REPORT

Industrial Training
for

gajra gears dewas

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

SUBMITTED BY

SUBMITTED TO

Manish Jain

R. B, Dutta

(Sch. No.111116040)
B.Tech (Final Year)
MANIT-Bhopal

factory manager
gajra gears dewas

Acknowledgem
ent

Summer training is a
golden opportunity for
learning
and
selfdevelopment. I consider
myself very lucky and
honored to have so many
wonderful people lead me
through in completion of
this project.

My grateful thanks to Mr.

R. B. Dutta Sir who in
spite
of
being
extraordinarily busy with
their duties, took time out
to hear, guide and keep
me on the correct path. I
do not know where I
would have been without
him. A humble Thank
you Sir. I am also very
thankful to Mr. K.K. Sinha,
for his guidence in heat
treatment plant.

Last but not the least

there were so many who
shared
valuable
information that helped in
the successful completion
of this project.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation work entitled Gear
manufacturing processes is a bonafide work carried out
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of
Bachelor of Technology in MechanicalEngineering
from Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology,
Bhopal during the year 2011-2015.

Project Guide
Mr R. B . Dutta

ABOUT THE INDUSTRY

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
The Gajra Group made its beginnings in 1950 with the formation of Elve
Corporation. Originally trading in diesel engines and spares it then moved
on to making Gears in 1962 with the set up of Gajra Gears. After
establishing a name in automotive gears the group further added to its
capabilities by setting up Gajra Differential Gears in 1991. With a modest
beginning the group has over the years expanded its product range. The
Gajra Group now offers transmission and differential gears, cutting tools
and toolings (jigs, fixtures) that serve the purpose of manufacturing these
gears, material handling pallets for the safe movement of these goods and
machined castings and assemblies.

Plant Layout

Automotive Industry
Global Position of Indian Automotive Industry:
Automotive industry plays a pivotal role in country's rapid economic and
industrial development. It caters to the requirement of equipment for
basic industries like \ steel, non-ferrous metals, fertilizers, refineries,
petrochemicals, shipping, textiles, plastics, glass, rubber, capital
equipments, logistics, paper, cement, sugar, etc. It\ facilitates the
improvement in various infrastructure facilities like power, rail and road
transport. Due to its deep forward and backward linkages with almost

every segment of the economy, the industry has a strong and positive
multiplier effect and thus propels progress of a nation. The automotive
industry comprises of the automobile and the auto component sectors. It
includes passenger cars; light, medium and heavy commercial vehicles;
multi-utility vehicles such as jeeps, scooters, motor-cycles, three wheelers,
tractors, etc; and auto components like engine parts, drive and
transmission parts, suspension and braking parts, electrical, body and
chassis parts; etc.
In India, automotive is one of the largest industries showing impressive
growth over the years and has been significantly making increasing
contribution to overall industrial development in the country. Presently,
India is fifth largest manufacturer of commercial vehicles as well as
largest manufacturer of tractors. The sector has shown great advances in
terms of development, spread, absorption of newer technologies and
flexibility in the wake of changing business scenario.
The Indian automotive industry has made rapid strides since delicensing
and opening up of the sector in 1991. It has witnessed the entry of
several new manufacturers with the state-of-art technology, thus
replacing the monopoly of
few manufacturers. The norms for foreign investment and import of
technology have also been liberalised over the
years for manufacture of vehicles.
(Source: Website of Business Portal of India: Industry and Services:
Automobile Industry)
6

Domestic Scenario
Indian Economy:
There was a significant slowdown in the growth rate in the second half of
2008-09, following the financial crisis that began in the industrialised
nations in 2007 and spread to the real economy across the world. The
growth rate of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2008-09 was 6.7 per
cent, with growth in the last two quarters hovering around 6 per cent. The
real turnaround came in the second quarter of 2009-10 when the
economy grew by 7.9 per cent. As per the advance estimates of GDP for
2009-10, released by the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO), the
economy is expected to grow at 7.2 per cent in 2009-10, with the
industrial and the service sectors growing at 8.2 and 8.7 per cent
respectively. This recovery is impressive for at least three reasons. First, it
has come about despite a decline of 0.2 per cent in agricultural output,
which was the consequence of sub-normal monsoons. Second, it
foreshadows
renewed momentum in the manufacturing sector, which had seen
continuous decline in the growth rate for almost eight quarters since 200708. Indeed, manufacturing growth has more than doubled from 3.2 per
cent in 2008-09 to
8.9 per cent in 2009-10. Third, there has been a recovery in the growth
rate of gross fixed capital formation, which had declined significantly in
2008-09 as per the revised National Accounts Statistics (NAS).

