APPENDIX

Statistical Tables

Table 1

Standard Normal
Curve Areas

Table 2

Percentage Points
of Students
t Distribution

Table 3

t Test Type II
Error Curves

Table 4

Percentage Points
of Sign Test: C,n

Table 5

Percentage Points
of Wilcoxon Rank
Sum Test: TL and
TU

Table 6

Percentage Points
of Wilcoxon
Signed-Rank Test

Table 7

Percentage Points
of Chi-Square
Distribution: 2

Table 8

Percentage Points
of F Distribution:
F

Table 9

Values of
2 Arcsin

Table 10 Percentage Points

of Studentized
Range Distribution:
q(t, v)
Table 11 Percentage Points
for Dunnetts Test:
d(k, v)
Table 12 Percentage Points
for Hartleys Fmax
Test: Fmax,
Table 13 Random Numbers
Table 14 F Test Power
Curves for AOV
Table 15 Poisson
Probabilities:
Pr(Y y)

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Appendix

Shaded area = Pr(Z
z)

TABLE 1
Standard normal curve areas

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0

0.0003
0.0005
0.0007
0.0010
0.0013

0.0003
0.0005
0.0007
0.0009
0.0013

0.0003
0.0005
0.0006
0.0009
0.0013

0.0003
0.0004
0.0006
0.0009
0.0012

0.0003
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0012

0.0003
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0011

0.0003
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0011

0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0008
0.0011

0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0007
0.0010

0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
0.0007
0.0010

2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5

0.0019
0.0026
0.0035
0.0047
0.0062

0.0018
0.0025
0.0034
0.0045
0.0060

0.0018
0.0024
0.0033
0.0044
0.0059

0.0017
0.0023
0.0032
0.0043
0.0057

0.0016
0.0023
0.0031
0.0041
0.0055

0.0016
0.0022
0.0030
0.0040
0.0054

0.0015
0.0021
0.0029
0.0039
0.0052

0.0015
0.0021
0.0028
0.0038
0.0051

0.0014
0.0020
0.0027
0.0037
0.0049

0.0014
0.0019
0.0026
0.0036
0.0048

2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0

0.0082
0.0107
0.0139
0.0179
0.0228

0.0080
0.0104
0.0136
0.0174
0.0222

0.0078
0.0102
0.0132
0.0170
0.0217

0.0075
0.0099
0.0129
0.0166
0.0212

0.0073
0.0096
0.0125
0.0162
0.0207

0.0071
0.0094
0.0122
0.0158
0.0202

0.0069
0.0091
0.0119
0.0154
0.0197

0.0068
0.0089
0.0116
0.0150
0.0192

0.0066
0.0087
0.0113
0.0146
0.0188

0.0064
0.0084
0.0110
0.0143
0.0183

1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5

0.0287
0.0359
0.0446
0.0548
0.0668

0.0281
0.0351
0.0436
0.0537
0.0655

0.0274
0.0344
0.0427
0.0526
0.0643

0.0268
0.0336
0.0418
0.0516
0.0630

0.0262
0.0329
0.0409
0.0505
0.0618

0.0256
0.0322
0.0401
0.0495
0.0606

0.0250
0.0314
0.0392
0.0485
0.0594

0.0244
0.0307
0.0384
0.0475
0.0582

0.0239
0.0301
0.0375
0.0465
0.0571

0.0233
0.0294
0.0367
0.0455
0.0559

1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0

0.0808
0.0968
0.1151
0.1357
0.1587

0.0793
0.0951
0.1131
0.1335
0.1562

0.0778
0.0934
0.1112
0.1314
0.1539

0.0764
0.0918
0.1093
0.1292
0.1515

0.0749
0.0901
0.1075
0.1271
0.1492

0.0735
0.0885
0.1056
0.1251
0.1469

0.0721
0.0869
0.1038
0.1230
0.1446

0.0708
0.0853
0.1020
0.1210
0.1423

0.0694
0.0838
0.1003
0.1190
0.1401

0.0681
0.0823
0.0985
0.1170
0.1379

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

0.1841
0.2119
0.2420
0.2743
0.3085

0.1814
0.2090
0.2389
0.2709
0.3050

0.1788
0.2061
0.2358
0.2676
0.3015

0.1762
0.2033
0.2327
0.2643
0.2981

0.1736
0.2005
0.2296
0.2611
0.2946

0.1711
0.1977
0.2266
0.2578
0.2912

0.1685
0.1949
0.2236
0.2546
0.2877

0.1660
0.1922
0.2206
0.2514
0.2843

0.1635
0.1894
0.2177
0.2483
0.2810

0.1611
0.1867
0.2148
0.2451
0.2776

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0

0.3446
0.3821
0.4207
0.4602
0.5000

0.3409
0.3783
0.4168
0.4562
0.4960

0.3372
0.3745
0.4129
0.4522
0.4920

0.3336
0.3707
0.4090
0.4483
0.4880

0.3300
0.3669
0.4052
0.4443
0.4840

0.3264
0.3632
0.4013
0.4404
0.4801

0.3228
0.3594
0.3974
0.4364
0.4761

0.3192
0.3557
0.3936
0.4325
0.4721

0.3156
0.3520
0.3897
0.4286
0.4681

0.3121
0.3483
0.3859
0.4247
0.4641

Area

3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00

0.00023263
0.00003167
0.00000340
0.00000029

Source: Computed by M. Longnecker using Splus.

