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FRP
For Construction
Module Objectives
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
Composites
FRP
FRP
Outline
For Construction
Additional Info
For Construction
Applications
Durability
Mechanical Properties
Section: 1
Stone
Timber
Steel
Concrete
ISIS EC Module 2
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
FRP
For Construction
Composites
Section: 1
FRP
For Construction
Section: 1
Corrosion
Concrete
Reinforcing
Steel
ISIS EC Module 2
FRP
End result
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
For Construction
Composites
Section: 1
FRP
For Construction
FRP Materials
Section: 1
General
High Strength
Easy to handle
5x steel
FRP Materials
Corrosion resistant
Highly versatile
Durable structures
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
Composites
FRP
FRP Materials
For Construction
Section: 1
FRP
For Construction
FRP Materials
Pro/Con
Section: 1
Pro/Con
FRP advantages
ISIS EC Module 2
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
FRP
For Construction
Composites
Section: 1
FRP
For Construction
Section: 2
General
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
Composites
FRP
FRP Materials
For Construction
Section: 2
FRP
For Construction
Constituents
Section: 2
Constituents
What is FRP?
Stress,
Fibres
Matrix
Provide strength
and stiffness
Fibre
FRP
Matrix
Strain,
Fibre
Composite
Matrix
ISIS EC Module 2
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
FRP
For Construction
Composites
Section: 2
FRP
Polymers
For Construction
FRP Materials
Section: 2
FRP Materials
Polymer:
An organic compound comprised of long-chain
molecules consisting of smaller repeated units called
monomers
Two types:
Thermoplastics
polyethylene, nylon, polyamide
Thermosetting polymers
polyester, vinylester, epoxy
ISIS EC Module 2
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
Composites
FRP
Thermoplastics
For Construction
Section: 2
FRP
For Construction
Thermosetting Polymers
Matrix Polymers
ISIS EC Module 2
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
FRP
For Construction
Section: 2
Matrix Polymers
Composites
Section: 2
FRP
For Construction
Fibre Component
Polyesters
Widely used for FRP components (not for rebars)
Inexpensive, easy processing
Vinylesters
Used commonly in FRP rebars (alkali resistance)
Reduced moisture absorption and shrinkage
More expensive
Epoxies
Used in wet lay-up applications and laminate fabrication
Outstanding adhesion and bonding characteristics
Highest cost
ISIS EC Module 2
Section: 2
FRP Materials
n high stiffness
o high ultimate strength
p low variation of strength between individual fibres
q stability during handling
r uniform diameter
s extremely large length-to-diameter ratio
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
Composites
FRP
For Construction
Fibres
Section: 2
FRP
For Construction
Fibre Component
Section: 2
FRP Materials
n Strength
o Stiffness
p Environment and durability
q Cost
r Availability
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
Composites
FRP
For Construction
Glass Fibres
Section: 2
Fibres
Inexpensive
Most commonly used
Several grades available:
E-Glass
R-Glass
AR-Glass (alkali resistant)
FRP
For Construction
Carbon Fibres
Section: 2
Fibres
Composites
Composites
FRP
Aramid Fibres
For Construction
Section: 2
FRP
For Construction
Section: 2
Fibres
Fibres
6000
E-Glass
Aramid
Standard Carbon
High-Modulus Carbon
Ultra High-Modulus Carbon
Mild Steel
Stress (MPa)
5000
4000
3000
Fibres only!