GEAR
A gear is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or cogs,
which mesh with another toothed part in order to transmit
torque. Two or more gears working in tandem are called a
transmission and can produce a mechanical advantage
through a gear ratio and thus may be considered a simple
machine. Geared devices can change the speed, torque,
and direction of a power source. The most common
situation is for a gear to mesh with another gear; however,
a gear can also mesh with a non-rotating toothed part,
called a rack, thereby
producing translation instead of rotation.
The gears in a transmission are analogous to the wheels
in a pulley. An advantage of gears is that the teeth of a
gear prevent slipping.
When two gears of unequal number of teeth are combined,
a mechanical advantage is produced, with both the
rotational speeds and the torques of the two gears
differing in a simple relationship.
In transmissions which offer multiple gear ratios, such as
bicycles and cars, the term gear, as in first gear, refers to
a gear ratio rather than an actual physical gear. The term
is used to describe similar devices even when the gear
ratio is continuous rather than discrete, or when the
device does not actually contain any gears, as in a
continuously variable transmission.
Gears are mechanical components within machines
and mechanical assemblies which transmit power and
motion through successive engagement of their
peripheral teeth. Gears perform certain key functions
with machines and assemblies, including:

Reversing rotational direction

Altering angular orientation of rotary motion

Converting rotary to linear motion and vice-versa
Altering speed and power transmission ratios
8

Gear design is based upon an involute curve form which

imparts a rolling, rather than sliding action between
engaging teeth. This rolling action provides a uniform
rotary action that lowers both friction and wear of the
gear teeth.

TYPES OF GEARS
SPUR GEARS
Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the
simplest type of gear. They consist of a
cylinder or disk with the teeth projecting
radially, and although they are not
straight-sided in form, the edge of each
tooth is

straight and aligned parallel to the axis of rotation.

These gears can be meshed together correctly only if
they are fitted to parallel shafts.
HELICAL GEAR
Helical or "dry fixed" gears offer a refinement over spur
gears. The leading edges of the teeth are not parallel to
the axis of rotation, but are set at an angle. Since the gear
is curved, this angling causes the tooth shape to be a
segment of a helix. Helical gears can
be meshed in parallel or crossed
orientations. The former refers to when
the shafts are parallel to each other; this
is the most common orientation. In the
latter, the shafts are non-parallel, and in
this configuration the gears are
sometimes known as "skew gears".
The angled teeth engage more gradually than do spur gear
teeth, causing them to run more smoothly and quietly. With
parallel helical gears, each pair of teeth first make contact
at a single point at one side of the gear wheel; a moving
curve of contact then grows gradually across the tooth face
to a maximum then recedes until the teeth break contact
at a single point on the opposite side. In spur gears, teeth

suddenly meet at a line contact across their entire width

causing stress and noise. Spur gears make a characteristic
whine at high speeds. Whereas spur gears are used for low
speed applications and those situations where noise
control is not
10

a problem, the use of helical gears is indicated when

the application involves high speeds, large power
transmission, or where noise abatement is important.
The speed is considered to be high when the pitch line
velocity exceeds 25 m/s.
A disadvantage of helical gears is a resultant thrust along
the axis of the gear, which needs to be accommodated by
appropriate thrust bearings, and a greater degree of
sliding friction between the meshing teeth, often
addressed with additives in the lubricant.

For a 'crossed' or 'skew' configuration, the gears must

have the same pressure angle and normal pitch; however,
the helix angle and handedness can be different. The
relationship between the two shafts is actually defined by
the helix angle(s) of the two shafts and the handedness,
as defined
for gears of the same handedness
for gears of opposite handedness
Where is the helix angle of gear. The crossed
configuration is less mechanically sound because there
is only a point contact between the gears, whereas in
the parallel configuration there is a line contact.
Quite commonly, helical gears are used with the helix
angle of one having the negative of the helix angle of the
other; such a pair might also be referred to as having a
right-handed helix and a left-handed helix of equal angles.
The two equal but opposite angles add to zero: the angle
between shafts is zero that is, the shafts are parallel.
Where the sum or the difference (as described in the
equations above) is not zero the shafts are crossed. For
shafts crossed at right angles, the helix angles are of the
same hand because they must add to 90 degrees.

