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This can be considered as a general case of CELL_PCH state. Because all the characteristics
are same except one.
That is, UE is known on URA(UTRAN Registration Area) level rather than cell level. It listens to
PCH(and updates URA when required).
If UE is traveling continuously from one cell to another. It would have to transit multiple time
to CELL_FACH state for location update. By assigning URA_PCH state, this condition is
avoided, since 1 URA contains one or more cells and vice versa.
3) In which conditions UE will be in Cell FACH state?
This happens when,
UE doesnt require continuous circuit connection with n/w, but DL packets will work.
UE is forced to release the n/w resources to decrease the congestion problems (flip-flop
between DCH and FACH).
Eventual location updates to support CELL_PCH and URA_PCH states (flip-flop between FACH
and PCH).
E.g. Call on hold(CS), File downloading(PS)
4) What is the difference between Cell PCH and URA PCH state?
UE is known on URA(UTRAN Registration Area) level rather than cell level
If UE is traveling continuously from one cell to another. It would have to transit multiple time
to CELL_FACH state for location update. By assigning URA_PCH state, this condition is
avoided, since 1 URA contains one or more cells and vice versa
5) What is U-RNTI?
URNTI is a 32bit identity.
SRNC identifier + SRNTI makes URNTI
6) Describe the CELL search procedure?
The Cell Search procedure can be summarised into the following steps:
a. Cell Selection: Determine the cell whose received carrier power is the strongest
b. Slot Synchronisation: the UE reads the P-SCH of the strongest carrier and feeds the
received signal through a matched filter (that is matched to the Primary Synchronisation
Code). The slot timing is detected via detection of peaks in the output of the matched filter.
c. Frame Synchronisation and Scrambling Code Group Identification: the UE reads the
S-SCH of the strongest carrier, and correlates the received signal with all the possible 64
Secondary Synchronisation Codes. The output that gives maximum correlation gives the
group of the Primary Scrambling Code used in the cell. This process also gives the frame
timing since the Secondary Synchronisation Code is different for each slot and the group
tells the mapping between slots and SSCs.
d. Scrambling Code Identification: The UE attempts then to read the P-CPICH so as to
extract the Primary Scrambling Code used in the cell. The P-CPICH is always scrambled by
the Primary Scrambling Code of the cell and is spread a factor 256 and an OVSF whose
index is zero. Since the Primary Scrambling Codes are grouped into 64 groups of 8
Scrambling Codes and the S-SCH has
given the Scrambling Code group only 8 possibilities remain. So the P-CPICH is unscrambled
separately withevery possible Scrambling Code (8) in the group and only one output will
produce correct results and the Primary Scrambling Code of the cell is determined.
e. Read Broadcast Information: Since the P-CCPCH is always scrambled by the Primary
Scrambling Code of the cell (which has now been determined) and is always spread using
SF=256 with OVSF index=1, The UE can read the P-CCPCH without any problem. The PCCPCH carries the BCH where system information blocks are broadcast throughout the
entire cell. The UE can acquire at this stage various information (e.g. Spreading Factors,
OVSF indexes and Scrambling Codes used in other downlink channels, important
parameters for PRACH transmission, Measurement Parameters, Transport Formats etc.) and
can then decodeother downlink channels, initiate a PRACH procedure, performs some
specific measurements etc.
7) Radio bearer configuration mappings?
Signalling radio bearer RB0 shall be used for all messages sent on the CCCH (UL: RLC-TM, DL:
RLC-UM).
Signalling radio bearer RB1 shall be used for all messages sent on the DCCH, when using RLC
unacknowledged mode (RLC-UM).
Signalling radio bearer RB2 shall be used for all messages sent on the DCCH, when using RLC
acknowledged mode (RLC-AM), except for the RRC messages carrying higher layer (NAS)
signalling.
Signalling radio bearer RB3 and optionally Signalling radio bearer RB4 shall be used for the
RRC messages carrying higher layer (NAS) signalling and sent on the DCCH in RLC
acknowledged mode (RLC-AM).
Additionally, RBs whose identities shall be set between 5 and 32 may be used as signalling
radio bearer for the RRC messages on the DCCH sent in RLC transparent mode (RLC-TM).
8) What are the types of hand over?
Here are following categories of handover (also referred to as handoff):
Hard HandoverHard handover means that all the old radio links in the UE are removed
before the new radio links are established. Hard handover can be seamless or nonseamless. Seamless hard handover means that the handover is not perceptible to the user.
