BLA Power Pvt.

Ltd

DEFINATION
A switchyard is a part of an electrical Generation, Transmission,
and Distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to
low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important
functions.
Switchyards generally have Breakers, Isolators , CTs ,PTs , Bus bars,
protection and control equipments, transformers ,grounding wires
and switches, disconnects and metering devices, etc.

132 KV Switchyard

Constructional Overview
Testing
Operation & Maintenance
Protection
Conclusion

Constructional Overview
Two main Bus-1& 2 bars ACSR TWIN MOOSE Conductor.
Both are used to energize any abnormality with Bus-coupler for un
interruption Operation.
Current rating 2000A,Fault Level 40KA for 3 Sec.
Bay Equipment to Equipment Connection-ACSR Moose
Conductor.
CTs are connected in Series , PTs are connected across supply.
STG Generator Transformer Bay
Start-up S.A.T. Bay

132 KV overhead line circuit Bay

132 KV Transfer Bus coupler Bay

Fully Equipped Bus PT Bay

-01 No.
-01 No.
-02 No.s
- 01 No.s
-02 No.s
5

TRNSFER BUS
COUPLER BAY

BUS PT

GEN. TRFO. BAY

O/G OHL #1 BAY

STN. TRFO. BAY

O/G OHL # 2 BAY

Constructional Overview

Total no. of Towers- 28 (A/B/C/D/E)

Total no. of SF6 CB- 5
Total no. of PT-12
Total no. of CT-12
Total no. of LA-12
Total no. of Wave Trap -2
Total no. of Isolators- 22
Total no. of CVT- 6
Total no. of BPI- 18
Total no. of EMPT -6

GEN BAY

SAT BAY

Line# 1 & 2
BAY

B/C BAY

Bus Bar
Protection Scheme

10

Rated Voltage 145 KV

Rated Current 1250 A Frequency 50 Hz
Breaking Capacity 40 KA
Making Capacity 100 KVP
Short Time Rating 40 KA for 3 sec
Operating sequence
O-0.3 sec - CO- 3 MIN- CO
Trip and Closing Coil Voltage 110V DC
Motor Supply 240 V

Testing for SF6:Applied Volt 5KV DC

IR Value
> 20 G CB ON
[R(Y+B+E),Y(R+B+E),B(R+Y+E)]
> 50 G CB OFF
[R-R,Y-Y,B-B]
Applied current 100 A DC
Contact Resistance test: R- ,Y- B- < 34
SF6 Gas pressure setting 5.4 bar.
Breaker , Closing Time 72 ms
Opening Time -29 ms
Each Phase

These are used to operate on the fault on line or X-mer depending upon where it is
connected. This isolates the faulty line or equipments from the live portion of the sub
station by opening automatically through protective relays; control cables etc. in
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definite time.

Make
No of Core

CGL
2

Ratio

132KV/3/110V/3/110V/3

Class
Burden

0.2/3P
100 VA/100 VA

a) Measurement of voltage
b) Provide secondary voltage
protection.

Make
Type
No of Core
Ratio
Class
Burden

CGL
Outdoor
2 Core
400-800/1-1A
0.25/0.25
30 VA

ISF

<= 5

a) Measurement of current
b) Protection current circuits when currents
passed through protective relays like
Distance protection, Backup protection.

for

12

Common Testing's Required for CT & PT:IR Test :

Applied Volt 5KV DC
> 10 G [Prim Earth, Prim Core]
Applied Volt 1KV DC
> 500 M [Core-Earth]
Winding Resistance Test:
< 5-6 [Ex: R- ,1s1-1s2,1s1-1s3]
Ratio Test :
[Prim current 400-800]/ [Sec. current 1-1A]
[Ex: R- ,1s1-1s2,2s1-2s2]
Polarity Test :
Press
[Ex: R- ,1s1-1s2,2s1-2s2]
Knee voltage Test:
[Only For Protection Class CT ]
is significance of saturation level of a current
transformer core mainly used for protection
purposes. The sinusoidal voltage of rated
frequency is applied to the secondary
terminals of CT, with other winding being
open circuited which increased by10%, cause
the exiting current to increase by 50%.

NEXT

Polarity Test :
Battery 9V

P1

P2
S1

S2

Press Back
14

Make
Type
LD DISCHARGE CLASS
Rated Voltage
Rated Frequency
Maximum continuous Operating
Voltage
Nominal Discharge Current
MFD

OBLUM ELECTRICAL
METAL OXIDE
Class-3
60 KV
48-62 HZ
102 KV
10 KA
2010

To discharge the switching & lighting

voltage surges to earth to protect instrument
in the station. These are high pass filters (50
KHZ to 500 KHZ) pass carrier.

Make

OBLUM ELECTRICAL

Wave trap is an instrument of Low pass

filter, when power frequency currents are
passed to switchyard & high freq. signals are
blocked. Line trap also is known as Wave trap.
Shapes like a DRUM.
Use for Carrier Communication (PLCC)
systems for communication among various
substations without dependence on the telecom
company network located in substation control
room (through coupling capacitor and LMU).

