Chlorella is a genus of single-cell green algae, belonging to the

phylum Chlorophyta. It is spherical in shape, about 2 to 10 m in diameter, and is

without flagella. Chlorella contains the green photosynthetic pigments chlorophylla and -b in its chloroplast. Throughphotosynthesis, it multiplies rapidly, requiring
only carbon dioxide, water, sunlight, and a small amount of minerals to reproduce.[1]
The name Chlorella is taken from the Greek chloros, meaning green, and
the Latin diminutive suffix ella, meaning small. Germanbiochemist and cell
physiologist Otto Heinrich Warburg, awarded with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine in 1931 for his research oncell respiration, also studied photosynthesis
in Chlorella. In 1961, Melvin Calvin of the University of California received the Nobel
Prize in Chemistry for his research on the pathways of carbon dioxide assimilation in
plants using Chlorella.
Many people believed Chlorella could serve as a potential source of food and energy
because its photosynthetic efficiency can, in theory, reach 8%,[2] comparable with
other highly efficient crops such as sugar cane.
It is an attractive potential food source because it is high in protein and other
essential nutrients; when dried, it is about 45% protein, 20%fat, 20% carbohydrate,
5% fibre, and 10% minerals and vitamins. Mass-production methods are now being
used to cultivate it in large artificial circular ponds. It is also abundant in calories and
vitamins.[3]
When first harvested, Chlorella was suggested as an inexpensive protein
supplement to the human diet. Advocates sometimes focus on other supposed
health benefits of the algae, such as claims of weight control, cancer prevention, and
immune system support.[3] According to the American Cancer Society, "available
scientific studies do not support its effectiveness for preventing or treating cancer or
any other disease in humans".[4]
Under certain growing conditions, Chlorella yields oils that are high
in polyunsaturated fatsChlorella minutissima has yielded EPA at 39.9% of total
lipids.[5]
One small (35 participant) study suggested Chlorella supplementation has a positive
effect on the reduction of dioxin levels in breast milk and it may also have beneficial
effects on nursing infants by increasing the IgA levels in breast milk.[6]
Following global fears of an uncontrollable human population boom during the late
1940s and the early 1950s, Chlorella was seen as a new and promising primary food
source and as a possible solution to the then-current world hunger crisis. Many
people during this time thought hunger would be an overwhelming problem and
saw Chlorella as a way to end this crisis by providing large amounts of high-quality
food for a relatively low cost.[3] Many institutions began to research the algae,
including the Carnegie Institution, the Rockefeller Foundation, the NIH, UC Berkeley,
the Atomic Energy Commission, and Stanford University.

Typhoid fever also known simply as typhoid[1] is a common worldwide

bacterial disease transmitted by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with
the feces of an infected person, which contain the bacterium Salmonella enterica
subsp. enterica,serovar Typhi.[2]
The disease has received various names, such as gastric fever, enteric
fever, abdominal typhus, infantile remittant fever, slow fever, nervous
fever and pythogenic fever. The name typhoid means "resembling typhus" and
comes from the neuropsychiatric symptoms common to typhoid and
typhus.[3] Despite this similarity of their names, typhoid fever and typhus are distinct
diseases and are caused by different species of bacteria.[4]
The occurrence of this disease fell sharply in the developed world with the rise of
20th-century sanitation techniques andantibiotics.[5][6]
Classically, the course of untreated typhoid fever is divided into four individual
stages, each lasting approximately one week. Over the course of these stages, the
patient becomes exhausted and emaciated.[7]

In the first week, the temperature rises slowly, and fever fluctuations are seen
with relative bradycardia (Faget sign), malaise, headache, and cough. A bloody
nose (epistaxis) is seen in a quarter of cases, and abdominal pain is also
possible. There is a decrease in the number of circulating white blood cells
(leukopenia) with eosinopenia and relative lymphocytosis; blood cultures are
positive for Salmonella typhi or paratyphi. The Widal test is negative in the first
week.[citation needed]

In the second week of the infection, the patient lies prostrate with high fever in
plateau around 40 C (104 F) and bradycardia (sphygmothermic dissociation or
Faget sign), classically with a dicrotic pulse wave. Delirium is frequent, often
calm, but sometimes agitated. This delirium gives to typhoid the nickname of
"nervous fever". Rose spotsappear on the lower chest and abdomen in around a
third of patients. There are rhonchi in lung bases.
The abdomen is distended and painful in the right lower quadrant,
where borborygmi can be heard. Diarrhea can occur in this stage: six to eight
stools in a day, green, comparable to pea soup, with a characteristic smell.
However, constipation is also frequent. The spleen and liver are enlarged
(hepatosplenomegaly) and tender, and there is elevation of
liver transaminases. The Widal test is strongly positive, with antiO and antiH
antibodies. Blood cultures are sometimes still positive at this stage.
(The major symptom of this fever is that the fever usually rises in the
afternoon up to the first and second week.)

In the third week of typhoid fever, a number of complications can occur:

Intestinal haemorrhage due to bleeding in congested Peyer's patches; this
can be very serious but is usually not fatal.

