Radiation Heat Transfer

4 Electromagnetic radiation occurs between all

bo2.4dies
4 The spectrum ranges from 10-4 to 10+4 m
4 Our concern is over a narrow spectrum

10-1 to 10+2 m
the visible through the infrared
4 Radiation in gases and transparent materials is a

volumetric phenomenon.
4 Our interest is in radiation as a surface phenomenon
4 Radiation originates due to emission by matter |

Transport does not require matter

4 Radiation can be viewed as propagation of photons or

quamta or of electromagnetic waves

Properties of Radiation

Wave properties

- frequency (radians)
- wave length (micron)
c - speed of light (2.998 x 108 m/s
= c/

Energy spectrum
spectral distribution
distribution of wace lengths or energy
directionality
directional distribution

Radiation Intensity

Radiation emission from a body

Consider emission in a particular direction from an
area dA1
Direction is specified in spherical coordinates
by a zenith angle, , and
by an azimuthal angle,
The differential area, dAn, subtends a solid angle d
when viewed from a point on dA1
d =

dA n
2

The area dAn is normal to (,) directions, so

dA n = r 2 sin d d
Then d = sin d d

Spectral Intensity

The rate at which emission passes

from dA1 through dAn

Formal definition
The spectral intensity, I,e, is the rate at which radiant
energy is emitted at wave length, , in the (,)
direction, per unit area of the emitting surface normal
to this direction, per unit solid angle about this
direction, per unit wavelength interval d about
I ,e ,, =

dq
dA 1 cos d

Or in other forms
dq = I ,e ,, dA 1 cos d
dq = I ,e ,, dA 1 cos sin d d

Spectral Heat Flux and Emission

Spectral Heat Flux

2

/ 2

"

q =
0

I ,e ,, dA 1 cos sin d d

Total Heat Flux

q" =
0

q " d

Spectral Hemispherical Emissive Power

2

/ 2

E =
0

I ,e ,, dA 1 cos sin d d

Total Emissive Power

E =
0

E d

Incident radiation and radiosity

Spectral irradiation
All incident radiation from all directions
2

/ 2

G =
0

I ,e ,, dA 1 cos sin d d

G =
0

G d

Radiosity
all the radiant energy leaving a surface
including the reflected radiation
2

/ 2

J =
0

I ,e + r ,, dA 1 cos sin d d

J =
0

J d

Black Body Radiation

Definitions
A Black Body is an ideal surface having the
following properties :
A black body absorbs all incident
radiation regardless of wavelength or
direction
For a prescribed temperature and wave
length, no surface can emit more energy
than a black body.
Although radiation emitted by a black
body is a function of wave length and
temperature, itr is independent of
direction; that is, a bl;ack body is a
diffuse emitter

The Planck Distribution

Spectral distribution of black body emission

I ,b

2hc 20
,T = 2
e
1
hc 0

kT

h is the universal Planck's constant (6.6256 x 10 3 4 Js)

k is Boltzmanns constant (1.3805 x 10 2 3 J / K

Planck Distribution (Emissive Power)

E , b ,T = I ,b ,T =

C1
2 e

C2

Features
Emission is continuous in wave length
Magnitude increases with temperature
More radiation at shorter wave lengths with T+

Wiens Displacement Law

Black body spectral distribution has a maximum.

The corresponding wavelength m = f(T)
If we find the maximum, we obtain
Wiens Displacement Law
m T = C3 = 2897.8 m/K

The Stefan-Boltzmann Law

The Planck distribution introduced into the relation for

the total emissive power of a black body becomes

C1

Eb =

e
2

C2

On integration, it becomes the Stefan-Boltzmann Law

Eb = T4
where = 5.670 x 10-8 W/m2-K4

Remember that black body radiation is diffuse so:

E
I b = b

Band Emission

It is often important to know the fraction of energy

emitted from a black body over a certain range of
wavelengths.
For a range from 0 to , the fraction is F(0-)

F0 =

E ,bd
=

E ,bd

E ,bd

T 4

Over a specific interval, we might write:

2

E ,bd

which is : F

E ,bd
T 4

E ,bd

= F0 F0
\1

E ,b
4 d T
T

Surface Emission Emission

The black body is an ideal emitting surface. How

can we describe the behavior of real surfaces. For
this we use the black body as a reference!!
The emissivity is defined as the ratio of the radiation
emitted by a real surface to that emitted by a black body
at the same temperature
A real surface may not be a diffuse emitter, so the
emissivity may have different values depending on
wavelength and direction
Spectral directional emissivity
I ,e , , , T
, , , , T =
I
Total directional emissivity ,b
, , T =

I e , , T

Ib
Spectral hemispherical emissivity
E , T
, T =
E ,b

Emissivities
We can make the following observations
regarding the values of emissivities