Thermo Challenge 1

(dont let your brain entropy increase!)

1. Which statement is true?

a)
All real processes are irreversible.
b)
A thermodynamically reversible process takes place infinitely fast.
c)
In a reversible process, the state functions of the system are always much greater than those of the
d)
e)

surroundings.
There is always more heat given off to the surroundings in a reversible process than in an unharnessed one.
All statements (ad) are true.

2. For which process is S negative?

a)
evaporation of 1 mol of CCl4(l)
b)
mixing 5 mL ethanol with 25 mL water
c)
compressing 1 mol Ne at constant temperature from 1.5 L to 0.5 L
d)
raising the temperature of 100 g Cu from 275 K to 295 K
e)
grinding a large crystal of KCl to powder
3. A chemical reaction is most likely to be spontaneous if it is accompanied by
a)
increasing energy and increasing entropy.
b)
lowering energy and increasing entropy.
c)
increasing energy and decreasing entropy.
d)
lowering energy and decreasing entropy.
e)
None of these (a-d)
4. For the dissociation reaction of the acid HF:
HF(aq)
H+(aq) + F(aq)
S is observed to be negative. The best explanation is:
A)
This is the expected result since each HF molecule produces two ions when it dissociates.
B)
Hydration of the ions produces the negative value of S.
C)
The reaction is expected to be exothermic and thus S should be negative.
D)
The reaction is expected to be endothermic and thus S should be negative.
e)
None of these can explain the negative value of S.
5. The second law of thermodynamics states that
a)
the entropy of a perfect crystal is zero at 0 K.
b)
the entropy of the universe is constant.
c)
the energy of the universe is increasing.
d)
the entropy of the universe is increasing.
e)
the energy of the universe is constant.
6. The heat of vaporization for 1.0 mole of water at 100.C and 1.0 atm is 40.6 kJ/mol. Calculate S for
the process H2O(l)
H2O(g) at 100.C.
a)
109 J/K mol
b)
109 J/K mol
c)
406 J/K mol
d)
406 J/K mol
e)
none of these
7. For a spontaneous exothermic process, which of the following must be true?
a)
G must be positive.
b)
S must be positive.
c)
S must be negative.
d)
Two of the above must be true.
e)
None of the above (a-c) must be true.

over

8. S is _______ for exothermic reactions and ______ for endothermic reactions.

a)
favorable, unfavorable
b)
unfavorable, favorable
c)
favorable, favorable
d)
unfavorable, unfavorable
e)
cannot tell
911. The following questions refer to the following reaction at constant 25C and 1 atm.
2Fe(s) + (3/2)O2(g) + 3H2O(l)
2Fe(OH)3 (s) H = kJ/mol
9. Determine Ssurr for the reaction (in kJ/mol K)
a)
3.14
Substance
b)
0.937
Fe(OH)3(s)
c)
0.378
Fe(s)
d)
1.31
O2(g)
e)
2.65
H2O(l)
10. Determine Suniv for the reaction (in kJ/mol K)
a)
0.22
b)
2.2
c)
0.36
d)
2.8
e)
3.6

S (J/mol K)
107
27
205
70

11. What must be true about G for this reaction?

a)
G = H
b)
G = 0
c)
G > 0
d)
G < 0
e)
G = Suniv
12. In which case must a reaction be spontaneous at all temperatures?
a)
H is positive, S is positive.
b)
H = 0, S is negative.
c)
S = 0, H is positive.
d)
H is negative, S is positive.
e)
none of these
13. Consider the freezing
H
a)
+
b)

c)

d)
+
e)

of liquid water at 10C. For this process what are the signs for H, S, and G?
S
G

0
+
0
+

14) The reaction, 2H2O(g)

2H2(g) + O2(g), has a positive value of G. Which of the following statements
must be true?
a) The reaction is slow.
b) The reaction will not occur. [When H2O(g) is introduced into a flask, no O2 or H2 will form even over
a long period of time.]
c) The reaction is exothermic.
d) The equilibrium lies far to the right.

e) None of these is true.

