CNC

forensic

toxicclogy
services
WITNESS STATEMENT
Stotemeni of:

DT

CRAIG NICHOLAS CHANERTON

B.Sc, M.Sc, CChem, MRSC

Occupollon of trVllness:

Consultont Forensic Toxicologist

Relotlng lo:

Reference: CNCFIS 28-l 2b

I declore lhot:

slotement consisting of 26 poges eoch signed by me, is hue to the besi of my knowledge ond belief ond I
moko it knowing thot if it is lendered in svidence I shsll be liqble 1o proseculion if I hove wilfully itoted in it onything
which I know to be folse or do not believe to be true.
This

SignotureG

4-- ft
06 June 2014

Signolure:

Poge 1 of 26

Coniinuotion of the Slotement of:

Dr CRAIG NICHOLAS CHAIERTON B.Sc, M.Sc, CChem, tutRSC
Ref

erence: CNCFIS

2B-1

2b

QUALIFICATIONS

The Univenity of Liverpool oworded me the degrees of Bochelor of Science {Hons), Moster of
Science ond Docior in Philosophy (Chemistryi. I om o Choriered Chemist (CChem) ond o

Member of the Royol Society of Chemisiry {MRSC). I om olso o member of the following
socieiies: The Society of Forensic Toxicologists (SOFI); Jhe lnternotionol Associotion of Forensic
Toxicologists (TlAFl'); The Socieiy
Associotion

of

of Hoir Testing (SOHT);

The Uniied Kingdom ond lrelond

Forensic Toxicologists {UKIAFI); The Alberto Society for Humon Toxicology

(AsHT).

Frorn Morch 2001 uniil October 2OO9 I wos employed by the Forensic Science Service os o

forensic toxicologist, ihot is, I wos responsible for the onolysis ond interpretotion of biologicol
somples {including hoir) for the presence of olcohol, drugs of obuse ond o wide ronge of
medicinol/phormoceuticol drugs. During ihis time I wos opproved os on Authorised Anolyst

by the Home Secrelory. ln oddition, I wos registered with, ond on ossessor for the Council of
Registered Forensic Proctiiionen (CRFP) untilihis orgonisoiion ceosed business in 2009.

As

senior reporting otficer within the Forensic Science Service, I wos fully troined ond

of biologicol somples (including

hoir) for the presence of olcohol, drugs of obuse ond o wide ronge of
medicinol/phormoceuticol drugs, using knowledge derived from the study of the
responsible for the onolysis ond subsequent interpretoiion

medicol/scientific literoiure ond experience derived from cose work.

Poge 2 ot 26

Continuotion of lhe Stotement of:

Dr CRAIG NICHOIAS CHAilERTON B.Sc, M.Sc, CChem, MRSC
Reference: CNCFIS 28-12b

From 2004

to 2006 I held the position within the

Forensic Science Service of Service Delivery

Teom Leoder for the notionoi Rood Trotfic Alcohol {RTA) ond Drug-Driving Unit {DDU), where
monoged o lorge number of stotf to process ond deliver in excess of 15,000 cose somples per
yeor.
I

to forensic toxicology cosework in December 2006 ond continued to report {ond

peer review) o full rqnge of cose-types including criminol toxicology, rood troffic offences
(including olcohol technicol (hip-flosk) defence), HM Coroners' cosework ond privote
ioxicology cosework. This work included reporting, interpreting ond peer reviewing the
onolysis of hoir somples. I hove presented ospecis of my work internotionolly (society of
I retumed

locol police forces throughout the United Kingdom. I hove given

orol testimony in mony courfs throughout the Uniled Kingdom ond hove given television ond
Forensic Toxicologists) ond to

,l

medio inierviews in relotion io my work ond involvement in mojor investigotions. including the
Shonnon Motthews ond John Worboys' investigotions. where I wos the senior scientist
responsible for the toxicology ospects of these coses.

ln October

I left the Forensic Science Service in order to toke up the position of

Consultoni Toxicologist / Business Development Monoger (UK ond lrelond) for Eurofins
2OO9

Forensic Services.

wos oppointed os on Extemol Exominer for Bournemouth University in 2Ol0

{BSc (Hons) Forensic

ond Biologicol Sciences). I estoblished my own forensic toxicology

business (CNC Forensic Toxicology Services Ltd) in September 2010.

ln July 20]

I I wos oppoinied Deputy Chief Toxicologist, Office of The Chief Medicol Exominer,

Edmonton, Albertol

Signoture:

Poge 3 of 26

I
Continuolion of the Stotement of:
Dr CRAIG NICHOLAS CHAIERTON B.Sc, iA.Sc, CChem, iARSC
Ref erence: CN CFfS 28-1 2b

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REQUEST

I hove been instrucled by Lockyer Compbell Posner. Bonisters ond Soliciiors, to commenl on

reports prepored

by Douglos E ROLLINS, Dr Gideon

KARASKOV in response

of

Rv

KOREN,

io testimony thot I provided on the

5m

Joey GARERI ond Totyono

Morch 2013 regording the cose

Tomoro BROOMFIELD.

fint responded io this request with o reporl doted I orh Morch 2014. Moteriols provided to me
for my comment included documents comporing Motherisk ELISA results with GC-MS ond LCI

MS results on the some somples. Two documents were provided

io me os if they were s

seporote series of doto. I hove since been informed thot this wos on error. This reporl
incorporotes the new informotion ond reploces my repori of lOrn Morch 20]4.

