Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: lntroduction to lnvestlgatory Proiects
Elements of an lP
You and Your Research Adviser
Why Should I Do this, Anyway?
3
3
5
5
9
10
10
TL
15
16
L7
20
2L
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Auxiliary Pages
Sample Title Page
Sample Table of Contents
Chapter l: lntroduction
Formatting Your RRL and ln-Text Citation
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31
35
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42
Onpter 4: Experimentation
The lnquiry Cycle or the Scientific Method
The Hypothesis and the Nature of Experiments
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45
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Table of Contents
Documentation
Chapter 5: Data Gathering Analysis and Conclusion
Measuring Devices and Units
Organizing Collected Data by
Pictures
Tables
Graphs
Relationship between Variables
Using Tables to Determine the Relationship between Variables
Manually Drawing the Best-Fit Line
Graphing Using the Computer
Using a Computer to Draw the Best-Fit Line
Direct Proportion Graphs and Linear Equations
"Linearizing" other Graphs
The lmportance of the Slope
Measures of Central Tendency
Percent Error
Conclusions which End
Chapter 6: Presentation of Results
Pointers for the Oral Defense
Preparing Slide Shows
Criteria for Grading
Project Displays
General Guidelines
Free-standing Poster
Table-top Project Display Board
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Appendices
Proposed lP Topic for Our Group
Request for Borrowing Laboratory Equipment
Sample lP
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chapter 1
is
noreimwtuntdron knwledga'But
how do you confirm whether what you have thought is correct or not? The progress of humans in
terms of acquisition of qrqw knonledge and technology is brorght about by the inrrcstigation of
Now is vour turn to deal with vour personal ounknowns" with resard.to the
ililH;"
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Chaptq
1.:
eltend them, or find a link between or among different phenomena. Simply put, research can be
taken as "searching again." You can think of many instances in your life where you have done
research, although not as technical as an lP.
An lP is basically for high school students. Research works in advanced or specialized studies
are called differently. Your teacher might ask you to come up with a research for English, or for
Math, and this will be referred to with a different name. Aside from that, the lP is also different from
other research works in terms of its objectives. Advanced research works could deal with abstract
scientific concepts. The lP, however, cannot. As much as possible, an lP should:
apply scientific principles that were learned, or will be learned in the classroom or in
consultation;
original and not a copy of any previous study;
be a result of an on-going study or a parallel scientific research;
Thus, an lP should be scientific (uses the seientific method), original (extends previous
studies or presents new ideas) and beneficial
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There are lPs that inform or demonstrate science principles. These lPs, in so far as research
is concerned, should be .avoided. lPs that are rich in data followed by analysis are the more
preferred ones.
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Obiectives of the IP
The lP is integrated in the science curriculum,rto complementthe latter, not supplement it.
Aside from th.at, the lP aims to:
provide an avenue for you to apply science concepts that you learned in the classroom
to solve research questions that you formulate. Several science concepts that are taught
or will be taught to you in the classroom or in consultation periods are necessary for you
it
second option, the teacher just sets the minimum and maximum number of students in
a group;
initiate a culture cf research and science by allowing you, at the very least, practice
science-related skills like hypothesizing, data gathering, experimenting, analyzing and
concluding based on gathered information. Your teacher will not require you to come
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topic and approved by your science teacher or research adviser, as long as you propose
up with a highly-technical or advanced-level lF. Your group may come up with any
lP
.o*"
uO
with an lP. Every year, vbrious science fairs around the country showcase the best lPs.
The most prestigious science fair in the country is the lntel Philippine Science Fair
organized by the Department of Science and Technology
(IPSF),
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lnc., a company which specializes on integrated circuits that are used in computers. IPSF stems from
division competitions, and advances to regional, up to national level. Winners in the national level
are sent to the lntel lnternational Science and Engineering Fair {lntel ISEF} which is held abroad. lntel
ISEF winners
take home cash prizes and college scholarships, among others. Since 2003, the
Philippines has sent 31 entries, in which some won awards as well. lt is your chance to join the rest
Elements of an IP
An lP has the following elements:
1)
Guard Book. This is similar to your Laboratory Log Book. Others call this as Project Data
Book. This could be any notebook where you can
random thoughts about the project. You can also write here the minutes of your group
meetings. Anything that is related
materials, should be placed here, However, your Guard Book should be kept clean and
neat. lt will help you a lot in organizint your experiment and even help you identifu the
reasons your project is successful or what could have caused errors.
start to finish. This is the purpose of your group's research paper. Aside from that,
future researches might conduct a study involving your group's work. ln your absence,
'the
research paper is almost similar to other research work. Thus, the lP research paper will
indeed prepare you for future research like college thesis.
