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Reading Text

KILT: A Scottish Unique Traditional Cloth


The kilt is a knee-length skirt-like garment traditionally worn by men. It
is generally associated today with Scotland or the Gaelic people of British Isle and
Normandy. The kilts that are mostly known today are tartan kilts. Tartan is a plaid
cloth pattern consisting of stripes of various width and colors. In the past, the
number and color of the stripes were used to identify a certain clan. So, every clan
has their own tartan kilt. Bagpipes players always wear the tartan kilt as we often
see today.
The kilt has been worn in different societies and through different periods
of history. It is the Gaelic, especially Scottish kilts that are well known to us, but it
is not the only kilt worn in modern times. Kilts of various styles have been worn
in modern Greece. The styles varied widely in different regions of Greece. The
most famous is a white kilt that has become the ceremonial uniform of Greek
soldiers. The Gaelic people of Ireland, like those of Scotland, wore the kilts as
well.
The modern image of the kilt is very different from its earlier historical
image. In the 18th century, the tartan kilt was the identity of Highland Scottish.
The kilt along with bagpipes had been the symbol of the wild, warlike Highland
Scottish clans. They are considered as barbarous savages. In 1745, the kilt-dressed
Highlanders led by Bonnie Prince Charlie had threatened the British Empire.
Because of the rebellion, the British Parliament banned tartan and the use of
Highland dress until 1782. Punishment for a first offence was a six-month
imprisonment; a second offence earned the wearer a seven-year exile to an
overseas work farm. The ban had succeeded in altering Highland Society. Many of
the old traditions and customs had been lost forever, including the old kinds of
tartan kilts. In spite of many efforts to revive the tradition, wearing kilt had been
seen as only a nationalistic statement and was no longer seen as a way of life.
The kilt as a fashion for boys or men has continued into modern times.
The kilt as a school uniform is primarily still worn in Scotland. The Scottish
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schools use them as uniform, but this only occurs at private schools. However,
English and occasional American boys at the Scottish private schools do not like
kilt uniform. Even, some of them had never heard of a kilt before enrolling at
schools. Some schools in Ireland also adopted the kilt as a school uniform, but not
as commonly as in Scotland.
Kilts are also still worn at Scottish events around the world. All people
attending the events wear kilts. The example of the events is Dunedin Summer
Dance, held in Edinburg, south-east Scotland. While the kilt is a popular feature at
Scottish Highland gatherings, it is rarely seen at Irish events. At Irish events, only
the pipers and dancers wear kilt. The dancers only put on their kilt costumes to
perform and then take them off immediately after their last performance.
The other occasion in which kilts are worn is the wedding ceremony. The
groom, attendants and guests wear kilts as formal dress at Scottish weddings. Ring
bearers in Scotland and England also sometimes wear kilts. Normally, they are
combined with black jackets.
(Taken from Headlight 2)
A. Vocabulary
1. Alter (v)

8. Offence (n)

2. Bearer (n)

9. Rebellion (n)

3. Clan (n)

10. Revive (v)

4. Enroll (v)

11. Savage (n)

5. Exile (n)

12. Stripe (n)

6. Imprisonment (n)

13. Warlike (adj)

7. Kilt (n)

B. Answer the following questions


1. What are tartan kilts?
2. What were the stripes used for?
3. What do bagpipes players always wear?
4. Why were tartan kilts banned in 1745?
5. Who do not like kilt uniform at the Scottish private schools?
6. Scottish and Irish wear kilt differently. What is it?
C. Grammar review
Word Order
Sometimes we want to add more information to a noun. So, we put more than
one adjective in front of the noun.
These are some rules
Put opinion adjective in front of descriptive adjectives.
e.g. a beautiful green skirt
Put general opinion adjectives in front of specific opinion adjectives.
e.g. a nice clean room
Descriptive adjectives are divided into six types:
size

shape

age

color

nationality

material

e.g. a young American boy

The table of the adjectives


Opinion Adjectives

Descriptive Adjectives

General

Specific

Size

Lovely

Comfortable

Big

Shape

Age

Nationality

Material

Wooden

Expensive

New
Large

Color

Noun

Black

German

Round

Chair
Car

Metal

table

When you use a noun in front of another noun, you never put adjectives between
them. You put adjectives in front of the first noun.
e.g. He works in the Indian film industry.
Put the words in good order.
1. John bought a (wooden round large) table.
2. Diana is looking for the (ugly blue nasty Chinese) vase.
3. I hate hearing the (Irish old) song.
4. The scientists found the (Egyptian valuable ancient) manuscript.
5. My mother likes to wear the (golden beautiful new) necklace.

