Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
New Mechanical and Damage Skin Factor Correlations for Hydraulically Fractured
Wells
H. Mahdiyar, M. Jamiolahmady, and A. Danesh, Heriot-Watt U.
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing is one of the most common well
stimulation techniques. Hence, considerable amount of efforts
has been devoted to study their performance under different
prevailing conditions. Description of hydraulically fractured
wells using the existing commercial reservoir simulators
requires the use of very fine grids, which is very cumbersome,
costly and impractical.
In this work a two dimensional single-well mathematical
simulator has been developed, which is based on finitedifference methods, and simulates linear Darcy flow in a
hydraulic fractured well. Based on the results of our in-house
simulator different correlations have been developed for
calculation of fracture (Sf), face damage (SfD), and chocked
damage (Sck) skin factors. These formulations benefit from
relevant dimensionless numbers expressing the effect of
geometry and those used to quantify the extent of damages
occurred during fracturing operation. The results indicate that
in-house Sf values are more accurate than those available in
the literature. SfD, reflecting the reduction of the permeability
of the rock close to the fracture, is more realistically captured
here when damaged thickness is assumed to decrease linearly
towards the tip of the fracture. This is more superior to the
uniform thickness assumption made in the literature, which
overestimates SfD. It is also shown the available analytical
expression for calculation of Sck, which is a reflection of
reduction of fracture permeability, overestimate Sck hence, a
more realistic correlation has been developed for this purpose.
The skin correlations developed here enables the engineers
to study the productivity of a fractured well using simple
open-hole system. They can also be used for the optimum
design of a hydraulic fracture system by minimizing flow
resistance for a given fracture volume and fracture
permeability. This can be achieved readily by conducting
SPE 107634
P P
= 0.
k
+ k
x x y y
(1)
P
= 0,
x
(1a)
At y = 0
P
= 0,
y
(1b)
P=Pe,
P=Pe,
At x = Xe
At y = Xe
(1c)
(1d)
P(i +1, j ) P( i , j )
RX ( i +1, j ) + RX (i , j )
+
P( i , j +1) P( i , j )
RY( i , j +1) + RY( i , j )
+
+
P(i 1, j ) P( i , j )
RX ( i 1, j ) + RX ( i , j )
P( i , j 1) P( i , j )
RY( i , j 1) + RY(i , j )
=0
(2)
SPE 107634
RX (i , j ) =
RY( i , j ) =
x( i , j )
2hk ( i , j ) y (i , j )
y ( i , j )
re =
.
Xe.
(6)
(3)
For hydraulically fractured systems Eq. 7 is used to define
pseudo skin, denoted by S,
2hk ( i , j ) x (i , j )
2kh
P
.
re
+ S'
ln
X
f
q=
4 P(1,1) PW
q =
.
RX (1,1)
q=
(4)
q=
2kh
P
.
re
Ln + S
rw
(5)
P
r
1
ln e
2kh X f
+ S
2kh
'
(7)
P
,
Rmz + R fz
(8)
S = S ' ln
Xf
rw
(9)
SPE 107634
C fD =
k f wf
kX f
(10)
r
IX = e .
Xf
(11)
S 'f = ln 2 +
C fD
(12)
S 'f = ln 2 A +
,
C fD
(13)
RT =
re
ln
+ S 'f + S fD =
2kh X f
(14)
, (15)
Rdamaged =
wd
4k d X f h
and Rundamaged =
wd
4kX f h
where
0.17
.
A = ln e
I X 0.87
(16)
SPE 107634
S fD
S fD
wd
wd
2kh 4 X f k d h 4 X f kh
wd k
=
1
2 X f kd
(17)
k =
kk d
,
x
x
k (1
) + kd
XF
XF
(18)
where, x is the distance from the well towards the fracture tip.
This equation is the result of equating the equivalent flow
resistance of each block to the summation of flow resistances
of the damaged and undamaged layers of that block.
Data analysis of a large data bank (more than 8000 cases)
obtained from the in-house simulator resulted in Eq. 19 for
calculation of fracture face damaged skin.
1 wd
S fD = 0.48+
C fD X f
0.82
0.7
k
1 .
kd
(19)
wd,max
Xf
=2
k
wd
= 0.02 and 1 = 50.
Xf
kd
S ck
X
1 X ck
=
ck
2kh 2 w f k f , ck h w f k f h
S ck =
X ck k k f
w f k f k f ,ck
(20)
RT =
re
ln
+ S 'f + S ck =
2kh X f
,(21)
where
Rdamaged =
X ck
2k f ,ck w f h
Rundamaged =
X ck
2k f w f h
SPE 107634
S ck =
X ck k k f
X f k f k f ,ck
1 .