:
DOCUMENTATION PROVIDED
I

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:

hove been provided with snd/or hod occess to the following dgcumentotion:

'

il.
a
a

Letter/report from Dr Gideon KOREN (Director, The Molherisk progrom) doted Jonuory
201 3

Supplementory report from Joey GARERI doted June l7,2O1g

Letter/reporJ from Dr Douglos E RoLLtNs doted september zs,2013

Supplementory letter (drofted

by Joey GARERI) from Totyono KARASKOV doied

Jonuory 9,2014

Dr ROLLINS'

Cuniculun Vifoe

:
;

Signoiure:

Poge 4 of 26

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Continuotion of the Stoiement of:

Dr CRAIG NICHOIAS CHATTERTON B.Sc, M.Sc, CChem, MRSC

Reference: CNCFfS

28-1

2b

Copy of emoil communicotion between Rondy SCHWARTT (Crown Counsel) ond Dr

Gideon KOREN

t
:

Journol Clinicol Phormocology., I 992; 32: 671-675

Clinicol Pediotrics., 2007 ; 46(3):

Proficiency testing doto

Anolyticol doto showing o comporison of

27 2-27 S

ELISA

ond GC-MS

results for

cocoine ond

benzoylecgonine Jun-Aug 20 I 0

Anolyticol doto comporing The Motherisk Drug Testing Loborotory {MDTL) ELISA results
ond the Americon-bosed US Drug Tesiing Loborotory (USDTL) LC-MS results ond two

chorfs plotting the doto

,FUNDAMENIAL POINTS RELAIING

1

"TO

THIS CASE

. Lqborsiory Accredltotlon

$"

Dr ROLLINS ond Mr GARERI stote thot The Motherisk Loborotory is occredifed os o biomedic-ol

;
T

loborotory. The Moiherisk Loboroiory hos occreditoiion for biomedicol ond dioonostic
tesiing. As I hove stoted, fhe circumstonces of Ms BROOMFIELD's cose, in my opinion,
required the use of o forensic onolyticol investigofion ond hence o forensic loborotory.

The Motherisk Loborotory is not o forensic toxicology loborotory. tt is not occredited

occording to lhe ISO 17025 stondord, os recommended by the Society of Hoir Tesiing for the

purpose of forensic onoiysis.

Signoiure:

.G

Poge 5 of 26

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Continuotion of lhe Sloiement of:
Dr CRAIG NICHOIAS CHATIERTON B.Sc, M.Sc, CChem, MRSC
Ref erence: CNC FIS 28-1 2b

2. The

Cholce ol Anolysls

ln o clinicol workploce, such os Motherisk, immunoosoy tesiing/onolysis con help

o physicion
to quickly discover ond ideniify the presence of o drug type (or fomily) thot moy hove
coused on ocute episode or illness.

As Dr ROLLINS himself slotes, gos (or liquid) chromotogrophylrnoss spectrometry is the gold

siondord omong forensic toxicology loborotories for confirmotion ond quontitotive onoiysis;

however, Motherisk's immunoossoy results were

not

re-onolysed using

gos

chromotogro phy/moss spectrometry.

Presumptive tesis of Molique's gostric ospirote (ond urinei hod eorlier reveoled the presence

of cocoine in Molique's body qnd he undoubtedly required emergency medicol treotment.

Dr KOREN ond Mr GARERI report thot Molique's cose presented itself os o clinicol {or
biomedicol) cose. This is unfortunote ond led to bod decisions in forensic lerms including o
foilure to reloin o somple for GC-MS testing ond/or independent third porty iesting.

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Poge 6 of 26

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qftffi"'"ri:
',,$flL

'

loxlcologY
lerylces

Coniinuotion of the Stotement of:

Dr CRAIG NICHOIAS CHATTERTON B.Sc, *l.Sc, CChem, ilRSC
Reference: CNCFI.S 28-l 2b

However, in foct, the work being done by Motherisk in this cose wos not for
o clinicol or
biomedicol purpose. The hoir somple wos collected by Moiherisk ond the subsequent
onolysis wos conied out in this cose

to invesiigoie whether there wos hisiorlcol evidence of

drug use/odministrotion by (or to) this child. lt wos not underloken to confirm the
use/ingestion of cocoine immediotely prior io odmission to the hospiiol; something ihot hod
been estoblished by clinicol iests conducled eorlier on the urine ond gosiric somples,
ond
something fhot Motherisk's exominotion could not confirm becouse the hoir somple
thot wos
onolysed wos collected too soon ofler Molique's hospitolisoiion. This confirmotion would

hove required thot the hoir somple be collected ot leost two weeks ofier it is believed
the
drug ingeslion occuned.