Thermo Challenge 2

(If you cant stand the H, get out of the lab)

15) For the process of a certain liquid vaporizing at 1 atm, H vap = 42.3 kJ/mol and S vap = 74.1 J/mol K.
Assuming these values are independent of T, what is the normal boiling point of this liquid?
a)
571C
b)
844C
c)
298C
d)
0.57C
e)
none of these

16) Given the following data, calculate the normal boiling point for formic acid (HCOOH).
H S (J/mol K)
HCOOH(l)
410. 130.
HCOOH(g)
363 251
a)
2.57 K
b)
1730C
c)
388C
d)
82C
e)
115C
17) The standard molar free energies of formation of NO2(g) and N2O4(g) at 25C are 51.840 and 98.280
kJ/mol, respectively. What is the value of Kp (in atm) for the reaction written as follows at 25C?
2NO2
N2O4
a) 1.37 x 108
b) 1.17 x 104
c) 8.84
d) 0.113
e) 7.31 x 10-9
18) For the reaction Cl2O(g) + (3/2)O2(g)
2ClO2(g),
H = 126.4 kJ/mol and S = 74.9 J/K mol. At 377C, G equals:
a) 98.3 kJ/mol
b) 77.8 kJ/mol
c) 175.1 kJ/mol
d) 51.5 kJ/mol
e) 157.3 kJ/mol
19) Given that Gf for NH3 = 16.67 kJ/mol, calculate the equilibrium constant for the following reaction at
298 K:
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g)
5
a) 6.98 x 10
b) 8.36 x 102
c) 8.36 x 10-2
d) 1.20 x 10-3
e) 1.42 x 10-6
20) Determine G for the following reaction:
a)
b)
c)

207.7 kJ
106.3 kJ
817.9 kJ

CH4(g) + 2O2(g)
Substance
CH4(g)
O2(g)
CO2(g)
H2O(l)

CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

Gf (kJ/mol)
50.7
0
394.4
237.4

d)
e)
21) For which
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

130.4 kJ
943.1 kJ
of the following processes would S be expected to be most positive?
O2(g) + 2H2(g)
2H2O(g)
H2O(l)
H2O(s)
NH3(g) + HCl(g)
NH4Cl(g)
2NH4NO3(s)
N2O4(g)

over

2N2(g) + O2(g) + 4H2O(g)

2NO2(g)

22) Consider the reaction

2NO2(g)
N2O4(g); H = 56.8 kJ
S = 175 J/K
In a container (at 298 K) N2O4(g) and NO2(g) are mixed with initial partial pressures of 2.4 atm and 0.42
atm, respectively. Which of the following statements is correct?
a) Some N2O4(g) will decompose into NO2(g).
b) Some NO2(g) will dimerize to form N2O4(g).
c) The system is at equilibrium at these initial pressures.
d) The final total pressure must be known to answer this question.
e) None of these.
Consider the gas phase reaction, NO + O2

NO2,

H = 57.0 kJ and K = 1.5 x 106 at 25C.

23) For this system at equilibrium, how will raising the temperature affect the amount of NO present?
a) The amount of NO will increase.
b) The amount of NO will decrease.
c) The amount of NO will remain the same.
d) Cannot be determined.
e) Answer depends on the value of K.
2425. The following system at equilibrium at 25C: PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
PCl5(g)
H = 92.5 kJ at 25C.
24) If the temperature of the system is raised, the ratio of the partial pressure of PCl 5 to the partial pressure
of PCl3 will
a) increase.
b) decrease.
c) stay the same.
d) impossible to tell without more information.
e) none of these
25) When some Cl2(g) is added at constant volume and temperature, the ratio of the partial pressure of PCl 5 to
the partial pressure of PCl3 will
a) increase.
b) decrease.
c) stay the same.
d) impossible to tell without more information.
e) none of these
2629. Would you predict an increase or decrease in entropy for each of the following?
26) The freezing of water
27) 2H2(g) + O2(g)
28) 2KClO3(s)
29) He(g) at 3 atm

2H2O(g)
2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
He(g) at 1 atm

Thermo Challenge 3 (whassup G!)

