ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I great fully acknowledge my indebtedness to innumerable teachers and colleagues for preparing
this Report on construction R.C.C Roads Construction. Report for my B.Tech. Civil .They have
been a great source of inspiration for me . I have been receiving a number of moments and
suggestions from them and it is not possible to acknowledge their name in the report
individually. All the comments/ suggestion received have been carefully considered and most of
them have been incorporated in this dissertation. My genius word of thanks is goes to
Mr.J.V.NATHANI our civil guide of the department of civil engineering in RAJDHANI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE JAIPUR. For providing all the necessary help to Report on R.C.C
Roads Construction. No words are sufficient express my gratitude to my project mates for their
exemplary patience, understanding and co-operation during the preparation of this project report.
It is obvious that the construction of R.C.C. Roads needs the support of many people .The most
important contribution to the construction and study about R.C.C road such as comes from many
teachers guidance and specific help. I cant express my gratitude in word to the many teacher of
department of civil engineering of our institute, who spent numerous hours reading my
manuscript and providing me with helpful comments and their perennial encouragement. My
classmates and colleagues will be highly appreciated and gratefully acknowledged.

ABSTRACT
Our project is to estimate the road of societies in Shiv colony Ward -6 in North and
system considering little change in the original project. In our project we proposed
economic consideration and other atmospheric consideration.

METHODOLOGY: we consider a span of 800m length and 7.5 m width and estimate
using SOR ( april. 2014) and for designing.

RESULT:
The total estimation of our project of 800m road is approximate
47 lacks.

CHAPTER:-1

CHAPTER:-1
1.Introduction
We are engaged in providing our customers R.C.C Roads Construction services that are
trusted by all. We deal in Road Construction in Dist-karauli as well as Road development
in Rajasthan.
Coordinates:
2325N
7741E
We manage to accomplish all the tasks within the prescribed time duration and thus have
earned the trust of the clients for our R.C.C Roads Construction services. We are well
established and the most reliable R.C.C Roads Construction service providers also dealing
in sub-way construction in India. We understand the value of your money and therefore
provide all our services at highly competitive prices. We offer all these services using
the advanced technology to meet the needs of the clients in the best possible away. Rollercompacted concrete (RCC) or rolled concrete is a special blend of concrete that has
essentially the same ingredients as conventional concrete but in different ratios, and
increasingly with partial substitution of fly ash for Portland cement. RCC is a mix of
cement/fly ash, water, sand, aggregate and common additives, but contains much less
water. The produced mix is drier and essentially has no slump. RCC is placed in a manner
similar to paving; the material is delivered by dump trucks or conveyors, spread by small
bulldozers or specially modified asphalt pavers, and then compacted by vibratory rollers.

CHAPTER:-2

CHAPTER:-2
2. Site Survey and Leveling
A site survey is an inspection of an area where work is proposed, to gather information for
a design or an estimate to complete the initial tasks required for an outdoor activity. It can
determine a precise location, access, best orientation for the site and the location of
obstacles. The type of site survey and the best practices required depend on the nature of the
project. Examples of projects requiring a preliminary site survey include urban construction,
specialized construction (such as the location for a telescope and wireless network design).
In hydrocarbon exploration, for example, site surveys are run over the proposed locations of
offshore exploration or appraisal wells. They consist typically of a tight grid of high
resolution (high frequency) reflection seismology profiles to look for possible gas hazards
in the shallow section beneath the seabed and detailed bathymetric data to look for possible
obstacles on the seafloor (e.g. shipwrecks, existing pipelines) using multiband echo
sounders.
Major Factor in Site Survey and Leveling

HEIGHTS

DATUM

S AND BENCH MARKS

LEVELING EQUIPMENT

FIELD PROCEDURE FOR LEVELING

CALCULATING REDUCED LEVELS

SOURCES OF ERROR IN LEVELING

OTHER LEVELING METHODS

2.1 Leveling
how heights are defined
Engineering surveying involves the measurement of three quantities; heights, angles and
distances.

