Equation
Q - W = ((h + v^2/2 + gh)m)out - ((h + v^2/2 + gh)m)in
State Equation for Ideal Gas
pv = RT/MW
Perfect Gas
cp = constant
k = cp/cv
Isentropic Compression
T2/T1 = (p2/p1)^(k - 1)/k
T2/T1 = (V1/V2)^(k - 1)
p2/p1 = (V1/V2)^k
Combustion
h reactants = h products
Isentropic Expansion
T1/T2 = (p1/p2)^(k - 1)/k
T1/T2 = (V2/V1)^(k - 1)
p1/p2 = (V2/V1)^k
Sonic Velocity
vs = (kRT/MW)^1/2
Mach Number
M = v/vs
Isentropic Flow
Tt/T = (1 + M^2(k - 1)/2)
pt/p = (1 + M^2(k - 1)/2)^k/(k - 1)
ht = (h + v^2/2)
Tt = (T + v^2/(2cp))
Cycle Efficiency
Cycle Efficiency = Net Work/Heat
Brayton Cycle Efficiency
Brayton Cycle Efficiency = 1 - 1/(p2/p1)^(k - 1)/k
Otto Cycle Efficiency
Compression Ratio = V1/V2
Otto Cycle Efficiency = 1 - 1/Compression Ratio^(k - 1)
Diesel Cycle Efficiency
Compression Ratio (CR) = V1/V2
Cut-Off Ratio (COR) = V3/V2
Diesel Cycle Efficiency = 1 - (COR^k - 1)/(k*CR^(k - 1)(COR - 1))
Heat Rate
Heat Rate = (1/Cycle Efficiency)*3,412
Thrust
Thrust = vm + (p - pa)A
Physical Properties
For each reaction species, the thermodynamic functions specific heat, enthalpy and entropy as functions
of temperature are given in the form of least squares coefficients as follows:
Cp/R = A1 + A2*T + A3*T^2 + A4*T^3 + A5*T^4
H/(R*T) = A1 + A2*T/2 + A3*T^2/3 + A4*T^3/4 + A5*T^4/5 + A6/T
S/R = A1*lnT + A2*T + A3*T^2/2 + A4*T^3/3 + A5*T^4/4 + A7
or
S/R = A1*lnT + A2*T + A3*T^2/2 + A4*T^3/3 + A5*T^4/4 + A7 - lnp
For each species, two sets of coefficients are included for two adjecent temperature intervals, 273 to
1,000 [K] and 1,000 to 5,000 [K]. The data have been constrained to be equal at 1,000 [K].
Also,
U = H - p*v*MW or U = H - R*T
G = H - S*T
and
u = h - p*v or u = h - R*T/MW
g = h - s*T
Legend:
Cp -- Specific Heat [kJ/kmol*K]
cp -- Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K]
MW -- Molecular Weight [kg/kmol]
R -- Universal Gas Constant [kJ/kmol*K]
Gas Constant = R/MW [kJ/kg*K]
H -- Enthalpy [kJ/kmol]
h -- Enthalpy [kJ/kg]
T -- Temperature [K]
S -- Entropy [kJ/kmol*K]
s -- Entropy [kJ/kg*K]
p -- Pressure [atm]
U -- Internal Energy [kJ/kmol]
u -- Internal Energy [kJ/kg]
V -- Volume [m^3]
v -- Specific Volume [m^3/kg]
G -- Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kmol]
g -- Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg]
Fuel HHV Values

Fuel
Hydrogen
Natural Gas
Oil
Carbon
Coal
Wood
HHV [Btu/lbm]
60,000
24,000
18,000
14,000
8,000 -- 14,000
6,000
Working Fluid Properties