3)
Oral Defense. Science is also defined as a field of study where a collective set of experls
critically determines the veracity of the discovered knowledge (peer review). The oral
defense is an example of this. ln the oral defense, you present your work to a panel of
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Surciul Guidc
judges and defend your findings when applicable. The oral defense is a graded task and
a preparation for college thesis defense.
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4)
Erfiibit. Now that your lP has passed careful evaluation, it is worthy to be shown to the
public for dissemination. There is no other greater form of reward for a researcher than
by you alone. You research adviser only evaluates whether the design you created is efficient,
effective, and scientifically correct and suggests alternative methods when appropriate. Your lP
topic should also be approved by your research adviser. Topic approval, therefore, is the only direct
involvement of your research adviser. Frorn that point onwards, you should take everything as
suggestions because your research adviser is only there
apprentice
to give advice. lt
is your duty as an
to report oll proceedings of your lP to your research adviser may it be in the class or in
consultation sessions.
As
the proponent of your lP, it is still your call to whether you should consider or take aside
the proposals of your research adviser. Your research advisels intervention should be kept minimal
at all times (else, your adviser's name should appear as one of the authorsl. You always take the
credit, both for a flawed lP or for a successful one.
is no guarantee that you will enjoy completing your lF tasks. However, careful planning
eases
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Orytcl
1:
unwen things out. Conducting an lP which tackles a topic that you are interested in provides you
with internat motivation that willtake you through. lt is quite hard but at the same time, rewarding.
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Again, as.Einstein said, "lmagination is more important than knowledge." But there is no
Just like what you have read, it all starts with a topic that you are interested in. But you have
lots of interests. How will you know which one to choose? Read along; you are about to start
proposing an lP topic.
*iew
hwesfrgtury
Sun1oal Guiile
Chapter 2
simply because theylhave confined themselves of books and the lPs of other students. Try using'
your imagination instead; start thinking of "Whot
ifs.P
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What is an IF Topic?
What would you like to research about? This is'your topic. At first, your topic is broad and
encompasses a lot of things. As a researcher, one of the skills that you should develop is narrowing
is already a way
lf your group will start with careful planning, starting with your topic, your group has a very
good foundation for genuine learning, cooperation and social skills development and critical
thinking.
ln the coming pages, you will answer five questions that serve as tips for coming up with an
lP topic. These questions act like funnels which filter out
This process is particularly irnportant to a group research work. Since there are many of you in a
group, there will be many suggested lP topics as well. Which one will your group choose? Take note
that these tips (questions) are arranged as such because they rnust be answered in this particular
order.
impeding not only your creativity but also your curiosity. When thinking about a possible topic, you
start on what you have
Along the way, you will encounter many difficulties !n pursuing your research, but
if you are
Now your interests can serve you some problems that you might want to solve. Ttrese
problems are now yourgqses for the lP topic.
Take
Aprille San Miguel (Miriam College High School, 2008). Their lP topic was about ice shapes entitled
"Determining Which lce Shape has the Longest Melting Time." These students enjoyed cold drinks;
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they wanted to find out the ice shape that could last longer due to the fact that ice melts over time.
Although the origin of their research was a day-to-day experience, the research followed
profoundly controlled experiment. This also allowed. them to apply their knowledge of volume,
surface area, thermodynamics, and of course, the scientific.method.
From here, try listing down a maximum of five interests and the problem that they pose.
This
time, you need to identify the necessary skills that you need to solve the problem at hand.
requirements of your research. lf you fail to see from the start that you cannot perforrn a skill that is
needed
to complete a task in your lP, then you might be pushed to change your lP topic even
though you are already halfway through, thus, wasting your resources altogether.
Let us see how the group of Pauline Lourdes Bueno, Beatriz Christine Clemente, Jana Azalea
David and Constanza lnez de Dios (Miriam College High School, 2008) identified their skills for their
Because all of the researchers were interested in sound, this research involved
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acoustic physics and wave properties. ln their group, there were some who knew math so they
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the knowledge of
could analyze the wave and there were some who could design so they could construct the modular
block.
