Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Bedient and Huber, 2002: Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis, 3rd edition, Prentice
and Hall.
Lecture notes:
Savenije HHG, 2006: Hydrology of Catchments, River Basins and Deltas. Find
PDF at the Blackboard.
Web pages:
1.
http://www.usgs.gov
(free software etc.)
2.
Links at water/hydrology pages of UNESCO
3.
Etc.!
Integrated Water
Resources
?
Management (IWRM):
Estimation of risks
and economic
impact
?
?
System understanding
and modeling !!
droughts
floods
Scenarios for:
Land use change
Climate chance
Different water management strategies
Practical water
Pure scientific Hydro- management and
interests
logy engineering
Water cycle
No begin and no end!
Area in %
Water surfaces
361
71
Continents
149
29
Total
510
100
Area in 1012
m
Area in % of
total
Area in % of
continents
Deserts
52
10
35
Forests
44
30
Grasslands
26
17
Arable lands
14
Polar regions
13
Oceans
361
71
MRT :=
Volume /
mean flux
Form of water
World oceans
Covering Area
Total Volume
(km2)
(km3)
Mean
Depth
Share of
Volume
(m)
(%)
3 700
96.539
Mean
Residence
Time
2 500
years
16 227 500
24 064 100
1 463
1.736
56 years
Ground watera
23 400 000
174
1.688
8 years
21 000 000
300 000
14
0.0216
Water in lakes
2 058 700
176 400
85.7
0.0127
Soil moisture
82 000 000
16 500
0.2
0.0012
Atmospheric water
12 900
0.025
0.0009
2 682 600
11 470
4.28
0.0008
2120
0.014
0.0002
snow cover
permafrost strata
Marsh water
Water in rivers
9 days
18 day
s
Biological water
1 120
0.002
1 385 984 61
2 718
0
a
0.0001
100.00
renewal coefficient :=
reciprocal of mean residence time
For example, atmosphere (values from Dyck & Peschke 1995): 44.4 a-1
Water Budget
Balance Equation
Storage Equation
Continuity Equation
S
I(t) - O(t) =
t
I(t) = inflow
O(t) = outflow
S/ t = change in storage
Units:
Volume/Time (L3/T)
Mass/Time (M/T)
Depth over fixed area per time (L/T)
Precipitation
Evaporation
Region
1012
m
m/a
1012
m3/a
m/a
1012
m3/a
Oceans
361
1.12
403
1.25
449
-0.13
-46
Continents
149
0.72
107
0.41
61
0.31
46
Ocean
Surface
area
Land
runoff
P-E
1012
m
mm/
a
mm/a
Runoff
m/a
Ocean
exchange
P-E
Land
runoff
mm/a
1012
m3/a
1012
m3/a
1012
m3/a
1012
m3/a
Ocean
exchange
m3/s
Arctic
8.5
44
307
351
0.4
2.6
94,544
Atlantic
98
-372
197
-175
-36.5
19.3
-17
-543,466
Indian
77.7
-251
72
-179
-19.5
5.6
-14
-440,739
Pacific
176.9
90
69
159
15.9
12.2
28
891,318
P = R + E + dS/dt
P = R + E + dS/dt
P = R + E + dS/dt
1995
2025
11,224
1,234
2,489
22,126
3,408
2,096
5,610
14,100
2,919
12,285
5,813
7,091
2,809
20,482
1,222
10,873
1,217
2,442
21,345
3,279
2,114
5,822
13,430
3,227
10,730
5,576
7,374
2,968
18,925
1,193
3
SADC
1995
2025
17,012
10,138
2,565
1,933
1,970
12,051
29,622
1,206
5,251
2,964
14,355
1,787
7,202
5,707
1,290
917
1,485
5,868
15,172
698
2,687
1,425
7,177
1,034
Mekong
1995
2025
Cambodia
China
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
102,900
4,600
138,800
7,900
11,700
25,300
1,800
27,900
2,400
3,200
Angola
Botswana
Lesotho
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
South Africa
Swaziland
Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Water Balance
P = R + E + dS/dt
P
R
E
dS/dt
:
:
:
:
dS/dt
For long-term averages under stationary
conditions dS/dt become zero!
but, what is long-term?
but, do we have stationary conditions?
Hydrological System
dSg
dSs
dSu
dSI
Q
dt
I
s
s
T
u
f
g
dt
dt
dt
Where:
dSI
E
I
dt
dSs
E s Qs
dt
Interception processes
dSu
E T E u Qf
dt
dSg
Qg
dt
Groundwater processes
System Scheme
T
Land Surface
dSs/dt
Qs
Qg
Surface Water
Eo
dSo/dt
Q
Qu
C
Qg
Processes
distinguish between:
runoff production (the component of the
rainfall that generates runoff = Pe)
runoff routing (the temporal distribution of the
effective rainfall)
Schematization
of the terrestrial
part of the
hydrological
cycle
Storage
Flux
(De Laat & Savenije, 2006)
Es
Eo
E = I+T+Eo+Es
Qs
F
Qg
P = rainfall
R = percolation
I = interception
C = capillary rise
Qs = overland flow
F = infiltration
T = transpiration
Es = soil evaporation
Qg = seepage
Eo = open water evaporation
Example TWO
Average annual water balance for a housing area in
the new town Lelystad, The Netherlands
Rainfall
Sewer
discharge
Subsurface
drain discharge
Total Evaporation
In mm
687
159
212
316
In %
100
23
31
46
RC = (R / P) x 100 [%]
For the above example: RC = (371 / 687) x 100 = 54 %
Consumptive water use by terrestrial ecosystems as seen in a global perspective. (Falkenmark in SIWI Seminar 2001).