2.2 Leveling it the process of measuring heights.

It is possible when leveling to measure heights with an accuracy of millimeters Heights
can also be measured using total stations, handheld lasers and GPS devices. However,
leveling offers an inexpensive, simple and accurate method for measuring
Heights, and it is widely used in construction sites. Any method of measuring the heights
of points above or below the ground using an agreed datum.
This datum or reference points are present in all construction sites

Fig:-1
and has an arbitrary height assigned to the point. Most construction sites will have several
of these benchmarks, and if they have heights based on an arbitrary datum, they are known
as Temporary Bench Marks.

2.2.1 Heights
Heights are defined using horizontal and vertical lines. The figure below shows a p l um bbob suspended at point P, the direction of gravity along the plum b-line defines the
vertical at point P. A horizontal or level line is any line at right angles to this

Fig:-2
For site work, any horizontal line can be chosen as a datum for heights and for Leveling.
The height of a point is measured along the vertical above or below the chosen datum. The
height of a point relative to a datum is known as its reduced level (RL). On most
construction sites there is a permanent datum. The horizontal line or surface passing
through this, with its height, becomes the leveling datum. The height of the datum can be
arbitrary; a value often used for this is 100.000m. This is chosen to avoid any negative
heights occurring. Any reference point on site which has had a height assigned to it is
known as a bench mark. For most surveys and construction work, several bench marks
would normally be established by leveling from the datum. If heights are based on an
arbitrary datum these are known as Temporary Bench Marks or TBMs.

2.2.2 Curved Surfaces

Level (or horizontal) lines are always at right angles to the direction of gravity. The
direction of gravity is generally towards the center of the earth. Over large areas, as the
Earth is curved, level surfaces will also be curved. For these, a height difference is
measured along a vertical between two curved level surfaces.

Fig:-3
When surveying over a large area, a curved level surface of zero height has to be defined.
This has been established by the Ordnance Survey, this is called the Ordnance Datum
(OD). This corresponds to the average sea level measured Pool beg or Malign Head.
Heights based on these are known as OD heights.

Fig:-4

2.3 The leveling staff

Leveling involves measuring vertical distances with reference to a horizontal plane or
surface. To do this, a leveling staff is needed to measure vertical distances and an
instrument known as a level is required to define the horizontal plane
.

Fig:-5
Many types of staff are used with varying lengths and different markings. The E-type face
is commonly used in the UK and Ireland. This can be read directly to 0.01m and by
estimation to the nearest mm. The staff must be held vertically

a circular bubble is sometimes fitted to help this.

10

Fig:-6

11

2.4 Automatic Level

1. Focusing screw
2. Eyepiece
3. Foot screw
6. Tangent screw
7. Circular bubble

4. Horizontal circle
5. Base plate
8. Collimator (sight)
9. Object lens

Fig:-7
12

2.5 The main features of the telescope

Fig:-8
1. Object lens
2. Focusing screw
3. Focusing lens
4. Diaphragm
5. Eyepiece
The object lens , focusing lens , diaphragm and eye piece are all mounted on an optical axis
called the line of collimation or the line of sight.
This is imaginary line which joins the optical center of the object les to the center of the
cross hairs.

13

When looking through the eye piece of the surveying telescope, a set of lines called the cross
hairs can be seen. These are used for taking measurements from the staff. These cross hair s are
etched on a small sheet of glass known as the diaphragm.

Fig:-9
To make the telescope work, the image of the staff is brought to a focus in the plane of the
diaphragm using the focusing screw. The eyepiece is rotated so that the cross hairs are in
focus and its focal point is also in the plane of the diaphragm. When

14

looking into the telescope an observer will now see a magnified image of the leveling staff
focused against the cross hairs.

Fig:-10

15

2.6 Parallax
Parallax occurs when the focusing screw and the eyepiece is done incorrectly. This
condition can be detected by moving the eye to different parts of the eyepiece when reading
the staff. If different readings are obtained then parallax is present

Fig:11
To remove parallax, hold a sheet of paper in front of the object and adjust the eyepiece so
that the cross hairs are in focus. Then remove the sheet of paper and bring the staff into
focus using the focusing screw. Once again check for parallax by moving your eye around
the eyepiece. If parallax is still occurring repeat the adjustment procedure.