Now, it is time for you to assess your skills to solve the problem. Do I know math? Oo t knot
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How much time do you have? Did your teacher allot one entire school year? Do you have
weeks
sr.rbmission
construct the prototype and/or gather and analyze survey forms given that amount of time?
ln Miriam College High School, an entire school year is allotted for the lP. lt took three
quarters for the group of Erika Castillo, Precious Galicia, Michele Magtoto and Caiel Pajarillo t20o8l
to construct an amplifier enclosed in a guitar body. From second to third quarter, they r'uere busy
soldering parts of the circuits and procuring materials. By the fourth quarter, their product was
ready.
lf it
does not
fit,
to
cross
if it
requires samples
1_A
to
buy
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Try alternative sources of materials if you can. lf you can make an improvised tool which
could still serve the purpose of your experiment, then you can cut on costs. Could you use recycled
materials instead?
The group
of
for microbial
analysis {specifically,
amount so that the water samples could be sent to laboratory; the arnount of which might be
impossible to shoulder if the lP is an individual work,
eae
h topic
additional help, do not pursue the lP if it is beyond the amount of what your pocket can shell out.
On the next page is a sample matrix which can help you decide on what your lP topic should
be. You may use the blank rnatrix provided for you at the back of your rnanual for your group's
brai nstorming of topics.
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Elecuonics:
Cheaper
fire sensor
organic
enclosures
with
Teaching:
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1..
2.
Circuit construction
Electronic devices
2 months
1800 pesos
A cheaper fire
sensor which
could be
produced
commercially
Topic
Proposed lP Topics
Sound:
Speakers
tp
internet-based
resources
Mirrors:
Construction of
a solar oven
1.
2.
3.
Circuitconstruction
Acoustics
Acoustic laboratory
L. A little of
3 months
5000+ pesos
Reduction of
nonbiodegradable
wastes
Shared
I-ITML
programming
month
500 pesos
quality
resources with
other
teachers
andlar students
1. Optics
2. Thermodynamics
3. Concave mirror
5 months
5@tlr pesos
Higher
energy
savings
of the
questions we have just discussed. You might be interested in electronics, but do you know how to
onstruct a circuit? Maybe you have the rnoney to spend for speaker enclosures, but do you know
anything about acoustics?
question frorn your adviser: "ls this original?" Your teacher knows a lot of things about previous lPs,
so never attempt to just copy the work of others. The question of originality is not included in the
questions because it might preempt your enthusiasm. Just keep yaur lP topies going and seek advice
from your teacher. Hopefully, your teacher and your group can rnake small adjustments to make
your lP unique on its own.
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lnterests Funnel
Always
remember
that there are five things that
Skills Funnel
when
determining your topic. These
funnel
is your research
Time Funnel
Five-funnel Model
lor
Research Topics
casts Funnel
-i2=-=\
\\
\'--.-----/./
(
/
Benefits Funnel
IP Topic
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Any ldeas?
To better help students determine their lP topic, pcience fairs around the world came up
with different categories which classify lP topics based on their subject of study. The two broad
areas of study are:
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Basic Sciences. These deal with any research regarding pure science concepts which
Botony: study of plant life, e.g. algae, plant genetics, agriculture, forestry,
plant pathology and taxonomy. Studies about plant propagation, hybrid rice
ffops, or the discovery of new plant specimen fall under this Gtegory.
Zoology: study of animal life, .g. animal physiology, animal ecology, animal
genetics and cellular physiology. Studies which fall under this category
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Eiochemistry: study
of how chemical
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Chemistry: study
laws
which govern this. Studies about plastics, metals, fuels and pesticides
belong to this category.
Physicsz
it
passes through
. u"i
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Applied Sciences. Studies in this area use data and results from the basic sciences.
aeronautical
computational
to manufacturing
and
practical uses, or technology. lPs which fall under this category are those
which involve refrigeration, photography, acoustics, transportation and the
of humans and
astronomy and seismology are studies that are related to Earth and space
sciences. Determining the effect of polar ice cap melting to coastal areas in
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to
of
nowadays.
To get a feel of what other students have researched on, you may want to visit the online database
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the five questions presented before in determining your possible topics for investigation (Step 2),
De$ning what an lP is
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Examine the approved topics by your project adviser on the returned paper.
.
r
Proiect
V'
lf your topic has been approved by your adviser, start reading about it. Do
nol waste time and opportunities to learn more about the topic.
lf your topics are not approved, be patient. Meet with your groupmates and
repeat the steps.
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When you propose a certain topig make sure that you have read something about
it (step
2). You may do library research {which is the best), surf the internet {which is the most accessible} or
talk to professionals in the field of study where your research falls under.