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:
:

Since the somple wos collected io oddress o forensic question, it required o detqiled
forensic
investigotion by o forensic exominer in occord with well estoblished lorensic procedures
of on
occredited forensic focilily.

ts"

Anolyticoi forensic guidelines were not foliowed, nor were internotionol recommendoiions
concerning presumptive positive immunoossoy results in thot gos chromotogrophy/moss
spectrometry (GC-MS) wos not conducied to obtoin o confirmed onolyticoiresuli.

As Mr GARERI soys in his reporf, os o generol rule in forensic toxicology,

immunoossoy tests ore

regorded os 'presurnpfive screening fesfs' only; he slotes thot 'fhjs cose begon
os o
biomedical cose' ond thot Motherisk's work 'did not fil exactty wilh whol is typicaily
done in
ciminol coses.'

PogeT of26

Continuotion of the Stolemeni of:

Dr CRAIG NICHOLAS CHATTERTON B.Sc, M.Sc, CChem, MRSC
Ref

erence:

C NCFIS 28-1

2b

As I hove soid, I do not ogree thot this wos ever o biomedicol cose but whot Mr GARERI stoies

confirmotion ihot Molique's cose wos processed os o clinicol or biomedicol investigotion;

ond not in o monner oppropriote for o forensic or criminol investigotion.
is

3. Motherlsk ond proflclency tesllng

Dr KOREN stoies in his report,'MDTL has porticipaled in this process since its inception, and
our resu/fs hove been consrsfenf/y in ogreemenl wilh the Round Robin consensus., He further

stotes: 'The facl lhot our

guesiion.'

Mr

FUSA resulfs

are similor to fhose achieved by GC-MS oddresses this

GARERI discusses Motherisk Loborolory's performonce

in

proficiency testing when

comporing immunoossoy performonce with moss spectrometry results. Mr GARERI stotes ihot,
'...our own proficiency lesflng history t,sl thal our cocoine ond benzoytecgonine
irnmunoossays hove produce[d] comporoble resu/fs fo fhose in
{S-bosed /obs.'

ln this woy, Dr KOREN ond Mr GARERI ossert thoi the foct thot Motherisk did not use GC-MS
inelevont becouse their ELISA results ore equolly relioble.

Signoture:

Poge 8 of 26

is

Continuotion of the Stoiemenl of:

NIcHotAs CHATTERTON B.Sc, M.Sc, CChem,
ndRsc
Reference: CNCF|S 2B-1 2b
Dr CRAIG

o) Molherlsk's

ELrsA Resufh vs.

other Loborotortes

ELrsA Resurh

I hove exomined the proficiency testing

resulis for cocoine ond benzoyrecgonine
for ihe
Motherisk Loborotory' ond other porticipoting
loborotories (Appendix l). Jhere is
consideroble
ond significont voriotion in the reported quoniiiotive
results. This estoblishes the limitotions
of
ELISA from o quontiiotive
perspective:

For exomple:

somple D is reported by the vorious porticipoling

isborotories to contoin cocoine ol
o
concenirotion ronging from ll.l0 nglmg
to g6.95 nglmg. The Motherisk result wos
opproximotely l1 % lowerthon the porticipont
meon (overoge).

The some somple D is reporfed

by the vorious porticipoting loborotorios
to

o concenrrotion ronging from 5.20 ng/mg to

opproximotely 70

recorded volue.

somple

7o

5g.21

nglris.

contoin

BE

ot

The Motherisk resun wos

lower ihon lhe porticipont meon ond

ress than io%of rhe highesi

reporled by the vorious porficipoting loboroiories

to contoin cocoine ol o
concenrrotion ronging from 0.44 nglmg
ro 2.91 ng/mg. The Moiherisk resurt wos
opproximotely 14% higherlhon lhe porticipont
meon.
E is

Signoture:

Poge 9 of 26

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Continuoiion of the Stotement of:

Dr CRAIG NICHOLAS CHATTERTON B.Sc, AA.Sc, CChem, MRSC

Reference: CN CF|S 2B-1 2b

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The some somple E is

reporled by the vorious porticipoting loborotories to contoin BE ot

o concenirotion ronging from 0.34 ng/mg to S.g3 ng/mg, The Motherisk result wos
opproximotely 67 % lower thon the porticipont meon.

Somple A

reported by ihe vorious porticipoting loborotories to conioin cocoine of o

concentroiion ronging from 3.70 ng/mg to lg.3 ng/mg. The Motherisk resull wos
is

opproximotely 5% higherthon the porticipont meon,

'

The some somple A is reported by the vorious porticipoting loborotories to contoin BE ot

o concentrotion ronging from I .20 nglmg to 6.59 ng/mg. The Molherisk result wss the
lowest recorded omongst the porticipoling group; lt wos 60% iower thon the porticipont
meon.