D. Answer key
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Vocabulary
1. Alter (v): mengubah,

berubah. To become

different; to make

somebody/something different. To make changes to a piece of clothing so


that it will fit you better.
2. Bearer (n): pembawa. A person whose job it is to carry something,
especially at a ceremony. A person who brings a message, a letter, etc. a
person who has something with them or is the official owner of something,
such as a document. A person who has knowledge of something, such as
an idea or a tradition, and makes sure that it is not forgotten, by teaching
others about it.
3. Clan (n): kaum, suku, marga. A group of families who are related to each
other, especially in Scotland. A very large family or a group of people who
are connected because of a particular thing.
4. Enroll (v): mendaftarkan, mengikuti, menjadi anggota dari. To arrange for
yourself or for somebody else to officially join a course, school, etc.
5. Exile (n): pembuangan, pengasingan, orang buangan. The state of being
sent to live in another country that is not your own, especially for political
reasons or as a punishment. A person who chooses, or is forced to live
away from his or her own country.
6. Imprisonment (n): hukuman penjara. Imprison (v): memenjarakan. To put
somebody in a prison or another place from which they cannot escape.
7. Kilt (n): rok pendek yang dipakai orang Scotlandia. A skirt made of tartan
fabric that reaches to the knees and is the traditionally worn by Scottish
men; a similar skirt worn by women.
8. Offence (n): pelanggaran. An illegal act. The act of upsetting or insulting
somebody.
9. Rebellion (n): pemberontakan. An attempt by some of the people in a
country to change their government, using violence. Opposition to
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authority within an organization, a political party, etc. Opposition to


authority; being unwilling to obey rules or accept normal standards of
behavior, dress, etc.
10. Revive (v): membangkitkan, membangun kembali. To become, or to make
somebody/something become, conscious or healthy and strong again. To
make something start being used or done again. To produce again a play,
etc that has not been performed for some time.
11. Savage (n): orang biadab/liar/ganas. An offensive word for a person who
belongs to a tribe that is simple and not developed.
12. Stripe (n) - stripes (n, plural): garis-garis. A long narrow line of color, that
is a different color from the areas next to it. A narrow piece of fabric, often
in the shape of a V, that is worn on the uniform of a soldier or police
officer to show their rank.
13. Warlike (adj): suka perang. Aggressive and wanting to fight. Connected
with fighting wars.
Answer the following questions
1. Tartan kilts are the kilts that are mostly known today.
2. The stripes were used for identifying a certain clan.
3. Bagpipes players always wear the tartan kilt as we often see today.
4. Tartan kilts were banned in 1745 because of the rebellion. In 1745, the kiltdressed Highlanders led by Bonnie Prince Charlie had threatened the
British Empire.
5. English and occasional American boys at the Scottish private schools do
not like kilt uniform.
6. Scottish and Irish wear kilt differently. While the kilt is a popular feature at
Scottish Highland gatherings, it is rarely seen at Irish events. At Irish
events, only the pipers and dancers wear kilt.
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Put the words in good order


1.

John bought a large round wooden table.

2.

Diana is looking for the nasty ugly blue Chinese vase.

3.

I hate hearing the old Irish song.

4.

The scientists found the ancient valuable Egyptian manuscript.

5.

My mother likes to wear the beautiful new golden necklace.

Reading text

Great Britain - Tea with Milk


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Tea is a customary drink worldwide. In Asian countries, drinking tea is an


ancient tradition accompanied by a highly developed tea-based culture which is
tied to art and local customs. Among Russians and Eastern Mediterranean
inhabitants, tea became a prevalent drink long after the flourishing tea culture
developed in China, and yet many years before Europeans tasted it for the first
time. The tea ceremonies are the crowning glory of the tea culture. They set it
apart and glorify it and give a symbolic meaning to the importance of tea in
society and local culture. Tea ceremonies which have been preserved from ancient
times open a window to distant cultures and ancient customs which have
assimilated into various traditions and accompanied them up until today.
The British are among the world's most massive tea consumers. Perhaps it is
possible to understand the importance of tea in British culture if we recall Sir
Winston Churchill's declaration during the Second World War that: "Tea is more
important to the soldiers than munitions". Black tea was very common in Britain
during the 18th century and the British founded the tradition of adding milk to
black tea.
Drinking tea in the afternoon is a custom which began during the 19th
century. Its development is attributed to the Duchess of Bedford. Due to the fact
that the aristocracy customarily ate only two meals a day being breakfast and
dinner, the afternoon tea was meant to abate the hunger between the meals. The
afternoon tea was served along with a light meal between the hours 3:00-5:00
p.m.
A further development and refinement of the afternoon tea; this is actually
an early dinner which includes tea. One assumption is it that the name was derived
from the late hour in which the meal was taken: 5.00-7:00 p.m. Another
suggestion is that the expression "high tea" originated from the custom of having
this meal on high tables, in comparison with the afternoon tea which was eaten on
low tables.
(Taken from www.wissotsky.com)

A. Vocabulary
1.

Abate (v)

7.