Now you are ready to move on to the next phase of your lP - the research paper. The
research paper should develop simultaneous with your lP. Most students cram their research paper
at the end of each stage, when the deadline is near. Just a tip: always bring a laptop with you. Every
time your group convenes, complete a part of the lP research paper. You can simultaneously enter
data to your research paper while you are conducting experiments (but of course, never forget to
put any information on your Guard Book).
But what exactly is this lP research paper? How do you complete this? What parts does
it
have? ln the next chapter, you will learn everything about this research paper from its basic format
fust a Reminder
You might be tempted to submit a work done by other researchers. Your research adviser
might not be able to notice this. With or without word from your research adviser, you are
committing ocodemic dishonesty or academic fraud. Never attempt to do this. Once caught, you
automatically get a failing mark in your subject and conduct grade, as stipulated in the student
handbook.
Be motivated
Progress Check!'
'
it
abaut?
Does
applied science?
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a unique characteristic of science. The IPRP is somehow similar to advanced research papers, in
terms of formatting and tone, with a few missing parts. Nonetheless, the
IPRP
General Formatting
To achieve a uniform and formal look, the IPRP should be formatted this way:
r
o
o
o
o
o
.
o
o
orientation: portrait
Margin: 1'along all sides, with a %" gutterfrom the left edge
Font face: Times New Roman
Font size: 12
Line spacing: double
Alignment: justified
Citation format Chicago Manual of Style {CMS}
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Conclusions
2A
2l
Notice that in the example above, although there is space left on page 20, the next chapter
started on page 21.
.,
shown above.
Avoid "orphans" and "widows". An orpharr is defined as an end part (less than three lines) of
a paragraph which appears on the prwious page.
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xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xx xx xxxx'x x xx
xx
xxxxx x xxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx
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xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxx
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xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.
The energy requirement to propel this
Limitations
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xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx...
The phrase oenergy efftcient this design is" is a part of the paragraph on page 8.
lf your
paragraph will spill to the next page, make sure the "spillage" will occupy at least three lines. Less
than three lines will be considered orphans and they make the layout look unappealing.
Widows are the opposite of orphans. Widows are the beginning part (less than three lines)
of a paragraph which appears on a separate page. For example:
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxx xx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
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xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
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xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.
Limitatfuns
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xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx...
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Units of Measurement
All measurements of physical quantities, may it'be in your actual experiment or as written
on your IPRP, should be expressed in units prescribed by the lnternational System (Sl).
Tone of Writing
Since
1.
2.
Avoid using your opinions as support to scientific principles, commonly held beliefs or
reade/s sake.
Cut the drama. Most students inject a lot of drama in the introductory parts. For
example, on an lP about alternative pesticides, a group of researchers stated that their
lP is significant because "...it will help olleviate poverty
it is better stated
as "This lP is significant
Sweeping statements like "all," "everyone" and "some" should never be used.
5.
Refer to reputable sources like published reference books and research journals. Do not
rely much on websites.
The sentences should be in third person. Avoid stating "We gothered 20 dilferent
specimens..." Try "Twenty different srycimens were gothered
7.
for
this experiment.'
When referring to yourselves as the conductors of the lP, state it as "The proponents
of
8. The IPRP is a scientific paper. Avoid using smileys as bullets. Use classic bullets like I and r.
Nowadays, it you woula like to learn the American accent, you learn it by listening to native
lt is highly
lt is by example where you can learn the right tone of writing scientific
research work.
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Aurdliary Pages
o
r
o
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Title page
Abstract
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
Chapter l: lntroduction
o
o
o
o
e
Background
ofthe Study
r
o
Chapter
r
o
Findings
Analysis of Data
o
o
Conclusion
Recommendations
F. Bibllography
G.
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Appendices
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Auxiliary Pages
These pages supplement your IPRP. Although they are not as important as the other parts
your
IPRP,
of
these pages will help your reader in accessing your research paper.
Tltle Page: this contains the name of the researchers, the name of the school/institution
where the lP was completed, the title of the lP, the name of the research adviser, the
academic subject (integrated science, biology, chemistry or physics), and the date when
the IPRP is submitted. A sample title page appears on the following page.
Abstract: this is a summary of the entire lP. lt contains the objectives of your project,
the methodology utilized, data gathered and derived conclusions. Possible applications
of the lP and some atffibution to previous'studies can also be stated in the abstract in
no more than 250 words. lt should be contained in a single page and written
in
paragraph form {not in bullets}. Since this is a summary it is quite obvious that you will
do this the lost.