No Matrix
2000
1000
Potential UV degradation
Potential moisture absorption and swelling
Strain (%)
ISIS EC Module 2
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
Composites
FRP
FRP
For Construction
Section: 2
FRP
For Construction
Section: 2
FRP Materials
Unidirectional FRPs
Key Factor
Composites
FRP
For Construction
Examples of FRPs
Composites
Section: 2
FRP
For Construction
Section: 2
FRP Materials
1. Pultrusion:
Unidirectional
glass FRP bar
Glass FRP
grid
Carbon FRP
prestressing
tendon
Glass fibre
roving
Carbon fibre
roving
Fibre strand
pulled from
creels
ISIS EC Module 2
FRP
saturated
in polymer
resin
shaped in a
heated die
and the
finished product
is pulled through
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
For Construction
Composites
Section: 2
FRP
For Construction
FRP Rebar
Section: 2
Manufacturing
Pultrusion
Incorporate sand on
the surface
ISIS EC Module 2
or a fibre braid
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
Composites
FRP
For Construction
Section: 2
Section: 2
3. Filament winding:
2. Wet lay up
FRP
For Construction
Fibre Roving
Resin-saturated FRP
lamina (fabrics) are
placed over a mould or
an existing structural
member
ISIS EC Module 2
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
FRP
Composites
For Construction
Filament winding
Section: 2
FRP
For Construction
Mechanical Properties
Section: 3
FRP mechanical
properties are a
function of:
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
FRP
For Construction
Composites
Section: 3
FRP
Quantitative Comparison
For Construction
Mechanical Properties
2500
Stress [MPa]
FRP properties
(in general versus steel):
Linear elastic behaviour
to failure
No yielding
Higher ultimate strength
Lower strain at failure
Comparable modulus
(carbon FRP)
2000
CFRP
1500
GFRP
1000
Steel
500
1
Material
Ultimate Strength
Elastic Modulus
Failure Strain
Glass FRP
517-1207 MPa
30-55 GPa
2-4.5 %
Carbon FRP
1200-2410 MPa
147-165 GPa
1-1.5 %
Aramid FRP
1200-2068 MPa
50-74 GPa
2-2.6 %
Steel
483-690 MPa
200 GPa
>10 %
Strain [%]
ISIS EC Module 2
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
FRP
For Construction
Composites
Qualitative Comparison
Section: 3
FRP
For Construction
Modulus of Elasticity
Criterion
Carbon
Fibre Type
Aramid
Very Good
Very Good
Very Good
Modulus of Elasticity
Very Good
Good
Adequate
Very Good
Good
Adequate
Excellent
Good
Adequate
Good
Excellent
Adequate
Bulk Density
Alkaline Resistance
Very Good
Good
Adequate
Price
Adequate
Adequate
Very Good
ISIS EC Module 2
Section: 3
Mechanical Properties
Glass
Tensile Strength
Fatigue Behaviour
Section: 3
Fibre modulus, Ef
Efrp is a function of
Matrix modulus, Em
Fibre volume ratio, Vf
E frp = E mVm + E f V f = (E f E m )V f + E m
ISIS EC Module 2
10
Composites
Composites
FRP
Strength
For Construction
Section: 3
Mechanical Properties
Strength
CASE 1:
Fibre
Section: 3
Mechanical Properties
Stress,
f,ult
frp,ult is a function of
FRP
For Construction
m,ult
Matrix
m,ult f,ult
If Vf is large
If Vf is small
Strain,
For most FRP used in civil engineering applications, Vf is large (> 0.1)
ISIS EC Module 2
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
Composites
FRP
Strength
For Construction
Section: 3
Fatigue
Mechanical Properties
Stress,
f,ult
FRP
For Construction
CASE 2:
Fibre
m,ult
m
Matrix
f,ult
If Vf is small
If Vf is large
m,ult
Strain,
Section: 3
Mechanical Properties
For most FRP used in civil engineering applications, Vf is large (> 0.1)
ISIS EC Module 2
ISIS EC Module 2
11
Composites
FRP
For Construction
Composites
Section: 3
FRP
For Construction
Environmental Durability
Section: 4
Mechanical Properties
Temperature
Moisture
UV Radiation
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
FRP
For Construction
Alkalinity
Fire
Composites
Temperature
Section: 4
FRP
For Construction
Temperature
Environmental Durability
Section: 4
Environmental Durability
ISIS EC Module 2
12
Composites
Composites
FRP
Moisture
For Construction
Section: 4
FRP
For Construction
Ultra-Violet Radiation
Environmental Durability
Section: 4
Environmental Durability
Aramid fibres
Polymer matrices
slight degradation and discolouration
UV protection options
matrix additives, pigmented gel coats, painting
ISIS EC Module 2
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
Composites
FRP
For Construction
Alkalinity
Section: 4
FRP
For Construction
Fire
Environmental Durability
Alkalinity-induced
embrittlement
Reduced toughness
Reduced strength
Section: 4
Environmental Durability
13
Composites
Composites
FRP
For Construction
Section: 5
FRP
All-FRP Structures
For Construction
Section: 5
Applications
All-FRP structures
FRP-reinforced roncrete
Repair and rehabilitation
Hybrid FRP structures
FRP road bridge
Smart materials
FRP ground anchors
architectural panels
Infinite possibilities...