(22)
S ck
X k
= 0.43 ck
w k
f f
0.51
kf
1
k
f ,ck
0.7
(23)
R D
X f
=0
V f ,k f
r
R D = ln e
X
f
where
(24)
+ S'
r
RD = ln e
X
f
+ ln 2 +
C fD
(25)
kf
X f =
2kv
f
2 1
N2
(26)
RD
1
=0
+
=0
2N 2 + N
N v f ,k f
N opt =
C fDopt =
(27)
SPE 107634
Nomenclature
CfD= fracture conductivity.
h = formation thickness.
k = absolute reservoir permeability
kf = absolute fracture permeability
m = mass flow rate
P = pressure
q = flow rate
r = radius
R = flow resistance
S = skin factor
S`= pseudo skin factor
Sck = choked fracture skin factor
SfD = fracture face damage skin factor
Sf = fracture skin factor
wf = fracture width
Xe = Half length of the square reservoir
Xf = Half length of the fracture
= viscosity
= density
Subscript
d = damage
D = dimensionless
e = external as in re
i = an index
j = an index
f = fracture
fz = fractured zone
mz = matrix zone
m,fz = matrix medium in the fractured zone
w = well-bore
References
1. McGuire, W, and Sikora V.: The Effect of Vertical Fractures on
Well Productivity JPT, (1960), pp 72-74, SPE 1618-G.
2. Prats M.: Effect of Vertical Fractures on Reservoir BehaviorIncompressible Fluid Case, SPEJ (June 1961) 1, No. 2, pp 105118, SPE 1575.
3. Cinco-Ley, H., Samaniego-V: Effect of Well-bore storage and
Damage on the Transient Pressure behavior of vertically
fractured Wells, Denver Colorado, (1977), SPE 6752.
4. Cinco-Ley, H., Samaniego-V and Dominguez: Transient Pressure
Behavior for a well with a Finite Conductivity Vertical
Fracture, SPEJ, (Sep-1978), pp 253-264, SPE 6014.
5. Cinco-Ley, H., Samaniego-V: Transient pressure Analysis: Finite
Conductivity Fracture Case versus Damaged Fracture Case,
Texas, (Oct-1981), SPE 10179.
6. Cinco-Ley: Evaluation of Hydraulic Fracturing by Transient
Pressure Analysis Methods, China, (March 1982), SPE 10043.
7. Cinco-Ley, H., Remey Jr., H.J, Samaniego-V and Rodriguez, F:
Behavior of Wells with Low-Conductivity Vertical Fractures,
Texas, (Sep-1987), SPE 16776.
8. Cinco-Ley, H., Samaniego-V and Rodriguez, F: Application of
the Pseudo-linear Flow Model to the Pressure Transient
Analysis of Fractured Wells, SPE Formation Evaluation
Technology J., (1989), 4, No. 3, pp 438-444, SPE 13059.
9. Valko P. and Economides M.: Heavy Oil Production from
Shallow Formation: Long Horizontal Wells versus Horizontal
Fractures, Canada, (1998), SPE 50421.
10. Diego J. Romero Valko P. and Economides M.: Optimization of
the Productivity Index and the Fracture Geometry of a
Simulated Well with Fracture Face and Choke Skins,
Production and Facilities J., (2003), pp 57-64, SPE 81908.
11. B.R. Meyer, R.H. Jakot: Pseudodteady-State Analysis of Finite
Conductivity Vertical Fractures, Texas, (2005), SPE 95941.
12. Ali Danesh et al. Gas Condensate Recovery Project IPE
Herriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK, Final Report (2005).
13. K.H. Guppy, H. Cinco-Ley, H.J. and Ramey Jr.: Pressure
Build up Analysis of Fractured Wells Producing at High Flow
Rate, JPT, (Nov-1982), pp 2656-2666, SPE 10178.
SPE 107634
y
Fig. 2: A quarter of the hydraulic fractured reservoir studied in
this work.
SPE 107634
1.4
3.5
Simulated Pseudo Fracture Skin
CfD=1.5
CFD=4.7
1.2
CFD=10.8
S'f
0.8
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.6
0
10
1.5
2.5
3.5
2.5
1.4
Simulated Face Damage Skin
IX
Fig. 6: Variation of pseudo fracture skin with IX at three different
CfD.
0.5
1.5
0.5
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
10
SPE 107634
New Equation
Cinco-Ley Eq.
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
0
10
0
1