Acknowledgement: this includes any persond thonk-you you wish to say. This is the
only page in your
IPRP
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to thank the following
for their unwavering support which lead to the successful completion of this IP:
Table of Cqntents: this provides a quick glance to what your IPRP has in it. lt does not
include the abstract and the acknowledgement. Font face and font size stillTimes New
Roman, 12. A sample appears on page 27.
25
Here is a sample
Construction of an Amplifier
in a Guitar Box
The lP title should be in boldface
Erika Castillo
Precious Galicia
Michele Magtoto
Caiel Pajarillo
IV-6
Line spacing:
Mr. Resty
four
Research
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lP
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I wu"
Chapter I:
spacing,
rour.
l-l
Introduction
Background of the
\-
and center-aligned.
Study
...........5
Significance of the
Chapter
........7
......qr...
F
Literaturd...
.rottc../
Ik Methodolog5r
MaterialsandEquipment............
r nearmenuuenerar Procedure.Treatment/General
rroceaurel. .
.
Chapter
.......6
Study..
Review of Related
......
III:
Results and
,.....15
.,...
..
...,,
,...17
Discu"s#
Conclusion
Recommendations
Bibliography
Appendices
..........27
.........,....ig
of the
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Chapter I: Introduction
The first chapter of your IPRP sets the mood of your research and provides your readers
BackEround of the Study: in this part, you will state how you have come to reach your
lP topic.
lt
established scientific principle. By personal experience, do NOT cite how your research
narrate personal experiences that reflect the topic at hand. Clearly state the reasons
you become interested in this particular topic and what you hope to accomplish with
your lP.
Statement of the Problem/Obiectives and Hypothesis: some lPs call this as Engineering
Goals. lf your project falls under the category of engineering, then rename this part as
such. ln this portion, clearly state the purpose of your project. Objectives should be
preceded by a sentence (the stem), and could be stated in bullets. What do you aim to
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A milk solution has a shorter shelf life when left outside the
refrigerator and exposed to unfiltered, room temperanre aiq this
a challenge to
the objectives
need
to
underline
in your
paper).
(no
actual
food
28
as determined by
toxicologists.
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Particularly,
Here is the
hypothesis.
if
allowed to cook, is mixed with the milk solution, then the shelf life
of the milk solution will prolong.
Tips
in writing objectives. Make sure that your objectives are clearly stated.
These objectives will guide you as work on your lP. Unclear objectives result in
wrong methodology and incomplete conclusion. Make sure that your obiectives
are S.M.A.R.T. This acronym stands for:
lt
to deoease
food poisoning." Since there are many types of food poisoning, you may
but as you will see later, some revisions can still be made to make this
better.
objective?
lf the
purpose
memory retention, are there ways which can clearly measure this? Are
there methods which actually take into account your experiment and
not some other factors?
HlNl
virus, think twice. Can you do this? Do you have the materials?
is
somehow
stop
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finish the objective? Maybe your objective needs more time. Say for
example, you wish to measure the effects of music to the growth of an
..
avocado tree. lt takes years for an avocado plant to fully develop into an
avocado tree. lf you only have a school year to complete your lP, then
"lf...then..." statement. You should have a clear hypothesis because it will allq,v yotr to
setup a good experiment. lt takes some reading to develop a good hypothesis.
Signiftcance of the Study: what benefits does the community get from your research?
Still, avoid too much drama in stating the significance of your study. Although alleviating
poverty and improving world peace are the most sought-after significance of any study
(because these surely
attributable to your study. ln determining the significance your research, make sure that it
is a direct outcome of your study and there is no or very minimal external intervention.
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Scope and Limitations: here, you set the boundaries of your research. This part saves
you from questions which are actually beyond the concern of your study. lf you will
construct a speaker enclosure that will propagate sound in all directions, your scope
would be acoustics, speed of sound, wave property and the type of material used. lf you
it
as the study's
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Time-bound. Given the time allotted for you by your school, can you
study and other researcherc can easily determine how to expand your research.
Review of Related Literature (RRL[ the most important published sources and theories
RRL
information regarding your research like previous studies where your current study
originated from, or theories which shall guide your research. Some students just patches
sentences which describe the related literature altogether. This is wrong. ln RRL, aside
30
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from describing the related literature, you should also indicate how this related
literature will be used in your research or how different it is from your current study.