DOUBLE HELICAL
11

Double helical gears, or herringbone gears, overcome the

problem of axial thrust presented by "single" helical gears,
by having two sets of teeth that are set in a V shape. A
double helical gear can be thought of as two mirrored
helical gears joined together. This arrangement cancels
out the net axial thrust, since each half of the gear thrusts
in the opposite direction resulting in a net axial force of
zero. This arrangement can remove the need for thrust
bearings. However, double helical gears are more difficult
to manufacture due to their more complicated shape.
For both possible rotational directions, there exist two
possible arrangements for the oppositely-oriented helical
gears or gear faces. One arrangement is stable, and the
other is unstable. In a stable orientation, the helical gear
faces are oriented so that each axial force is directed
toward the centre of the gear. In an unstable orientation,
both axial forces are directed away from the centre of the
gear. In both arrangements, the total (or net) axial force on
each gear is zero when the gears are aligned correctly. If
the gears become misaligned in the axial direction, the
unstable arrangement will generate a net force that may
lead to disassembly of the gear train, while
the stable arrangement generates a
net corrective force. If the direction
of rotation is reversed, the direction
of the axial thrusts is also reversed,
so a stable configuration becomes
unstable, and vice versa.
Stable double helical gears can
be directly interchanged with
spur gears without any need for
different bearings.

BEVEL
12

A bevel gear is shaped like a right circular cone with most

of its tip cut off. When two bevel gears mesh, their
imaginary vertices must occupy the same point. Their shaft
axes also intersect at this point, forming an arbitrary nonstraight angle between the shafts. The angle between the
shafts can be anything except zero or 180 degrees. Bevel
gears with equal numbers of teeth and shaft axes at 90
degrees are called mitre gears.
SPIRAL BEVEL
The teeth of a bevel gear may be straightcut as with spur gears, or they may be cut in a variety of
other shapes. Spiral bevel gear teeth are curved along
the tooth's length and set at an angle, analogously to the
way
helical gear teeth are set at
an angle compared to spur
gear teeth. Zerol bevel gears
have teeth which are curved
along their length, but not
angled. Spiral bevel gears
have the same advantages
and disadvantages
relative to their straight-cut cousins as helical gears do to
spur gears. Straight bevel gears are generally used only at
speeds below 5 m/s (1000 ft/min), or, for small gears,
1000 r.p.m.

HYPOID
13

Hypoid gears resemble spiral bevel gears except the shaft

axes do not intersect. The pitch surfaces appear conical
but, to compensate for the offset shaft, are in fact
hyperboloids of revolution. Hypoid gears are almost
always designed to operate with shafts at 90 degrees.
Depending on which side the shaft is offset to, relative to
the angling of the teeth, contact between hypoid gear
teeth may be even smoother and more gradual than with
spiral bevel gear teeth. Also, the pinion can be designed
with fewer teeth than a spiral bevel pinion, with the result
that gear ratios of 60:1 and higher are feasible using a
single set of hypoid gears. This style of gear is most
commonly found
driving mechanical differentials;
which are normally straight cut
bevel gears; in motor vehicle
axles.
RACK & PINION
A rack is a toothed bar or rod that can be thought of as a
sector gear with an infinitely large radius of curvature.
Torque can be converted to linear force by meshing a rack
with a pinion: the pinion turns; the rack moves in a straight
line. Such a mechanism is used in automobiles to convert
the rotation of the steering wheel into the left-to-right
motion of the tie rod(s). Racks also feature in the theory of
gear
geometry, where, for instance, the
tooth shape of an interchangeable set
of gears may be specified for the rack
(infinite radius).

Gear Terminology
There are several gear and gear-tooth dimensions and
terms important to the understanding of gear production
and finishing processes. These terms include:
14

Base Circle: The diameter from which the involute tooth

profile is developed.

Pitch Circle: The imaginary rolling circle produced

by the meshing gears during rotation. Also known as
the Pitch Diameter.

Line of Centers: Line connecting the Pitch Circle

centers of mating gears.

Pitch Point: The point of tangency of two gear Pitch

Circles,

15

through the Line of Centers.

Line of Action: A line tangent to the Base Circles of

mating gears, through the Pitch Point and thus the path
of tooth contact.

