1.

The table below gives human population statistics for country A and country B in millions.
Year

1940

1960

1980

2000

2020

100

120

130

135

138

50

60

80

110

150

C o u n try

(a)

(i)

On the axes below, sketch the population growth curves for country A and country
B, between the years 1940 and 2020.

(3)

(ii)

Which country, A or B, is most likely to be the developing country? Explain your

answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

The age/sex pyramids below show the populations of developed and developing countries
in 1998.

D e v e lo p e d

D e v e lo p in g
80+
7 5 -7 9
7 0 -7 4
6 5 -6 9
6 0 -6 4
5 5 -5 9
5 0 -5 4
4 5 -4 9
4 0 -4 4
3 5 -3 9
3 0 -3 4
2 5 -2 9
2 0 -2 4
1 5 -1 9
1 0 -1 4
5 -9
0 -4

M a le s

F e m a le s

300 250200150100 50 0 50 100150 200250 300

M illio n s

80+
7 5 -7 9
7 0 -7 4
M a le s
F e m a le s
6 5 -6 9
6 0 -6 4
5 5 -5 9
5 0 -5 4
4 5 -4 9
4 0 -4 4
3 5 -3 9
3 0 -3 4
2 5 -2 9
2 0 -2 4
1 5 -1 9
1 0 -1 4
5 -9
0 -4
300 250 200 150100 50 0 50 100150 200250 300
M illio n s

[Source: World Population Prospects, 1998 Revision, Population Reference Bureau - United Nations.
www.prb.org//pdf/threepatterns.pdf.]

(i)

Estimate how many people under the age of 15 there are in developing countries
and developed countries.
Developing: .......................................................................................................
Developed: ........................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Why is the number of people under the age of 15 important?

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Discuss the significance of two differences, other than the number of people under
the age of 15, between the two age/sex pyramids above.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 11 marks)

2.

The diagrams below represent the area inhabited by, and the ecological footprint of, two human
populations. One population is from a developed country and the other from a developing
country. The diagrams are drawn to the same scale.
= A re a
= E c o lo g ic a l fo o tp rin t

P o p u la tio n A

(a)

P o p u la tio n B

Which of the populations is most likely to be a developing country? Explain your answer.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

State four pieces of information that would be necessary to calculate the ecological
footprint for any human population.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Explain two ways in which the latitude of a country might affect the size of the ecological
footprint.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(d)

Which of the populations, A or B, is exceeding the carrying capacity of the area? Explain
your answer.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(e)

(i)

Suggest two ways in which the food production of the two populations might
differ.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Explain how these differences could influence the size of the ecological footprints
of these two populations.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(f)

Compare the sustainability and environmental impacts of fossil fuels and hydroelectricity
as sources of energy.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 15 marks)

3.

The table below gives the approximate number of bird species found at different altitudes in
tropical South America.
Altitude (m)

Number of species

0500

2000

5001000

1950

10001500

1550

15002000

1100

20003000

950

30004000

500

40005000

200

[Data from a diagram in Gaston K and Spicer J, Biodiversity: an Introduction, Blackwell Science, 1998]

(a)

Describe and explain the relationship between altitude and number of species
shown in the table.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(3)

(b)

Define habitat diversity and species diversity.

.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....

.................................................................................................................................
.....
(2)

(c)

Give two reasons why biodiversity should be protected.

.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(2)

(d)

Outline three characteristics that an area should have if it is to be designated a

nature reserve or similar protected area.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(3)

(e)

An area of forest has been made a nature reserve. It is surrounded by farmland

with several towns. Describe some of the changes that might occur in the area
following its protection in this way.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
8

.................................................................................................................................
.....
(2)

(f)

Briefly describe a named protected area or nature reserve that you have studied
and explain how it has been managed to protect its biodiversity.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(3)
(Total 15 marks)

4.

The following table shows the human population ( 10 ) of six countries for the years
1960 and 2000.
6

Population ( 10 )
Australia
Brazil
China
Nigeria
United Kingdom
United States

1960

2000

10
72
650
42
52
181

19
172
1273
126
59
285

[Source: Population Reference Bureau, www.prb.org]

(a)

From the data above, determine

(i)

in which country the population has increased by the greatest number.