The RRL also follows some citation format.
of information
is very important
rewards successful researchers with recognition which they deserve. Citation also ensures that
background information is well grounded on data or previous research and not on opinion. When
you present the works of others as yours, or even if you cite the authors of your sources but do not
completely cite where you find these, you are actually committing plagiarism. Plagiarism happens
when then authorship of an article is attributed to the wrong person. There are many types of
plagiarism one can commit. For further reading, you may wish to refer to www.plogiarism.org.
There are many styles in citing your reference. Citation styles differ from one field of study to
the other, For the physical sciences, however, the Chicogo Manuol of Sfyre {CMS)
ln
RRL,
is commonly used,
prwious studies related to your research should be described. ln doing this, you
need to cite where this study came from. Since the RRL is in paragraph format, the citation is called
as in-text citotion. Using CMS, the in-text citation format is that of Authar-Yeor of Publicotion, Page
Number system. Consider the example below:
This project utilizes a metallic sound reflector. Metal is a solid substance, and
solids in geneml have molecules that are tightly packed. They have strong forces
between their molecules. Sound waves are not absorbed by the metal because the
particles are so compact that no space for porous surfacEs is left, and as a result, sound
waves are completely reflected by the rnetallic surface.,. However, the particles thai
make up wood are different from that which makes up metals.... They are either
absorbed or they.are transmitted through the wood. As a resulg the reflected waves are
not of maximum quantity causing poor sound quality (Young
Notice how the author and the year of publication (both enclosed in
pa!'entheses) are cited after the sentence that needs data support so as to
be considered factual and not opinionated.
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about, as follows:
Gross (1998, 49) and Alten (1981, 78) explain other concepts related
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when reflections keep bouncing off at least two surfaces (one surface for echo) before
getting to the receiver or listener, then decaying. Decay is the rate at which a sound
changes from loudness
to a
sustained level
heard
Still, do not forget that aside from in-text citation, you still have to mention the source
complete with other details in the bibliography. While searching for related literature, have your
Guard Book with you. There, write the complete citation of your sources, following the CMS format.
CMS in-text citation and full-bibliography citation have different arrangements
journals and other references. Familiarize yourself with CMS citation format as provided for you in
Some research books suggest having index cards (called as note cards| where you can write
the full bibliography of your sources. However, you can easily misplace such index cards, especially
when they are small.
lt
is much convenient
Guard Book.
Never forget that in-text citation does not save you from plagiarism. lt is important that you
include additional informaiion which originally belongs to you. ln this way, knowledge expands and
develops. Also, references should still be fully cited in the bibliography.
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ln case you would like to direaly use a paragraph from another source (say a definition of a
IPRP,
between students who were taught with interactive engagement (IE) teaching styles
ve6us students who were taught with traditional teaching methods in their
respective post-test performance in the standardized test Mechanics Baseline Test
(MBT). Hake rsed a total of 6542 student answer sheets and analyzed the results.
Hake defined IE methods as:
websites,
presentations in conferences, including newspapers). The above example from Hake is a journal in
an online database, while the first example authored by Young and Freedman comes from a printed
physics book, and as such, the page number should be cited as well.
ln case you will use pictures, tabulated data or graphs in any part of your IPRP, donot forget
to cite sources as well. You do this by first labeling the irnage (whether it is a picture, an equation,
table or a graph), followed by writing a brief caption and citing the reference enclosed in
parentheses. Follow the Author-Year of publication format of CMS. As what you have read before,
to mention the reference with its complete details in the bibliography part of your
Photo
field
lines.
AnSlsoJ
o)
Incidcnce (Q'
Refrection (0.,, o)
l0
7.5
6.5
Refnetion (O-'. ol
2A
l4
t3
30
20
26
2A
40
50
26
r.5
36
39
60
70
80
3l-s
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4t.5
39.5
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be
itself.
flr=-
'
Equation
nlsinOi
sin0r2
l:
Snell's Law.
