Documente Academic
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Documente Cultură
LECTURE-01
BARCH,IX-th Semester
SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE,
BHOPAL
ECOLOGY?
ENVIRONMENT?
Structure ???
1) The composition of the biological community
including species, numbers, biomass, life history
and distribution in space of populations.
2) The quantity and distribution of the abiotic
(non-living) materials such as nutrients,
water, etc.
3) The range, or gradient, of conditions of
existence such as temperature, light, etc.
Function ???
1. The rate of biological energy flow through the
ecosystem, that is, the rates of production and
the rates of respiration of the populations and the
community.
2. The rate of material or nutrient cycling, that is,
the biogeochemical cycles.
3. The biological or ecological regulation including both
regulation of organisms by environment and
regulation of environment by organisms.
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Ecosystem ???
"Living organisms ( biotic) and their nonliving ( abiotic) environment are
inseparably interrelated and interact upon each other.
Any unit that includes all of the organisms (i.e., the "community")
in a given area interacting with the physical environment so that a
flow of energy leads to clearly defined trophic structure, biotic
diversity, and material cycles (i.e., exchange of materials between
living and nonliving parts) within the system is an ecological
system or ecosystem."
Environment ???
As per Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, environment includes all the
physical and biological surroundings of an organism along with their
interactions.
Meaning and scope of ecology; evolution of ecology; man, environment and ecosystem; components of
nature and basis concepts and processes of ecology; flow of material water energy, invasion, succession,
predation, regulatory forces, adaptation, trophic levels, food chain, food web, ecological pyramids;
Environmental zones.
Ecosystem and its Relevance to Environment
Resources and human settlements impact of advanced agricultural methods, urbanization and
industrialization on nature; urban ecosystem approach evolution and significance; soil, water, land,
vegetation and solar, biomas, wind, hydro energy resources; settlement planning and energy conservation;
development and management
Quantitative Ecology
EIA - meaning, significance and framework; Methodologies - checklist, matrices, network and social costbenefit analysis; sources and acquisition of environmental information; Environmental land use
classification; Environment impact studies of development projects.
Environmental Policies
Global and national policies on environment; Five year plans in relation to environmental aspects; Legal
measure for protection of environment; Environmental awareness and education in India; Agencies
involved in environment protection; Public participation; Role of planners in shaping the future
environment
These are the basic aspects of environmental studies which have a direct relevance to
every section of the society. Environmental studies can also be highly specialized
concentrating on more technical aspects like environmental science, environmental
engineering or environmental management.
In the recent years, the scope of environmental studies has expanded dramatically the
world over.
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SCOPE?
Several career options have emerged in this field that are broadly categorized as:
(i) Research & Development (R & D) in environment: Skilled environmental scientists have
an important role to play in examining various environmental problems in a scientific manner
and carry out R & D activities for developing cleaner technologies and promoting sustainable
development.
There is a need for trained manpower at every level to deal with environmental issues.
Environmental management and environmental engineering are emerging as new career
opportunities for environmental protection and management. With the pollution control laws
becoming more stringent, industries are finding it difficult to dispose off the wastes produced.
In order to avoid expensive litigation, companies are now trying to adopt green technologies,
which would reduce pollution.
. (ii) Green advocacy: With increasing emphasis on implementing various Acts and Laws related
to environment, need for environmental lawyers has emerged, who should be able to plead the
cases related to water and air pollution, forest, wildlife etc.
(iii) Green marketing: While ensuring the quality of products with ISO mark, now there is an
increasing emphasis on marketing goods that are environment friendly. Such products have
ecomark or ISO 14000 certification. Environmental auditors and environmental managers
would be in great demand in the coming years.
(iv) Green media: Environmental awareness can be spread amongst masses through mass media
like television, radio, newspaper, magazines, hoardings, advertisements etc. for which
environmentally educated persons are required.
(v) Environment consultancy: Many non-government organisations (NGOs), industries and
government bodies are engaging environmental consultants for systematically studying and
tackling environment related problems.
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Q1
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Q2
Sh.Sundarlal Bahuguna
.PROMOTED THE
CHIPKO MOVEMENT and TEHRI BACHAO
ANDOLAN
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Q3
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Q4
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Q5
Salim Ali
..is
a renowned ornithologist,
famous for his work on Indian birds.
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Q6
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Q7
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Q8
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Q9
Nobel peace prize, 2007 was awarded jointly to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change(IPCC) headed by Indian Environmentalist Dr. R.K. Pachauri, and former US vicepresident Al Gore. IPCC, the UN body comprising of 3,000 experts from various fields is
an authority on global warming and its impacts.
The award to IPCC is in appreciation of its efforts to build up and disseminate greater
knowledge about manmade climate change and to lay the foundation for the
measures that are needed to counteract such change. Al Gore is probably the single
individual who has done most to create greater world-wide understanding to the
measures that need to be adopted, observed the Norwegian Nobel Committee while
naming the joint winner of the award.
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Q10
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IMPORTANT definitions..
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Ecology
is
The study of the distribution and
abundance of organisms,
AND
the flows of energy and materials
between abiotic and biotic
components of ecosystems.