........................................................................................................................
...
(1)
10

(ii)

the percentage of population growth in Nigeria.

........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

(b)

Outline factors that have affected human population growth in either Nigeria or
China.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(3)

(c)

(i)

Define the term sustainability.

........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

(ii)

State two factors that may affect the human carrying capacity of a country.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(2)

11

(d)

State whether the human population of a city is an open system, a closed system
or an isolated system. Explain your answer.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

5.

The pie charts below show the usage of water in the United States and China.
U n ite d S ta te s
In d u s try
49 %

C h in a

A g ric u ltu re
41 %

D o m e s tic
6 %

D o m e s tic
10 %

In d u s try
7 %

A g ric u ltu re
87 %

Since 1950 the global rate of water withdrawal from surface and groundwater sources
has increased almost fivefold and per capita use has tripled.
[Source: Worldwatch Institute and World Resources Institute, 2000]

(a)

Discuss the
(i)

reasons for differences in water usage between the United States and
China.

(ii)

changes in global rates of water extraction since 1950.

(7)

(b)

Describe, with examples, how human population growth affects the worlds fresh
water resources.
12

(7)
Expression of ideas (3)
(Total 17 marks)

6.

The table below provides data on the ecological footprints of several countries.
Country Total area / km

Australia
China
Singapore

Population

Footprint / hectares Total footprint of

2
per head of population population / km

7 700 000

18 000 000

10.0

1 800 000

11 000 000

1 200 000 000

1.5

18 000 000

580

3 000 000

6.2

200 000

[Source of data: Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Environment Sport and Territories, 1996, and
other sources]

13

(a)

(i)

Explain the term ecological footprint.

........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(2)

(ii)

Compare the ecological footprints of the countries in the table, and explain
the differences between them.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...

14

........................................................................................................................
...
(5)

15

(b)

A government is considering the building of a new power station to meet the

countrys rising demand for energy. The choice at present lies between an oil-fired power
station and a nuclear power station. State one advantage and one disadvantage of
each.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(2)

(c)

State two other strategies, besides the building of a nuclear or oil-fired power
station, that might be adopted to help meet the energy needs of the people of the
country. State an advantage for each of the strategies you suggest.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(2)

16

(d)

(i)

Describe the characteristics of a named food production system, listing its

inputs and outputs.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(4)

(ii)

Outline one impact that the system in (d)(i) has on its environment.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(2)

17

(e)

Suggest, giving reasons, three changes in the world food production system that
may occur in the next 50 years.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(3)
(Total 20 marks)

7.

The table below shows the production of farmed fish in different regions of the world in
3
1984 and 1995 (values expressed as 10 tonnes).
1984
Asia

1995
8 400

25 000

Europe

730

1 400

North America

334

480

Africa

30

107

Central and South America

450

500

Oceania

71

96

[Z. Shehadeh and Mr. J. Maclean, FAO Fisheries Circular C886Rev.1 (1997).
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]

(a)

Determine which region had the highest percentage increase in fish production
between 1984 and 1995.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(1)
18

19

(b)

Describe and explain the significance of the data in the table.

.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(4)

(c)

State one advantage and one disadvantage of fish farming as a food production
system.
Advantage: ..............................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(1)

Disadvantage: .........................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(1)

20

The graph below shows the world annual catch of three types of fish between 1950 and
1998.
2500
2000
1500
3

A n n u a l c a tc h / 1 0 to n n e s

1000
500

1998

1992

1986

1980

1974

1968

1962

1956

1950

Year
[Source: Food and Agriculture Organization the United Nations (2001), FAOSTAT, Fisheries, on-line
database, www.fao.org]

(d)

Suggest what the data shown in the graph indicate about the sustainability of the
fishery.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

21

8.

The table below shows the ecological footprints of several countries.