1091

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Appendix

TABLE 1
Standard normal curve areas
z

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554

0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591

0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628

0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664

0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700

0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736

0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772

0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808

0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844

0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159

0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186

0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212

0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238

0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264

0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289

0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315

0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340

0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365

0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192

0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207

0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222

0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236

0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251

0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265

0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279

0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292

0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306

0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713

0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719

0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726

0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732

0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738

0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744

0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750

0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756

0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761

0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.9772
0.9821
0.9861
0.9893
0.9918

0.9778
0.9826
0.9864
0.9896
0.9920

0.9783
0.9830
0.9868
0.9898
0.9922

0.9788
0.9834
0.9871
0.9901
0.9925

0.9793
0.9838
0.9875
0.9904
0.9927

0.9798
0.9842
0.9878
0.9906
0.9929

0.9803
0.9846
0.9881
0.9909
0.9931

0.9808
0.9850
0.9884
0.9911
0.9932

0.9812
0.9854
0.9887
0.9913
0.9934

0.9817
0.9857
0.9890
0.9916
0.9936

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.9938
0.9953
0.9965
0.9974
0.9981

0.9940
0.9955
0.9966
0.9975
0.9982

0.9941
0.9956
0.9967
0.9976
0.9982

0.9943
0.9957
0.9968
0.9977
0.9983

0.9945
0.9959
0.9969
0.9977
0.9984

0.9946
0.9960
0.9970
0.9978
0.9984

0.9948
0.9961
0.9971
0.9979
0.9985

0.9949
0.9962
0.9972
0.9979
0.9985

0.9951
0.9963
0.9973
0.9980
0.9986

0.9952
0.9964
0.9974
0.9981
0.9986

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

0.9987
0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997

0.9987
0.9991
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997

0.9987
0.9991
0.9994
0.9995
0.9997

0.9988
0.9991
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997

0.9988
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997

0.9989
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997

0.9989
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997

0.9989
0.9992
0.9995
0.9996
0.9997

0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9996
0.9997

0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997
0.9998

Area

3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00

0.99976737
0.99996833
0.99999660
0.99999971

Appendix

1093

Shaded area =

TABLE 2

Percentage points of Students t distribution

df/

t,

.40

.25

.10

.05

.025

.01

.005

.001

.0005

1
2
3
4
5

0.325
0.289
0.277
0.271
0.267

1.000
0.816
0.765
0.741
0.727

3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476

6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015

12.706
4.303
3.182
2.776
2.571

31.821
6.965
4.541
3.747
3.365

63.657
9.925
5.841
4.604
4.032

318.309
22.327
10.215
7.173
5.893

636.619
31.599
12.924
8.610
6.869

6
7
8
9
10

0.265
0.263
0.262
0.261
0.260

0.718
0.711
0.706
0.703
0.700

1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372

1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812

2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228

3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764

3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250
3.169

5.208
4.785
4.501
4.297
4.144

5.959
5.408
5.041
4.781
4.587

11
12
13
14
15

0.260
0.259
0.259
0.258
0.258

0.697
0.695
0.694
0.692
0.691

1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341

1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753

2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131

2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602

3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977
2.947

4.025
3.930
3.852
3.787
3.733

4.437
4.318
4.221
4.140
4.073

16
17
18
19
20

0.258
0.257
0.257
0.257
0.257

0.690
0.689
0.688
0.688
0.687

1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325

1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725

2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086

2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528

2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845

3.686
3.646
3.610
3.579
3.552

4.015
3.965
3.922
3.883
3.850

21
22
23
24
25

0.257
0.256
0.256
0.256
0.256

0.686
0.686
0.685
0.685
0.684

1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316

1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708

2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060

2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485

2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787

3.527
3.505
3.485
3.467
3.450

3.819
3.792
3.768
3.745
3.725

26
27
28
29
30

0.256
0.256
0.256
0.256
0.256

0.684
0.684
0.683
0.683
0.683

1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311
1.310

1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699
1.697

2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045
2.042

2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462
2.457

2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756
2.750

3.435
3.421
3.408
3.396
3.385

3.707
3.690
3.674
3.659
3.646

35
40
50
60
120
inf.

0.255
0.255
0.255
0.254
0.254
0.253

0.682
0.681
0.679
0.679
0.677
0.674

1.306
1.303
1.299
1.296
1.289
1.282

1.690
1.684
1.676
1.671
1.658
1.645

2.030
2.021
2.009
2.000
1.980
1.960

2.438
2.423
2.403
2.390
2.358
2.326

2.724
2.704
2.678
2.660
2.617
2.576

3.340
3.307
3.261
3.232
3.160
3.090

3.591
3.551
3.496
3.460
3.373
3.291

Source: Computed by M. Longnecker using Splus.

1094

Appendix
TABLE 3

Probability of Type II
error curves for .01
(one-sided)

1.0

Probability of Type II error

0.9
0.8
0.7

0.6
0.5
3

0.4
0.3

0.2
0.1

49
39 29

99

19 14

74

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6
Difference (d)
Source: Computed by M. Longnecker using SAS.

TABLE 3
Probability of Type II
error curves for .05
(one-sided)

1.0

Probability of Type II error

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
2

0.3
3

0.2
0.1

39 19 14
74
99 49 29

4
8

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6
Difference (d)
Source: Computed by M. Longnecker using SAS.

Appendix
TABLE 3
Probability of Type II
error curves for .01
(two-sided)

1.0

Probability of Type II error

0.9
2

0.8
0.7
3

0.6
0.5

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

8
99

49
74 39

29

19

14

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6
Difference (d)
Source: Computed by M. Longnecker using SAS.

