Material balance reaction Compound forming

Reference
Himmelblau DM. 1989.
Basic
Principles
and
Calculations in Chemical
Engineering, 5th edition.
Prentice-Hall International,
Inc., Singapore.

Stoichiometry
Refers to quantities of reactants and products
in a balanced chemical reaction.
aA + bB
cC + dD
i.e. a moles of A react with b moles of B to give c
moles of C and d moles of D.
a,b,c,d are stoichiometric coefficient
the stoichiometric factor = stoichiometric moles
reactant required per mole product

Limiting reactant/excess reactant

In practice a reactant may be used in excess of
the stoichiometric quantity for various
reasons.
In this case the other reactant is limiting (i.e.,
it will limit the yield of product(s))
Limiting/excess reactant usually applied for
reversible reaction
aA + bB
cC + dD

Limiting reactant/excess reactant

Paul Ashall, 2008

Conversion

Examples
A
B
i.e. stoichiometric coefficients a = -1; b = 1
100 kmol fresh feed A; 90 % single pass
conversion in reactor; unreacted A is
separated and recycled
Therefore overall process conversion is 100%
Overall
process

Recycle
Feed

reactor

separation

Produk

Reaction Systems
input

accumulation
within
the
system

Process

input
through
system
boundaries
generation
within
the
system

output

output
through
system
boundaries
consumption
within
the
system

Reaction Systems
input

Process

output

Combustion Process of Flow System

Combustion and Dry Ice Production

In the combustion of heptane, CO2 is produced.
Assume that you want to produce 500 kg of dry
ice per hour and that 50% of the CO2 can be
converted into dry ice. How many kilograms of
heptane must be burned per hour?
Reaction: C7H16 + O2 CO2+ H2O
MW C7H16 = 100 kg/kg mol C7H16

Other
products

Gas C7H16

CO2 gas
(50%)

Engine

CO2 solid
(50%), 500 kg/hr

Corrosion of Pipes in Boilers

Corrosion of pipes in boilers by oxygen can be
alleviated through the use of sodium sulfite. Sodium
sulfite removes oxygen from boiler feedwater by the
following reaction:
2 Na2SO3 + O2 2 Na2SO4
How many pounds of sodium sulfite are theoretically
required (for complete reaction) to remove the
oxygen from 8.33 x 106 lb of water containing 10.0
ppm of dissolved oxygen and at the same time
maintain a 35% excess of sodium sulfite?

H2O: 8.33x106 lb
10 ppm O2

H2O: 8.33x106 lb
no O2
Na2SO3

Combustion Product
Flue or stack gas (wet basis)
all the gases resulting from a
combustion process, including the
water vapor
Orsat analysis (dry basis)
all the gases resulting from the
combustion process, excluding the
water vapor

CO2
CO
O2
N2
SO2
H2O

Combustion

Example of Excess Air

Compressed propane has been suggested as a
source of economic power for vehicles.
Suppose that in a test C3H8 is burned with 400
lb of air to produce 44 lb of CO2 and 12 lb of
CO. What was the percent excess air and how
many propane was burned?
Reaction:
C3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O
C3H8 + O2 CO + H2O

Contoh Reaksi dengan Udara Berlebih

Material Balance with Combustion

A salesperson comes to the door selling a service
designed to check chimney rot. He explains that
if the CO2 content of the gases leaving the chimney
rises above 15%, it is dangerous to your health, is
against the city code, and causes your chimney to
rot. On checking the flue gas from the furnace, he
finds it is 30% CO2. Suppose that you are burning
natural gas which is about 100% CH4 and that the
air supply is adjusted to provide 130% excess air.
Do you need his service?

Material Balance with Combustion

Feed: CH4 100%

Chimney

Product: CO2 ?%
Product: H2O ?%

Air: O2 21%
Air: N2 79%

Reaction:
CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O
Basis: 1.00 mole of CH4
Stoichiometry:
1.00 mol CH4 requires 2.00 mol O2 and
produces 1.00 mol CO2 and 2.00 mol H2O

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Material Balance with Combustion

Feed: CH4 100%

Product: CO2 ?%
Product: H2O ?%

Chimney

Air: O2 21%
Air: N2 79%

Output
CH4
O2
N2
CO2
H2O
Total

mol
0
2.60
17.3
1.00
2.00
22.9

%
0
11.4
75.5
4.4
8.7
10.34

It is calculated that the CO2 in the flue gas is 4,4 %.

It explaines that we do not need his service.

11

CH4
O2
N2
CO2
H2O
Total

mol
1
4.6
17.3
0
0
22.9

Input
%
mass
16
4.3
147.2 20.1
488.4 75.6

651.6

100

Output
mass

mol
0
2.60
83.2
17.3 488.4
1.00
44
2.00
36
22.9 651.6

%
0
11.4
75.5
4.4
8.7
100

Combustion of Ethane
Ethane is initially mixed with oxygen to obtain
a gas containing 80% C2H6 and 20% O2 that is
then burned in an engine with 200% excess
air. Eighty percent of the ethane goes to CO2,
10% goes to CO, and 10% remains unburned.
Calculate the composition of the exhaust gas
on a wet basis and dry basis.

12

Fuel Gas
C2H6 80 lb mole
O2 20 lb mole

Engine

Air,
200% excess
O2 21%
N2 79%

Exhaust Gas
C2H6
CO2 Proct:
CO
O2
N2
H2O

13

224
20

Exhaust Gas in Wet Basis

Component
C2H6
O2
N2
CO2
CO
H 2O
Total

Fuel
80
20
100

lb mol
Air
780
2934
3714

Percent in
Exhaust gas exhaust gas
8
0.21
556
14.41
2934
76.05
128
3.32
16
0.41
216
5.60
3858
100.00

14

Exhaust Gas in Dry Basis

Component
C2H6
O2
N2
CO2
CO
Total

Fuel
80
20
100

lb mol
Air
780
2934
3714

Percent in
exhaust
gas
Exhaust gas
8
0.22
556
15.27
2934
80.56
128
3.51
16
0.44
3642
100.00

15