16

2.7 The compensator

In an automatic level, the compensator is mounted on the telescope next to the eyepiece. It
will only work when the instrument has been leveled to within about 15 of the vertical
using the foot screws and circular bubble. The function of the compensator is to ensure
that the line of sight viewed through the telescope is horizontal even if the telescope is
tilted

17

Fig:-12

18

2.8 Laser levels

Laser levels containarotaing

laser which defines a visible horizontal

plane from

which distance to the ground can be made and then the height can be determined.
]

Fig:-13

19

2.9 Using a level

The following steps are taken when using a level to measure heights
1. Set up the tripod
2. Ensure the top is level
3. Push legs firmly into the ground
4. Attach level
5. Use foot screws to centralize the circular bubble
6. Test to see if the compensator is working
7. Remove parallax Once the level is set up its important that the line of sight is horizontal.
When the foot screws have been used to centralize the circular bubble, it is assumed that
the compensator has set the line of sight to be horizontal.
However, most levels are not in perfect adjustment and when leveled their line of sight is
never exactly horizontal.
If the line of sight is not horizontal when the instrument has been leveled, the level has a
collimation error.
As most levels will have some level of collimation error, a method is required to check if
the error is within acceptable limits.
This is known as a two-peg test. This needs to be conducted when using a new or different
level for the first time and at regular intervals thereafter.

20

Stage 1
On fairly level ground, two points A and B are marked a distance of Lm apart. In soft
ground, two pegs are used, on hard surfaces nails or paint may be used. The level is set up
midway between the points at C and carefully leveled. A leveling staff is placed at A and
B and staff readings S1 (at B) and S2 (at A) are taken.

Fig:-14
The two readings are:
S1 = (S1 + x) and S2 = (S2 + x)
S1and S2 are the staff readings that would have been obtained if the line of
collimation was horizontal, x is the error in each reading due to the collimation error,
the effect of which is to tilt the line of sight by angle .
Since AC = CB, the error x in the readings S1 and S2 will be the same. The difference
between readings S1 and S2 gives: S1 S2 = (S1 + x) (S2 + x) = S1- S2
This gives the true difference in height between A and B. This demonstrates that if a
collimation error is present in a level, the effect of this cancels out when height differences
are computed provided readings are taken over equal sighting distances.

21

Stage2
The level is then moved so that it is L/ 10m from point B at D and readings S3 and S4 are
taken.

Fig:-15
The difference between readings S3 and S4 gives the apparent difference in height
between A and B. If the level is in perfect adjustment then: S1 S2 = S3 S4
However this is not always the case and that an error term (e) needs to be estimates
e = (S1 S2) (S3 S4) per Lm
The difference between readings S3 and S4 gives the apparent difference in height
between A and B. If the level is in perfect adjustment then: S1 S2 = S3 S4
However this is not always the case and that an error term (e) needs to be estimates
e = (S1 S2) (S3 S4) per Lm

22

CHAPTER:-3

23

CHAPTER:-3
3. Composition of concrete
There are many types of concrete available, created by varying the proportions of the main
ingredients below. In this way or by substitution for the cementations and aggregate phases,
the finished product can be tailored to its application with varying strength, density, or
chemical and thermal resistance properties.
"Aggregate" consists of large chunks of material in a concrete mix, generally a coarse
gravel or crushed rocks such as limestone, or granite, along with finer materials such as
sand.
"Cement", commonly Portland cement , and other cementations materials such as
fly ash and slag cement, serve as a binder for the aggregate.
Water is then mixed with this dry composite, which produces a semi-liquid that workers
can shape (typically by pouring it into a form). The concrete solidifies and hardens to rockhard strength through a chemical process called hydration. The water reacts with the
cement, which bonds the other components together, creating a robust stone-like material.
"Chemical admixtures" are added to achieve varied properties. These ingredients may
speed or slow down the rate at which the concrete hardens, and impart many other useful
properties.
"Reinforcements" are often added to concrete. Concrete can be formulated with
high compressive strength, but always has lower tensile strength. For this reason it is
usually reinforced with materials that are strong in tension (often steel).

