Opt Opt NetsNets

Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Introduction to Optical Networks

Yatindra Nath Singh
Assistant Professor
Electrical Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
Email: ynsingh@ieee.org
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~ynsingh
Copyright 2000 Dr.Y.N.Singh, IIT Kanpur

What are optical network?

Telecomm Networks build using various communication
media
- Twisted pair copper wire
- Coaxial cable
- Wireless (Radio, microwave, satellite, infrared)
- Optical fiber

Optical fiber uses - carrier frequency of the order of 1015 Hz.

- Bandwidth generally a smaller fraction of carrier frequency
Large BW is available (of the order of 40 THz)
Optical fiber has low loss in 1.3 m and 1.55 m bands

Advantages of fiber
- Large Bandwidth-distance product.
- immunity to noise and intereference
- very low cost per unit bandwidth
- easy upgradability using WDM technology
- Tapping of signal from fiber without being detected - difficult.
Copyright Dr.Y.N.Singh, IIT Kanpur

Due to all these advantages

- Optical fiber Networks have high capacity
- Can be used for providing the high bandwidth services
- Even in wireless, infrared means high bandwidth connectivity.
All the networks using optical fiber as transmission medium optical networks
When - transmitted signal remains in optical form till its arrival at
destination - All-optical network

Degradation of signal in optical fiber

- Dispersion
Minimum dispersion at 1.3m

- Attenuation
Minimum attenuation at 1.55m


Telecommunication Networks
Essentially consists of two portions
Backbone network
A
B
Access Networks
Access Networks
Router/Switch

A and B communicate with each other via switch/router

(exchange in conventional terminalogy)
These are Switched Networks.

When the links are optical fiber - optical network
But the signal might go through E/O and O/E conversion
many times before reaching destination
Commonly deployed networks with fiber as point-to-point link
FDDI, DQDB, SONET/SDH, ATM, IEEE802.3

All-optical networks
- Broadcast
transmitted optical signal - received by everyone.
- Switched
transmitted optical signal - switched through a specific
path and received by the designated receiver.

Broadcast optical networks

Rx
Tx
4x4
Star
Coupler
Star topology network

10

Folded Bus
11

Tree-net topology
12

In Broadcast networks
Bandwidth of single channel - shared by all the users.
Media access using media access control protocols
MAC protocols need to consider
- The network is high speed
High speed network - packet transmission time
comparable to packet propagation time
13

To use the available bandwidth

- Wavelength division multiple access (WDMA)
- Time division multiple access (TDMA)
- Code division multiple access (CDMA)
O/E and E/O interfaces cannot operate above few tens of Gbit/s
WDMA - currently implementable technology.
14

Optical TDMA, CDMA implementations

- need very short pulses (can be generated by mode locked
lasers).
- Time division multiplexers/ demultiplexer requires very tight
tolerance of fiber length (due to tight timing requirments)
- Encoder and decoders will require again very tight tolerance
in fiber length used for delay lines.
- Dispersion - need to be taken care of.
WDMA
- Existing available devices can be used.
15

Media access control protocols for multiple channels

Classification based on tunability
- Fixed transmitter fixed receivers (FTFR)
- Tunable transmitter fixed receivers (TTFR)
- Fixed transmitter tunable receiver (FTTR)
- Tunable transmitter tunable receiver (TTTR)
Tunability makes the devices costly.
- FTFR based multihop networks.
16

Strong similarity with switching networks

Virtual topology is built over broadcast medium
17
- All the links seen here

are on different
wavelength
- Each node has two fixed
transmitter and two fixed
receiver

Some other Multihop topologies investigated in litrature

- Hypercube
- Manhattan street network (Torus)
- Dual bus
- Ring
18

For MAC protocols with tunable component proposed solutions

generally use
- Schedulling - a schedule for transmission and reception on the
basis of stastistics is computed periodically by centralised or
distributed algorithms and used for coordination.
- pretransmission coordination using dedicated channel
19

Switched Network
- uses optical switches
classified as circuit switched or packet switched. Commercially
emphasis on circuit switched all-optical networks.
- due to near term feasibility.
- also knows as wavelength routed networks
These network can be used to provide virtual topology to be used
by SDH, ATM or directly by IP layer.
20

IP
ATM
SDH
Optical Layer
IP
ATM
Optical Layer
IP
Optical Layer
As time progresses IP over WDM will take over

21

22
Physical
topology
with
wavelength
routes

Virtual topology
23

In IP over WDM
- possibility of reconfigurable topology means continous
optimisation of topology depending on traffic condition can
be done.
Issues
- Estimation of condition when the reconfiguration is needed
(will be done by IP layer)
- Management algorithms for optical layer to work with limited
wavelength.
- Fault management in optical layer.
24

Other exciting things in optical networks

- Switching techniques and architectures.
- Network architectures using devices and phenomenon based on
optical nonlinearty
- Multiwavelength soliton networks.
25

What we have been doing in IIT Kanpur in the area of optical

networks
- Studies in all-optical packet switched architecture.
- Investigation on all-optical subscriber access network
- Routing and management problems in IP over WDM
26

27

What future will have

- All-optical packet switched WANs as backbone networks
having huge capacities.
- All-optical subscriber access networks (will be quite limited)
Most of the access network is expected to be dominated by
wireless. Infrared will have its share in it.
28

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Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Introduction to Optical Networks

Copyright 2000 Dr.Y.N.Singh, IIT Kanpur

Introduction to Optical Networks

Department of Electrical Engineering

What are optical network?

Copyright 2000 Dr.Y.N.Singh, IIT Kanpur

Introduction to Optical Networks

Department of Electrical Engineering

Optical fiber uses - carrier frequency of the order of 1015 Hz.

Copyright 2000 Dr.Y.N.Singh, IIT Kanpur

Introduction to Optical Networks

Department of Electrical Engineering

Copyright Dr.Y.N.Singh, IIT Kanpur

Introduction to Optical Networks

Department of Electrical Engineering

Due to all these advantages

Introduction to Optical Networks

Department of Electrical Engineering

Degradation of signal in optical fiber

Minimum dispersion at 1.3m

Minimum attenuation at 1.55m

Introduction to Optical Networks

Department of Electrical Engineering

Introduction to Optical Networks

Department of Electrical Engineering

A and B communicate with each other via switch/router

These are Switched Networks.

Introduction to Optical Networks

Department of Electrical Engineering

Copyright 2000 Dr.Y.N.Singh, IIT Kanpur

Introduction to Optical Networks

Department of Electrical Engineering

Broadcast optical networks

Star topology network

Introduction to Optical Networks

Department of Electrical Engineering

Copyright 2000 Dr.Y.N.Singh, IIT Kanpur

Introduction to Optical Networks

Department of Electrical Engineering

Introduction to Optical Networks

Department of Electrical Engineering

Introduction to Optical Networks

Department of Electrical Engineering

To use the available bandwidth

Copyright 2000 Dr.Y.N.Singh, IIT Kanpur

Introduction to Optical Networks

Department of Electrical Engineering

Optical TDMA, CDMA implementations

Introduction to Optical Networks

Department of Electrical Engineering

Media access control protocols for multiple channels

Copyright 2000 Dr.Y.N.Singh, IIT Kanpur

Introduction to Optical Networks

Department of Electrical Engineering

Strong similarity with switching networks

Copyright 2000 Dr.Y.N.Singh, IIT Kanpur

- All the links seen here

Introduction to Optical Networks

Department of Electrical Engineering

Some other Multihop topologies investigated in litrature

Copyright 2000 Dr.Y.N.Singh, IIT Kanpur

Introduction to Optical Networks