TABLE 3
Probability of Type II
error curves for .05
(two-sided)

1.0

Probability of Type II error

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
2

0.4
0.3

3
4

0.2

39

0.1

49 29
99 74

14

19

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6
Difference (d)
Source: Computed by M. Longnecker using SAS.

1095

1096

Appendix

TABLE 4
Percentage points for confidence intervals on the median and the sign test: C,n

(2)
(1)

.20
.10

.10
.05

.05
.025

.02
.01

.01
.005

.005
.0025

.002
.001

n
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

(2)
(1)

.20
.10

.10
.05

.05
.025

.02
.01

.01
.005

.005
.0025

.002
.001

9
9
10
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
19

8
8
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
16
17
17
18
18

7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17

6
7
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
15
15
15
16

6
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
15
15

5
5
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
13
13
13
14
14

4
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13

n
*
*
*
0
0
0
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
8

*
*
*
*
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
7

*
*
*
*
*
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
7

*
*
*
*
*
*
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

Note: An * means that no test or confidence interval of this level exists.

Source: Computed by M. Longnecker using Splus.

Appendix

1097

TABLE 5
Critical values of TL and TU for the Wilcoxon rank sum test: independent samples. Test statistic is rank sum associated
with smaller sample (if equal sample sizes, either rank sum can be used).
a. .025 one-tailed; .05 two-tailed
n1
n2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

10

TL

TU

TL

TU

TL

TU

TL

TU

TL

TU

TL

TU

TL

TU

TL

TU

5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9

16
18
21
23
26
28
31
33

6
11
12
12
13
14
15
16

18
25
28
32
35
38
41
44

6
12
18
19
20
21
22
24

21
28
37
41
45
49
53
56

7
12
19
26
28
29
31
32

23
32
41
52
56
61
65
70

7
13
20
28
37
39
41
43

26
35
45
56
68
73
78
83

8
14
21
29
39
49
51
54

28
38
49
61
73
87
93
98

8
15
22
31
41
51
63
66

31
41
53
65
78
93
108
114

9
16
24
32
43
54
66
79

33
44
56
70
83
98
114
131

b. .05 one-tailed; .10 two-tailed

n1
n2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

10

TL

TU

TL

TU

TL

TU

TL

TU

TL

TU

TL

TU

TL

TU

TL

TU

6
7
7
8
9
9
10
11

15
17
20
22
24
27
29
31

7
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

17
24
27
30
33
36
39
42

7
13
19
20
22
24
25
26

20
27
36
40
43
46
50
54

8
14
20
28
30
32
33
35

22
30
40
50
54
58
63
67

9
15
22
30
39
41
43
46

24
33
43
54
66
71
76
80

9
16
24
32
41
52
54
57

27
36
46
58
71
84
90
95

10
17
25
33
43
54
66
69

29
39
50
63
76
90
105
111

11
18
26
35
46
57
69
83

31
42
54
67
80
95
111
127

Source: From F. Wilcoxon and R. A. Wilcox, Some Rapid Approximate Statistical Procedures (Pearl River, N.Y.
Lederle Laboratories, 1964), pp. 2023. Reproduced with the permission of American Cyanamid Company.

1098

Appendix
TABLE 6

Critical values for the

Wilcoxon signed-rank test
[n 5(1)54]

One-Sided
p
p
p
p
p
p
p

.1
.05
.025
.01
.005
.0025
.001

One-Sided
p
p
p
p
p
p
p

.1
.05
.025
.01
.005
.0025
.001

One-Sided
p
p
p
p
p
p
p

.1
.05
.025
.01
.005
.0025
.001

One-Sided
p
p
p
p
p
p
p

.1
.05
.025
.01
.005
.0025
.001

One-Sided
p
p
p
p
p
p
p

.1
.05
.025
.01
.005
.0025
.001

Two-Sided
p
p
p
p
p
p
p

.2
.1
.05
.02
.01
.005
.002

Two-Sided
p
p
p
p
p
p
p

.2
.1
.05
.02
.01
.005
.002

Two-Sided
p
p
p
p
p
p
p

.2
.1
.05
.02
.01
.005
.002

Two-Sided
p
p
p
p
p
p
p

.2
.1
.05
.02
.01
.005
.002

Two-Sided
p
p
p
p
p
p
p

.2
.1
.05
.02
.01
.005
.002

n5
2
0

n6
3
2
0

n7
5
3
2
0

n8
8
5
3
1
0

n9
10
8
5
3
1
0

n 15

n 16

n 17

n 18

n 19

36
30
25
19
15
12
8

42
35
29
23
19
15
11

48
41
34
27
23
19
14

55
47
40
32
27
23
18

62
53
46
37
32
27
21

n 25

n 26

n 27

n 28

n 29

113
100
89
76
68
60
51

124
110
98
84
75
67
58

134
119
107
92
83
74
64

145
130
116
101
91
82
71

157
140
126
110
100
90
79

n 35

n 36

n 37

n 38

n 39

235
213
195
173
159
146
131

250
227
208
185
171
157
141

265
241
221
198
182
168
151

281
256
235
211
194
180
162

297
271
249
224
207
192
173

n 45

n 46

n 47

n 48

n 49

402
371
343
312
291
272
249

422
389
361
328
307
287
263

441
407
378
345
322
302
277

462
426
396
362
339
318
292

482
446
415
379
355
334
307

Source: Computed by P. J. Hildebrand.