In practice a handover that requires a change of the carrier frequency (inter-frequency
handover) is always performed as hard handover.
Soft Handover
Soft handover means that the radio links are added and removed in a way that the UE
always keeps at least one radio link to the UTRAN. Soft handover is performed by means of
macro diversity, which refers to the condition that several radio links are active at the same
time. Normally soft handover can be used when cells operated on the same frequency are
changed.
Softer handoverSofter handover is a special case of soft handover where the radio links that
are added and removed belong to the same Node B (i.e. the site of co-located base stations
from which several sector-cells are served. In softer handover, macro diversity with
maximum ratio combining can be performed in the Node B, whereas generally in soft
handover on the downlink, macro diversity with selection combining is applied.
Generally we can distinguish between intra-cell handover and inter-cell handover. For UMTS
the following types of handover are specified:
Handover 3G -3G (i.e. between UMTS and other 3G systems)
FDD soft/softer handover
FDD inter-frequency hard handover
FDD/TDD handover (change of cell)
TDD/FDD handover (change of cell)
TDD/TDD handover
Handover 3G - 2G (e.g. handover to GSM)
Handover 2G - 3G (e.g. handover from GSM)
The most obvious cause for performing a handover is that due to its movement a user can
be served in another cell more efficiently (like less power emission, less interference). It
may however also be performed for other reasons such as system load control.
9) What are types of measurements?
Intra-frequency measurements: measurements on downlink physical channels at the same
frequency as the active set. A measurement object corresponds to one cell.
Inter-frequency measurements: measurements on downlink physical channels at
frequencies that differ from the frequency of the active set and on downlink physical
channels in the active set. A measurement object corresponds to one cell.
Inter-RAT measurements: measurements on downlink physical channels belonging to
another radio access technology than UTRAN, e.g. GSM. A measurement object corresponds
to one cell.
if the UE has uplink RLC data PDU or uplink RLC control PDU on RB1 or upwards to
transmit:
Cell reselection:
if none of the criteria for performing cell update with the causes specified
above in the current subclause is met:
if the UE is in CELL_FACH or CELL_PCH state and the UE performs cell re-selection; or
if the UE is in CELL_FACH state and the variable C_RNTI is empty:
if periodic updating has been configured by T305 in the IE "UE Timers and
constants in connected mode" set to any other value than "infinity":
perform cell update using the cause "periodical cell update".
MBMS reception:
if none of the criteria for performing cell update with the causes specified
above in the current subclause is met; and
if the UE is in URA_PCH, Cell_PCH or Cell_FACH state; and
if the UE should perform cell update for MBMS counting ,
perform cell update using the cause "MBMS reception".
15) What is Active set?
Active Set is defined as the set of Node-Bs the UE is simultaneously connected to (i.e., the
UTRA cells currently assigning a downlink DPCH to the UE constitute the active set).
16) What is Monitor set and detected set Cells?
a. Cells, which are not included in the active set, but are included in the CELL_INFO_LIST
belong to the Monitored Set.
b. Cells detected by the UE, which are neither in the CELL_INFO_LIST nor in the active set
belong to the Detected Set. Reporting of measurements of the detected set is only
applicable to intra-frequency measurements made by UEs in CELL_DCH state.
17) What are the various types of RNC?
a. Serving RNC
b. Drift RNC
c. Controlling RNC
18) What is the use and difference between CRNC, Drift RNC and SRNC?
RNC from which the UE is currently getting Served or connected to is called SRNC or
Serving RNC.
During a soft handover procedure the RNC UE is moving to, is called Drift RNC.
The RNC which controls the movement of UE from Serving RNC to the Drift RNC is called
Controlling RNC.
19) What is initial direct transfer message? What is the use?
The initial direct transfer procedure is used in the uplink to establish a signaling connection.
It is also used to carry an initial upper layer (NAS) message over the radio interface.
20) What is security mode command? Why it is used?
Security mode command is a RRC Message,
The purpose of this procedure :
To trigger the start of ciphering or to command the restart of the ciphering with a new
ciphering configuration, for the radio bearers of one CN domain and for all signalling radio
bearers.
It is also used to start integrity protection or to modify the integrity protection configuration
for all signalling radio bearers
21) What is CCTrCH?