Country

Ecological footprint /
hectares per capita

Denmark

10.5

Ecuador

2.3

Hong Kong

7.1

Namibia

0.7

New Zealand

9.6

Norway

6.1

[Source: Centre for Sustainability Studies (2000), The Ecological Footprints and Ecological Capacities of
152 Nations]

(a)

(i)

Define the term ecological footprint.

........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

(ii)

State two factors that affect the size of the ecological footprint of a country.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(2)

22

(b)

Describe and explain the data in the table above.

.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(4)

(c)

For a named country, predict how food production methods might change in the
next 50 years.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....

23

.................................................................................................................................
.....
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

24

9.

Most members of the group of insects known as bark beetles infest dead or severely
weakened trees. A few species will attack and kill living, apparently healthy trees. An
area of healthy trees was sprayed with a pesticide (DDT) to control the bark beetle.
(a)

State whether the spraying of pesticides is an example of point or non-point

source pollution.
Explain your answer.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(2)

(b)

Outline one direct method that could be used to monitor the level of pollution
from spraying pesticides as shown above.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(2)

(c)

Suggest and evaluate a strategy that might reduce the impact of pesticides in the
environment.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....

25

.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(3)

The graph below shows the residues of pesticides in four different crops, 3 days, 7
days and 14 days after application.
3 .0
3 days
7 days
14 days

2 .5
2 .0
R e s id u e s o f
p e s tic id e s / m g k g

1 .5
1 .0
0 .5
0 .0

P o ta to

T o m a to

L e ttu c e

Pepper

C ro p s
[Source: Modified from R Frank and D Ripley (1990), Food Residues from Pesticides and Environmental
Pollutants in Ontario, John Wiley & Sons Inc, page 488]

26

(d)

(i)

Describe the data shown in the graph.

........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(3)

(ii)

Suggest one implication of the data shown in the graph for the human
consumption of these foods.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

10.

The figure below shows the changes in the percentage use of various sources of
energy in a developed country between 1940 and 2000.

27

100

75
R
N
N
O
C

50
P e rc e n ta g e u s e
25

1940

1960
Y e a rs

1980

e n e w a b le
u c le a r
a tu ra l g a s
il
oal

2000

[D Waugh, Geography: An Integrated Approach, (Nelson Thornes Ltd., 2000) p. 491.

Reproduced by permission of Nelson Thornes Ltd.]

(a)

Describe the changes in the use of the sources of energy in the country between
1940 and 2000.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(2)

(b)

List two advantages and two disadvantages of using solar power to produce
electricity.
(i)

Advantages
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

(ii)

Disadvantages
........................................................................................................................
...
28

........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

29

(c)

Describe the inputs and outputs of materials for a named commercial farming
system, in either a terrestrial or an aquatic environment.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

11.

The graphs below show the world demand for meat and cereals for the years 1974,
1997 and the projected demand for 2020.
M eat

C e re a ls
2000

W o rld d e m a n d fo r c e re a ls
/ 1 0 6 to n n e s

W o rld d e m a n d fo r m e a t
/ 1 0 6 to n n e s

250
200
150
100
50
0

D e v e lo p e d
c o u n trie s

D e v e lo p in g
c o u n trie s
K ey:

1974

1500
1000
500
0

D e v e lo p e d
c o u n trie s
1997

D e v e lo p in g
c o u n trie s

2020
30

[IFPRI, IMPACT projections, "2020 Global Food Outlook", Trends, Alternates and Choices (June 2001).
Courtesy of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.]

31

(a)

For both developed and developing countries, calculate the percentage increase
in demand for cereals from 1974 to 1997.
Developed
countries: ...................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(1)

Developing
countries: .................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(1)

(b)

Explain the trends in the demand for meat and cereals as shown in the graphs
above.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(2)

(c)

Suggest, giving a reason, how the ecological footprint of developing countries

might change by the year 2020.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
32

33

12.

The diagrams below are population pyramids for a South American country in the year
2000 and the predicted population of the same country in 2020.