1) CH3CO2H(aq)

H+(aq)

+ CH3CO2(aq) at 25C, Ka = 1.8 x 105

a)

What is G at 25C?

b)

What is G at 25C for a solution in which the initial concentrations are:

[CH3CO2H]o = 0.10 M
[H+]o = 2.0 x 108 M

[CH3CO2]o = 0.010 M
2) Given the following data for graphite and diamond at 298K.
S(diamond) = 2.45 J/mol K
S(graphite) =5.73 J/mol K
Hf CO2(from graphite) = -395.3 kJ/mol
Hf CO2(from diamond) = -393.4 kJ/mol
Consider the change: C(graphite) = C(diamond) at 298K and 1 atmosphere.
a)
What are the values of S and H for the conversion of graphite to diamond?
b)

Perform a calculation to show whether it is thermodynamically feasible to produce

diamond from graphite at 298K and 1 atmosphere.
For the reaction, calculate the equilibrium constant K eq at 298K

c)

Thermo Challenge 3 (whassup G!)

1) CH3CO2H(aq)

H+(aq)

+ CH3CO2(aq) at 25C, Ka = 1.8 x 105

a)

What is G at 25C?

b)

What is G at 25C for a solution in which the initial concentrations are:

[CH3CO2H]o = 0.10 M
[H+]o = 2.0 x 108 M

[CH3CO2]o = 0.010 M
2) Given the following data for graphite and diamond at 298K.
S(diamond) = 2.45 J/mol K
S(graphite) =5.73 J/mol K
Hf CO2(from graphite) = -395.3 kJ/mol
Hf CO2(from diamond) = -393.4 kJ/mol
Consider the change: C(graphite) = C(diamond) at 298K and 1 atmosphere.
a)
What are the values of S and H for the conversion of graphite to diamond?
b)

Perform a calculation to show whether it is thermodynamically feasible to produce

diamond from graphite at 298K and 1 atmosphere.

c)

For the reaction, calculate the equilibrium constant K eq at 298K

Thermo Challenge 4
Substance
N2(g)
H2(g)
NH3(g)

(Do a little S, make a little H, Gibb down tonight)

Standard Entropy J/mol K

191.6
130.5
192.5

1) Ammonia can be produced by the following reaction:

The Gibbs free energy of formation Gf of NH3(g) is -16.48 kJ/mol.

a) Calculate the value for H for the reaction above 298K.

N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)

b) Can the yield of ammonia be increased by raising the temperature? Explain.

c) What is the equilibrium constant for the reaction above at 298K?
d) If 235 mL of H2 gas measured at 25C and 570 mm Hg were completely converted to ammonia

and the ammonia were dissolved in sufficient water to make 0.5000 L of solution, what would
be the molarity of the resulting solution?

Thermo Challenge 4
Substance
N2(g)
H2(g)
NH3(g)

(Do a little S, make a little H, Gibb down tonight)

Standard Entropy J/mol K

191.6
130.5
192.5

1) Ammonia can be produced by the following reaction:

The Gibbs free energy of formation Gf of NH3(g) is -16.48 kJ/mol.

a) Calculate the value for H for the reaction above 298K.

N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)

b) Can the yield of ammonia be increased by raising the temperature? Explain.

c) What is the equilibrium constant for the reaction above at 298K?
d) If 235 mL of H2 gas measured at 25C and 570 mm Hg were completely converted to ammonia

and the ammonia were dissolved in sufficient water to make 0.5000 L of solution, what would
be the molarity of the resulting solution?

Thermo Challenge 5 (Domo arigato thermoroboto)

1) State the physical significance of entropy.
2) From each of the following pairs of substances, choose the one expected to have the greater
absolute entropy. Explain your choice in each case. Assume 1 mole of each substance.
a)
Pb(s) or C(graphite) at the same temperature and pressure.
b)
He(g) at 1 atmosphere or He(g) at 0.05 atmosphere, both at the same temperature.
c)
H2O(l) or CH3CH2OH(l) at the same temperature and pressure.
d)
Mg(s) at 0C or Mg(s) at 150C both at the same pressure.
3) When crystals of barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2.8H2O, are mixed with crystals of ammonium
thiocyanate, NH4SCN, at room temperature in an open beaker, the mixture liquefies, the
temperature drops dramatically, and the odor of ammonia is detected. The reaction that
occurs is the following: Ba(OH)2.8H2O(s) + 2 NH4SCN(s) Ba2+ + 2 SCN- + 2 NH3(g) + 10 H2O(l)
a)

