ECE 2238B

INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

ASSIGNMENT 1 - SOLUTIONS

Problem 2.14
Solution:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P2.14.

Find:
The unknown currents.

Analysis:
Applying KCL at the node:

-i + 2 + 6-5 = 0

thus i = 3 A which means that a 3-A current is leaving the node.

Problem 2.16
SOLUTION:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P2.16.
Find:
Voltages v1 and v2
Analysis:
Applying KVL:
5 + 3 + v 2 = 0 v 2 = 2 V
5 + 3 10 + v1 = 0 v1 = 12 V

Problem 2.20
SOLUTION:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P2.20.
Find:
Determine power dissipated or supplied for each
power source.

Analysis:
Element A:
P = -vi = -(-12V)( 25 A) = 300W (dissipating)

Element B:
P = vi = ( 15V)( 25 A) = 375W (dissipating)

Element C:

P = vi = ( 27V)( 25 A) = 675W (supplying)

Problem 2.33
SOLUTION:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P2.33.
Find:
Power absorbed by the 5 resistance.
Analysis:
The current flowing clockwise in the series circuit is

i=

20V
= 1A
20

The voltage across the 5 resistor, positive on the left, is v5 = (1A)(5 ) = 5V

Therefore, P5 = (5V )(1A) = 5 W

Problem 2.44
SOLUTION:
Known quantities:
Circuits of Figure 2.44.
Find:
Equivalent resistance and i, i1 , v .
Analysis:
REQ = 2 + (9 || 72) = 10 . Therefore,
i=

9
= 0.9 A
10

By the current divider rule:

1

i1 =

+ 172

(0.9 ) = 0.8 A .

Also, since the 9 and 72 resistors are in parallel, we can conclude that
v = 9i1 = 7.2 V

ECE 2238B
INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
ASSIGNMENT 3 - SOLUTIONS

Problem 4.1
SOLUTION:
Known quantities:

Inductance value, L = 0.5 H ; the current through the inductor as a function of time.
Find:

The voltage across the inductor, (Eq. 4.9), as a function of time.

Assumptions:
i L (t 0) = 0

Analysis:

Using the differential relationship for the inductor, we may obtain the voltage by differentiating the
current:
di L (t )

di L (t )

= 0.5 377 2sin 377t +

dt
dt
6

5
= 377sin 377t + = 377sin 377t
V

6
6

v L (t ) = L

= 0.5

Problem 4.12
SOLUTION:
Known quantities:

Capacitance value C = 80 F ; the voltage applied to the

capacitor as a function of time as shown in Figure
P4.12.
Find:

The current through the capacitor as a function of time.

Analysis:

Since the voltage waveform is piecewise continuous, the derivative must be evaluated over each
continuous segment.
For 0 < t < 5 ms

vC (t ) = m vC t + qvC

where:
mvC =

[10 V] [+20 V] = 6
[5 ms] [0]

V
ms

qvC = +20 V
iC = C

dvC (t )
d
V
=C
m vC t + qvC = CmvC = (80 F )6
= 480 mA

dt
ms
dt

For 5 ms < t < 10 ms

vC (t)=10 V
iC = C

dvC (t )
d
= C [10 V] = 0
dt
dt

For t > 10 ms
vC (t ) = 0
dv (t )
d
iC = C C = C [0] = 0
dt
dt

A capacitor is fabricated from two conducting plates separated by a dielectric constant. Dielectrics are
also insulators; therefore, current cannot really flow through a capacitor. Positive charge, however,
entering one plate exerts a repulsive force on and forces positive carriers to exit the other plate. Current
then appears to flow through the capacitor. Such currents are called electric displacement currents.

Problem 4.29
SOLUTION:
Known quantities:

The signal x(t ) = 2 cos(t ) + 2.5.

Find:

The average and rms value of the signal.

Analysis:

The average value is:

2

sin(t) + 2.5t
v(t) =
2cos (t)dt + (2.5)dt =
0
0
2 0
0
2

1
1
=
[sin(0) sin(2 )] + 2.5 = [0 0] + 2.5 = 2.5
2
2

The rms value is:

v rms

=
2

2
0 (2cos (t) + 2.5) dt = 2

[4 [cos(t )]

+ 10 cos(t ) + 6.25 dt =

=
4 [cos(t )] dt + 10 sin (t )dt + 6.25 dt =
2
0
0
0

2
1 2
4
+ 10 0 + 6.25 = 8.25 = 2.87

Note 1: The integral of a sinusoid over an integer number of period is identically zero. This is a useful
and important result.
Note 2: The RMS values of several common waveforms have been tabulated in the literature, and you
can use the following formulae on an exam unless asked to derive the RMS value using the integral
definition.
Sinusoid: vrms =

V peak
2

Square: vrms = V peak

where DC = 2.5 V and
Knowing the above, we can also use the formulae
  

  2/2 .

