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2.
Goals:
1.Recognize various transmission line structures.
2.Define reflection and transmission coefficients and calculate propagation of
voltages and currents on ideal transmission lines.
3.Learn to use S parameters and the Smith chart to analyze circuits.
4.Learn to design impedance matching networks that employ both lumped and
transmission line (distributed) elements.
5.Able to model (Agilent ADS) and measure (network analyzer) nonideal lumped
components and transmission line networks at high frequencies
What is a transmission line?
Coaxial :
Transmission Lines 1
SIG
GND
sig
"unbalanced"
Microstrip:
GND
Sig 1
Twin-lead:
Sig 2
"balanced"
Sig 1
Twisted-pair:
Sig 2
Coplanar strips:
Coplanar waveguide:
Transmission Lines 1
Common features:
a pair of conductors
Transmission Lines 1
ground planes
signal
This is made by sandwiching 2 pc boards together. All fields are within material of r .
Hence velocity = c r .
In microstrips the fields are partly in air.
air
r = 1
r = r , board
So for wide lines, the fields are almost all in board, while narrower lines will have
proportionally more field energy in air.
Wide lines: v
Transmission Lines 1
r , eff = c 2 v 2
so that
v=c
r eff
r , eff
h 2
1+ 12
r + 1 r 1
2
Advice: Ignore above formula, and use LINECALC (part of ADS). For higher accuracy,
there is a free version of Sonnet, an easy to use E&M simulation tool.
r ,eff
v phase
Z0
Duroid
epoxy-glass
Alumina (Al2O3)
GaAs
Quartz (SiO2)
2.2
4.8
9.8
13
3.8
1.77
3.4
6.5
8.9
2.89
0.75 c
0.54 c
0.39 c
0.34 c
0.58
94.3
68
49
43
73
Transmission Lines 1
V
V (x + dx )
V (x )
Ldx
Cdx
I(x + dx)
I(x)
I
C = capacitance/length
L = inductance/length
I
=0
t
(KVL)
V
I
= L
x
t
"telegrapher' s equations"
I
V
= C
x
dt
I( x,t ) I( x + dx,t ) C
V
=0
t
(KCL)
2V
2V
=
LC
x 2
t 2
wave equation
( v )+ V (t + x v )
I ( x, t ) = [V (t x ) V (t + x )]/ Z
v
v
V ( x, t ) = V + t x
+
superposition
+ I DC
v=
Transmission Lines 1
1
= velocity of propagation
LC
Z 0 = L / C = characteristic impedance
(use superposition)
V (x ,t) = V + (x, t) + V (x ,t)
forward reverse
I(x,t ) =
voltage waves
V + (x,t ) V (x,t )
Z0
current
Z0
Transmission Lines 1
Reflection parameters
What happens if we connect an arbitrary resistive load to the line?
X =0
Z0
V+
RL
V_
ratio of voltage/current = Z0 on line
= RL at load
must be equal at X = 0
V+ +V
V
= RL = +
Z0 @ x = 0
I
V V
if we define the reflection coefficient as:
L =
V
V+
@ x =0
then,
RL =
(1+ L )Z 0
1 L
and,
RL 1
Z0
R Z0
L =
= L
RL + 1 RL + Z0
Z0
We see that varies between 1 and +1 for an R 0. If R<0, then > 1. This is a
negative resistancestill can be described by .
Transmission Lines 1
3 examples
1.
Open circuit.
RL =
L = 1
V ( x = 0,t ) = V + + V = 2V +
voltage is doubled at open circuit!
V + V
I( x = 0,t ) =
Z0
2.
Short circuit.
RL = 0
(makes sense)
L = -1
3.
V (x = 0,t ) = 0
short circuit.
I(x=0,t) = 2V+/Z0
current is doubled.
Matched load. R L = Z 0
L = 0
Transmission Lines 1
Return Loss
Reflection coefficients can also be represented as return loss:
Return Loss =
- 20 log ||
Notice that this does not provide information about phase. A matched load has a
RL = (no reflected power). A short or open has RL = 0 dB; everything reflected.