TABLE 6
(continued)

One-Sided
p
p
p
p
p
p
p

.1
.05
.025
.01
.005
.0025
.001

One-Sided
p
p
p
p
p
p
p

.1
.05
.025
.01
.005
.0025
.001

One-Sided
p
p
p
p
p
p
p

.1
.05
.025
.01
.005
.0025
.001

One-Sided
p
p
p
p
p
p
p

.1
.05
.025
.01
.005
.0025
.001

One-Sided
p
p
p
p
p
p
p

.1
.05
.025
.01
.005
.0025
.001

Two-Sided
p
p
p
p
p
p
p

.2
.1
.05
.02
.01
.005
.002

Two-Sided
p
p
p
p
p
p
p

.2
.1
.05
.02
.01
.005
.002

Two-Sided
p
p
p
p
p
p
p

.2
.1
.05
.02
.01
.005
.002

Two-Sided
p
p
p
p
p
p
p

.2
.1
.05
.02
.01
.005
.002

Two-Sided
p
p
p
p
p
p
p

.2
.1
.05
.02
.01
.005
.002

Appendix

1099

n 10

n 11

n 12

n 13

n 14

14
10
8
5
3
1
0

17
13
10
7
5
3
1

21
17
13
9
7
5
2

26
21
17
12
9
7
4

31
25
21
15
12
9
6

n 20

n 21

n 22

n 23

n 24

69
60
52
43
37
32
26

77
67
58
49
42
37
30

86
75
65
55
48
42
35

94
83
73
62
54
48
40

104
91
81
69
61
54
45

n 30

n 31

n 32

n 33

n 34

169
151
137
120
109
98
86

181
163
147
130
118
107
94

194
175
159
140
128
116
103

207
187
170
151
138
126
112

221
200
182
162
148
136
121

n 40

n 41

n 42

n 43

n 44

313
286
264
238
220
204
185

330
302
279
252
233
217
197

348
319
294
266
247
230
209

365
336
310
281
261
244
222

384
353
327
296
276
258
235

n 50

n 51

n 52

n 53

n 54

503
466
434
397
373
350
323

525
486
453
416
390
367
339

547
507
473
434
408
384
355

569
529
494
454
427
402
372

592
550
514
473
445
420
389

1100

Appendix

TABLE 7

Percentage points of the chi-square distribution

df
1
2
3
4
5

.999

.995

.99

.975

.000002
.002001
.02430
.09080
.2102

.000039
.01003
.07172
.2070
.4117

.000157
.02010
.1148
.2971
.5543

.000982
.05064
.2158
.4844
.8312

.95

.90

.003932
.1026
.3518
.7107
1.145

.01579
.2107
.5844
1.064
1.610

6
7
8
9
10

.3811
.5985
.8571
1.152
1.479

.6757
.9893
1.344
1.735
2.156

.8721
1.239
1.646
2.088
2.558

1.237
1.690
2.180
2.700
3.247

1.635
2.167
2.733
3.325
3.940

2.204
2.833
3.490
4.168
4.865

11
12
13
14
15

1.834
2.214
2.617
3.041
3.483

2.603
3.074
3.565
4.075
4.601

3.053
3.571
4.107
4.660
5.229

3.816
4.404
5.009
5.629
6.262

4.575
5.226
5.892
6.571
7.261

5.578
6.304
7.042
7.790
8.547

16
17
18
19
20

3.942
4.416
4.905
5.407
5.921

5.142
5.697
6.265
6.844
7.434

5.812
6.408
7.015
7.633
8.260

6.908
7.564
8.231
8.907
9.591

7.962
8.672
9.390
10.12
10.85

9.312
10.09
10.86
11.65
12.44

21
22
23
24
25

6.447
6.983
7.529
8.085
8.649

8.034
8.643
9.260
9.886
10.52

8.897
9.542
10.20
10.86
11.52

10.28
10.98
11.69
12.40
13.12

11.59
12.34
13.09
13.85
14.61

13.24
14.04
14.85
15.66
16.47

26
27
28
29
30

9.222
9.803
10.39
10.99
11.59

11.16
11.81
12.46
13.12
13.79

12.20
12.88
13.56
14.26
14.95

13.84
14.57
15.31
16.06
16.79

15.38
16.15
16.93
17.71
18.49

17.29
18.11
18.94
19.77
20.60

40
50
60
70
80

17.92
24.67
31.74
39.04
46.52

20.71
27.99
35.53
43.28
51.17

22.16
29.71
37.48
45.44
53.54

24.43
32.36
40.48
48.76
57.15

26.51
34.76
43.19
51.74
60.39

29.05
37.69
46.46
55.33
64.28

90
100
120
240

54.16
61.92
77.76
177.95

59.20
67.33
83.85
187.32

61.75
70.06
86.92
191.99

65.65
74.22
91.57
198.98

69.13
77.93
95.70
205.14

73.29
82.36
100.62
212.39

Appendix
TABLE 7
(continued )