24

"Mineral admixtures" are becoming more popular in recent decades. The use of recycled
materials as concrete ingredients has been gaining popularity because of increasingly
stringent environmental legislation, and the discovery that such materials often have
complementary and valuable properties. The most conspicuous of these are fly ash, a byproduct of coal-fired power plants, and silica fume, a byproduct of industrial electric arc
furnaces. The use of these materials in concrete reduces the amount of resources required,
as the ash and fume act as a cement replacement. This displaces some cement production,
an energetically expensive and environmentally problematic process, while reducing the
amount of industrial waste that must be disposed Of.
The mix design depends on the type of structure being built, how the concrete is mixed and
delivered, and how it is placed to form the structure.

25

3.1 Cement

Fig:-16
A few tons of bagged cement. This amount represents about two minutes of output from a
10,000 ton per day cement kiln.
Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general usage. It is a basic
ingredient of concrete, mortar and plaster. English masonry worker Joseph Aspin patented
Portland cement in 1824. It was named because of the similarity of its color to Portland
limestone, quarried from the English Isle of Portland and used extensively in London
architecture. It consists of a mixture of oxides of calcium, silicon and aluminum.

26

Portland cement and similar materials are made by heating limestone (a source of calcium)
with clay and grinding this product (called clinker ) with a source of sulfate (most
commonly gypsum). In modern cement kilns many advanced features are used to lower the
fuel consumption per ton of clinker produced. Cement kilns are extremely large, complex,
and inherently dusty industrial installations, and have emissions which must be controlled.
Of the various ingredients used in concrete the cement is the most energetically expensive.
Even complex and efficient kilns require 3.3 to 3.6 gigajoules of energy to produce a ton of
clinker and then grind it into cement. Many kilns can be fueled with difficult-to-dispose-of
wastes, the most common being used tires. The extremely high temperatures and long
periods of time at those temperatures allows cement kilns to efficiently and completely
burn even difficult-to-use fuels.[24]

3.2 water
Combining with a cementations material forms a cement paste by the process of hydration.
The cement paste glues the aggregate together, fills voids within it, and makes it flow more
freely.
A lower water-to-cement ratio yields a stronger, more durable concrete, while more water
gives a free-flowing concrete with a higher slump.
Impure water used to make concrete can cause problems when setting or in causing
premature failure of the structure.
Hydration involves many different reactions, often occurring at the same time. As the
reactions proceed, the products of the cement hydration process gradually bond together the
individual sand and gravel particles and other components of the concrete to form a solid
mass.

27

Reaction:
Cement chemist notation: C3S + H C-S-H + CH
Standard notation: Ca3SiO5 + H2O (CaO)(SiO2)(H2O)(gel) + Ca(OH)2
Balanced: 2Ca3SiO5+ 7H2O 3(CaO)2(SiO2)4(H2O)(gel) + 3Ca(OH)2

3.3 Aggregates :- "aggregate", is a broad category of coarse particulate material used in

construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geo synthetic
aggregates.

Fig:-17
Fine and coarse aggregates make up the bulk of a concrete mixture. Sand, natural gravel
and crushed stone are used mainly for this purpose. Recycled aggregates (from
construction, demolition and excavation waste) are increasingly used as partial
replacements of natural aggregates, while a number of manufactured aggregates, including
air-cooled blast furnace slag and bottom ash are also permitted. The presence of aggregate
greatly increases the durability of concrete above that of cement, which is a brittle material
in its pure state. Thus

28

concrete is a true composite material. Redistribution of aggregates after compaction often

creates in homogeneity due to the influence of vibration. This can lead to strength
gradients. Decorative stones such as quartzite, small river stones or crushed glass are
sometimes added to the surface of concrete for a decorative "exposed aggregate" finish,
popular among landscape designers. In addition to being decorative, exposed aggregate
adds robustness to a concrete driveway.