Inhabitant (n)

2.

Accompany (v)

8.

Massive (adj)

3.

Aristocracy (n)

9.

Munitions (n)

4.

Attribute (v)

10.

Prevalent (adj)

5.

Crown (v)

11.

Refinement (n)

6.

Flourish (v)

B. Answer the following questions.


1. What is drinking tea in Asian country?
2. What are the tea ceremonies?
3. How can we understand the importance of tea in British culture?
4. Who founded tea with milk?

5. What was the afternoon tea meant?


C. Grammar review
Simple Past Tense
Past tense is to express action before now/in the past.
There are two kinds of past form: regular (adding ed) and irregular (must
be learned)
Past tense signals are: before, this morning, yesterday, last (week, month,
year, night, etc), (two days, a week, several months, etc) ago.
To express series of past action, for examples:

Regular:
He studied hard yesterday.
I walked to school this morning.
The pilgrims travelled by boat three decades ago.
We attended a lecture in Arabic last week.
Irregular:
She was sick yesterday.
I met my lecturer on the bus this morning.
The government built the bridge two years ago.
The professor wrote two books last year.
I got up this morning at five oclock, dressed, ate breakfast and
went to the university.
Negative form: adding not, for example:
We did not go to the cinema last night.
I was not sick.
Interrogative form, e.g. Did she write the letter yesterday? (yes, she did or
no, she did not)
Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, simple
present or simple past tense.

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1. Paul and I played tennis yesterday. He is much better than me, so he . . .


. . . . . easily. (win)
2. The earth . . . . . . . . round the sun. (go)
3. The Olympic Games . . . . . . . every four years. (take place)
4. Who . . . . . . the fruit this morning? (buy)
5. The window was open and a bird . . . . . . . into the room. (fly)
6. I was in a hurry, so I . . . . . . time to phone you. (not, have)
7. We . . . . . . . Rose in town a few days ago. (see)
8. Ann . . . . . . English very well. (speak)
9. We went to Kates house but she . . . . . . . at home. (not, be)
10. Did you . . . . . . .TV last night? (watch)
D. Answer key
Vocabulary
1. Abate (v): mereda, berkurang. To become less strong; to make something
less strong.
2. Accompany (v): menemani, menyertai, mengiringi. To travel or go
somewhere with somebody. To happen or appear with something else. To
play a musical instrument, especially a piano, while somebody else sings
or plays the main tune.
3. Aristocracy (n): aristokrasi, keningratan, kaum ningrat. (in some country)
people born in the highest social class, who have special titles.
4. Attribute (v): mempertalikan, menghubungkan. To say or believe that
something is the result of a particular thing. To say or believe that
somebody is responsible for doing something, especially for saying,
writing or painting something.
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5. Crown (v): menobatkan. To make something complete or perfect,


especially by adding an achievement, a success, etc.
6. Flourish (v): tumbuh dengan subur, flourishing (adj): maju, berjalan
dengan baik. to develop quickly and be successful or common. To grow
well; to be healthy and happy. To wave something around in a way that
makes people look at it.
7. Inhabitant (n): penduduk, warga kota. A person or an animal that lives in a
particular place.
8. Massive (adj): secara besar-besaran, raksasa. Very large, heavy and solid.
Extremely large or serious.
9. Munitions (n): munisi, mesiu. Military weapons, ammunition, and
equipment.
10. Prevalent (adj): umum, lazim, merata. That exists or is very common at a
particular time or in a particular place.
11. Refinement (n): kehalusan budibahasa, perbaikan. A small change to
something that improves it. The process of improving something or of
making something pure. The quality of being polite and well educated and
able to judge the quality of things; the state of having the sort of manners
that are considered typical of a high social class.
Answer the following questions.
1. In Asian country, drinking tea is an ancient tradition accompanied by a
highly developed tea-based culture which is tied to art and local
customs.
2. The tea ceremonies are the crowning glory of the tea culture.