ISIS EC Module 2
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
FRP
For Construction
Composites
FRP-Reinforced Concrete
Section: 5
FRP
For Construction
FRP-Reinforced Concrete
Applications
Section: 5
Taylor Bridge
Flexural reinforcement
Headingley, Manitoba
Opened 1998
Tokyo Rope
carbon FRP
reinforcement
ISIS EC Module 2
14
Composites
Composites
FRP
For Construction
FRP-Reinforced Concrete
Section: 5
Taylor Bridge
FRP
For Construction
FRP-Reinforced Concrete
Section: 5
Taylor Bridge
Shear reinforcement
Epoxy coated
steel bar stirrups
LeadlineTM carbon FRP stirrups
ISIS EC Module 2
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
FRP
For Construction
Composites
FRP-Reinforced Concrete
Placing the deck slab concrete
Section: 5
FRP
For Construction
FRP-Reinforced Concrete
Taylor Bridge
Section: 5
Taylor Bridge
ISIS EC Module 2
15
Composites
FRP
For Construction
Composites
FRP-Reinforced Concrete
Section: 5
FRP
For Construction
FRP-Reinforced Concrete
Applications
Flexural reinforcement
Portions
reinforced with
carbon FRP
Sherbrooke, Quebec
Re-opened 1997
YSidewalk
ZDeck
ISIS EC Module 2
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
FRP
XBarrier Wall
For Construction
Section: 5
Joffre Bridge
Composites
FRP-Reinforced Concrete
Section: 5
FRP
For Construction
FRP-Reinforced Concrete
Joffre Bridge
Section: 5
Joffre Bridge
Sensing system
Over 180
monitoring
instruments
Measure
long-term
performance
ISIS EC Module 2
ISIS EC Module 2
16
Composites
FRP
For Construction
Composites
FRP-Reinforced Concrete
Section: 5
Applications
FRP
For Construction
FRP-Reinforced Concrete
Section: 5
Wotton Bridge
Wotton, Quebec
Re-opened 2001
30.6 metre span
ISOROD GFRP and
CFRP in deck slab
ISIS EC Module 2
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
FRP
For Construction
Composites
FRP-Reinforced Concrete
Section: 5
Applications
FRP
For Construction
FRP-Reinforced Concrete
Section: 5
Morristown Bridge
Morristown, Vermont
Re-opened 2002
43 metre span
ISOROD GFRP in
deck slab
Bridge deck reinforcement
ISIS EC Module 2
ISIS EC Module 2
17
Composites
FRP
For Construction
Composites
Section: 5
FRP
For Construction
Applications
ISIS EC Module 2
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
FRP
For Construction
Section: 5
Applications
Composites
Section: 5
FRP
For Construction
Applications
ISIS EC Module 2
Section: 5
Applications
ISIS EC Module 2
18
Composites
Composites
FRP
For Construction
Section: 5
FRP
For Construction
Applications
Section: 5
Applications
ISIS EC Module 2
ISIS EC Module 2
Composites
FRP
For Construction
Additional Information
Section: 6
19