Tuberculosis, MTB, or TB (short for tubercle bacillus), in the past also

called phthisis, phthisis pulmonalis, or consumption, is a widespread, and in
many cases fatal, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria,
usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis.[1] Tuberculosis typically attacks the lungs, but
can also affect other parts of the body. It is spread through the air when people who
have an active TB infection cough, sneeze, or otherwise transmit respiratory fluids
through the air.[2] Most infections do not have symptoms, known as latent
tuberculosis. About one in ten latent infections eventually progresses to active
disease which, if left untreated, kills more than 50% of those so infected.
The classic symptoms of active TB infection are a chronic cough with bloodtinged sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss (the latter giving rise to the
formerly common term for the disease, "consumption"). Infection of other organs
causes a wide range of symptoms. Diagnosis of active TB relies
on radiology (commonly chest X-rays), as well as microscopic examination
andmicrobiological culture of body fluids. Diagnosis of latent TB relies on
the tuberculin skin test (TST) and/or blood tests. Treatment is difficult and requires
administration of multiple antibiotics over a long period of time. Social contacts are
also screened and treated if necessary. Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem
in multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) infections. Prevention relies on
screening programs and vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Gurin vaccine.
One-third of the world's population is thought to have been infected with M.
tuberculosis,[3] with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each
year.[4] In 2007, an estimated 13.7 million chronic cases were active globally, [5] while
in 2010, an estimated 8.8 million new cases and 1.5 million associated deaths
occurred, mostly in developing countries.[6] The absolute number of tuberculosis
cases has been decreasing since 2006, and new cases have decreased since
2002.[6] The rate of tuberculosis in different areas varies across the globe; about 80%
of the population in many Asian and African countries tests positive in tuberculin
tests, while only 510% of the United States population tests positive.[1] More people
in the developing world contract tuberculosis because of a poor immune system,
largely due to high rates of HIV infection and the corresponding development
of AIDS.[7
Tuberculosis may infect any part of the body, but most commonly occurs in the lungs
(known as pulmonary tuberculosis).[9]Extrapulmonary TB occurs when tuberculosis
develops outside of the lungs, although extrapulmonary TB may coexist with
pulmonary TB, as well.[9]
General signs and symptoms include fever, chills, night sweats, loss of
appetite, weight loss, and fatigue.[9] Significant nail clubbing may also occur.[10]
If a tuberculosis infection does become active, it most commonly involves the lungs
(in about 90% of cases).[7][11] Symptoms may includechest pain and a prolonged
cough producing sputum. About 25% of people may not have any symptoms (i.e.
they remain "asymptomatic").[7] Occasionally, people may cough up blood in small
amounts, and in very rare cases.

Diarrhea or diarrhoea (from the Ancient Greek from dia "through"

and rheo "flow") is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel
movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due
to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of
the skin and changes in personality. This can progress to decreased urination, loss
of skin color, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes
more severe. Loose but non watery stools in babies who are breastfed, however,
may be normal.[2]
The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either
a virus, bacteria, or parasite, a condition known asgastroenteritis. These infections
are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by stool, or
directly from another person who is infected. It may be divided into three types: short
duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and if it lasts for more than
two weeks persistent diarrhea. The short duration watery diarrhea may be due to an
infection by cholera. If blood is present it is also known as dysentery.[2] A number of
non-infectious causes may also result in diarrhea including: hyperthyroidism,lactose
intolerance, inflammatory bowel disease, a number of medications, and irritable
bowel syndrome among other.[3] In most cases stool cultures are not required to
confirm the exact cause.[4]
Prevention of infectious diarrhea is by improved sanitation, clean drinking water,
and hand washing. Breastfeeding for at least six months is also recommended as
is vaccination against rotavirus. Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean
water with modest amounts of salts and sugar, along with zinc tablets are the
treatments of choice.[2] This treatment have been estimated to have saved 50 million
children in the past 25 years.[1] When people have diarrhea it is recommended that
they continue to eat healthy food and babies continue to be breastfeed.[2] If
commercial ORS are not available, homemade solutions may be used. [5] In those
with severe dehydration, intravenous fluids may be required.[2] Most cases; however,
can be managed well with fluids by mouth.[6]Antibiotics, while rarely used, may be
recommended in a few cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high
fever, those with severe diarrhea following travelling, and those who grow specific
bacteria or parasites in their stool.[4] Loperamide may help decrease the number of
bowel movement but is not recommended in those with severe disease. [4]
About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year.[2][3] It is most common
in developing countries, where young children get diarrhea on average three times a
year.[2]Worldwide, as of 2012, it is the second most common cause of deaths in
children less than five (0.76 million or 11%).[2][7] Frequent episodes of diarrhea are
also a common cause of malnutrition and the most common cause in those less than
five years of age.[2] Other long term problems that can result include poor physical
and intellectual development.[7]
Diarrhea is defined by the World Health Organization as having three or more loose
or liquid stools per day, or as having more stools than is normal for that person. [8]