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Grryh 5: Tlp graph of the sines of the angleg of incidence and refraction yields a lineu
graph with constant slope. In this case, lhe angle of incidence cane from tlv W si& of tlv
normal relative to the liglX sottrce. (Castro 2008, 85)
Avoid borrowing pictures as much as possible. lf you can shoot a picture of an actual obiect,
you can use it in your IPRP. For example, instead of downloading form the internt, take a picture
of
one of the graduated cylinders in the laboratory if you want a picture of such in your IPRP,
RRL and
Internet Sources
Cite as many relevant bases as possible. Because the internet is easily accessible, most
students resort to online sources only. lt is highly discouraged that you rely on these alone. pieces of
information on the internet are highly volatile. What you have retrieved today might not be the
same tomorrow, Also, some internet sources do not cite
Do more library research for published works. Printed references are more reliable because
these underwent tedious review processes. However, some published works can also be found on
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reputable online sources like SCOPUS and ERIC {Education Resources lnformation Center}, though
to
Google Scholar
lwww.scholar.google.com) for published works that are available in portable formats. These soft
copies indicate whether the work has already been printed
published ones.
You rnay also research the libraries of other schools, libraries of laboratories and institutet
or even special libraries like the Senate Library. All you have to do is check the visiting hours of the
library you wish to visit, and then ask for a letter from your schosl librarian. You need this letter to
visit other libraries. Also, do not forget to inform your research adviser about this.
Materlals and Equipment You may want to list down in separate tables all the
materials and equipment that you use in conducting your experiment. Specify the
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Pap*
quantity (in correct and appropriate units) of each material used. lf your study is about
cost efficiency, include the price as well, then indicate at the end of the table when the
items are purchased.
36
Materiel
Quantity
Prtce (PhP)
Resistors
50 pieces
500
Soldering Lead
4m
20
Copper Sulfate
25mL
50
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Guifu
Treatment/General Procedure: ln this part, you are to describe in full detail the actual
experiment procedures which you have executed, step-by-step, as if you are narrating
to another person over the phone who would like to conduct the same experiment
exactly as you have performed it. You do the same thing in case your lP involves building
a prototype like an engineering project. You might have encountered recipe books or
laboratory manuals in your science classes. Those are good examples of how you should
write this part. Add as many details as possible. By the way, unlike laboratory manuals
and recipe books, you write this part in paragraph form, not as a numbered list.
ln
proponents,..," 'The
experimenters...," or "The researchers..," too much. lnstead, just cite the steps minus
of
. experiment began.
T
Findings: this part shows all gathered data from your experiment which is relevant to
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your study. This is done better by presenting tables, pictures and graphs. These should
be properly labeled and described also in detail like when the picture was taken, what
the table contains, or what the graph is about.
Analysis of Data: you will try discovering patters or behavior from the gathered data
using some tools from mathematics or general research practice. Different researches
callfor diffeieht analyticattools. Do not worry; you can easily perform any mathematical
tool for your lP. Advanced research calls for higher math, which you shall not do yet.
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this is the part where you will, determine whether your hypothesis
is
acceptable or not. You also evaluate whether you have achieved your objectives or
failed to do so. Be reminded that you should only conclude based on the data that you
have plus any scientific principle that could support your conclusion. Be logical; most
students commit illogical conclusions simply because they do not know what their lP is
allabout.
Recommendations: refer to your Guard Book. Hopefully, you have listed down several
factors that have affected your experiment and have caused more errors. Or maybe,
you have new ideas to make the research better, but these ideas have come after the
experiment is done. These are the things that you should write in this part of your
IPRP.
Plagiarism Issues
You might have thought of copying a text from the internet the citing the reference in-text
or via footnoting to go around plagiarism. Citing the reference NEVER gives you the right to copy and
paste the text on your research paper, especially when the borrowed, specifically
lifed, text
was
pasted on the body text of your work. Follow the format for direct quotation on page 33.
'
However,
the direct quotation format does not give you the right to copy and
paste
everything, thereby making a huge chunk of your work a patchwork of lifted texts. You may only
copy certain texts which might be misinterpreted when paraphrased; for example, definitions of
jargons.
Bibliography
As suggested before, you should
Book. Although the biblioiraphy can be found at the end of your IPRP, it does not mean that you will
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Citing sources in the bibliography comes in various formats: APA, MLA and CMS. Your
English teacher might require you
preferred for physical sciences. You may want to visitwww.chicagamanualafstyle.org for updates.
General formatting:
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Alignment: Justified
Notice that the first line of bibliographic entry is not indented, while the succeeding
lines should be indented, as shown in examples below.
ln using the guide below, words and punctuation marks outside the brackets il are
part of the format. ltems inside the brackets are pieces of information about your
reference that you have to input.
o
7.
[AL], [AFl. [Book title, itolicizedJ. [Place of Publication]: [Publisher], [Year of Publicationl.