Atmosphere
P
White
I
Surface
Qs
Green
Soil
Qg Deep Blue
F
T
Water
Bodies
Blue
Renewable
Groundwater
Oceans
and
Seas
Green
White
Blue
Deep
blue
Atmosphere
Oceans
Flux
Resource
[L/T] or
[L3/T]
Storage
[L] or
[L3]
Residence
time
[T]
100
mm/month
Su
440 mm
Su/T
4 months
4 mm/d
Ss
3-5 mm
Ss/I
1 day
46 x 1012
m3/a
Sw
124 x 1012
m3
Sw/Q
2.7 years
Qg
5 x 1012
m3/a
Sg
750 x 1012
m3
Sg/Qg
150 years
510 x 1012
m3/a
Sa
12 x 1012
m3
Sa/P
0.3 month
46 x 1012
m3/a
So
1.3 x 1018
m3
So/A
28.000
years
Source
Vertical component
Horizontal
component
Resource type
Blue (B)
Mean annual
flux ()
775 mm/a
446 mm/a
202 mm/a
126 mm/a
Partitioning
100%
62%
23%
15%
Standard
deviation ()
265 mm/a
48 mm/a
135 mm/a
87 mm/a
Interannual
variability (/ )
34%
11%
67%
69%
1500
400
1000
G
200
500
0
500
1000
Rainfall (mm/a)
1500
1000
G
B
G+B
500
W+G+B
0
0
500
1000
Rainfall (mm/a)
1500
What is the
role of the
catchment in
catchment
hydrology?
N
rain gauges
P = R + E + dS/dt
P
R
E
dS/dt
:
:
:
:
Example:
Upper Marxtengraben,
Kitzbueheler Alpen,
Austria
Delineating a devide
Urwald_um_Manaus_Brasilien
P E A Q
S
t
Area
Gm
Rainfall size
mm/a
Gm3/a
Evaporation
mm/a
Gm3/a
Runoff
mm/a
CR
Gm3/a
Nile
2803
220
620
190
534
30
86
14
Mississippi
3924
800
3100
654
2540
142
558
18
Parana
975
1000
980
625
610
382
372
38
Orinoco
850
1330
1150
420
355
935
795
70
Mekong
646
1500
970
1000
645
382
325
34
Amur
1730
450
780
265
455
188
325
42
Lena
2430
350
850
140
335
212
514
60
Yenisei
2440
450
1100
220
540
230
561
51
Ob
2950
450
1350
325
965
131
385
29
Rhine
200
850
170
500
100
350
70
41
Zambezi
1300
990
1287
903
1173
87
114
12
Remark:
Nowadays there are very few river basins in the world for which the rainfall
runoff relation is not affected by human activities.
P = R + E + dS/dt
P
Q
E
dS/dt
:
:
:
:
Actual ET
dS/dt
R
Discharge
It is Getting
Warmer!
N.H. Temperature
(C)
0.5
0
-0.5
(NEAA, 2009)
IPCC Projections
2100 AD
High Risk
for Instabilities
Global Changes
Interception of
Transpiration from
incoming rainfall
leaf surface
Soil evaporation,
infiltration and
runoff generation
Water uptake, lateral
flows, GW recharge
ES/U ET EI
SS
SS
QR
QR
QR
ES/U ET EI
QS
QR
QS
dSg
dSs
dSu
dSI
Q
dt
I
s
s
T
u
f
g
dt
dt
dt
Where:
dSI
E
I
dt
dSs
E s Qs
dt
Interception processes
dSu
E T E u Qf
dt
dSg
Qg
dt
Groundwater processes
Expressed in % of Etotal
ES
EI
ET
Forests
100
52
48
29
26
45
Open
land
100
42
58
62
15
23
IV
ER
50.0
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
1998
1999
2000
2001
1995
1994
1993
1992
1900
ll
Years
1995
1994
1993
1992
1900
1899
1898
1897
1896
1895
1894
1893
Oleftals perre
1892
O le f
r
ve
Urfttals perre
R iv e r U
rf t
U
ER R
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1891
Ka
Discharge (m^3/s)
er
RI V
1997
R iv
Kalltalsperre
Perlenbachtalsperre
Years
Staubeck en Obermaubach
Ri
BELGIUM
1899
Wehebachtalsperre
1996
c
e r W e he b a h
R ive r In
de
Dreilgerbac htals perre
1898
AACHE N
1897
ac
DURE N
1896
1891
leb
eu
El
0.0
1895
r
ve
rG
100.0
1894
GERMANY
150.0
1893
Ri
Riv e
200.0
1892
HAMBACH
Discharge (m^3/s)
Riv e
rW
ur
R IV
ER
ME
US
NETHERLANDS
250.0
B: Example Meuse:
MARP (mm/month) 1
200
82
67
100
0
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950 1960
Calendar year
1970
1980
1990
1978
2000
1990
MARD (m3/s)
1200
900
Meuse
470
368
600
300
0
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950 1960
Calendar year
1970
1980
1990
1978
2000