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What is an ecosystem?
System = regularly interacting and
interdependent components
forming a unified whole
Ecosystem = an ecological system;
= a community and its physical
environment treated together as a
functional system
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Ecosystem
Ecosystem: Defined area in which a
community lives with interactions taking place
among the organisms between the
community and its non-living physical
environment.
An ecosystem is formed by the interactions
between all living and non-living things
How do living and non-living things interact in
an environment?
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Ecosystem Services
The human economy depends upon the services performed
for free by ecosystems.
The ecosystem services supplied annually are worth many
trillions of dollars.
Economic development that destroys habitats and impairs
services can create costs to humanity over the long term that
may greatly exceed the short-term economic benefits of the
development.
These costs are generally hidden from traditional economic
accounting, but are nonetheless real and are usually borne by
society at large.
http://www.epa.gov/watertrain/pdf/issue2.pdf
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Ecosystems:
Fundamental Characteristics
Structure:
Living (biotic)
Nonliving (abiotic)
Process:
Energy flow
Cycling of matter (chemicals)
Change:
Dynamic (not static)
Succession, etc.
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Abiotic components:
ABIOTIC components:
Are non living physical and chemical factors in the
environment which affect the ecosystems.
Eg radiation, temperature, water, pressure sometimes
even sound waves.
Solar energy provides practically all the energy for
ecosystems.
Inorganic substances, e.g., sulfur, boron, tend to cycle
through ecosystems.
Organic compounds, such as proteins, carbohydrates,
lipids, and other complex molecules, form a link
between biotic and abiotic components of the system.
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BIOTIC components
Biotic is a living component of a communtiy.
The biotic components of an ecosystem can be
classified according to their mode of energy
acquisition.
In this type of classification, there are:
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Organisms that produce their own food from an
energy source, such as the sun, and inorganic
compounds.
Organisms that consume other organisms as a food
source.
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Modified from: General Ecology, by David T. Krome
Trophic Levels
A trophic level is the position occupied by an organism in a
food chain.
Trophic levels can be analyzed on an energy pyramid.
Producers are found at the base of the pyramid and
compromise the first trophic level.
Primary consumers make up the second trophic level.
Secondary consumers make up the third trophic level.
Finally tertiary consumers make up the top trophic level.
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Source: corpuschristiisd.org/user_files/91702/Ecosystem.ppt
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Biomass
Energy is sometimes considered in terms of biomass,
the mass of all the organisms and organic material in
an area.
There is more biomass at the trophic level of
producers and fewer at the trophic level of tertiary
consumers. (There are more plants on Earth than
there are animals.)
Bio=life
Mass=weight
Bio + Mass = Weight of living things within an
ecosystem.
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Food Chains
The producers, consumers, and decomposers
of each ecosystem make up a food chain.
There are many food chains in an ecosystem.
Food chains show where energy is transferred
and not who eats who.
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Food Webs
All the food chains in an area make up the food web of the area.
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Urban Ecology
An interdisciplinary study of the urban
ecosystem
Origin of Cities
Through most of history, the human
population has lived a rural lifestyle.
Settled communities of people became
possible with the advent of agriculture
(10,000 to 4,000 BC).
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Year
Became #1
Population Information
Memphis, Egypt
Akkad, Babylonia
(Iraq)
Lagash, Babylonia
(Iraq)
Ur, Babylonia (Iraq)
3100 BCE
Thebes, Egypt
Babylon, Babylonia
(Iraq)
Avaris, Egypt
1980
Memphis, Egypt
1557
Thebes, Egypt
1400
City
2240
2075
2030
65,000
1770
1670
What is
Urbanization?
Often related to industrialization
Up until very recently -- about 200 years
ago -- the proportion of the worlds urban
population was limited to about 5%
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Speed of
Urbanization
In 18003%
By 190014 %
In 1950 30%
In 2000 47 % (about 2.8 billion)
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Human Numbers
Through Time
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Population
6,480,000
4,242,000
Paris, France
3,330,000
Berlin, Germany
2,707,000
1,717,000
Vienna, Austria
1,698,000
Tokyo, Japan
1,497,000
1,439,000
1,435,000
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1,418,000
http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201f.htm
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Population
Shanghai, China
13,278,500
12,622,500
11,928,400
Moscow, Russia
11,273,400
Karachi, Pakistan
10,889,100
Delhi, India
10,400,900
Manila, Phillipines
10,330,100
So Paolo, Brazil
10,260,100
10,165,400
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Istanbul, Turkey
9,631,700
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Global Urbanization
Trends (contd)
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Earth at Night
2000 November 27
Credit: C. Mayhew & R. Simmon (NASA/GSFC), NOAA/ NGDC, DMSP Digital Archive
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Global Urbanization
Trends (contd)
Comparison of Urban Population in Developed
Countries and Developing Countries
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Impacts of Urbanization
By concentrating humans and the resources they
consume, metropolitan areas alter
soil drainage,
water flow, and
light availability.
Furthermore they concentrate:
waste
energy demand
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Consequences of Urbanization:
Food Import Trends in Puerto Rico
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