These ore oll substontiol voriotions, lf

treoted on o somple-by-somple bosis, these voriations in

cocoine ond BE concentroiion would, depending on whiih figure is used. result

in

significontly oltered interpretotions with regord to the exposure to, or use/obuse of cocoine.

ln my opinion, Motherisk's

when compored to the results of the other loborotories,

demonstrote consideroble voriotion; the cocoine results spon q ronge o,f2|%,i.e., -l j%to +14
% ol lhe meon reported by porticipoting loboroiories. There is on oddiiionol problem
thot lhe
'meon' (or overoge) is not itself o figure of reliobility. lt could be thot in one cose o Gc-Ms
results,

result would hove estoblished thot the lowest ELISA result wos closest to the conect
GC-MS
result; in onother cose, ii could be thot the highest ELISA result wos closest
to being the
conect GC-MS resulf ond with oll other possibiliiies in between.

Poge

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Continuotion of the Stotement of:

Dr CRAIG NICHOLAS CHATTERIOI{ B.Sc, ill.Sc, CChem, MRSC

l
$

Ref

erence : CNCFfS

28-1

2b

The 3E results ore porticulorly concerning os Moiherisk's resulis ronge from being the lowest

recorded, being between

60%

ond 70%lower thon the meon.

I
lj

j
$

Dr ROLLINS confirms thot immunoossoy is not ideol for the generotion of quontitotive results;

thot the method con be used io produce 'semi-euontitoiive resulis if o stondord curve
produced wiih the doto'.

b) Motherlsk's

ELISA Rerulh

vs. US Drug Testlng Loborotory GC-MS Resutls

is

- A euolliollve

Perspecllve

Motherisk hos provided

benzoylecgonine with the US Drug Testing Loborotory's GC-MS results for ihe some somples
for the period June to August 2010 (Appendix ll). The differences between the individuol

o toble thot compores

Motherisk's ELISA results for cocoine ond

results ore olorming.

This

comporison wos, therefore, done five yeors ofter the onolysis of Molique's hoir somple.

Dr KOREN stotes: 'Between 2005

ond now, we did not hove o cose of o fo/se posifive or fo/se

positive resull of cocoine or BZE.' This is inconect. ln foct, onolysis of ihe comporison doto,
which detoils the results of 163 seporote onolyses, shows thot there is a 3.6% folse positive rote
for cocoine ond BZE combined {6 seporote onolyses) ond o 21 % folse negotive rote {35
seporofe onolyses).

Poge l1 of 26

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Continuotion of the Siotemeni
of:

Dr CRATG NtcHoLAS

Reference: CNCF|S

cnaniniON

2g_1

2b

B.Sc, M.Sc. CChem,

MRSC

Foilowing ore four seporote

exomples of folse positive results
where Motherisk loborotory
iesting reported positive for
ELI'A
the presence of cocoine, but
GG-MS
onolysis
did not delect
cocoine' The fotowing tobre summories
these controry resurts:
USDTT

GC.l,tS vs, Molherbk EUSA

(cocotne), Junc to Augujt
2OlO

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Following ore two seporote

exornples of folse oositive
results where Motherisk
roborotory ELrsA
tesling reported positive for
ihe presence of benzoyrecgonine.
but GG-MS onorysis did not
detect benzoyrecgonine. The
forowing tobre summories
lhese controry
resurts:

USDn GC-i,tS vr. Mothertrk

EuSA (BXt), June,o Augud
20tO

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16316

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Signoture:
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" services

Continuotion of the Slotement of:

Dr CRAIG NICHOLAS CHATTERTON B.Sc, Arl.Sc, CChem. iIRSC
Reference: CNCFIS 28-1 2b

Following ore fifteen seporote exomples of folse negotive results where cocoine wos
unequivocolly ideniified by GC-MS onolysis, but the Motherisk loboroiory ELISA iesting
enoneously reporled the results os negotive. The following loble summorises these controry
results:
USDII GC-MS

w, Molherlck

Sampl No.

ELISA

(cocolne), Junc l,o Augurl20l0

Cocolna

Cocolna

GC-JttS

EUSA

l53l lo

0.26

I I 6370o

o.26

I I 6300

0.33

lld23lo

0,34

I 16222

0.34

1l623lb

0.4t

6260b

0,

0.43

o.44

|6322

o.47

1r

I I 6305
II

6260c

Signolure:

6299

0.66

16324

0.80

I 16324-Re

2.49

I I 6323

9.45

i 6323_Re

t8.zl

Poge 13 of 26

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Continuoiion of the Stotement of:

Dr CRAIG NICHOLAS CHANERTON B.Sc, ilT.Sc, CChem, MRsc
Ref erence: CNC FfS 2B-1 2b

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Following ore twenty seporote exomples of folse negotive results where benzoylecgonine
wos unequivocolly identified by GC-MS onolysis, but the Motherisk loboroiory ELISA testing
enoneously reported the results os negotive, The following toble summories ihese conirory
results:

USDIL GC-A S

vr. Molhertrk

Somple l{o.