P o p u la tio n in 2 0 0 0 ( in th o u s a n d s )

M a le

80+
757
707
656
606
555
505
454
404
353
303
252
202
151
101
59
04

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

F e m a le

9
4
9
4
9
4
9
4
9
4
9
4
9
4

50

100

150

200

250

P re d ic te d p o p u la tio n in 2 0 2 0 (in th o u s a n d s )

M a le

80+
757
707
656
606
555
505
454
404
353
303
252
202
151
101
59
04

300

350

F e m a le

9
4
9
4
9
4
9
4
9
4
9
4
9
4

[Source: US Census Bureau, International Database]

(a)

(i)

State how the total population size is expected to change between 2000
and 2020.
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

(ii)

Calculate the number of females aged 019 years in the year 2000.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

34

(iii)

Explain why the number of females aged 019 in the 2000 pyramid is
important in predicting the population in 2020.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(2)

(iv)

State two ways in which the data on the predicted size and age distribution
of the population in 2020 could be used to help the country plan for the
future needs of its citizens.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(2)

(b)

State three national policies that the government of a country might use to
reduce the rate of population growth.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....

35

.................................................................................................................................
.....
(3)

36

(c)

Explain which features of the 2020 pyramid indicate that the rate of population
growth is expected to have decreased by this date.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

13.

The diagram below shows some of the material flows which affect food production and
fresh water resources.
a tm o s p h e re

fo o d p ro d u c tio n s y s te m s

s o il

(a)

riv e rs

a v a ila b le fre s h w a te r re s o u rc e s

a q u ife rs

Distinguish between the terms sustainability and sustainable yield.

(2)

(b)

Describe and explain how food production systems and fresh water resources
can be managed sustainably.
(10)

(c)

Using examples, suggest ways in which non-renewable resources, excluding

fossil fuels, could be managed to reduce the rate at which they are being
depleted.
(5)
Expression of ideas (3)
(Total 20 marks)

37

14.

The table below provides data on the carbon dioxide footprint and the total ecological
footprint per capita, for selected countries in the Asia-Pacific region.
Country

Land area / km

Singapore

CO2 footprint
per capita / ha

Total footprint
per capita/ ha

4.35

11.03

12.35

65 610

19.90

0.28

0.95

7 686 580

19.40

4.79

8.49

Note: 100 hectares (ha) = 1 km

(a)

Population /
millions

693

Sri Lanka
Australia

Define the term total ecological footprint.

.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(2)

(b)

State and explain the differences in the size of the per capita CO2 footprint in the
countries shown in the table above.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
38

.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(4)

39

(c)

Identify which country of those listed has the highest total ecological footprint for
its entire population.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(1)

(d)

Identify any countries of those listed that have a total ecological footprint for their
entire population that is greater than their land total area.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(1)

(e)

State three advantages and three disadvantages of nuclear power.

Advantages
1 ..............................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
2 ..............................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
3 ..............................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
Disadvantages
1 ..............................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
2 ..............................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
3 ..............................................................................................................................
....
40

.................................................................................................................................
....
(3)

41

(f)

(i)

Name and briefly describe a food production system that you have studied.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(2)

(ii)

List three inputs to, and three outputs from, this food production system.
Inputs: ............................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
Outputs: .........................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(2)

(g)

Describe the effect that this food production system might have on the
environment.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....

42

.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(3)
(Total 18 marks)

43

15.

The table below provides data on population and resource use for some countries in
South-East Asia.

Country

Land area /
6
10 ha

Population /
millions

Area of arable
Ecological
and permanent
footprint /
6
ha
per capita
cropland / 10 ha

Indonesia

182.6

231

33.5

1.48

Malaysia

32.9

23

7.6

3.68

Philippines

29.8

10.1

1.42

Thailand

1.2

62

18.0

2.70

Vietnam

32.5

81

7.4

0.9

[Source: Nationmaster (2004), www.nationmaster.com]

(a)

(i)

State the meaning of the term per capita.

........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

(ii)

Identify the country in the table with the lowest population density (people
per hectare).
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

(iii)

Calculate the percentage of the land used for crops in Thailand.

........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

(b)

(i)

Outline the difference between ecological footprint and carrying capacity for
a human population.
........................................................................................................................
...

