IC ENGINES

ASSIGNMENT II

NAME : Abhimanyu Vashistha

Roll : 2k12/ME/004

Q1: What do you understand by carburetion? Elaborate various

factors affecting carburetion?
Ans1: Carburetion: The process of formation of a combustible fuel-air
mixture by mixing the proper amount of fuel with air before admission to
engine cylinder is called carburetion.
Factors affecting carburetion:
a) The engine speed:
As the engine speed increases the time available for mixture
formation is very limited. Therefore in order to have high quality
carburetion the velocity of air steam at the point where the fuel is
injected has to be increased. This is achieved by introducing a
venturi section in the path of the air. The fuel is discharged from the
main metering jet at the minimum cross section of the venturi (called
throat).
b) The vaporization characteristics of the fuel:
As vaporization characteristics of the fuel increases carburetion
quality increases.
c) The temperature of the incoming air:
- Higher atmospheric air temperature increases the vaporization of
fuel and produces more homogeneous mixture.
-But increased atmospheric temperature leads to a decrease in
power output of engine when air-fuel ratio is constant due to reduced
mass flow into the cylinder or it reduces volumetric efficiency.
d) The design of carburetor:
Design of the carburetor, the intake system and the combustion
chamber have considerable influence on uniform distribution of
mixture under different operating condition of engine.

Q2) Explain stoichiometric mixture? What are the mixture

requirements at varying load condition in an automobile engine?

Ans2) Stoichiometric mixture: It is one in which there is just enough air

for complete combustion of the fuel. For example to burn 1kg of octane
(C8H18) completely, 15-12kg of air is required. Hence A/F ratio is 1512/1.
Mixture requirement at different loads and speed

Q3: Elaborate the principle of carburetion.

Ans: in carburettor, air passing into the combustion chamber picks up
fuel discharged from a tube. This tube has a fine orifice called
carburettor jet which is exposed to the air path. The rate at which fuel is
discharged into the air depends on the pressure difference (or pressure
head between the float chamber and the throat of the venturi) and on
the area of the outlet of tube.
In order to produce a strong suction, the pipe in the carburettor carrying
air to the engine made to have a restriction (throat). The restriction
made in the form of a venturi to minimize throttling losses. The end of
the fuel jet is located at the venturi or throat of the carburettor.
The spray of gasoline from the nozzle and the air entering through the
venturi tube are mixed together in this region and a combustible mixture
is formed which passes through the intake manifold into the cylinders.
Increased air velocity at throat helps the rate of evaporation.

Q4: Explain working of a simple carburettor.

Ans:
- The simple carburettor mainly consists of a float chamber, fule
discharge nozzle, metering orifice, venturi, a throttle valve and a
choke.
- The float and a needle valve system maintains a constant level of
gasoline in the float chamber. If the amount of fuel in float
chamber falls below the designed level, the float goes down,
thereby opening the fuel supply valve and admitting fuel.
- From float chamber the fuel is fed to the discharge jet, the tip of
which is located in the throat of venturi. Because of the differential
pressure between float chamber and throat, known as carburettor
depression fuel is discharged into the air stream.
- When power output is to be varied at a particular speed, the
amount of charge delivered to the cylinder should be varied. This
is achieved by throttle valve.
- As the throttle is closed, less air flows through the ventiri tube and
less is the quantity of air- fuel mixture delivered to the cylinder and
hence power output is reduced. As the throttle is opened more, air
flows the choke tube resulting in increased quantity of mixture
being delivered to the engine. This increases the engine power
output.

Q5: Write short notes on:

1. Idling range:An idling range is one which operates at no load and with nearly closed
throttle. Under idling condition, the engine requires a rich mixture. This
is due to the existing pressure condition within combustion chamber and
the intake manifold which cause exhaust gas dilution of the fresh
charge. The exhaust gas pressure at the end of the exhaust stroke does
not vary greatly from 1 atm regardless of the throttle position. Since, the
clearance volume is constant, the mass of the exhaust gas in the
cylinder at the end of the exhaust stroke remains constant.
This results in much larger proportion of the exhaust gas being mixed
with fresh charge under idling condition. This results in poor combustion
and loss in power. Therefore rich fuel is required during idling.
2. Cruising Range:In the cruising range the exhaust gas dilution problem is relatively
insignificant because of opening of throttle valve upto that limit that
pressure differential between the inlet manifold and cylinder becomes
smaller. In this range it is desirable that the carburettor provides the
engine with best economy mixture.
3. Power Range:During peak power operation the engine requires a richer mixture for
following reason:
a) To provide best power: Since high power is desired it is logical to
transfer fuel to A/F ratio 12:1 of best power.
b) To prevent overheating of exhaust valve and the area near it: At high
power, the increased mass of gas at higher temperatures passing
through the cylinder results in the necessity of transferring greater
quantities of heat away from critical areas such as those around the
exhaust valve. Enriching the mixture reduces he flame temperature
and the cylinder temperature. This reduces the cooling problem and
also reduces the tendency to damage exhaust valves at high power.