29

CHAPTER:-4

30

CHAPTER:-4
4. Objectives
4.1 Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana:
As an effective poverty alleviation strategy, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
(PMGSY) was launched in the year 2000, as a centrally sponsored Program and a onetime
special intervention. The primary objective of the Programs was to provide connectivity by
way of All-weather roads to unconnected habitations with population 1000 and above by
2003 and those with population 500 and above by 2007 in rural areas. In respect of hilly/
desert/ tribal areas, the objective is to link habitations with population 250 and above. Upgradation of selected rural roads to provide full farm to market connectivity is also an
objective of the scheme, though not central. The Program has since been implemented by
the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. The basic time frame for
completion of the Program was perceived to be 2007, however, because of constraints of
capacity of implementation in the States and availability of
funds, the targets of the program me have not been achieved so far. A brief description of
the implementation strategy adopted by the Ministry of Rural Development during 10th
and 11th Plan period under PMGSY is given below:
(a) Decentralized Planning: The program me has implemented the model of decentralized
network planning for rural roads. The District Rural Roads Plans (DRRPs) have been
developed for all the districts of the country and Core Network has been drawn out of the
DRRP to provide for at least a single connectivity to every target habitation. For
prioritization of the yearly project proposals, the Comprehensive New Connectivity Priority
List (CNCPL) and Comprehensive Up gradation Priority Lists (CUPL) are used.

31

The CNCPL and CUPL have been developed from the core network data. This planning
exercise has been carried out with full involvement of the three tier Panchayati Raj
Institutions.
(b) Standards and Specifications: Before the PMGSY, rural roads in India were being
constructed on the basis of the specifications prescribed for the roads catering to the
requirements of heavy traffic such as SH and MDRs etc. Separate specifications for the low
volume/rural roads were not available, therefore, large scale revision of Rural Roads
Manual, IRC SP: 20 were carried out by IRC at the special intervention of Ministry of
Rural Development. This Manual has established the standards for construction of Rural
Roads under this program. As envisaged in the program guidelines, later a dedicated Book
of Specifications for Rural Roads was developed by IRC. A Standard Data Book to enable
the States to prepare Schedules of Rates based on specifications has also been developed
by IRC. The specifications form the part of the contract agreement and the Schedule of
Rates developed by States on the basis of prescribed Standard Data Book is being used for
preparation of bill of quantities in a uniform manner. These publications enabled the
executing agencies to implement the program with confidence based on technical
parameters.
(c) Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) and Scrutiny: As an important step to the quality
output, for every road under the program proper survey and adequate investigations are
insisted. Detailed Project Report (DPR) is a pre-requisite for

project clearance.

Independent scrutiny of the project proposals to ensure the adequacy of designing and
project preparation is carried out by over 50 prominent institutions of Engineering and
Technology in the country, identified as State Technical Agencies.

32

(d) Institutional Arrangements and HRD: Ministry of Rural Development is the nodal
Ministry for implementation of the program at Central level and National Rural Roads
Development Agency has been constituted to provide technical and managerial support. At
the State level, nodal departments have been identified for management and State Rural
Roads Development Agencies have been constituted to implement the program. District
level Program Implementation Units (PIUs) have been set up for implementing the
program. Reputed Technical Institutions have been identified as Principal Technical
Agencies and State Technical Agencies to provide support to the program in matters of
project scrutiny, training and R&D. Central Roads Research Institute, Indian Roads
Congress and other premier institutions have also joined hands with NRRDA and the
Ministry to provide support on matters relating to standards, technology and other relevant
aspects. The program has adequate provisions for providing large scale training not only to
managers and engineers involved in program implementation but also to the field level
functionaries like skilled workmen, roller drivers and machine operators .Dedicated and
specialized institutions with clear responsibility at every level have provided focused
attention to the program implementation. The HRD interventions have given opportunity to
the personnel at the field as well as management level to develop better understanding
about various aspects associated with the program which has ultimately helped the program
implementation.
(e) Procurement Process: The States are responsible for execution of works under the
program but it was found that the procurement process prevalent in some of the States
were not in tune with the requirements in particular reference to quality and timely
completion of work. When the program is centered on quality, it is very essential that a
transparent procurement process should be in place which could ensure timely completion
of work with defined quality standards. Therefore, Standard Bidding Document based on
best national and international practices has been developed for procurement of works
under the PMGSY.