Problem 4.32
SOLUTION:
Known quantities:

The signal v(t ) shown in Figure P4.32.

Find:

The ratio between average and rms value of the signal.

Analysis:
0.002
0.004
The average value is: v = 0.004 [ 0 (9)dt + 0.002 (1)dt ]= 250(0.018 + 0.002) = 4 V

2
0.002
0.004 2
The rms value is: v rms = 0.004 0 (9) dt + 0.002 (1) dt = 250 [81 0.002 + 0.004 0.002] = 6.40 V

Therefore,

v
v rms

4
= 0.625
6.40

Note, we could also solve using the formula:

  


where DC = -4 and ACrms = 5.

ECE 2238B
INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
ASSIGNMENT 4 - SOLUTIONS

Problem 5.11
SOLUTION:
Known quantities:

L = 0.9mH ,Vs = 12V , R1 = 6k ,R2 = 6k,R3 = 3k.

Find:
The initial and final conditions for the circuit of P5.21.
Analysis:
Before opening, the switch has been closed for a long time. Thus we have a steady-state condition, and
we treat the inductor as a short circuit. The voltages across the resistances R3 is equal to zero, since it is
in parallel to the short circuit, so all the current flows through the resistor R1 and R2 . Since the R1 and R2
are in parallel and both are also in parallel with the voltage source, we have a 12 V drop across R2

;therefore, the inductor current is:

VS 12V
=
= 2 mA

R2 6 K
After the switch has been opened for a long time, we have again a steady-state condition, and we treat
the inductor as a short circuit. When the switch is open, the voltage source is not connected to the
circuit. Thus,
i L () = 0 A.

iL (0) =

Problem 5.12
SOLUTION:
Known quantities:
V1 =12 V,C = 0.5 F, R1 = 0.68 k,R2 = 1.8 k.

Find:
The initial and final conditions for the circuit of P5.23.
Analysis:
Before closing, the switch has been opened for a long time. Thus we have a steady-state condition, and
we treat the capacitor as an open circuit. When the switch is open, the voltage source is not connected to
the circuit. Thus,

vC (0) = 0 V.

After the switch has been closed for a long time, we have again a steady-state condition, and we treat the
capacitor as an open circuit. The voltage across the capacitor is equal to the voltage across the resistance
R2 . By voltage division:

vC () =

R2
1800
V1 =
12 = 8.71 V.
R1 + R2
1800 + 680

Problem 5.34

SOLUTION:
Known quantities:
Circuit shown in Figure P5.34, VS1 = 17V ,VS 2 = 11V , R1 = 14k ,R2 = 13k,R3 = 14k,C = 70nF.
Find:
a) V (t) for t > 0 .
b) The time for V (t) to change by 98% of its total change in
voltage after the switch is operated.

Assumptions:

The circuit is in steady-state conditions for t < 0 . It is a resistive circuit with one storage element (e.g.
capacitor) so an assumed solution is of the form
VR3 (t) = VSS + (V0 VSS )et /

Analysis:
In general, the approach in problems such as this one is to first find the initial condition at t = 0+ for the
capacitor and use it to determine the initial condition on the voltage across resistor R3. Second, find the
final steady-state condition of the circuit for t > 0. To do so, simply apply DC circuit analysis to solve
for the voltage across the resistor R3 (i.e. replace the capacitor with an open-circuit and solve.) Finally,
solve for the time constant of the circuit for t > 0 by finding the Thevenin equivalent resistance RTH
across the terminals of the capacitor. Each of these three results is needed to construct the complete
transient solution.
a) At t = 0 :
Steady state conditions are specified. At steady state, the capacitor is modeled as an open circuit:

iC (0 ) = 0

Apply KVL:
VS1 = iC (0 )R2 + VC (0 )

VC (0 ) = VS1 = 17V

At t = 0+ :
The voltage across the capacitor remains the same:

VC (0+ ) = VC (0 ) = 17V

Apply KCL:

V (0 + ) (VS 2 ) V (0 + ) VC (0 + ) V (0 + ) 0
+
+
=0
R1
R2
R3
VC (0 + ) VS 2
17
11
+
+
3
R2
R1
+
13 10 14 103
V (0 ) =
=
= 9.525V
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+
R1 R2 R3 14 103 13 103 14 103

For t > 0 :
Determine the equivalent resistance as "seen" by the capacitor, ie, with respect to the port or terminals of
the capacitor. Suppress the independent ideal voltage source:
Req = R2 + (R1 R3 ) = R2 +

R1R3
14 10 3 14 10 3
= 13 10 3 +
R1 + R3
14 10 3 +14 10 3

= 20.00 k

= Req C = 20 10 3 70 109 = 1.400 ms

At t = infinity:
Steady state is again established. At steady state the capacitor is once again modeled as an open circuit:
iC () = 0

Since the current through the capacitor branch is zero in steady state the voltage across R3 may be found
quickly by voltage division
V () =

VS 2 R3
11 14 10 3
=
= 5.500V
R3 + R1 14 10 3 + 14 10 3

The complete response for t > 0 is then:

+

3
3
V (t) = V () + (V (0 ) V ())e = 5.5 + (9.525 (5.5))e 1.410 = 5.5 + 4.025e 1.410 V

b)
The time required for V(t) to reach 98% of its final value is found from
0.98 =

V (t) V (0+ )
V () V (0+ )

or
V = V () V (0 + ) = 5.5 (9.525) = 4.025V
V (t1 ) = V (0

+)

+ 0.98V = 9.525 + 0.98 (4.025)= 5.5805 = 5.5 + 4.025e

t1 = 1.4 10 3 ln(

5.5805 5.5
) = 5.477ms
4.025

t
1.410 3

Problem 4.37
SOLUTION:
Known quantities: Functions.
Find: The phasor form.
Analysis:
In phasor form:
a) V(jw) = 155-25 V
b) V(jw) = 5-130 V
c) I(jw) = 1063 + 15-42 = (4.54 + j8.91) + (11.15 j 10.04) = 15.69 j1.13 = 15.73-4.12 A
d) I(jw) = 460-25 - 22075 = (416.90 - j194.40) (56.94-j 212.50) = 359.96 + j18.10 = 360.42.88 A

Problem 4.38
SOLUTION:
Known quantities: Complex number.
Find: The polar form.
Analysis:
a) 4 + j 4=4 245=5.6645
b) -3 + j 4 = 5 126.9
c) j + 2 j 4 3 = -1 -j 3 = 3.16-108.4

Problem 4.39
SOLUTION:
Known quantities: Complex number.
Find: The polar form.
Analysis:
a) (50 + j10)(4 + j8) = (50.9911.30)(8.9463.43) = 456.174.7

(50 + j10)(4 + j8) = 200 + j 400 + j 40 + j 2 80 = 120 + j 440 = 456.174.7

b) ( j 2 2)(4 + j5)(2 + j 7 ) = (2.82135)(6.4051.34)(7.2874.05) = 131.8260.4 = 131.8-99.6
( j 2 2)(4 + j5)(2 + j 7 ) = -36 - j126 - j 4 - j 2 14 = -22 - j130 = 131.8-99.6

Problem 4.54
SOLUTION:
Known quantities:
The values of the impedance and the voltage applied to the
circuit shown in Figure P4.54.
Find:
The current in the circuit.
Analysis:
Assume clockwise currents:
rad
, VS = 120 o V
s
1
ZC =
= j , Z L = jL = j 9 Z total = 3+ j9 j = 3+ j8
jC
12
= 0.4932 j1.3151 A = 1.4045 69.44 o A , i (t ) = 1.4 cos t 69.4 o
I=
3 + j8

=3

Problem 4.55

SOLUTION:
Known quantities:
The values of the impedance and the current source
shown in Figure P4.55.
Find:
The voltage.
Analysis:
Assume clockwise currents:
rad
1
, I S = 100 o A , Z L = jL = j 6 , ZC =
= j 1.5
s
jC
1
1
1
Z eq =
=
=
= 0.9231 j1.3846
1
1
1
1
1
2 0.33+ j 0.5
+
+
j +j
R Z L ZC 3
6
3

=2

V = I S Z eq = 10 A (0.9231 j1.3846) = 9.231 j13.846 a *10 V = 16.641 56.31o V