A Coded Composite Transport Channel is the result of combining (multiplexing) several
Transport Channels of the same type; i.e.: we can have a CCTrCh made up of one or
several DCHs, a CCTrCh made up of DSCHs. One exception is that we can have one or
several FACHs multiplexed with a PCH on the same CCTrCh.
A better notation would be for example:
CCTrCh4DCH: A CCTrCh consisting of 4 DCHs
CCTrCh3FACH: A CCTrCh consisting of 3 FACHs
CCTrChPCH,2FACH: A CCTrCh consisting of the PCH and 2 FACHs
22) What is compressed mode?
Higher layers can request a UE to monitor cells on other frequencies (FDD, TDD), or other
systems (GSM). This implies that the UE has to perform measurements, on the other
frequencies/systems and thus higher layers command the UE to enter Compressed Mode.
The UTRAN need to send to the UE all the parameters for the Compressed Mode.
Compression Methods:
When in Compressed Mode the information normally transmitted during a 10 ms frame is
compressed in time sothat gaps of adequate length are created. To achieve this one of three
mechanisms
Puncturing
Higher Layers set restrictions so that only a subset of allowed TFCs are used
in Compressed Mode.
Compressed Mode Parameter:
TGSN (Transmission Gap Starting Slot Number): A transmission gap pattern begins in a
radio frame, called firstradio frame of the transmission gap pattern, containing at least one
transmission gap slot. TGSN is the slot numberof the first transmission gap slot within the
first radio frame of the transmission gap pattern;
TGL1 (Transmission Gap Length 1): Duration of the first transmission gap within the
transmission gap pattern, expressed in number of slots;
TGL2 (Transmission Gap Length 2): Duration of the second transmission gap within the
transmission gap pattern, expressed in number of slots. If this parameter is not explicitly
set by higher layers, then TGL2 =TGL1;
TGD (Transmission Gap Start Distance): Duration between the starting slots of two
consecutive transmission gaps within a transmission gap pattern, expressed in number of
slots. The resulting position of the second transmission gap within its radio frame(s) shall
comply with the limitations of TS 25.101 (Ref [2]). If this parameter is not set by higher
layers, then there is only one transmission gap in the transmission gap pattern;
TGPL1 (Transmission Gap Pattern Length): Duration of transmission gap pattern 1;
TGPL2 (Transmission Gap Pattern Length): Duration of transmission gap pattern 2. If this
parameter is not explicitly set by higher layers, then TGPL2 = TGPL1.
The following two parameters (integers) control the transmission gap pattern sequence start
and repetition:
TGPRC (Transmission Gap Pattern Repetition Count): Number of transmission gap
patterns within the transmission gap pattern sequence; From Figure 10 it seems TGPRC is
even, therefore the number of slots in TG Sequence is: 0.5*TGPRC (TGPL1+TGPL2)
TGCFN (Transmission Gap Connection Frame Number): CFN of the first radio frame of the
first pattern 1 within the transmission gap pattern sequence.
23) What is FACH measurement occasion?
GAPs in S-CCPCH to perform measurement on Different Frequencies or Interrat resection.
24) MIB/SB/SIB details?
MIB: The Scheduling of MIB is Static.
25) Why we perform Channelisation or spreading before scrambling?
Before sending a data we need to identify the channel to send the data. A particular
Channelisation code is the identity for the channel.
Hence we use Channelisation code to select the channel and then scramble it so as to send
the identity of the UE over the channel
26) When TMSI , P- TMSI , IMSI , IMEI used?
TMSI (GSM-MAP): The TMSI (GSM-MAP) shall be chosen if available. The IE "LAI" in the IE
"Initial UE identity" shall also be present when TMSI (GSM-MAP) is used, for making it
unique.
P-TMSI (GSM-MAP): The P-TMSI (GSM-MAP) shall be chosen if available and no TMSI (GSMMAP) is available. The IE "RAI" in the IE "Initial UE identity" shall in this case also be
present when P-TMSI (GSM-MAP) is used, for making it unique.
IMSI (GSM-MAP): The IMSI (GSM-MAP) shall be chosen if available and no TMSI (GSM-MAP)
or P-TMSI is available.
IMEI: The IMEI shall be chosen when none of the above three conditions are fulfilled.
27) What is Auto attached?
Auto
Attach
When
Power
On
Enabled
Disabled
If
MNO I
It will perform a combined Attach
If NMOII
It will do a LAU and Attach.
PS
Call