BZt

GC-r

BZE
S

EUSA

4.74

| | 6228

U. IU

I I 6301

o.26

I I 6258

0.10

I 16237

TRACE

I I 6250

0.t9

I I6231c

0^23

I 6297

4.26

I l6-i58

0.26

I I 6230

0.

t6

116222

0.18

l I 6260b

0.26

I 6305

o,21

6260o

0.26

t6322

0.26

6299

o.26

116324

t.63

I I 6324_Re

0.96

i I 6323

4.45

I 16323_Re

6.43

June to Augu3t2OtO

I 163370

II

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EUSA (BZE),

Page 14 of 26

Continuotion of the Siotement of:

Dr CRAIG NICHOLAS CHATTERTOI.I B.Sc,IVl.Sc, CChem, MRSC

Reference: CNCilS

c) Motherlsk's

EHSA Results

28-1

2b

vs. US Drug Tesllng Loborolory GC.MS ond LC-MS Results - A

Quonlllollve Perspectlve
Dr KOREN stotes: 'Ihere wos nol o single cose in which o high level of cocoine or BZE in our

lob, similar lo fhose meosured in Malique's hoir, wos negotive or low in fhe
lob.' This is olso inconeci.

GC-MS Results. June

lo Auqust

US

Drug Testing

20.l0

A review of the doto comporing the GC-MS results of the US Drug Testing Loborotory with
Motherisk's ELISA resulis for June io August 2010 (Appendix ll), in oddiiion to reveoling folse
positive ond folse negotives, olso reveols significontly different results from o quontitotive
perspective. When compored directly, the GC-MS guontitotive results for cocoine
concentrotions ore, on overoge, 61% lower thon the ELISA quoniitotive doto for cocoine
concentrotions, i.e., ihe ELISA results thot Motherisk reports for cocoine ore erroneously high.

There ore eleven coses where the Motherisk Loborolory hos reported ELISA cocoine results

with o quoniitolive volue of 10.00. The conesponding

coses ronge from o cocoine concentrotion

demonstrotes thot ihe quontitoiive ELISA

of

USDTL

GC-MS results for these eleven

.l.03

to o cocoine concentroiion of 24.14. This

results reported by the Motherisk loborotory connot

be considered os occurote, precise, reproducible or relioble.

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Continuotion of ihe Siolemenf of:

Dr CRATG N|CHOLAS_CHATTERTON
B.Sc, M.Sc, CChem, MRSC
Reference:

CNCFIS B-i 2b

The following ioble summorises these

conirory results:
USDil GC.MS vr. Molherlck EIISA
tcocolns), June lo Augurt 2OlO

Somple No.

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CocolnG

Cocolnc

GC.A,tS

EIJSA

| 17094

r.03

10.00

I 17097

l.0s

t0.00

I 17140

1.21

10.00

| 1747 5

2.77

10.00

17081

2.89

I I 7090

4,34

r0.00

5.63

10.00

t17t l8

14.26

10.00

| 17120

6.04

10.00

I t7096

18.37

10.00

17139

24.1t

10.00

llzo8l

0.00

'

LC-MS Results,200g to 2OtO

hove olso been provided with o furfher

series of results comporing Moiherisk
ELISA ond
Lc-Ms resulls iogefher with two chsrls plotting
o selection of these results
{Appendix lllJ.
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Continuotion of the Stolemenf of:

Dr CRATG N|CHOIAS CHATTERTON

B.Sc, M.Sc, CChem, JHRSC
Reference: CNCFIS 2g-1 Zb

First' it should

be noted thot LC-MS {liquid chromotogrophy

moss spectrometry) is recognised
os being equolly relioble ond robust os GC-MS
(gos chromotogrophy moss spectromeiry)
from o forensic onolyticol perspective.

The LC-MS results estoblish thot fhere is

no coneloiion between the quontitotive
obtoined by ihe seporote tesis conducted
by Motherisk on the some specimens.

Nine coses of significont ditferences in

the quontitotive doto reporied by Motherisk
ond usDTL
in this toble ore shown in the following
toble. These nine coses demonsirote, os in the
cose of
June lo August 2010 GC-MS results. thot
Motherisk's onorysis ogoin enoneously
reporled o
considerobly higher cocoine concentrotion:
USDn tC-lAS vr. Moiherkk EuSA

Somple No.

Signoture:

Mothedtk.COC

102696

l0

21.68

03459

3.53t

10.24

04

19.t7

6.1

I 1147

t0

44.01

lo6't69

l0

42.04

105t50

2.273

102783

l0

41 .57

03396

l0

30.1 3

n?29a

1.808

very high

coc

EUSA

USDTI.