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3. We can understand the importance of tea in British culture if we recall


Sir Winston Churchill's declaration during the Second World War that:
"Tea is more important to the soldiers than munitions".
4. The British founded the tradition of adding milk to black tea.
5. The afternoon tea was meant to abate the hunger between the meals.
Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, simple present
or simple past tense.
1.

Paul and I played tennis yesterday. He is much better than me, so


he won easily.

2.

The earth goes round the sun.

3.

The Olympic Games take place every four years.

4.

Who bought the fruit this morning?

5.

The window was open and a bird flew into the room.

6.

I was in a hurry, so I did not have time to phone you.

7.

We saw Rose in town a few days ago.

8.

Ann speaks English very well.

9.

We went to Kates house but she was not at home.

10.

Did you watch TV last night?

Reading Text

Theatre in the United Kingdom

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From its formation in 1707, the United Kingdom has had a vibrant tradition
of theatre, much of it inherited from England and Scotland.
Theatre was introduced from Europe to England by the Romans and
auditoriums were constructed across the country for this purpose. By the medieval
period theatre had developed with the mummers' plays, a form of early street
theatre associated with the Morris dance, concentrating on themes such as Saint
George and the Dragon and Robin Hood. These were folk tales re-telling old
stories, and the actors travelled from town to town performing these for their
audiences in return for money and hospitality. The medieval mystery plays and
morality plays, which dealt with Christian themes, were performed at religious
festivals.
The reign of Elizabeth I in the late 16th and early 17th century saw a
flowering of the drama and all the arts. Perhaps the most famous playwright in the
world, William Shakespeare, wrote around 40 plays that are still performed in
theatres across the world to this day. They include tragedies, such as Hamlet
(1603), Othello (1604), and King Lear (1605); comedies, such as A Midsummer
Night's Dream (159496) and Twelfth Night (1602); and history plays, such as
Henry IV, part 12. The Elizabethan age is sometimes nicknamed "the age of
Shakespeare" for the amount of influence he held over the era. Other important
Elizabethan and 17th-century playwrights include Ben Jonson, Christopher
Marlowe, and John Webster.
During the Interregnum 16421660, English theatres were kept closed by
the Puritans for religious and ideological reasons. When the London theatres
opened again with the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, they flourished under
the personal interest and support of Charles II. Wide and socially mixed audiences
were attracted by topical writing and by the introduction of the first professional
actresses (in Shakespeare's time, all female roles had been played by boys). New
genres of the Restoration were heroic drama, pathetic drama, and Restoration
comedy. The Restoration plays that have best retained the interest of producers
and audiences today are the comedies, such as William Wycherley's The Country
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Wife (1676), The Rover (1677) by the first professional woman playwright, Aphra
Behn, John Vanbrugh's The Relapse (1696), and William Congreve's The Way of
the World (1700). Restoration comedy is famous or notorious for its sexual
explicitness, a quality encouraged by Charles II (16601685) personally and by
the rakish aristocratic ethos of his court.
In the 18th century, the highbrow and provocative Restoration comedy lost
favour, to be replaced by sentimental comedy, domestic tragedy such as George
Lillo's The London Merchant (1731), and by an overwhelming interest in Italian
opera. Popular entertainment became more important in this period than ever
before, with fair-booth burlesque and mixed forms that are the ancestors of the
English music hall. These forms flourished at the expense of legitimate English
drama, which went into a long period of decline. By the early 19th century it was
no longer represented by stage plays at all, but by the closet drama, plays written
to be privately read in a "closet" (a small domestic room).
A change came in the late 19th century with the plays on the London stage
by the Irishmen George Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde and the Norwegian
Henrik Ibsen, all of whom influenced domestic English drama and vitalised it
again.
Today the West End of London has a large number of theatres, particularly
centred on Shaftesbury Avenue. A prolific composer of the 20th century Andrew
Lloyd Webber has dominated the West End for a number of years and his musicals
have travelled to Broadway in New York and around the world, as well as being
turned into films.
The Royal Shakespeare Company operates out of Shakespeare's birthplace
Stratford-upon-Avon in England, producing mainly but not exclusively
Shakespeare's plays.
Important modern playwrights include Alan Ayckbourn, John Osborne,
Harold Pinter, Tom Stoppard, and Arnold Wesker.