15

Bushing

Make
No of Core

CGL
3

Ratio

132KV/3/110V/3/110V/3/110V

Class
Burden

0.2/3P/3P
100 VA/100 VA/100VA

> CVT is a transformer used to step down extra

high volt. Signals & provide low volt. Signals
either for measurement or to operate protective
relays. CVTs are typically 1- devices where
stack of capacitors are connected in series
result voltage drop.

Make

S & S POWER SWITCHGEAR

EQUIPMENT LTD.

Type Drive
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Frequency
Short Time Rating
Lightning Impulse with stand
Across voltage

Motor/Manual,415 v,3
145 kv
1250 A
50 Hz
100 KA for 3 sec
650 kv

> Isolators are used to isolate the high Volt.

from flow through the line into the Bus. It
allows only needed voltage and rest is earthed
by itself if required.

16

Spacer

Clamp

Bus: is a line in which the incoming feeder

come into & get into the instruments for
further step up or step down.
Double line in the bus so that if any fault
occurs in one the other can still have the
current and the supply will not stop.
Two lines are separated by a little distance by
a conductor [spacer] having a connector
between them .

Tension

Suspension

17

OPERATIONAL MODES
Normal Operation :
Synchronization
Start Up / Import

Press
Press

Inter -Transfer Mode Operation:

Inter Transfer Mode

Press

By Pass change over Scheme:

Press

18

Move Next

OUTGOING OHL #1 BAY

OUTGOING OHL #2 BAY

DS-5

DS-5

DS-4

DS-4

CB

CB
DS-3

DS-3
DS-2

<--- GT BAY

MAIN -2 CUM TRANSFER BUS

DS-2

DS-1

<--- STN. TRFO BAY

MAIN -1 BUS

DS-1

DS-2

DS-1

DS-2

DS-1

DS-3

DS-2

DS-3

CB
CB

CB
DS-4

DS-4
BUS COUPLER CUM
TRNSFER BREAKER

STN. TRFO

G. TRFO

Gen CB

U.A.TRFO

G GENERATOR

LOAD

19

DS-1

OUTGOING OHL #2 BAY

OUTGOING OHL #1 BAY

DS-5

DS-5

DS-4

DS-4

CB

CB
DS-3

DS-3
DS-2

<--- GT BAY

MAIN -2 CUM TRANSFER BUS

DS-2

DS-1

DS-1

<--- STN. TRFO BAY

MAIN -1 BUS

DS-1

DS-2

DS-1

DS-2

DS-3

DS-1

DS-2

DS-3

CB
CB

CB
DS-4

DS-4
BUS COUPLER CUM
TRNSFER BREAKER

G. TRFO

U.A.TRFO

G GENERATOR

STN. TRFO

LOAD
LOAD

20

Press Back

OUTGOING OHL #2 BAY

OUTGOING OHL #1 BAY

DS-5

DS-5

DS-4

DS-4

CB

CB
DS-3

DS-3
DS-2

<--- GT BAY

MAIN -2 CUM TRANSFER BUS

DS-2

DS-1

DS-1

<--- STN. TRFO BAY

MAIN -1 BUS

DS-1

DS-2

DS-1

DS-2

DS-3

DS-1

DS-2

DS-3

CB
CB

CB
DS-4

DS-4
BUS COUPLER CUM
TRNSFER BREAKER

G. TRFO

U.A.TRFO

G GENERATOR

STN. TRFO

LOAD
LOAD

21

Press Back

MAIN -2 CUM TRANSFER BUS

MAIN -1 BUS

DS-1

DS-2

DS-2

DS-1

DS-3

CB

CB

Tripping Prt.

DS-4

1. Close DS-3
2. Open DS-3 & DS4

BUS COUPLER CUM

TRNSFER BREAKERS

Close DS-3
OUTGOING OHL #1 BAY

22

MAIN -2 CUM TRANSFER BUS

MAIN -1 BUS

DS-2

DS-1

CB
DS-1

DS-3

Tripping Prt.

DS-2

CB
DS-4

BUS COUPLER CUM

TRNSFER BREAKER

OUTGOING OHL #1 BAY

23

Press Back

MAIN -2 CUM TRANSFER BUS

MAIN -1 BUS

DS-1

DS-2

DS-2

DS-1

DS-3

CB
Protection
Tripping fuse Out

CB

Tripping Prt.

DS-4

1. Open DS-1
2. Close DS-1

BUS COUPLER CUM

TRNSFER BREAKERS

OUTGOING OHL #1 BAY

24

Press Back

Maintenance
CTs, PTs ,all auxiliaries terminal tightness.
SF6 Breaker Gas pressure monitoring &
maintain.
Stone,metnal layer maintain across the area.
Monitoring & diagnosis using Hotspot detector
or temperature scanner .
Isolator & contact cleaning on scheduled.

25

Thermal Sensor / Hot Spot Detector

26

27

Protection

28

29

30

Protection System
A series of devices whose main purpose is to
protect persons and primary electric power
equipment from the effects of faults.

Why A System Needs Protection?

