A)ROAD SIDE SIGNS

1) Mandatory signs are road signs which are used to set the obligations
of all traffic which use a specific area of road. Unlike prohibitory or
restrictive signs, mandatory signs tell traffic what it must do, rather
than must not do. Most mandatory road signs are circular, may use
white symbols on a blue background with white border or black
symbols on a white background with a red border, although the latter
is also associated with prohibitory signs.

2) Regulatory Signs
These are those which require drivers compliance. Regulatory signs
indicate the application of legal or statutory requirements, e.g.,
obligation to give way at intersections, speed limits, prohibition of
movements at intersections and control of parking of vehicles.
There are other Type R signs which also give traffic instructions and
are called special Traffic Instruction signs. These signs inform or warn
motorists of their obligation to obey traffic rules. These signs are
included in Special Traffic instruction Signs (Type S).

3) Information sign
Signs that inform road users about the direction and distances of
destinations on the route they are following or along other roads that
intersect their route. They also supply information to identify points of
geographical or historical interest and give directions to rest areas,
camping or parking areas.

B)PAVEMENT MARKINGS
A system of clear and effective pavement markings is essential for
the guidance and control of vehicles and pedestrians. They take the form
of lines, symbols, messages, or numerals, and may be set into the

surface of, applied upon, or attached to the pavement. In some cases,

pavement markings are used as a supplement to other traffic control
devices, such as traffic signals and road signs. In other instances, they
may simply guide
traffic or give advance warning or they may impose restrictions
supported by traffic regulations.
Pavement markings have definite limitations:
They are subject to traffic wear and require proper maintenance;
They may not be clearly visible if the road is wet or dusty (e.g., near
shoulder edge or median);
They may be obscured by traffic;
Their effect on skid resistance requires careful choice of materials;
and,
They cannot be applied on unsealed roads.

C)TRAFFIC LIGHTS
Traffic lights, also known as traffic signals, traffic lamps, signal
lights, stop lights and robots, and also known technically as traffic
control signals are signalling devices positioned at road intersections,
pedestrian crossings and other locations to control competing flows of
traffic.
Traffic lights alternate the right of way accorded to road users by
displaying lights of a standard color (red, yellow, and green) following a
universal color code. In the typical sequence of color phases:

the green light allows traffic to proceed in the direction denoted, if it is

safe to do so

the yellow light provides warning that the signal will be changing from
green to red (and from red to green in certain countries, such as
England). Actions required by drivers varies, with some jurisdictions
requiring drivers to stop if it is safe to do so, and others allowing drivers
to go through the intersection if safe to do so.

a flashing yellow indication is a warning signal

the red signal prohibits any traffic from proceeding

a flashing red indication is treated as a stop sign

D)

AT GRADE INTERSECTIONS

An at-grade intersection is a junction at which two or more

transport axes cross at the same level (or grade).

E) INTERCHANGES
An intersection is the area shared by the joining or crossing of two
or more roads. Since the main function of an intersection is to enable the
road user to make a route choice, it is a point of decision. Hence the
problems that are encountered by the motorist while passing through an
intersection must be recognized and the design should be in such a way
that the driving task is as simple as possible.
1) Trumpet Interchange
Trumpet interchanges have been used where one highway
terminates at another highway. These involve at least one loop ramp
connecting traffic either entering or leaving the terminating
expressway with the far lanes of the continuous highway. These
interchanges are useful for highways as well as toll roads, as they
concentrate all entering and exiting traffic into a single stretch of
roadway, where toll booths can be installed.

2) Diamond Interchange
The diamond interchange is the simplest form of grade separated
intersection between two roadways. The conflicts between through
and crossing traffic are eliminated by a bridge structure. This particular
intersection has four one way ramps which are essentially parallel to
the major artery. The left turn crossing movement conflicts are
considerably reduced by eliminating the conflict with the traffic in
opposite direction. All the remaining left turn conflicts, merging and
diverging maneuver conflicts take place at the terminal point of each
ramp.

3) Cloverleaf Interchange
The full clover interchange eliminates all crossing movement
conflicts by the use of weaving sections. This weaving section is a
critical element of cloverleaf design. It replaces a crossing conflict with
a merging, followed some distance farther by a diverging conflict.
There are two points of entry and exit on each through roadway. The
first exit is provided before the cross road structure allows right turn
movements. The second exit, immediately after the cross road
structure, allows for left turn movements.

4) Directional Interchange
A directional interchange provides direct paths for left turns. These
interchanges contain ramps for one or more direct or semi direct left
turning movements. Interchanges of two freeways or interchanges with
one or more very heavy turning movements usually warrant direct
ramps, which have higher speeds of operation and higher capacities,
compared to loop ramps.

5) Partial Cloverleaf Interchange

This is another variation of the cloverleaf configuration. Partial clover
leaf or parclo is a modification that combines some elements of a
diamond interchange with one or more loops of a cloverleaf to eliminate
only the more critical turning conflicts. This is the most popular freeway
-to- arterial interchange. Parclo is usually employed when crossing roads
on the secondary road will not produce objectionable amounts of hazard
and delay. It provides more acceleration and deceleration space on the
freeway.

F) POINT OF VIEW
TOPIC: Banning private vehicles along Epifanio Delos Santos Avenue
(EDSA) during rush hours:
On my opinion, banning private vehicles may help in easing the
traffic volume in Metro Manila, especially en route along EDSA during
rush hours. But it would make a big opposition from private owners
especially those who have already the license as it would deprive them
the right to travel. Instead, the government must impose a more strick

rule on owning a car. While making such policy, the government should
also look on mass transportation like railway system. They should
priorities on PUVs since private cars have access on any road unlike their
public counterparts. The different Local Government Units of Metro
Manila should cooperate in drafting measures on how to control the
traffic volume along EDSA.