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(Taken from www.wikipedia.com)


A. Vocabulary
1. Ancestor (n)

8. Monarchy (n)

2. Burlesque (n)

9. Notorious (adj)

3. Decline (n)

10. Overwhelm (v)

4. Expense (n)

11. Pathetic (adj)

5. Highbrow (adj)

12. Playwright (n)

6. Inherit (v)

13. Reign (n)

7. Medieval (adj)

14. Retain (v)

B. Answer the following questions.


1. How was theatre introduced from Europe to England?
2. What are Mummers plays?
3. How many plays did Shakespeare write?
4. Where were the medieval mystery plays and morality plays performed?
5. When did the highbrow and provocative Restoration comedy lose favour?
C. Grammar review
Passive (is done/was done)
The passive is be (is/was/have been/etc) + the past participle
(done/cleaned/seen/etc): (be) done, (be) cleaned, (be) seen, (be) damaged,
(be) built, etc.

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For irregular past participle (must be learned)


We use a passive verb to say what happens to the subject.
Active: Its a big company. It employs two hundred people.
Passive: Two hundred people are employed by the company.
When we use the passive, who or what causes the action is often unknown
or unimportant.
Present simple
Active: Somebody cleans this room every day.
Passive: This room is cleaned every day.
Many accidents are caused by careless driving.
Im not often invited to party.
How is this word pronounced?
Past simple
Active: Somebody cleaned this room yesterday.
Passive: This room was cleaned yesterday.
We were woken up by a loud noise during the night.
Did you go to the party? No, I wasnt invited.
How much money was stolen?
Complete these sentences using one of these verbs in the correct form:
cause

damage

hold

include

invite

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make

overtake

show

translate

write

1. Many accidents . . . . . . . by dangerous driving.


2. Cheese . . . . . . . from milk.
3. The roof of the building . . . . . . . in a storm a few days ago.
4. Theres no need to leave a trip. Service . . . . . . . in the bill.
5. You . . . . . . . to the wedding. Why didnt you go?
6. A cinema is a place where films . . . . . . .
7. In the United States, elections for President . . . . . . . every four years.
8. Originally the book . . . . . . . in Spanish and a few years ago it . . . . . . .
into English.
9. We were driving along quite fast but we . . . . . . . by lots of other cars.
D. Answer Key
Vocabulary
1. Ancestor (n): datuk, nenekmoyang, leluhur. A person in your family who
lived a long time ago.
2. Burlesque (n): ejekan dalam bentuk sandiwara atau karangan, bahan
tertawaan. A performance or piece of writing which tries to make
something look ridiculous by representing it in a humorous way.
3. Decline (n): kemunduran, turun. A continuous decrease in the number,
value, quality, etc of something.
4. Expense (n): biaya, ongkos, dengan mengorbankan. The money that you
spend on something.
5. Highbrow (adj): cendikiawan. Concerned with or interested in serious
artistic or cultural ideas.

18

6. Inherit (v): mewarisi. To receive money, property, etc from somebody


when they die.
7. Medieval (adj): pertengahan. Connected with the Middle Ages.
8. Monarchy (n): kerajaan. A system of government by a king or a queen. A
country that is ruled by a king or a queen.
9. Notorious (adj): terkenal karena nama buruk. Well known for being bad.
10. Overwhelm (v): meliputi, membanjiri. To have such a strong emotional
effect on somebody that it is difficult fo them to resist or know how to
react. To defeat somebody completely.
11. Pathetic (adj): menyedihkan, sedih, pedih. Making you feel pity or
sadness. Weak, useless, and not successful.
12. Playwright (n): dramawan, pengubah sandiwara. A person who writes
plays for the theatre, television, or radio.
13. Reign (n): pemerintahan, kekuasaan. The period during which a king,
queen, emperor, etc rules
14. Retain (v): menahan, menguasai, tetap memakai. To keep something, to continue
to have something. To continue to hold or contain something.

Answer the following questions.


1.

Theatre was introduced from Europe to England by the Romans and


auditoriums were constructed across the country for this purpose.

2.

Mummers plays are form of early street theatre associated with the Morris
dance.

3.

Shakespeare wrote around 40 plays that are still performed in theatres


across the world to this day.

19

4.

The medieval mystery plays and morality plays were performed at


religious festivals.

5.

The highbrow and provocative Restoration comedy lost favour in the 18th
century.

Complete the sentences using one of these verbs in the correct form.
1.

Many accidents are caused by dangerous driving.

2.

Cheese is made from milk.

3.

The roof of the building was damaged in a storm a few days ago.

4.

Theres no need to leave a trip. Service is included in the bill.

5.

You were invited to the wedding. Why didnt you go?

6.

A cinema is a place where films are showed.

7.

In the United States, elections for President are held every four years.

8.

Originally the book was written in Spanish and a few years ago it was
translated into English.

9.

We were driving along quite fast but we were overtaken by lots of other
cars.

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