Pressure Angle: The angle formed between the

Line of Action and a line tangent to the Pitch Point.

Outside Circle: The outside diameter of gear. Also

known as the Addendum Circle.

Root Circle: The diameter of the gear at the tooth

base. Also known as the Dedendum Circle.

Addendum: The radial distance between the Pitch Circle

and the Outside Circle of the gear.

Dedendum: The radial distance between the Pitch Circle

and the Root Circle.

Tooth Thickness: The thickness of the gear tooth

measured along the Pitch Circle.

Circular Pitch: The length of the arc along the

Pitch Circle between corresponding points of
adjacent teeth.

Face Width: The width of gear tooth measured axially.

Tooth Face: The mating surface of a gear tooth

between the Outside Circle and the Pitch Circle.
16

Tooth Flank: The mating surface of a gear tooth

measured between the Pitch Circle and the Root Circle.

Flow-chart showing gear manufacturing process

17

Gear Manufacturing
Introduction
18

Because of their capability for transmitting motion and

power, gears are among the most important of all
machine elements. Special attention is paid to gear
manufacturing because of the specific requirements to
the gears. The gear tooth flanks have a complex and
precise shape with high requirements to the surface
finish.
Materials used to produce gears may include steel-which
is the most common material, and various non-ferrous
materials including plastics and composites.
Manufacturing methods include: machining, forging,
casting, stamping, powder-metallurgy techniques, and
plastic injection molding. Of these, machining is the
most common manufacturing method used. Gear
machining is classified into two categories:
1. Gear Generating
2. Gear Form-Cutting
Gear generating
Gear generating involves gear cutting through the relative
motion of a rotating cutting tool and the generating, or
rotational, motion of the work piece. The two primary
generating processes are hobbing and shaping.In gear
generating, the tooth flanks are obtained (generated) as an
outline of the subsequent positions of the cutter, which
resembles in shape the mating gear in the gear pair
HOBBING:
Hobbing uses a helically fluted cutting tool called a hob.
Both the hob and the work piece rotate as the hob is fed
axially across the gear blank. Hobbing is limited to
producing external gear teeth on spur and helical gears.
Hobbing can be performed on a single gear blank, but
also allows for stacking of multiple work pieces,

increasing production rates.

Gear hobbing is a machining process in which gear
teeth are progressively generated by a series of cuts
with a helical cutting tool (hob).
19

All motions in hobbing are rotary, and the hob and

gear blank rotate continuously as in two gears
meshing until all teeth are cut.
When bobbing a spur gear, the angle between the hob
and gear blank axes is 90 minus the lead angle at the
hob threads. For helical gears, the hob is set so that the
helix angle of the hob is parallel with the tooth direction
of the gear being cut. Additional movement along the
tooth length is necessary in order to cut the whole tooth
length:
SHAPPING
Shaping produces gears by rotating the work piece in
contact with a reciprocating cutting tool. The cutter may be
pinion shaped, a multi-tooth rack-shaped cutter, or a
single-point cutting tool.
This modification of the gear shaping process is defined as
a process for generating gear teeth by a rotating and
reciprocating pinion-shaped cutter.
The cutter axis is parallel to the gear axis. The cutter
rotates slowly in timed relationship with the gear blank
at the same pitch-cycle velocity, with an axial primary
reciprocating motion, to produce the gear teeth.
A train of gears provides the required relative motion
between the cutter shaft and the gear-blank shaft.
Cutting may take place either at the downstroke or
upstroke of the machine. Because the clearance
required for cutter travel is small, gear
shaping is suitable for gears that
are located close to obstructing
surfaces such as flanges. The tool is
called gear cutter and resembles in
shape the mating gear from the
conjugate gear pair, the other gear

being the blank.

Gear shaping is one of the most
versatile of all gear cutting
operations used to produce
internal gears, external gears, and integral gear-pinion
arrangements.
20

Advantages of gear shaping with pinion-shaped cutter are

the high dimensional accuracy achieved and the not too
expensive tool. The process is applied for finishing
operation in all types of production rates

Generating action of a gearshaper cutter; (Bottom) series of

photographs
showing
various
stages in generating one tooth in
a gear by means of a gear
shaper, action taking place from
right to left, corresponding to a
diagram above. One tooth of the
cutter was painted white.