.10

.05

.025

.01

.005

.001

3.841
5.991
7.815
9.488
11.07

5.024
7.378
9.348
11.14
12.83

6.635
9.210
11.34
13.28
15.09

7.879
10.60
12.84
14.86
16.75

10.83
13.82
16.27
18.47
20.52

1
2
3
4
5

10.64
12.02
13.36
14.68
15.99

12.59
14.07
15.51
16.92
18.31

14.45
16.01
17.53
19.02
20.48

16.81
18.48
20.09
21.67
23.21

18.55
20.28
21.95
23.59
25.19

22.46
24.32
26.12
27.88
29.59

6
7
8
9
10

17.28
18.55
19.81
21.06
22.31

19.68
21.03
22.36
23.68
25.00

21.92
23.34
24.74
26.12
27.49

24.72
26.22
27.69
29.14
30.58

26.76
28.30
29.82
31.32
32.80

31.27
32.91
34.53
36.12
37.70

11
12
13
14
15

23.54
24.77
25.99
27.20
28.41

26.30
27.59
28.87
30.14
31.41

28.85
30.19
31.53
32.85
34.17

32.00
33.41
34.81
36.19
37.57

34.27
35.72
37.16
38.58
40.00

39.25
40.79
42.31
43.82
45.31

16
17
18
19
20

29.62
30.81
32.01
33.20
34.38

32.67
33.92
35.17
36.42
37.65

35.48
36.78
38.08
39.36
40.65

38.93
40.29
41.64
42.98
44.31

41.40
42.80
44.18
45.56
46.93

46.80
48.27
49.73
51.18
52.62

21
22
23
24
25

35.56
36.74
37.92
39.09
40.26

38.89
40.11
41.34
42.56
43.77

41.92
43.19
44.46
45.72
46.98

45.64
46.96
48.28
49.59
50.89

48.29
49.65
50.99
52.34
53.67

54.05
55.48
56.89
58.30
59.70

26
27
28
29
30

51.81
63.17
74.40
85.53
96.58

55.76
67.50
79.08
90.53
101.88

59.34
71.42
83.30
95.02
106.63

63.69
76.15
88.38
100.43
112.33

66.77
79.49
91.95
104.21
116.32

73.40
86.66
99.61
112.32
124.84

40
50
60
70
80

107.57
118.50
140.23
268.47

113.15
124.34
146.57
277.14

118.14
129.56
152.21
284.80

124.12
135.81
158.95
293.89

128.30
140.17
163.65
300.18

137.21
149.45
173.62
313.44

90
100
120
240

2.706
4.605
6.251
7.779
9.236

Source: Computed by P. J. Hildebrand.

df

1101

1102

Appendix

TABLE 8

Percentage points of the F distribution (df2 between 1 and 6)

df1
df2

10

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01

5.83
39.86
161.4
647.8
4052

7.50
49.50
199.5
799.5
5000

8.20
53.59
215.7
864.2
5403

8.58
55.83
224.6
899.6
5625

8.82
57.24
230.2
921.8
5764

8.98
58.20
234.0
937.1
5859

9.10
58.91
236.8
948.2
5928

9.19
59.44
238.9
956.7
5981

9.26
59.86
240.5
963.3
6022

9.32
60.19
241.9
968.6
6056

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

2.57
8.53
18.51
38.51
98.50
198.5
998.5

3.00
9.00
19.00
39.00
99.00
199.0
999.0

3.15
9.16
19.16
39.17
99.17
199.2
999.2

3.23
9.24
19.25
39.25
99.25
199.2
999.2

3.28
9.29
19.30
39.30
99.30
199.3
999.3

3.31
9.33
19.33
39.33
99.33
199.3
999.3

3.34
9.35
19.35
39.36
99.36
199.4
999.4

3.35
9.37
19.37
39.37
99.37
199.4
999.4

3.37
9.38
19.38
39.39
99.39
199.4
999.4

3.38
9.39
19.40
39.40
99.40
199.4
999.4

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

2.02
5.54
10.13
17.44
34.12
55.55
167.0

2.28
5.46
9.55
16.04
30.82
49.80
148.5

2.36
5.39
9.28
15.44
29.46
47.47
141.1

2.39
5.34
9.12
15.10
28.71
46.19
137.1

2.41
5.31
9.01
14.88
28.24
45.39
134.6

2.42
5.28
8.94
14.73
27.91
44.84
132.8

2.43
5.27
8.89
14.62
27.67
44.43
131.6

2.44
5.25
8.85
14.54
27.49
44.13
130.6

2.44
5.24
8.81
14.47
27.35
43.88
129.9

2.44
5.23
8.79
14.42
27.23
43.69
129.2

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.81
4.54
7.71
12.22
21.20
31.33
74.14

2.00
4.32
6.94
10.65
18.00
26.28
61.25

2.05
4.19
6.59
9.98
16.69
24.26
56.18

2.06
4.11
6.39
9.60
15.98
23.15
53.44

2.07
4.05
6.26
9.36
15.52
22.46
51.71

2.08
4.01
6.16
9.20
15.21
21.97
50.53

2.08
3.98
6.09
9.07
14.98
21.62
49.66

2.08
3.95
6.04
8.98
14.80
21.35
49.00

2.08
3.94
6.00
8.90
14.66
21.14
48.47

2.08
3.92
5.96
8.84
14.55
20.97
48.05

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.69
4.06
6.61
10.01
16.26
22.78
47.18

1.85
3.78
5.79
8.43
13.27
18.31
37.12

1.88
3.62
5.41
7.76
12.06
16.53
33.20

1.89
3.52
5.19
7.39
11.39
15.56
31.09

1.89
3.45
5.05
7.15
10.97
14.94
29.75

1.89
3.40
4.95
6.98
10.67
14.51
28.83

1.89
3.37
4.88
6.85
10.46
14.20
28.16

1.89
3.34
4.82
6.76
10.29
13.96
27.65

1.89
3.32
4.77
6.68
10.16
13.77
27.24

1.89
3.30
4.74
6.62
10.05
13.62
26.92

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.62
3.78
5.99
8.81
13.75
18.63
35.51