(cocolne)

tc-MS

105752

results

'l

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PogelTof26

Coniinuotion of the Stotement of:

Dr CRAIG N|CHOIAS CHAIIERION B.Sc, M.Sc, CChem, nilRSC
Reference: CNCffS 28-l 2b

The nine exomples on ihe previous poge for Motherisk's ELIsA cocoine results.
ore of o similor
order of mognitude os those reporfed in Molique's cose.

Accurote quontiiotive doto connot be reliobly, consistenfly ond reproducibly obtoined

by
immunoossoy techniques.

4. Somple Woshlng And polenfiqlConlomlnofion

Ms KARASKoV now odvises thot the hoir somple wos woshed before
it wos

of concern to o

tested. lt musl be

forensic scientist thot she hos no record or notes of this. Her willsfote
prepored for the cose, ond her triol testimony, suggest thot
she did not wosh the somple, The
concerns ore mognified by oiher evidence in this regord given in the
cose's proceedings.

Dr KoREN testified of triol thot Motherisk's primory mondote where

children were concerned
wss to detect the exposure of children to cocoine, whether throtrgh
environment or octuol
ingestion, which minimises the importonce of woshing ond retoining
it for future onqlysis.

He testified of the friol: 'Becouse if we do o iesl on

o chitd we genero lty do not wosh becouse

ony exposure of o child lb o p/oce fhe child should nof be unlike an
odult. ...if it's on odutt
who cloims thaf fhey were exposed fo [o] crackhouse or they wenf
out with fiends, then we
olwoys wosh' So roufinely wifh chitdren we do nof wosh un/ess fhere,s
o reoson os here thot if
wos woshed.'

Poge18of26

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Continuotion of the Slotement of:

Dr CRAIG NICHOLAS CHATTERTON B.Sc, M.Sc, CChem, MRSC

Reference: CNCFIS 28-1 2b

lf we ossume thot ihe somple wos woshed, the woshings were not onolysed or preserved for
onolysis. This is probiemolic for onolysing the results produced by the immunoossoy testing.

Once ogoin, the foilure to onolyse the woshings likely resulted from Motherisk's opprooch thot
they were conducting o clinicol or biomedicolexominotion, not o forensic exominotion.

From o forensic perspective, onolysis of hoir somple woshings is recommended in oll posiiive
coses os the results of onolysis con help the loxicologisi otfer on inlerpretoiion os to whether

the somple hod been coniominoted. The Society of Hoir Tesiing recommends onolysis of
woshings os one of four opprooches to differenliote octuol ingestion of o substonce from
externol contominotion of hoir |,21. These recommendotions were published in 1997 ond
2004, before Molique's cose wos monoged by The Motherisk Drug Testing Loborotory.

It

widely occepted thot neither normol hygienic ond cosmetic core nor decontominotion
procedures ore sufficient to remove oll drug conlominotion. To ollow for this, workploce drug
is

testing resulis operote with

o cut-off volue. However, some oulhors hove concluded thot

cut-off volues connot be used to eliminote the possibility of poisive contominotion [3]. This
conclusion wos olso reached by Siout et ol. [4] following on evoluotion of the dynomics of
externol coniominotion of hoir wilh cocoine. A negotive result con rule out eiiher chronic or
previous use, ond con olso rule out contocl with drugs, whether thot contoct is through dheci
physicol contoct or through exposure, A positive result should olwoys be interpreted with
extreme coution becouse of ihe severol possibilities thot moy hove coused it.

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Pogel9ot26

- iervices

Continuotion of ihe Stolement of:

Dr CRAIG NICHOLAS CHATTERTOITI B.Sc, M.Sc, CChem,IARsc
Reference: CNCF|S 28-1 2b

Dr KOREN stotes thot, '/n Ig92 we showed lhat

in hair contominoted by crackcocoine smoke

from the oulside - we cou/d complelely wosh if.' Dr KoREN refers io o woshing procedure
reporled by Boumgortner ond Be*o {.l989) which uiilises o l5 minute ethonol wosh prior io
rodioimmunoossoy onolysis. This is nol the methodology described by Ms KARASKoV for the
woshing procedure she used in lhis cose ond i hove been unoble to find ony publicoiion
which documents Ms KARASKOV's opprooch. The woshing procedure she described wos
only on oqueous wosh; it did not include the use of on orgonic solveni.

The Society of Hair Testing recommends

thot boih on oqueous ond on orgonic wosh should

be undertoken prior to onolysis. Woshing of hoir somples hos two moin purposes. First, to
remove hoir core products, sweot, sebum or surfoce moteriol (e.g., skin cells, heod lice, body
fluids, etc.) thot moy interfere with the onolysis or thot moy reduce exiroction recovery.
Second, to remove poteniiol externol contominotion of drugs from the environment. lf is

occepted thol orgonic solvent such os methylene chloride or ocetone wili rernove only
surfoce contorninotion whereos ogueous solutions {or methonol) will swell the hoir ond
extrocl drugs from within the hoir motrix.