Gear forming

21

In gear form cutting, the cutting edge of the cutting

tool has a shape identical with the shape of the space
between the gear
teeth.
Two machining operations, milling and
broaching can be employed to form cut gear
teeth.

The principle of gear forming

Form milling
In form milling, the cutter called a form cutter travels
axially along the length of the gear tooth at
the appropriate depth to produce the gear tooth. After
each tooth is cut, the cutter is withdrawn, the gear
blank is rotated (indexed), and the cutter proceeds to
cut another tooth. The process continues until all teeth
are cut.

Each cutter is designed to cut a range of tooth numbers.

The precision of the form-cut tooth profile depends on
the accuracy of the cutter and the machine and its
stiffness.

22

Dividing head (Left), and footstock

Form cutters for finishing
cutting (Left) and

for rough cuts (Right).

(Right) used to

index the gear blank in form

milling.

In form milling, indexing of the gear blank is required to

cut all the teeth. Indexing is the process of evenly
dividing the circumference of a gear blank into equally
spaced divisions. The index head of the indexing fixture
is used for this purpose.
The index fixture consists of an index head (also
dividing head, gear cutting attachment) and footstock,
which is similar to the tailstock of a lathe. The index
head and footstock attach to the worktable of the
milling machine. An index plate containing graduations
is used to control the rotation of the index head spindle.
Gear blanks are held between centers by the index
head spindle and footstock. Work-pieces may also be
held in a chuck mounted to the index head spindle or
may be fitted directly into the taper spindle recess of
some indexing fixtures.
Broaching
Broaching can also be used to produce gear teeth and is
particularly applicable to internal teeth. The process is
rapid and produces fine surface finish with high
dimensional accuracy. However, because broaches are

expensive-and a separate broach is required for each

size of gear-this method is suitable mainly for highquantity production.

Broaching the teeth of a gear segment by horizontal

external broaching in one pass.

24

2
5

Gear Finishing
After manufacturing, gears require a number of finishing
operations. Finishing operations include heat treatment
and final dimensional and surface finishing. This
finishing can be accomplished using:
Shaving
Grinding
Honing
Shaving is performed with a cutter having the exact
shape of the

26

finished gear tooth. Only small amounts of material are

removed by a rolling and reciprocating action. The
process is fast but generally expensive due to the cost of
machinery and tooling. Shaving is typically performed
prior to heat treating.
Grinding sometimes serves as an initial gear production
process, but is most often employed for gear finishing.
Grinding is classified as either form grinding or involutegeneration grinding.
Form grinding uses wheels having the exact shape of the
tooth spacing. The grinding wheels are either vitrifiedbond wheels, which require periodic re-dressing, or Cubic
Boron Nitride (CBN) wheels, which can last hundreds of
times longer than vitrified
wheels without dressing. Involutegeneration grinding refers to a
grinding wheel or wheels used to
finish the gear tooth by axially
rotating the workpiece while it is
reciprocated in an angular
direction, which in turn is
determined by the type of gear
being finished. This type of
grinding is performed either intermittently or
continuously. Intermittent grinding uses tooth profiles
dressed on cup wheels, or on one or two single-rib
wheels. Each tooth is ground individually, then the next is
indexed to the wheel. Continuous grinding uses grinding
wheels with the rack profile dressed helically on the
outside diameter. Both the grinding wheel and the work
turn in timed relationship for continuous finishing.

Honing involves the meshing of the gear teeth in a cross

axis
27

relationship with a plastic, abrasive impregnated gear

shaped tool. The tool traverses the tooth surface in a
back and forth movement parallel to the workpiece axis.
Honing polishes the gear tooth surface and can be used
to correct minor errors in gear tooth geometry.

LAPPING
Lapping is a machining process, in which two surfaces are
rubbed together with an abrasive between them, by hand
movement or by way of a machine.
This can take two forms. The first type of lapping
(traditionally called grinding), typically involves rubbing
a brittle material such as glass against a surface such as
iron or glass itself (also known as the "lap" or grinding
tool) with an abrasive such as aluminum oxide,
jeweller's rouge, optician's rouge, emery, silicon
carbide, diamond, etc., in between them. This produces
microscopic conchoidal fractures as the abrasive rolls
about between the two surfaces and removes material
from both.
Lapping and polishing is a process by which material is
precisely removed from a workpiece (or specimen) to
produce a desired dimension, surface finish, or shape. The
process of lapping and polishing materials has been
applied to a wide range of materials and applications,
ranging from metals, glasses, optics, semiconductors, and
ceramics. Lapping and polishing techniques are beneficial
due to the precision and control with which material can
be removed. Surface finishes in the nanometer range can

also be produced using these

28

techniques, which makes lapping and polishing an

attractive method for materials processing.
Lapping is the removal of material to produce a smooth,
flat, unpolished surface. Lapping processes are used to
produce dimensionally accurate specimens to high
tolerances (generally less than 2.5 m uniformity). The
lapping plate will rotate at a low speed