1.76
3.46
5.14
7.26
10.92
14.54
27.00

1.78
3.29
4.76
6.60
9.78
12.92
23.70

1.79
3.18
4.53
6.23
9.15
12.03
21.92

1.79
3.11
4.39
5.99
8.75
11.46
20.80

1.78
3.05
4.28
5.82
8.47
11.07
20.03

1.78
3.01
4.21
5.70
8.26
10.79
19.46

1.78
2.98
4.15
5.60
8.10
10.57
19.03

1.77
2.96
4.10
5.52
7.98
10.39
18.69

1.77
2.94
4.06
5.46
7.87
10.25
18.41

Appendix

1103

TABLE 8
(continued )
df1
12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

240

inf.

df2

9.41
60.71
243.9
976.7
6106

9.49
61.22
245.9
984.9
6157

9.58
61.74
248.0
993.1
6209

9.63
62.00
249.1
997.2
6235

9.67
62.26
250.1
1001
6261

9.71
62.53
251.1
1006
6287

9.76
62.79
252.2
1010
6313

9.80
63.06
253.3
1014
6339

9.83
63.19
253.8
1016
6353

9.85
63.33
254.3
1018
6366

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01

3.39
9.41
19.41
39.41
99.42
199.4
999.4

3.41
9.42
19.43
39.43
99.43
199.4
999.4

3.43
9.44
19.45
39.45
99.45
199.4
999.4

3.43
9.45
19.45
39.46
99.46
199.5
999.5

3.44
9.46
19.46
39.46
99.47
199.5
999.5

3.45
9.47
19.47
39.47
99.47
199.5
999.5

3.46
9.47
19.48
39.48
99.48
199.5
999.5

3.47
9.48
19.49
39.49
99.49
199.5
999.5

3.47
9.49
19.49
39.49
99.50
199.5
999.5

3.48
9.49
19.50
39.50
99.50
199.5
999.5

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

2.45
5.22
8.74
14.34
27.05
43.39
128.3

2.46
5.20
8.70
14.25
26.87
43.08
127.4

2.46
5.18
8.66
14.17
26.69
42.78
126.4

2.46
5.18
8.64
14.12
26.60
42.62
125.9

2.47
5.17
8.62
14.08
26.50
42.47
125.4

2.47
5.16
8.59
14.04
26.41
42.31
125.0

2.47
5.15
8.57
13.99
26.32
42.15
124.5

2.47
5.14
8.55
13.95
26.22
41.99
124.0

2.47
5.14
8.54
13.92
26.17
41.91
123.7

2.47
5.13
8.53
13.90
26.13
41.83
123.5

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

2.08
3.90
5.91
8.75
14.37
20.70
47.41

2.08
3.87
5.86
8.66
14.20
20.44
46.76

2.08
3.84
5.80
8.56
14.02
20.17
46.10

2.08
3.83
5.77
8.51
13.93
20.03
45.77

2.08
3.82
5.75
8.46
13.84
19.89
45.43

2.08
3.80
5.72
8.41
13.75
19.75
45.09

2.08
3.79
5.69
8.36
13.65
19.61
44.75

2.08
3.78
5.66
8.31
13.56
19.47
44.40

2.08
3.77
5.64
8.28
13.51
19.40
44.23

2.08
3.76
5.63
8.26
13.46
19.32
44.05

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.89
3.27
4.68
6.52
9.89
13.38
26.42

1.89
3.24
4.62
6.43
9.72
13.15
25.91

1.88
3.21
4.56
6.33
9.55
12.90
25.39

1.88
3.19
4.53
6.28
9.47
12.78
25.13

1.88
3.17
4.50
6.23
9.38
12.66
24.87

1.88
3.16
4.46
6.18
9.29
12.53
24.60

1.87
3.14
4.43
6.12
9.20
12.40
24.33

1.87
3.12
4.40
6.07
9.11
12.27
24.06

1.87
3.11
4.38
6.04
9.07
12.21
23.92

1.87
3.10
4.36
6.02
9.02
12.14
23.79

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.77
2.90
4.00
5.37
7.72
10.03
17.99

1.76
2.87
3.94
5.27
7.56
9.81
17.56

1.76
2.84
3.87
5.17
7.40
9.59
17.12

1.75
2.82
3.84
5.12
7.31
9.47
16.90

1.75
2.80
3.81
5.07
7.23
9.36
16.67

1.75
2.78
3.77
5.01
7.14
9.24
16.44

1.74
2.76
3.74
4.96
7.06
9.12
16.21

1.74
2.74
3.70
4.90
6.97
9.00
15.98

1.74
2.73
3.69
4.88
6.92
8.94
15.86

1.74
2.72
3.67
4.85
6.88
8.88
15.75

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1104

Appendix

TABLE 8

Percentage points of the F distribution (df2 between 7 and 12)

df1
df2

10

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.57
3.59
5.59
8.07
12.25
16.24
29.25

1.70
3.26
4.74
6.54
9.55
12.40
21.69

1.72
3.07
4.35
5.89
8.45
10.88
18.77

1.72
2.96
4.12
5.52
7.85
10.05
17.20

1.71
2.88
3.97
5.29
7.46
9.52
16.21

1.71
2.83
3.87
5.12
7.19
9.16
15.52

1.70
2.78
3.79
4.99
6.99
8.89
15.02

1.70
2.75
3.73
4.90
6.84
8.68
14.63

1.69
2.72
3.68
4.82
6.72
8.51
14.33

1.69
2.70
3.64
4.76
6.62
8.38
14.08

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.54
3.46
5.32
7.57
11.26
14.69
25.41