[S]

Presumptive tests of Molique's gostric ospirote (ond urine) reveoled the presence of cocoine.
Since the woshings of Molique's hoir somple were nol onolysed, Mr GARERI wos bound

to
ogree thot vomit moy hove contributed to the positive findings. The onolysis of woshings
should hove been seen os on essentiol step in o proper forensic exominotion. Forensic
science protocols ore designed to proteci ogoinst ihe very issues now being considered.

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Poge 20 of 26

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Continuoiion of lhe Stotement of:

Dr CRAIG ilIICHOLAS CHATTERTON B.Sc, irl.Sc, CChem, MRSC

Reference: CNCF|S 28-1 2b

NOTE:

Dr KOREN

thot benzoylecgonine con be fgrmed jn sifu by

of cocoine, os inelevont ond not supportive of my opinion. He

dismissed my suggestion

spontoneous hydroiysis

orgued thot the journol fo which I refened hod nothing io do with Molique's situotion ond
thot the doto within ihot study rnode no reference os to wheiher the individuols were
possively or octively exposed.

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disogree.

There ore numerous references in the scientific literoture which support my opinion. ln the
next porogroph I provide the informotion which esloblishes thot benzoylecgonine con be

formed in sifu by sponloneous hydrolysis of cocoine. ln rny opinion, these studies ore relevont
to this porticulor cose os they report on child subjects who hod been exposed to o cocoine,

contoining (or cocoine-rich) anvironmenl.

Anolysis of doto produced by two seporote siudies [6j exomining chiidren (1 to 13 yeors) ond
spouses of cocoine users showed thoi severol children of cocoine users hod both cocoine

ond benzoylecgonine in iheir hoir in vorying quontities compored with the odult users. These
omounts were voriously less thon, equol to, ond greoter lhon thot of the drug-using porent.
There wos no cul-off level thot could distinguish belween the odult usem ond ihe young
children living in thot environment. These siudies demonsirote thot certoin mefobolites. such
os benzoylecgonine, moy not be on indicotor of drug use.

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Poge 21 o't26

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Coniinuotion of lhe Stotement of;

Dr CRAIG NICHOLAS CHATTERION B.Sc, M.Sc, CChem, MRSC
Reference: CNCF|S 28-1 Zb

The presence

of benzoylecgonine in the environment ond therefore in hoir hos been

reporled previously [7]' Benzoylecgonine con olso be produced by the degrodotion
of the
cocoine in ihe hoir, once the cocoine hos been incorporoted [3].

5. Extroordlnorlly Hlgh/lnconslslent Reodlngs

/ Alternollve Explonollon

for Test Results

ln my opinion lhe quontitotive cocoine resulis, if occeoted os occurote,

were such thot they

leod to

reosonoble inference

thot they were coused by something other

thon

use/ingestion.

Direct contoct between cocoine-coniominoied gqstric conients ond o hoir

somple will likely
result in exlernol contominotion. ln Molique's cose this could exploin the presence

of
cocoine ond benzoyiecgonine olong the entire hoir shoft. ond olso occouni for ihe
mossive
concentrotions. ll is not sofe to ossume thot the pre-onolysis woshing procedure (if
they were
conied out os described by Ms KARASKOV) would remove oll surfoce contominonf.
Recent
sludies confirm thot woshing procedures ore nol lao% etficient. 1

Signoture:

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Page 22 of 26

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Sffi*:
'.{\

loxlcology

!erytces

Continuotion of the Stotement of:

Dr CRAIG NICHOLAS CHAfiERTON B.Sc, M.Sc, CChem, MRSC

Reference: CNCFIS

2B-1

2b

As Dr ROLLINS repoirs. he hos little experience in meosuring cocoine in children's hoin he

stotes thot Dr KOREN is the world's leoding expert' in meosuring drug concentrotions in
children's hoir ond hos contributed most of the scieniific orticles in this oreo. lt is therefore
conceming thot Dr KOREN occepts the onolyticol results while noting (in on emoil

communicotion to Mr SCHWARTZ, Morch 23,2013) thot ihe onolyticol technique used in this
cose is inferior. ln the emoil he slotes: 'Every high school sludeni knows today thol GC-MS or
Tandem MS ore supenor to immunoossoy in ierms

provided comporing

ELISA

of specificity,' The dolo which hos been

to GC-MS results does not provide sotisfociory ossuronce with

regord to the guontitotive determinolion of cocoine or benzoylecgonine by Motherisk's ELISA

iechnology. lnsteod, the doto demonstrotes thot Motherisk's quontitoiive ELISA results ond
those obtoined by ihe robusi, gold-stondord GC-MS ond LC-MS techniques do noi conelote.

fhot the concentrotions of cocoine ond benzoylecgonine for Molique - o

child less thon 3 yeors of oge - ore high, ond exceed whot one would expeci for on odult
cocoine user, but believes this is noi sufficient reoson to question their occurocy or volidity.
Dr ROLLINS ogrees

Concerning the drug concenlrotions, Mr GARERI testified: 'fhese are very unusuolresu/fs for o
small child lo hove....'. He furlher testified thoi '.....ihrs chi/d's /owesf result in any of the iime

penods wcrs sti// greoter thon 50 percent of the odull cocoine users thot
loborofory......'

we lest in

our

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Mr GARERI also testifie d, 'ln terms of iooking of this os on onolyticol foxico/ogis t given this fo
inferpref, I soy thot lhere is in fhs situofion rs exlrernely high nsk of dealh in this child due lo fhe
potency of the drug in quesiion ond the extremely high levelof exposure.'