33

All the works under the program are tendered on the basis of the Standard Bidding
Document. In addition to distinct advantages, this process has enabled the executing
agencies in taking up works from qualified Contractors with adequate capacity and has
helped in ensuring quality by deployment of appropriate machinery, technical manpower
and testing laboratories.
(f) Quality Assurance: A three tier quality mechanism has been operational zed to ensure
quality of road works during construction. The first tier quality standards are enforced
through in-house mechanism by establishing field laboratories and carrying out mandatory
tests. NRRDA has developed Quality Control Handbook to help the field staff in ensuring
proper field and laboratory testing. It was felt that mere carrying out prescribed tests is not
enough but the recording of results and making them available to the supervisory officers is
also important. For this purpose, Quality. Control Registers have been prescribed to ensure
systematic recording of test results under this tier.
(g) Maintenance: The contract provides for defect liability for 5 years after construction
along with routine maintenance for 5 years by the same contractor. There is a provision of
two bills of quantities, one for construction and another for routine maintenance on lumpsum basis amount every year for 5 years and the contactor is required to offer not only for
construction but also for maintenance separately. This provision is to help in delivery of
better quality roads because if the quality of road is compromised by the contractor during
construction, much more money would be required during the routine maintenance
rendering the contract uneconomical for the contractor.
1.The objectives of this research focused on four areas:
2.Conduct of a structural analysis of the overlay and widening unit contributions to stress
reductions and extended pavement life of the composite pavement.

34

3. Development of construction guidelines for construction of thin concrete overlays and

widening units and a catalog of designs employed.
4. Development of an overlay design procedures for thin PCC overlays and widening
units.
5. Validation of the structural analysis and design procedure with field load tests and strain
measures for the various pavement layers of the existing two material/layer pavements.
Most Indian roads are presently not being built with the right choice of material. The two
major types of materials used in road construction in the country are bitumen based roads
and those made of concrete. Only a very small share of all roads in the country is made of
concrete, despite its superiority on many counts as a medium for road building. Concrete
roads by themselves offer tremendous advantages over conventional bitumen roads in both
operational and financial terms. These advantages are well known and repeated in every
seminar or conference on concrete roads. The most salient of these advantages are
durability and relative freedom from maintenance which go to offer substantial long term
economies in our cash strapped cities.

35

CHAPTER:-5

36

CHAPTER:-5
5. Major Activities
1. Formation cutting
2 .Sub-grade preparation
3. Base course & black topping
4. Construction of RCC Road
5. Shoulder 6.Permanent works
1. Formation cutting
Slope
Gradient
Geometric

Disposal of spoil

37

5.1 Formation Cutting

In civil engineering, a cut or cutting is where soil or rock material from a hill or mountain
is cut out to make way for a canal, road or railway line. In cut and fill construction it keeps
the route straight and/or flat, where the comparative cost or practicality of alternate
solutions (such as diversion) is prohibitive. Contrary to the general meaning of cutting, a
cutting in construction is mechanically excavated or blasted out with carefully placed
explosives. The cut may only be on one side of a slope, or directly through the middle or
top of a hill. Generally, a cut is open at the top (otherwise it is a tunnel). A cut is (in a
sense) the opposite of an embankment

Fig:-18

38

5.2 Sub-Grade Preparation

In order to maintain stable and durable sub-grade, uniform consolidation to be

incorporated

Sub-grade act as a cushion for other layers i.e. In order to achieve durable road sub-grade
should be strong.