Gas
Air
Ammonia
Argon
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Helium
Hydrogen
Methane
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Water Vapor
Gas Notation
NH3
Ar
CO2
CO
He
H2
CH4
N2
O2
H2O
Kappa
[/]
1.40
1.30
1.67
1.28
1.40
1.66
1.40
1.32
1.40
1.40
1.33
Gas Constant
[J/kg*K]
286.7
488.2
208.1
188.9
296.8
2,078.5
4,124.0
518.2
296.9
259.8
188.5
Specific Heat
[J/kg*K]
1,004.0
2,092.0
519.0
845.0
1,042.0
5,200.0
14,350.0
2,223.0
1,038.0
916.0
1,690.0
Assumptions
This Engineering Software product allows quick and reliable calculation of thermodynamic and transport
properties of gaseous, liquid and solid species, contains coefficients for the calculation of physical
properties, steam approximations for both saturated and superheated areas, provides analyses of power
cycles, power cycle components/processes and compressible flow.
The aforementioned engineering calculations are valid under the following assumptions:
Thermodynamic and Transport Properties
Single species consideration
Ideal gas approach is used (pv=RT)
Specific heat is not constant
Coefficients describing thermodynamic and transport properties were
obtained from the NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field in Cleveland, OH
-- such coefficients conform with the standard reference temperature of 298.15 K (77 F)
and the JANAF tables
Power Cycles
Single species consideration -- fuel mass flow rate ignored and its impact on
the properties of the working fluid
Basic equations hold (continuity, momentum and energy equations)
Specific heat is constant
Power Cycle Components/Processes
Single species consideration
Compressible Flow
Single specie sconsideration
How to Use the Spreadsheet

In each section, subsection of the spreadsheet, the user needs to change one or more input
values in order to calculate a new case. Input values are in boxes with yellow background
and can be changed by clicking on each individual box or even by using the arrow keys and
changing the current value. Output values cannot be modified, changed by the user and
they are in boxes with white background.
Disclaimer of Warranty
Engineering Software has made every effort to verify that this spreadsheet provides accurate,
helpful information to assist you in carrying out your calculations.
However, you must be aware that the information in this spreadsheet is sold to you "AS IS",
without any warranty of any kind.
The only exception is the 30-day warranty for replacement of defective disks.
In no event shall Engineering Software be liable or responsible for any problems that arise because
of the defects with this spreadshet. The ultimate responsibility for the accuracy of your
calculations remains with the user.
License Agreement
This spreadsheet is the property of Engineering Software and is protected by federal copyright law.
While Engineering Software continues to own the spreadsheet, you will have certain rights to use
the spreadsheet after your acceptance of this license. Your rights and obligations with respect to
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Energy Conversion 1.

Physical Properties of Carbon C (S)

Internal Energy [kJ/kg]

Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg]

Molecular Weight [kg/kmol]

Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K]

Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K]

Physical Properties of Carbon C (S)

Internal Energy [kJ/kg]

Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg]

Molecular Weight [kg/kmol]

Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K]

Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K]

Physical Properties of Carbon C (S)

Physical Properties of Hydrogen H2 (G)

Internal Energy [kJ/kg]

Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg]

Molecular Weight [kg/kmol]

Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K]

Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K]

Physical Properties of Hydrogen H2 (G)

Internal Energy [kJ/kg]

Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg] -161,822.667

Molecular Weight [kg/kmol]

Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K]

Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K]

Physical Properties of Hydrogen H2 (G)

Physical Properties of Sulfur S (S)

Internal Energy [kJ/kg]

Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg]

Molecular Weight [kg/kmol]

Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K]

Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K]

Physical Properties of Sulfur S (S)

Physical Properties of Nitrogen N2 (G)

Internal Energy [kJ/kg]

Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg]

Molecular Weight [kg/kmol]

Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K]

Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K]

Physical Properties of Nitrogen N2 (G)

Internal Energy [kJ/kg]

Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg]

Molecular Weight [kg/kmol]

Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K]

Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K]

Physical Properties of Nitrogen N2 (G)

Physical Properties of Oxygen O2 (G)

Internal Energy [kJ/kg]

Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg]

Molecular Weight [kg/kmol]

Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K]

Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K]

Physical Properties of Oxygen O2 (G)

Internal Energy [kJ/kg]

Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg]

Molecular Weight [kg/kmol]

Gas Constant [kJ/kg*K]

Specific Heat [kJ/kg*K]

Physical Properties of Oxygen O2 (G)

Physical Properties of Water H2O (L)

Internal Energy [kJ/kg]

Gibbs Free Energy [kJ/kg]