There is no fault free system.
It is neither practical nor economical to build a fault free
system.
Electrical system shall tolerate certain degree of faults.
Usually faults are caused by breakdown of insulation due to
various reasons: Short Circuit, High Voltage, system aging,
lighting, etc.

Protection System Elements

Protective relays
Circuit breakers
Current and voltage transducers
Communications channels
DC supply system
Control cables

Three-Phase Diagram of the Protection scheme

CB

CTs

Protected
Equipment

Control

Relay

VTs

How Do Relays Detect Faults?

When a fault takes place, the current, voltage, frequency,
and other electrical variables behave in a peculiar way.
For example:
Current suddenly increases
Voltage suddenly decreases

Relays can measure the currents and the voltages and

detect that there is an overcurrent, or an undervoltage, or
a combination of both
Many other detection principles determine the design of
protective relays

Main Protection Requirements

Reliability
Selectivity

Speed
Sensitivity

Typical Short-Circuit Type Distribution

Single-Phase-Ground:
Phase-Phase-Ground:
Phase-Phase:
Three-Phase:

7080%
1710%
1008%
0302%

Following type of Protection Curve

used in our plant
1.
2.
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.

INSTANTANEOUS/High Speed
DMT: (Definite Mean Time-I>>/high set)
IDMT: (Inverse Definite Minimum Time)
SI
- Standard Inverse (I>)
VI
- Very Inverse
EI
- Extreme Inverse
LTI
- Long Time Inverse

Formula for Relay Operating Time

calculation
Operating Time:
=
A X TMS
Ir C - 1
o A=0.14 & C=0.02 for SI
o A=0.13.5 & C=1.0 for VI
o A= 80 & C= 2.0 for EI
o A=120 & C=1.0 for LTI
o Ir= I(multiple of fault current) / Iset

Example:
If FLC=100A, % setting =105,
Operate time = 10sec Then TMS=?
If CTR =150/1A, In=150, Isec=1A
As per CTR % set= 0.7*In.
Relay Iset= 700mA, Ir=1.05/1.0=1.05
=>TMS will be 0.136

IDMT:SI

IDMT:

Basic Requirement for Relay Setting

Equipment Full Rating(V, Amp, Z)
CT/PT Ratio installed on that feeder
Identification of CT/PT for Particular
protection.
Breaker opening & tripping time.
Equipments Factory Test report/Curve

Relay Setting Adopted for our system:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

OC: 105% to 120% - SI,

EF: 10% to 30%. - SI
OV: 110%, U/V: 80% - DMT
SEF: more than EF and time >0.8to1.0sc.
REF/Diff : 08 to12% -Inst.
DPR (Z1-inst. Z2-300ms, Z-800ms)

Protection used for different System

For Transmission Line :
a. Distance Protection
b. Backup Direction OC/EF
c. Lightning Protection
For Transformer:
a. Differential Protection
b. Overfluxing
c. O/C & E/F
d. Restricted E/F

e.Sensitive or standby E/F

f. Buchholz
g. Pressure Release Valve
h. Winding/ oil Temperature & LA
For LT Motor (up to 35KW)
a. Thermal Overload
b. Fuse
For LT Motor (Above 35KW)
a. Thermal Over Laod
b. O/C & E/F

 For HT Motors:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

a.
b.

Thermal Over Load

O/C & E/F
Locked Rotor
Negative Phase Sequence
Start supervision
Restart Inhabit
For Generator :
Differential Protection
Stator Earth Fault (100% & 90 %)

c. Rotor E/F
d. NPS
e. Backup Impedance
f. Backup O/C & E/F
g. Loss of field
h. Reverse Power (Short Time /Long time)
i. Thermal Overload Alarm
j. Dead Machine
k. Winding temperature
l. O/V & U/V

SUMMARY

The Operative Direction for Directional OC Relays are as follows:

GT bay relay is having operative direction towards GT.
Line bay relay is having operative direction towards Line.
Station Transformer. Relay is having operative direction towards Station Transformer.

Grading margin of 0.3 seconds has been considered between different levels of
protective devices.
In case of a fault on Line, Distance relay will operate instantaneously. If it fails to
Operate than Directional OC relay will operate as backup.
If the fault is still found persisting than GT bay and other line bay relay will give
further backup and will trip their respective breakers to clear the fault.
In case of a fault on Bus, Bus differential relay will operate instantaneously. If this
relay fails to clear the fault , all other feeders including two line bays and GT bay
relays will trip their respective breakers to clear the fault .
In case of a fault in Generator Transformer (GT),Differential protection for GT will
operate instantaneously. And Directional relay looking towards GT will give backup to
it. If the fault is still found persisting than all other feeders including two line bays will
trip their respective breaker to clear the fault.

Forward Path

For Trouble Free Operation.

Longevity of System.
2 No.s Upcoming Bays for Unit-II

51

Special Thanks
for Guidance

Mr. U.P. Sharma

Sr. Manager [ Dept. Of Electrical ]
for Co-ordination

Mr. Nilesh Malviya

Mr. Dhanajya Ray
Engineer [ Dept. Of Electrical ]
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