1.66
3.11
4.46
6.06
8.65
11.04
18.49

1.67
2.92
4.07
5.42
7.59
9.60
15.83

1.66
2.81
3.84
5.05
7.01
8.81
14.39

1.66
2.73
3.69
4.82
6.63
8.30
13.48

1.65
2.67
3.58
4.65
6.37
7.95
12.86

1.64
2.62
3.50
4.53
6.18
7.69
12.40

1.64
2.59
3.44
4.43
6.03
7.50
12.05

1.63
2.56
3.39
4.36
5.91
7.34
11.77

1.63
2.54
3.35
4.30
5.81
7.21
11.54

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.51
3.36
5.12
7.21
10.56
13.61
22.86

1.62
3.01
4.26
5.71
8.02
10.11
16.39

1.63
2.81
3.86
5.08
6.99
8.72
13.90

1.63
2.69
3.63
4.72
6.42
7.96
12.56

1.62
2.61
3.48
4.48
6.06
7.47
11.71

1.61
2.55
3.37
4.32
5.80
7.13
11.13

1.60
2.51
3.29
4.20
5.61
6.88
10.70

1.60
2.47
3.23
4.10
5.47
6.69
10.37

1.59
2.44
3.18
4.03
5.35
6.54
10.11

1.59
2.42
3.14
3.96
5.26
6.42
9.89

10

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.49
3.29
4.96
6.94
10.04
12.83
21.04

1.60
2.92
4.10
5.46
7.56
9.43
14.91

1.60
2.73
3.71
4.83
6.55
8.08
12.55

1.59
2.61
3.48
4.47
5.99
7.34
11.28

1.59
2.52
3.33
4.24
5.64
6.87
10.48

1.58
2.46
3.22
4.07
5.39
6.54
9.93

1.57
2.41
3.14
3.95
5.20
6.30
9.52

1.56
2.38
3.07
3.85
5.06
6.12
9.20

1.56
2.35
3.02
3.78
4.94
5.97
8.96

1.55
2.32
2.98
3.72
4.85
5.85
8.75

11

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.47
3.23
4.84
6.72
9.65
12.23
19.69

1.58
2.86
3.98
5.26
7.21
8.91
13.81

1.58
2.66
3.59
4.63
6.22
7.60
11.56

1.57
2.54
3.36
4.28
5.67
6.88
10.35

1.56
2.45
3.20
4.04
5.32
6.42
9.58

1.55
2.39
3.09
3.88
5.07
6.10
9.05

1.54
2.34
3.01
3.76
4.89
5.86
8.66

1.53
2.30
2.95
3.66
4.74
5.68
8.35

1.53
2.27
2.90
3.59
4.63
5.54
8.12

1.52
2.25
2.85
3.53
4.54
5.42
7.92

12

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.46
3.18
4.75
6.55
9.33
11.75
18.64

1.56
2.81
3.89
5.10
6.93
8.51
12.97

1.56
2.61
3.49
4.47
5.95
7.23
10.80

1.55
2.48
3.26
4.12
5.41
6.52
9.63

1.54
2.39
3.11
3.89
5.06
6.07
8.89

1.53
2.33
3.00
3.73
4.82
5.76
8.38

1.52
2.28
2.91
3.61
4.64
5.52
8.00

1.51
2.24
2.85
3.51
4.50
5.35
7.71

1.51
2.21
2.80
3.44
4.39
5.20
7.48

1.50
2.19
2.75
3.37
4.30
5.09
7.29

Appendix

1105

TABLE 8
(continued )
df1
12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

240

inf.

df2

1.68
2.67
3.57
4.67
6.47
8.18
13.71

1.68
2.63
3.51
4.57
6.31
7.97
13.32

1.67
2.59
3.44
4.47
6.16
7.75
12.93

1.67
2.58
3.41
4.41
6.07
7.64
12.73

1.66
2.56
3.38
4.36
5.99
7.53
12.53

1.66
2.54
3.34
4.31
5.91
7.42
12.33

1.65
2.51
3.30
4.25
5.82
7.31
12.12

1.65
2.49
3.27
4.20
5.74
7.19
11.91

1.65
2.48
3.25
4.17
5.69
7.13
11.80

1.65
2.47
3.23
4.14
5.65
7.08
11.70

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.62
2.50
3.28
4.20
5.67
7.01
11.19

1.62
2.46
3.22
4.10
5.52
6.81
10.84

1.61
2.42
3.15
4.00
5.36
6.61
10.48

1.60
2.40
3.12
3.95
5.28
6.50
10.30

1.60
2.38
3.08
3.89
5.20
6.40
10.11

1.59
2.36
3.04
3.84
5.12
6.29
9.92

1.59
2.34
3.01
3.78
5.03
6.18
9.73

1.58
2.32
2.97
3.73
4.95
6.06
9.53

1.58
2.30
2.95
3.70
4.90
6.01
9.43

1.58
2.29
2.93
3.67
4.86
5.95
9.33

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.58
2.38
3.07
3.87
5.11
6.23
9.57

1.57
2.34
3.01
3.77
4.96
6.03
9.24

1.56
2.30
2.94
3.67
4.81
5.83
8.90

1.56
2.28
2.90
3.61
4.73
5.73
8.72

1.55
2.25
2.86
3.56
4.65
5.62
8.55

1.54
2.23
2.83
3.51
4.57
5.52
8.37

1.64
2.21
2.79
3.45
4.48
5.41
8.19

1.53
2.18
2.75
3.39
4.40
5.30
8.00

1.53
2.17
2.73
3.36
4.35
5.24
7.91

1.53
2.16
2.71
3.33
4.31
5.19
7.81

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.54
2.28
2.91
3.62
4.71
5.66
8.45