Poge 23 of 26

Continuotion of the Stotement of:

Dr CRAIG NICHOLAS CHATfERION B.Sc, itll.Sc, CChem, MRSC
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erence: CNCFIS

2B-1

2b

It is difficult to comprehend how o child of just over 2 yeors of oge could, over o period of
severol months, ingest {knowingly or othen,rise) such omounts of cocoine without suffering
repeoted ond obvious outword etfects ond likely deoth. I understond thot Molique hod doily

conioct wilh professionol coregivers for os much os 9 months of the lS-months in question
(which included the monlhs thot Molherisk reporied the highest concentrotions), but, I om
told, thot there wos not o single reporl of such effects. This

is

remorkoble qnd in itself provides

sufficient reoson to quesiion the occurocy ond volidity of the results.

MY CONCTUSTONS
ln my opinion,

o proper forensic investigotion wos not underioken for ihe following reosons:

The loborotory which undertook the onolysis wos not o forensic toxicology ioborotory.

2) The loborotory which undertook the onolysis wss not bccredited to the ISO 17025
stondord, os recommended by the Society of Hoir Testing for forensic onolysis of hoir
somples.

3) The onoiyticol guidelines were noi followed, nor were the internotionol slondords
concerning presumptive positive immunoossoy results i.e., gos chromotogrophy/moss
spectrometry (GC-MS) opplied to obtoin o confirmed, quontitotive onolyticol result.
There is historic evidence of bolh folse positive ond folse negotive results using the
Motherisk ELISA methodology.

Poge 24 ol 25

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SF.*.

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torenstc

toxicology
servlces

Continuotion of the Stotement of:

Dr CRAIG NICHOLAS C}IAfiERTON B.Sc, iA.Sc, CChem, MRSC

Reference: CNCF|S 28-1 2b

The onolylicol method of choice wos inopproprioie; the 'gold stondord' technique
wos not used. Motherisk ELISA onolyticol results vory considerobly (quontifotively) from
the quontitotive results obtoined during GC or LC-MS onolysis of the some specimen.

5) lnlernotionol guidelines were not followed concerning pre-onolysis

woshing

procedures. Furthermore, the woshings in this cose were not onolysed (nor retoined)
to invesiigote/deiermine whether the hoir contoined ony surfoce contominont.

6) The record ond note toking of the work undertoken by Motherisk iechnicions wos
inodequote. No contemporoneous notes ore ovoiloble for inspection.

7)

No somple of hoir wos retoined for GC-MS exominolion or forindependent onolysis,

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It connot be detennined to o reosonoble degree of scientific cerlointy whether Molique

BROOMFIELD hod ingested (or been exposed toJ cocoine over on extended time period,
bosed on the results of the immunoossoy onolysis conducted by Motherisk Loborotory.

,,nnotrr",

Poge 25 of 26

Continuation of the Stoternenf of:

Dr CRAIG NICHOLAS CHATTERTOil B.Sc, M.Sc, CChem, MRSC

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Ref

REFERENCES

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Society of Hoir Testing, Forensic Sci. lnt., 84,3-6, 1?97.

2. Society of Hoir Tesiing,

Recommendoiions for hoir testing in forensic coses, Forensic Scl.

lnt., 145,83-84, 2004.

3.

Romono, G., Borbero, N., ond Lombordo,

of externol cocoine contominoiion ond

erence: CN C FIS 2B-1 2b

1.,

risk

Hoir testing for drugs of obuse: evoluotion

of foise positives. Forensic Sci. /nt., 123,119-

129,2001.

4. Stout, P.R., Ropero-Milter, J.D., Boylor, M.R., ond

Mitchell, J.M., Externol contominotion

of hoir with cocoine: Evoluoiion of externol cocoine conlominotion ond development

of performonce-testing moteriols, J. Anol. foxicol., 30, 490-500,2006.

5. Cooper, G.A.A.. Kronstrond, R.. ond Kintz. P, Socieiy of Hoir Testing

guidelines for drug

testing in hoir, Forensic Sci. /nt , 218,2A-24,2012.

6.

Smith, F.P ond Kidwell, D.A., Cocoine in hoir. solivo. skin, swobs. ond urine of cocoine
users' children, Forensic Sci. lnt.. 83,179-189,1996.

7. Jonzen,

K., Conceming norcocoine, ethylbenzoylecgonine, ond the idenlificotion of

cocoine use in humon hoir, J. Anol, Toxicol., 16, 402, l?92.

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Poge 26 ot 26