Mid-Term Study Guide

Chapter 1- Preparing to Act

Know all the goals of first aid
Keep Victim Alive
Prevent Victims condition from getting worse
Promote early recovery
Ensure they receive appropriate care
Definitions of consent, know what rules apply for consent
Consent
o Tell them who you are, your training
o Responsive
Expressed
Verbal
o Implied
Unresponsive victim
Assumed for child if parent not present
Understand the difference between scope of care and standard of care
Scope of care perform only trained techniques
Standard of care how others with the same training would respond
Know the three conditions of negligence
You have a duty to act
You breach that duty
Your actions cause injury / damage
What protects you from being guilty of abandonment?
Good Samaritan Law
What is confidentiality?
Dont tell anyone except health care providers of the victims conditions
Dont talk about the victims medical conditions after the event

Chapter 2 Acting In an Emergency

Remember how infectious diseases are transmitted
Infectious pathogen leaves body, we touch it directly or indirectly
Review the blood borne diseases
HIV
Hep B has vaccination
Hep C
Review the standard precautions and how to protect yourself from blood borne diseases
Avoid contact with all bodily fluids
Protection with all victims all the time Use PPE
Absorb bodily fluids and dispose of it properly
Review the steps for what to do in all emergencies
1. Recognize the emergency
2. Check the scene
3. Check the victim
4. Call 9-1-1 (If appropriate)
5. Give first aid

6. Have victim seek medical attention

What are you supposed to do after an emergency?
Tell responders in detail what you observed, and care given
Clean area and wash hands
Coping with trauma
Talk to someone
Remind yourself that your reaction is normal
Seek help

Chapter 3 The Human Body

Review the primary areas (cavitys) of the body and what organs are in those areas

Cranial cavity - brain

Spinal column spinal cord
Thoracic cavity heart, lungs
Diaphragm large muscle below thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity intestines, kidney, liver
Pelvic cavity - bladder
Extremities arms, legs
Know the 10 body systems and a key function of each
Respiratory system
o Lungs
o Move air in and out of lungs
Cardiovascular system
o Heart
o Transport blood to lungs, oxygen to body, regulates body temp
Nervous system
o Brain, spinal cord, nerves
o Gather information about environment
Musculoskeletal system
o Bones, muscles, ligaments, tendons
o Provide body shape and support, protect vital organs, produce blood cells
Integumentary system
o Skin, nails, hair, glands
o Sensation, protect body, regulate body temp, prevent water loss
Gastrointestinal system
o Stomach, intestines, liver
o Digest food, extract nutrients
Lymphatic and Immune system
o Glands
o Defend against disease
Endocrine system
o Glands
o Produce hormones
Urinary system
o Kidneys, ureters, bladder
o Blood transports waste to kidneys, filters waste, produces urine

Reproductive system
o Penis, vagina
o Repopulation
Review the body systems, the primary organs of each, what the functions of the systems are,
and how the systems work together

Chapter 4 Assessing the Victim

Explain how to check the victims responsiveness and normal breathing

Responsive speaking, coughing, or moving. Purposeful eye movement if paralyzed.

Tap person and shout are you okay?
AVPU Scale (what is it?)

Explain the importance of each element in the SAMPLE history and what each letter of SAMPLE means

Signs and Symptoms

Allergies
Medications
Previous problems
Last meals
Events

What is the recovery position, how do you position them, and why do we use it?

HAINES Recovery position keeps airway open, allows fluid to drain from mouth

Chapter 4 Assessing the Victim (cont.)

Review how to perform a physical examination of a responsive victim without a lifethreatening problem
Examine victim head to toe. DOTS.

Chapter 5 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Know the age categories for adults, children, and infants related to differences in basic life support
skills
Know the steps in the cardiac chain of survival
Remember when to call 9-1-1 before starting CPR and when to give 2 minutes of CPR before calling
9-1-1 (call first, call fast)
Review the procedures for giving CPR, including how long to deliver the breaths (and what happens if
you do not do it correctly), depth of compressions.

