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ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
LECTURE NOTES-33

UNIT-IV

UNIT-IV
ANGLE MODULATION

Notes-33
Demodulation of FM Waves :
Frequency demodulation is one in which the original modulating wave is
recovered from the frequency modulated wave.
In the fm demodulation, the amplitude of the output signal must be directly
proportional to the instantaneous frequency of the frequency modulated wave
used as input signal.
There are two method. i. Direct Method and ii. Indirect Method.

Balanced Frequency Discriminator:

Consider an ideal slope circuit which is characterized by a purely imaginary
transfer function, varying linearly with frequency function, varying linearly with
frequency in the prescribed interval.


Consider the following transfer function as per the diagram fig a)

B
B
B

fc f fc +
j 2a f f c + 2 ,
2
2

B
B
B

H 1 ( f ) = j 2a f + f c , f c f f c +
2
2
2

0
otherwise

When a is constant
Consider the fm S(t) with carrier frequency fc and transmission Bandwidth B.
Now output S1(t) of slope circuit is to be determined,

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UNIT-IV

Now replace the slope circuit by an equivalent low-pass filter as shown in fig. to
which the complex envelope of FM input S(t) is applied.
~
Let the complex transfer function of the slope circuit be H 1 ( f ) as shown in
fig(a).
~
H1 ( f f c ) = H1 ( f ) f > 0
(2)

From (1) and (2), we have

~
j 2a ( f + 2 )
H 1 ( f ) =
0

B
B
f
2
2
elsewhere

(3)

As shown in fig b)
The incoming fm wave S(t) is given by

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LECTURE NOTES-33

UNIT-IV

t
( 4)
S (t ) = AC cos 2f c t + 2k f m(t )dt

0
The complex envelope of this fm wave is
t
~
S (t ) = AC exp j 2k f t m(t )dt

(5)

0
~
Now let S1 (t ) be the complex envelope of the response of the slope circuit.
Fourier transform of this is
~
~
~
S1 (t ) = H 1 (t ) S (t )

B ~

j 2a f + S ( f )
=
2

~
Where S ( f ) is the Fourier transform of

B
B
f

2
2
elsewhere
~
S (t )

( 6)

Now by the relation g(t) G(f)

d
And
[g (t )] j 2fG ( f ).
dt
i.e., from this multiplication of a Fourier transform of a signal by a factor j2f is
equivalent to differentiating the signal in the time domain.
~
~
d ~
S1 (t ) = a S (t ) + jBS (t )

(7 )
dt

Now substituting (5) in (7), we have

t
2K f

~
S1 (t ) = jBaAC 1 +
m(t ) exp j 2K f m(t )
(8)

0
B

The response of the slope circuit is

~
~
S1 (t ) = Re S1 (t ) exp( j 2f c t )

t
2K f

= BaAC 1 +
m(t ) cos 2f c t + K f m(t )

(9)

0
B

The above signal S1(t) is a hybrid-modulated wave in which both the amplitude
and frequency of the carrier wave vary with the message signal m(t).
2 Kf
And also
M (t ) < 1
for all t.
B
Now an envelope detector can be used to recover the amplitude variations in turn
original message signal.
Hence envelope detector output is
~
2 Kf

S1 (t ) = BaAC 1 +
m(t )

(10)
B

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UNIT-IV

In the above, bias term BaAC is proportional to the slope a of the transfer
function of the slope circuit.
This bias term can be removed by subtracting the envelope detector output from
the second envelope detector output preceded by the complementary slope current
with transfer function H2(f).
In such case complex transfer function of the complementary slope circuit is
given by
~
~
H 2( f ) = H 1( f )

(11)

2K f

~
S 2 (t ) = BaAC 1
m(t )

The difference between the two envelopes is

~
~
S 0(t ) = S1 (t ) S 2 (t ) = 4K f aAC m(t )

(12)

(13)

The above procedure can be explained in following scheme which is called backto-back frequency detector.

The above scheme can be realized by the following

Here the upper and lower resonant filter sections are tuned to frequencies above
and below the unmodulated carrier frequency fc.
The amplitude responses of the two tuned filters separately and the total response
can be observed in the fig(c).

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UNIT-IV

Disadvantages :
i.
The spectrum of the input fm wave S(t) is not exactly zero for outside the
B
B
range i.e., f c f f c +
2
2
ii.
the tuned filter outputs are not strictly band limited so some distortion is
introduced by the low pass RC filters in the envelope detector.
iii.
The tuned filter characteristics are not linear over the whole frequency
band of the input fm wave.


By proper design, the distortion can be maintained in the tolerable limits.

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