(<80 rpm) and a mid-range abrasive particle (5-20m) is

typically used. Lapping removes subsurface damage
caused by sawing or grinding and produces the required
thickness and flatness.
Although the lapping process is less damaging than
grinding, there are two regimes of lapping: free abrasive
lapping and fixed abrasive lapping.

Free Abrasive Lapping is when abrasive slurry is applied

directly to a lapping plate (e.g. cast iron). This is perhaps
the most accurate method for producing specimens and
causes the least amount of damage. Free abrasive
lapping is accurate because of the rigid lapping surface
which can be tailored to suit a particular material. Fixed
Abrasive Lapping is when an abrasive particle in bonded
to a substrate as with abrasive lapping films and SiC
papers. Abrasive lapping films have various particles

bonded to a thin, uniform polyester substrate and are

also
29

capable of producing a very flat surface. SiC papers

are much thicker than the film and create the potential
for rounded edges on the sample.

Abrasive

Types

There is
selection
abrasives
to
from
when
a
lapping
polishing
Selecting
abrasive

a wide
of

choose
selecting
and
process.
an

is dependent upon the specimen hardness, desired

surface finish, desired removal rate, lifetime, and
price.
There are four basic types of abrasives that are used in
lapping and polishing processes: silicon carbide (SiC),
aluminum oxide or alumina (Al2O3), boron carbide (B4C),

and diamond (C). All of these abrasives

30

have distinct properties and are used for different

materials and applications.
SiC: SiC is hard and generally has a needle or blocky
structure. SiC is used in many applications where rough
lapping is required. It seldom is used for polishing or
applications that require smooth surface finishes.

Al2O3: Al2O3 is relatively hard and has a sharp, angular

structure. Alumina is commonly used where fine surface
finishes are required as it breaks down over time and
gives excellent surfaces during lapping and polishing.
Alumina is also relatively inexpensive.
B4C: B4C is harder than most other abrasives (excluding
diamond) and has a blocky crystal structure.
B4Cprovides excellent removal rates and is typically
used when fast removal with moderate surface quality is
needed.
Diamond: Diamond is the hardest material known and
has a sharp, angular structure. Diamond is extremely
useful in lapping and polishing due to its removal rates
and surface finishing qualities. Diamond can produce
excellent surface finishes combined with high removal
rates.

31

Types of
contact:
IDEAL
CONTACT
Pattern is
spread
evenly over
tooth's
profile with
concentrati
on nearer
toe than
heel.
COM
PETI
TION
CONTACT
Pattern
concentrate
d just up
from the toe
covering 1/3
to 1/2 of the
tooth.
HIGH

CONTA
CT
Pattern
is
concent
rated at
the
crown
of the
drive
gear
tooth.

LOW
CONTAC
T Pattern
is
concentra
ted in the
root of
the drive
gear
tooth.
HEEL
CONTA

CT Pattern
is
concentrate
d off the
heel end of
the drive
gear tooth.

Move the
pinion
deeper in
towards
the
differentia
l carrier
(add
pinion
shim).
Move
the
pinion
out
away
from the
differenti
al carrier
(subtract
pinion
shim).
Move
the
ring
gear
closer
to the
pinion

(decrease
backlash)
while

mainta
ining

32

minimu
m
backlas
h.

TOE
CONTACT
Pattern is
concentrated
off the toe
end of the
drive gear
tooth.

Move
the ring
gear
away
from the
pinion
(increas
e
backlas
h) while
maintain
ing
minimu
m
backlas
h.

References
1. www.wikipedia.org
2. www.sme.org
3. Manufacturing

Technology
by
Valery Marinov,
4. Failure

investigation

of

crown wheel and

pinion by Bensely,
D.
Mohan
Nagarajan.

Lal,

33