V (0,t )
V+
Z0
VS (t)
X =0
V(0) = Vs I(0)Rs = V+ + V
I(0) = (V+ - V )/Z0
Solve for V + :
Z0
Z 0 + RS
(voltage divider)
if line is terminated with R L = Z 0 , V = 0 and so V + is the total voltage. But, if V is
finite, must account for source reflection coefficient. At some t = n2T, the reflected
wave will return to x = 0, and the voltage at that node will change accordingly.
To find S, use the Z0 of the line that the incident wave is traveling and the RS of the
generator.
Transmission Lines 1
V
RS
V + = s V
V+(0,t) = S V-(0,t)
S =
(RS / Z 0 ) 1
(RS / Z 0 ) + 1
Transmission Lines 1
Transmission Parameters
Transmission through an interface or device
Vincident
DUT
Vtransmitt
Vtransmitted
=
Vincident
Transmission Coefficient:
T=
Insertion Loss:
IL (dB ) = 20 log10 T
Transmission Gain:
Vtransmitted = V + + V = V + (1 + )
21 = -12
Zo1
Zo2
12
=
Z o 2 Z o1
Z o 2 + Z o1
Note that the sign of changes for waves traveling from Zo2 to Zo1.
Transmission Lines 1
T12
Zo1
Zo2
V1+
V1-
ZL
V2
V2-
OK. Lets consider a junction between two transmission lines with different
characteristic impedances, Zo1 and Zo2.
V2+ = T12 V1+
Where
21 V2-
21 = - 12
V2- = V2+ L
L =
Z L Z0
Z L + Z0
Transmission Lines 1
Time Domain: Given the relationships that exist between forward and reflected
waves on transmission lines, it is relatively simple to sketch the progression of a step
function on a line in the time domain.
Example:
A drawing of position of the wave vs. time can be used to graphically show the
progression of the traveling wave on the line. Here is an example of a very simple case
with a T-line whose impedance matches the source and load. The reflection coefficients
at both source and load are zero. The step propagates from source to load without any
reflections. The final voltage at the load is reached at time T1.
Zo, T1
Rs = Zo
V1
Vs
VL
S = 0
1V step
RL = Zo
L = 0
0.5
V1
V+ = 0.5
T1
time
2T
3T
4T
VL=V+(1+L)=0.5
Transmission Lines 1
Example: Here is a more complicated example with reflections at both source and load.
Plot the source voltage V1 and load voltage VL as a function of time for the network
below.
After many round trip reflections, the final voltage must be given by the resistor
division ratio: 125/(50 + 125) = 0.7143 V. We see the solution approaching the steady
state value after two round trips.
Zo = 75
Rs = 50
T = 100ps
V1
Vs
1V step
VL
S = - 0.2
RL = 125
L = 0.25
0.6
V+ = 0.6
VL=V+(1+L)=0.75
V - = L V+ = 0.15
2T
V - (1+S) = 0.72
S L V+ = - 0.03
3T
4T
0.708
LS L V+ = - 0.0075
0.7125
Transmission Lines 1
Incorrect implementation:
Transmission Lines 1
Correct implementation:
Air Bridge
The air bridge connection between ground restores the current path.
V/2
V
0
- V/2
Balanced line
Coplanar strips
Unbalanced line
Coplanar waveguide
This is a problem because the balanced line has potentials (+V/2 and V/2) on both
conductors while the coplanar waveguide has zero potential on the ground conductors.
A balun is needed to make this junction. (more on this later)
Transmission Lines 1
Z0 = L/ C
v=
characteristic impendance
1
LC
phase velocity
if line is of length l:
LT = total inductance =
Z0
= Z0 T
v
but,
and
CT =
Z 0v
T
Z0
LT / 2
LT / 2
CT
LT
CT / 2
CT / 2
Physical length is not relevant. Impedance and delay time describe electrical behavior.
Transmission Lines 1
<<
or T << tr ,t f
it can be used to represent a lumped element:
high Z 0 :
LT = Z 0T big; CT =
low Z 0 :
LT small; CT large
T
small
Z0
INDUCTOR
CAPACITOR
Z 01
This property also presents a challenge when you are laying out an RF circuit on a PC
board.
chip capacitor