Indicate how the enthalpy, the entropy, and the free energy of this system change as
the reaction occurs. Explain your predictions.

b)

If the beaker in which the reaction is taking place is put on a block of wet wood, the
water on the wood immediately freezes and the beaker adheres to the wood. Yet the
water inside the beaker, formed as the reaction proceeds, does not freeze even though
the temperature of the reaction mixture drops to -15C. Explain these observations.

Thermo Challenge 5 (Domo arigato thermoroboto)

1) State the physical significance of entropy.
2) From each of the following pairs of substances, choose the one expected to have the greater
absolute entropy. Explain your choice in each case. Assume 1 mole of each substance.
a)
Pb(s) or C(graphite) at the same temperature and pressure.
b)
He(g) at 1 atmosphere or He(g) at 0.05 atmosphere, both at the same temperature.
c)
H2O(l) or CH3CH2OH(l) at the same temperature and pressure.
d)
Mg(s) at 0C or Mg(s) at 150C both at the same pressure.
3) When crystals of barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2.8H2O, are mixed with crystals of ammonium
thiocyanate, NH4SCN, at room temperature in an open beaker, the mixture liquefies, the
temperature drops dramatically, and the odor of ammonia is detected. The reaction that
occurs is the following: Ba(OH)2.8H2O(s) + 2 NH4SCN(s) Ba2+ + 2 SCN- + 2 NH3(g) + 10 H2O(l)
a)

Indicate how the enthalpy, the entropy, and the free energy of this system change as
the reaction occurs. Explain your predictions.

b)

If the beaker in which the reaction is taking place is put on a block of wet wood, the
water on the wood immediately freezes and the beaker adheres to the wood. Yet the
water inside the beaker, formed as the reaction proceeds, does not freeze even though
the temperature of the reaction mixture drops to -15C. Explain these observations.

Thermo Challenge 6
Standard Free Energies of Formation at 298 K
Substance
C2H4Cl2(g)
C2H5Cl(g)
HCl(g)

Gf 298 K, kJ mol-1
-80.3
-60.5
-95.3

Cl2(g)

(EnergyBond Energy)

Average Bond Dissociation Energies at 298 K

Bond
C-H
C-C
C-Cl
Cl-Cl
H-Cl

Energy, kJ mol-1
414
347
377
243
431

1) The tables above contain information for determining thermodynamic properties of the
reaction below.
C2H5Cl(g) + Cl2(g) C2H4Cl2(g) + HCl(g)
a)
Calculate the H for the reaction above, using the table of average bond
dissociation energies.
b)
Calculate the S for the reaction at 298 K, using data from either table as needed.
c)
Calculate the value of Keq for the reaction at 298 K.
d)
What is the effect of an increase in temperature on the value of the equilibrium
constant? Explain your answer.

Thermo Challenge 6
Standard Free Energies of Formation at 298 K
Substance
C2H4Cl2(g)
C2H5Cl(g)
HCl(g)

Gf 298 K, kJ mol-1
-80.3
-60.5
-95.3

Cl2(g)

(EnergyBond Energy)

Average Bond Dissociation Energies at 298 K

Bond
C-H
C-C
C-Cl
Cl-Cl
H-Cl

Energy, kJ mol-1
414
347
377
243
431

1) The tables above contain information for determining thermodynamic properties of the
reaction below.
C2H5Cl(g) + Cl2(g) C2H4Cl2(g) + HCl(g)
a) Calculate the H for the reaction above, using the table of average bond dissociation
energies.
b) Calculate the S for the reaction at 298 K, using data from either table as needed.
c) Calculate the value of Keq for the reaction at 298 K.

d) What is the effect of an increase in temperature on the value of the equilibrium

constant? Explain your answer.