Chapter 6 Automated External Defibrillators (AED)

Know how AEDs work to correct an abnormal heart rhythm

Describe when an AED should be used and ALL of the basic steps for use
Know how to use an AED with an adult, child or infant
Know the special considerations to be aware of when using an AED with certain types of
victims or situations

Chapter 7 Airway Obstructions

Universal sign of choking
Hands around the throat
How to perform choking care for a responsive adult, child and infant
Encourage coughing, call 9-1-1 if object is not immediately expelled.
Give abdominal thrusts (Heimlich)
How to perform choking care for an unresponsive adult, child and infant
Call 9-1-1, start CPR.

Chapter 8 Controlling Bleeding

Know the effects of blood loss and the bodys mechanisms to control bleeding (diagram on page____)

>30% blood loss results in lack of oxygen and shock. More critical in infants / children.
Know the different types of external bleeding
Capillary
Venous
Arterial
Review ALL the steps for controlling external bleeding
Apply direct pressure on wound with dressing for 5 mins
Add dressings if bleeding continues
Apply pressure bandages if needed to maintain pressure
Treat victim for shock if needed
Know the steps for caring for a bruise.
Check for possible fracture or sprain
Apply ice pack on area
Keep the extremity raised
The signs and symptoms of internal bleeding and know EVERY step to provide first aid
Lie victim on back
Call 9-1-1
Be alert for vomiting, put in recovery position if needed
Keep body temp regulated
If victim is unresponsive be ready to give CPR

Chapter 9 Shock
Know what happens inside the body with severe blood loss
Not enough oxygen-rich blood reaching vital organs
List common causes of shock (the four types that we reviewed in class)
Severe bleeding
Anaphylaxis
Dehydration
Heart attack
Review the first aid steps for a victim in shock
Care for life threatening injuries first
Check for responsiveness, normal breathing, and bleeding
Call 9-1-1
Lie victim on back, raise legs 6-12 inches off ground
Be alert for vomiting
Maintain body temp
Review the procedures for first aid for anaphylaxis
Call 9-1-1
Help victim use epi-pen
Monitor victims breathing and be ready to give CPR
Help victim sit up in an easy breathing position.
How and when to use an emergency epinephrine auto-injector (if available)
If victim suffers from an allergic reaction, help victim open and apply

Chapter 10 Wounds and Soft Tissue Injuries

Review how to clean a wound and agents not to be used
Gently wash shallow wound with large amounts of warm water
Do NOT use alcohol, hydrogen peroxide or iodine
Know the signs and symptoms of an infected wound and what to do about it
Wound area is red, swollen, warm, painful, pus filled
Use antibiotic ointment and see a health care provider
Know the standard guidelines for using dressings and bandages such as:
- best types
- gauze, roller gauze, ace wraps,
- what to do if the dressing gets saturated
- apply more dressings over top
- what you might see if the bandage is to tight
- circulation cut off, redness
Review the first aid steps for:
punctures
gently press on wound edges to promote bleeding
cover wound with dressing and bandage
wounds with impaled objects
leave object in place, put dressings around object
avulsions
move skin into normal position, control bleeding
amputations
care for victim and wound first, amputated part later
injuries of the genitals, scalp and specific facial areas
genitals
o provide privacy, use direct pressure. Support with towel between legs
scalp
o consider neck / spinal cord injury, dont move victims head. Use direct pressure
face
o dont put pressure on eyeball. Movement of eye worsens injury.
o If large object in eye, cover both eyes.

Chapter 11 Fires and Burns

Know what happens to the body when it receives a burn

Fluid loss, loss of body heat, damage to nerve endings, tissue damage
Know the differences among first-, second- and third-degree burns
1st - Superficial, outer layer of skin
o stop the burning with cool water. Remove clothing. Protect burn.
2nd partial thickness, deeper layers of skin
o stop the burning with cool water. Call 9-1-1. Remove clothing. Apply loose nonstick dressing.
rd
3 full thickness, all layers of skin

o stop the burning with cool water. Remove clothing. Call 9-1-1. Treat shock.
Apply loose non-stick dressing.
Know the treatment first aid for first-, second- and third-degree burns
Know the first aid for smoke inhalation
get victim to fresh air. Call 9-1-1. Help victim breath easily.
The first aid for chemical burns
flush substance off skin with water as soon as possible, until EMS arrives.
The first aid for electrical burns and shocks
dont touch victim until safe. Unplug or turn off power.
Call 9-1-1.
Give BLS to unresponsive victim.
Care for burn.
Treat for shock.