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1 #
Beam diagrams
Typical V M diagrams without computing
Visualize deflection as a flexible ruler
Draw shear and bending diagrams left to right;
starting and ending with zero beyond the beam
Uniform load cause downward sloping shear
Point loads cause downward shear offset
Upward reactions cause upward shear offset
Estimate shear area to draw bending diagrams
1 Cantilever beam with point load
2 Cantilever beam with uniform load
3 Cantilever beam with mixed load
4 Simple beam with point loads
5 Simple beam with uniform load
6 Simple beam with mixed load
7 Beam with 1 overhang and point load
8 Beam with 1 overhang and uniform load
9 Beam with 1 overhang and mixed load
10 Beam with 2 overhangs and point loads
11 Beam with 2 overhangs and uniform load
12 Beam with 2 overhangs and mixed load
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2 #
Shear effect
1
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3 #
Beam diagram
Shear diagram
Bending diagram
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4 #
Girder optimization
1 Stepped bending diagram used to optimize:
2 Steel girder with plates welded outside flanges
6
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5 #
Overhang effect
1 Simple beam
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6 #
Overhang/span ratio
Beams with overhangs are most efficient if positive and
negative bending are equal (optimal cross section use)
Find ratios C/L for equal positive and negative bending
1 Beam with uniform load and two overhangs
+M = Abs (-M)
Considering the Area Method
Positive shear must be 2 times negative shear
+V = 2-V
L/2 = 21/2C = 1.414 C
L = 2.828 C
L-x= C
1
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7 #
Alternate beams
1. Simple beam
Span: L = 48
48
2.
10
28
10
Note:
Columns for beam with overhang may define circulation
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8 #
Deflection formulas
= slope of the tangent of the elastic curve
= maximum deflection.
1
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9 #
Beam formulas
The formulas include for common beams:
M = bending moment
V = shear
= deflection
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10#
V=wL
M = w L2/8
= (5/384) wL4/EI
reveal:
V increases linearly with L
M increases quadratic with L
increases to the 4th power with L
If L doubles increase
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16 times !
1
2
Beam with = 1
Double span with = 16
3
4
5
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11#
Deflection vs. I
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(moment of inertia)
Type of beam
1 Single board
2 Twin board
1/2
1/8
1/64
64
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12#