44

........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

(ii)

Identify the country in the table with the largest total ecological footprint.
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

(iii)

Explain why the relative proportions of meat and cereals eaten in a country
might affect the size of its ecological footprint.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(2)

(iv)

Explain why a country with a large per capita footprint is likely to be a

developed country.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
45

........................................................................................................................
...
(3)

(c)

(i)

Explain why generating electricity using hydroelectric power instead of

fossil fuels might reduce a countrys ecological footprint.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

46

(ii)

State two disadvantages of hydroelectric power generation.

1 .....................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
2 .....................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(2)

(d)

(i)

Name a food production system that you have studied and state three
inputs and three outputs.
Name of a food production system:
........................................................................................................................
...
Inputs: ............................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
Outputs: .........................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(4)

47

(ii)

Evaluate the environmental sustainability of the food production system

named in (d) (i) above.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(3)
(Total 20 marks)

16.

(a)

A European country is planning to restart building nuclear power stations after a

period of twenty years in which no nuclear plants were constructed. List four
advantages and four disadvantages of this change in policy.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....

48

.................................................................................................................................
.....
(4)

49

(b)

The table below gives the nitrogenous fertilizer consumption for three regions for
certain years.
Consumption of n-fertilizer in thousands of tonnes of
nitrogen
Region
Western Europe
Australasia
Africa

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

3639

7371

10426

10069

9356

40

137

286

504

1332

136

722

1278

1239

1433

[Adapted from Mineral Fertilizer Use and the Environment,

http://www.fertilizer.org/publish/pubenv/fertuse.htm
Reproduced by permission of the International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA).]

State the region in which the N-fertilizer consumption has increased most
between 1961 and 2001:
(i)

by absolute amount.
........................................................................................................................
...
as a percentage.
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

(ii)

Calculate the percentage that N-fertilizer consumption increased between

1961 and 1991 in Australasia. Show your working.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(2)

50

(iii)

Describe and explain the changes in fertilizer consumption for the three
regions over the period 19612001.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(4)

(c)

State two outputs that might result from the increased use of fertilizer on a farm
in a developed country.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(2)

(d)

(i)

Define the term ecological footprint.

51

........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(2)

52

(ii)

Describe and explain the probable differences between the ecological

footprint of a subsistence farmer in Africa and a commercial farmer in
Australasia or Western Europe.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(5)
(Total 20 marks)

17.

The table below shows demographic data for the human population of a country in
2004.

(a)

Birth rate/1000

Death rate/1000

Number of live
children per female

Mean age of mother

at first live
birth/years

13

16

1.2

29

(i)

Define the term natural increase rate.

........................................................................................................................
...

53

........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

54

(ii)

Calculate the percentage natural increase rate for the data above.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

(b)

(i)

Predict how the population of the country is likely to change over the next 5
years.
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

(ii)

Identify two pieces of data that support your prediction in (b) (i) above.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(2)

(c)

Outline two reasons why women in developing countries usually have children at
a younger age than those in developed countries.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

55

56

18.

The table below gives the world production of energy from several sources for selected
years.
Energy source

Annual World Production/10

18

Joules Percentage increase

19802000

1980

1990

2000

Hydroelectric

19.05

23.79

28.63

Nuclear Power

8.00

21.44

26.94

237 %

Geothermal, solar and

wind power

0.49

1.67

3.08

529 %

[Source: adapted from Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2002, US
Department of Energy, http://www.eia.doe.gov/iea/contents.html]

(a)

Calculate the absolute increase in energy production between 1980 and 2000 for
each source.
(i)
Hydroelectric: .................................................................................................
..
(ii)

Nuclear
power: .................................................................................................

(iii)

Geothermal, solar and wind

power: .................................................................
(1)

(b)

Calculate the percentage increase in hydroelectric energy production between

1980 and 2000.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(1)

57

(c)

Describe and explain the data in the table above.

.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(4)

(d)

Outline three disadvantages of hydroelectric power.

.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....