Maintain proper Camber

Fig:-19

39

5.3 BASE COURSE & BLACK TOPPING

Type I (Old)
Base course = 150 + 100 = 250mm thickness
150mm = 40-63mm, (Rolling)
100mm = 20-50mm, (Rolling) Premix = 25mm + blinding material (Rolling by applying
water)
Sand Seal coat
Resurfacing: 20mm
Type -II (New) Granular Sub-Base (GSB)
coarse graded (70mm below) Wet Mix Macadam (WMM) (40 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm &
Soil) mix with water
Concrete 20mm

Fig:-20

40

5.4 Construction of RCC Road

Fig:-21

Fig-22

41

5.4.1 Tie bars

fig:-23

5.4.1Forms, Steel form

fig:-24

42

CHAPTER:-6

43

CHAPTER:-6
6 . Road Construction and Maintenance
RCC Road materials, test and construction practices
Routine maintenance, periodic maintenance
Common causes of failure, long life roads
The Road Construction Process The type of road construction used varies from one job to
another. The type of construction adopted for a particular road depends on: the volume and
nature of traffic to use the road,
The nature of the materials available,
The topography,
Foundation conditions,
Type and availability of construction equipment, and

6 .1 Planning, programming and preconstruction activities;

Site clearance;
Setting out;
Earthworks;
Bridge construction;
Drainage structures;
Pavement construction;
Placement of road surfacing;
Placement of road furniture; and
Landscaping.

44

6.2 Earthworks properly

The eventual aim of the earthworks phase of the construction is to position the subgrade
underlying the pavement layers in the right location and at the correct level, and to provide
drainage. The operations to be performed are

Formation of cuttings by excavating through high ground,

Formation of embankments by filling over low ground,

Shaping the finished surface to design levels, and

Excavating for drainage works.

The earth works is often the largest task in the road building process and therefore careful
planning and organization are essential. Speed and efficiency depend very much upon the
quantity and types of earthmoving plant available.

6.3 Sequence of Operations

The normal sequence of operations in cut and fills work is:

6.3.1 In Cut

Excavate to the depth necessary to reach formation level,

Transport away from the site undesirable material such as organic soils,

Haul suitable materials from cuts to fill areas, and

Suitably dispose of any excess cut material

45

6.3.2 In Fill
Drain water from depressions and dispose of any unsuitable underlying material, spread fill
material in horizontal layers not more than 250 mm thick , and thoroughly compact these
layers to required density.

6.4 pavement construction

Gravel and crushed rock pavements

Source: pits, quarries.

Haulage: trucks.

Spreading: grader or paver.

Compaction: higher compaction standard than sub grade different roller types used.
Accuracy of levels important.

Asphalt pavements

Manufacture: fixed plants (up to 400

Tone

Per hour), or large mobile plants.

Haulage: trucks.

Placement: paving machine.

Compaction: rollers smooth vibrating drum and pneumatic tyred.

6.5 cement concrete pavements

Manufacture: ready mixed batching
Haulage: agitator truck plant.
Large quantities: site manufacture + normal trucks.

46

CHAPTER:-7

47

CHAPTER:-7
7.DETAILS OF MEASURMENT AND CALCULATION OF
QUANTITIES

48

49

ABSTRACT COST

50

51

52

Fig:-25

53

CONCLUSION
The project, designing of RCC Road for a minor Road 800 Meter is the consequence of
prestigious RCC Road project. In the construction course of RCC Road, a four lane road
way has to be extended to six lanes, to avoid the occurrence of traffic problems. The minor
RCC Road in this course also has to be extended. We took existing RCC Road as an
example and designed retaining wall for the six lane road way. Each section has been
analysed for failure against sliding, overturning, tension and bearing capacity. After doing
trials for many sections, we got a section satisfying all the safety conditions, approximating
the standard dimensions of gravity RCC Road. The location of minor bridge being in rocky
strata, with mushroom soil, we got a high bearing capacity value. Taking this as a
reference, we also designed two economical sections- with reduced dimensions. Hence,
apart from the main modified section other two sections can also be considered to make the
project economical, which is the main philosophy behind the project.

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REFFERENCE
For the designing of RCC road, we refer zila parishad karauli. This is suggested by
Er.M.L.MEENA, who also guide us in this project. We have collected few data from the
original project. Then we also refer the book SOR schedule of rates for the estimating and
costing. And refer the Wikipedia for the unknown details for the making of the project.
www.google.co.in,

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