2.
ln general, if the reference has more than four authors, just indicate the first and last name of
the first author indicated on the reference, followed by an "et. al."
[AF3l
IPublisher],
[Year of Publication].
3.
When
[Edltor's Surname], lEditor's First Narnel, trans. [Book title, itolicizedJ. [Place of Publication]:
[Publisherl, [Year of Publication].
[ALJ, [AF]. fBook title"'italicizedl. Edited by [Edito/s First Name and Surname]. [Place of Publigation:
Publisherl, [Year of Publication!.
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[ALl, [AFl. "[Title of Eook Chapter, enclosed in quotation marksl." ln [BookTitle, italicizedJ, edited by
[Editot/s First Name and Surname], [page nurnbersl. [Place of Publicationl: [Publisherl, [Year
of Publicationl,
6,
[ALl, [AFl. "[Title of Book Chapter, enclosed in quotation marks]." ln [&ook Title, itolicized], ed,ted bV
[Editor's First Name and Last Namel. Vol. [Volume Numberl of [Volume Title, italicizedJ,
edited by [Editor's First Name and Last Namel, [Page Numbersl. lPlace of Publication]:
[Publisher], [Year of Publicationl. Originally published in ftranslator's First Name and Last
Namel, trans., [Title of the Originol Publicatian, itolicized], Vol. [Volume Numberl {[Place of
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7.
to
or ffitle of
the
8-
book:
lf the reference is also available in other formats, cite these formats as well, followed by the
date when you accessed the source {enclosed in parentheses}.
IALL IAF], ed. lTitle ol the Electronic BooN itolicized]. [Place of Publication]: [Publisherl, fYear of
Publicationl. IURLI. Also available in [state other formatsl. {accessed [Date of Accessl].
9.
[ALl, [AFl. "[Title of Article, enclosed in quotation mark]". fJaurnol Title, italicized] [Volume
Numberl ([Year of Publication, enclosed in parenthesesl): [Page Numbers]
7O. Fgr orticles
in on online ioumal
[AL], [AF]. "[Title of Article, enclosed in quotation marks]". fJournol Title, ttolicizedJ [Volume
Numberl, flssue Numberl ([Year of Publication, enclosed in parenthesesl]: ([Date bf
Publication, enclosed in parenthesesl), IURLI (accessed [Date of Access]).
oooular moqozines
[Atl, [AFl. "[Title of Article, enclosed in quotation marks]". [Magazine Titte, italicizedl, lDate of
Publication.
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[ALl, [AFl. "[Title of Article, enclosed in quotation marks]". [Newspoper Title, italicizedl, lDate of
Publicationl, [Newspaper Section where the Article was Found], IEditionl.
[ALl, [AFl. '[Title of the Book Review, enclosed in quotation marks]". Review of [Title of the Book
being Reviewed, italicizedl, by [First Name and Last Name of the Author of the Book being
Reviewedl. fTitle of the Book Review Journal, itolicized], {Date of Publicationl.
disseft
s-LSpdEd
to refer to previous lPs done by other students. Since the lP is also a research
endeavor, the author of this manual suggests that you follow the same CMS citation format for
theses and dissertations in citing lPs.
You may want
[ALl, [AF]. "[Title of Theses/Dissertation/lP, enclosed in quotation rnarks]". lResearch Levell, [School
of Publicationl, [Year of Publication]
75. Far paeetEJtlesentetl !0 a meetina
ets
xonference
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[ALl, [AFl, "[Title of Presentation, enclosed in quotation marks]". Paper presented at the [Title of
Eventl, [Place Where Event Was Held], [Country Where Event Was Heldl, [Date of the
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Like newspaper articles, CMS suggests that websites could also be mentioned as part of a
sentence, not following the usual in-text citation of Author-Year of Publication systern. For
example, "On its ivebsite, Yohoo, Inc. announced that it shall close a! Yahoa! Briefcose
occounts..." Common practice also omits web sites in the bibliography.
Eventl.
[Website Owner]. "[Title of Web Article, enclosed in quotation marks]'. [Title of Website]. [URL]
([Date ofAccess, enclosed in parentheses]].
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The last part of our IPRP is the Appendix/Appendices. This part contains 'attachments' to
your research work. They might not be very useful in the discussion of your study {as in the various
chapters), but are deemed relevant in case a reader wishes to know more. Examples of these are
reprts,
survey forms and correspondences. lf you have just one attachment, name this
Progress Check!
Chopter I should be passed to your teocher soon. ts it nearing its comfletion?
42
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