58

.................................................................................................................................
.....
(3)

59

(e)

(i)

Name and briefly describe a food production system (either terrestrial or

aquatic) that you have studied.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(3)

(ii)

Evaluate the sustainability of the system described in (e) (i).

........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(3)

(f)

(i)

Define the term ecological footprint.

........................................................................................................................
...

60

........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(2)

61

(ii)

Compare the probable size of the ecological footprint of an inhabitant of a

developed country with that of an inhabitant of a less developed country.
Explain your answer.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(3)
(Total 20 marks)

The following bar chart shows the mean per capita daily energy intake (energy content
of food consumed per individual) for two similarly sized countries. Belgium is a more
economically developed country in western Europe, and Burundi is a less economically
developed country in tropical Africa.
16 000
B E L G IU M
M e a n p e r c a p ita d a ily e n e rg y in ta k e /k J

19.

12 000
M in im u m re q u ire m e n t
to a v o id m a ln u tritio n
(1 0 0 0 0 k J)
8000

BU R U N D I

4000

62

[Source: Adapted from Sacquet, A. (2002) World Atlas of Sustainable Development. Anthem Press
London]

63

(a)

The population of Belgium is 10.4 million and the population of Burundi is 6.4
million. Calculate the total annual energy consumed above the minimum
requirement by the population of Belgium, and the total below the minimum
requirement by the population of Burundi.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(2)

(b)

Explain how the difference in energy intake of these two populations will affect
the comparative size of their ecological footprints.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(2)

64

(c)

Other factors that affect ecological footprint are listed below. Explain how they are
likely to differ in their effect on the footprint of each of these two countries.
Methods of food
production ........................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
CO2
emissions .......................................................................................................
......
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
CO2
absorption ......................................................................................................
......
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(6)

(d)

In 1969 it was estimated that the energy intake of 37 % of the world population
fell below the minimum requirement, and in 1999 this estimate had dropped to 17
% of the world population. Identify two strategies that may have led to this
change and explain how they may have contributed to it.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....

65

.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(4)
(Total 14 marks)

20.

(a)

As well as their direct impact on the atmosphere, the effects of fossil fuel use are
widespread.
Discuss the range of effects of fossil fuel use on the environment.
(8)

(b)

What steps could be taken to reduce these effects?

(5)

(c)

The average cost of petrol (gasoline) for automobiles is four times higher in
Europe than in the USA. Discuss the environmental implications of this
difference.
(4)
Expression of ideas (3)
(Total 20 marks)

21.

(a)

Explain, with the help of examples, what is meant by each of the terms
renewable, replenishable and non-renewable natural capital.
(6)

(b)

Explain how you would determine whether or not a named renewable resource
was being managed sustainably.
(5)

(c)

Describe, with the help of examples, some of the difficulties in measuring the
value of natural capital.
(6)
Expression of ideas (3)
(Total 20 marks)

66

22.

The following tables show predicted changes in the population between the years 2000
and 2050 for two different countries.
Ethiopia

Population
(in thousands)

Percentage of the
population in urban areas

Year 2000

65 590

14.9

Year 2050

170 987

28.4

Population
(in thousands)

Percentage of the
population in urban areas

Year 2000

8 102

65.8

Year 2050

7 376

72.3

Austria

67

(a)

Using calculations and sketches where appropriate, compare the percentage

growth, age/sex pyramids and position on the demographic transition model you
would expect for these two populations over the period 2000-2050.
(7)

(b)

For each country, suggest three factors that might affect their population size
and outline how they could lead to the predicted changes between the years
2000 and 2050.
(6)

(c)

Suggest two examples of natural capital that have ecological value, and describe
how they might be affected by changes predicted in the urban populations of these
countries.
(4)
Expression of ideas (3)
(Total 20 marks)

23.

(a)

Forests are sometimes described as being a form of renewable natural capital.

Explain what this means
(3)

(b)

There are sometimes said to be different values associated with renewable

natural capital.
For forests, or for any other type of natural capital, evaluate three of these.
(10)

(c)

Describe how you would determine whether a particular use of a form of

renewable natural capital was sustainable.
(4)
Expression of ideas (3)
(Total 20 marks)

68