1.53
2.24
2.85
3.52
4.56
5.47
8.13

1.52
2.20
2.77
3.42
4.41
5.27
7.80

1.52
2.18
2.74
3.37
4.33
5.17
7.64

1.51
2.16
2.70
3.31
4.25
5.07
7.47

1.51
2.13
2.66
3.26
4.17
4.97
7.30

1.50
2.11
2.62
3.20
4.08
4.86
7.12

1.49
2.08
2.58
3.14
4.00
4.75
6.94

1.49
2.07
2.56
3.11
3.95
4.69
6.85

1.48
2.06
2.54
3.08
3.91
4.64
6.76

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

10

1.51
2.21
2.79
3.43
4.40
5.24
7.63

1.50
2.17
2.72
3.33
4.25
5.05
7.32

1.49
2.12
2.65
3.23
4.10
4.86
7.01

1.49
2.10
2.61
3.17
4.02
4.76
6.85

1.48
2.08
2.57
3.12
3.94
4.65
6.68

1.47
2.05
2.53
3.06
3.86
4.55
6.52

1.47
2.03
2.49
3.00
3.78
4.45
6.35

1.46
2.00
2.45
2.94
3.69
4.34
6.18

1.45
1.99
2.43
2.91
3.65
4.28
6.09

1.45
1.97
2.40
2.88
3.60
4.23
6.00

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

11

1.49
2.15
2.69
3.28
4.16
4.91
7.00

1.48
2.10
2.62
3.18
4.01
4.72
6.71

1.47
2.06
2.54
3.07
3.86
4.53
6.40

1.46
2.04
2.51
3.02
3.78
4.43
6.25

1.45
2.01
2.47
2.96
3.70
4.33
6.09

1.45
1.99
2.43
2.91
3.62
4.23
5.93

1.44
1.96
2.38
2.85
3.54
4.12
5.76

1.43
1.93
2.34
2.79
3.45
4.01
5.59

1.43
1.92
2.32
2.76
3.41
3.96
5.51

1.42
1.90
2.30
2.72
3.36
3.90
5.42

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

12

1106

Appendix

TABLE 8

Percentage points of the F distribution (df2 between 13 and 18)

df1
df2

10

13

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.45
3.14
4.67
6.41
9.07
11.37
17.82

1.55
2.76
3.81
4.97
6.70
8.19
12.31

1.55
2.56
3.41
4.35
5.74
6.93
10.21

1.53
2.43
3.18
4.00
5.21
6.23
9.07

1.52
2.35
3.03
3.77
4.86
5.79
8.35

1.51
2.28
2.92
3.60
4.62
5.48
7.86

1.50
2.23
2.83
3.48
4.44
5.25
7.49

1.49
2.20
2.77
3.39
4.30
5.08
7.21

1.49
2.16
2.71
3.31
4.19
4.94
6.98

1.48
2.14
2.67
3.25
4.10
4.82
6.80

14

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.44
3.10
4.60
6.30
8.86
11.06
17.14

1.53
2.73
3.74
4.86
6.51
7.92
11.78

1.53
2.52
3.34
4.24
5.56
6.68
9.73

1.52
2.39
3.11
3.89
5.04
6.00
8.62

1.51
2.31
2.96
3.66
4.69
5.56
7.92

1.50
2.24
2.85
3.50
4.46
5.26
7.44

1.49
2.19
2.76
3.38
4.28
5.03
7.08

1.48
2.15
2.70
3.29
4.14
4.86
6.80

1.47
2.12
2.65
3.21
4.03
4.72
6.58

1.46
2.10
2.60
3.15
3.94
4.60
6.40

15

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.43
3.07
4.54
6.20
8.68
10.80
16.59

1.52
2.70
3.68
4.77
6.36
7.70
11.34

1.52
2.49
3.29
4.15
5.42
6.48
9.34

1.51
2.36
3.06
3.80
4.89
5.80
8.25

1.49
2.27
2.90
3.58
4.56
5.37
7.57

1.48
2.21
2.79
3.41
4.32
5.07
7.09

1.47
2.16
2.71
3.29
4.14
4.85
6.74

1.46
2.12
2.64
3.20
4.00
4.67
6.47

1.46
2.09
2.59
3.12
3.89
4.54
6.26

1.45
2.06
2.54
3.06
3.80
4.42
6.08

16

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.42
3.05
4.49
6.12
8.53
10.58
16.12

1.51
2.67
3.63
4.69
6.23
7.51
10.97

1.51
2.46
3.24
4.08
5.29
6.30
9.01

1.50
2.33
3.01
3.73
4.77
5.64
7.94

1.48
2.24
2.85
3.50
4.44
5.21
7.27

1.47
2.18
2.74
3.34
4.20
4.91
6.80

1.46
2.13
2.66
3.22
4.03
4.69
6.46

1.45
2.09
2.59
3.12
3.89
4.52
6.19

1.44
2.06
2.54
3.05
3.78
4.38
5.98

1.44
2.03
2.49
2.99
3.69
4.27
5.81

17

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.42
3.03
4.45
6.04
8.40
10.38
15.72

1.51
2.64
3.59
4.62
6.11
7.35
10.66

1.50
2.44
3.20
4.01
5.18
6.16
8.73

1.49
2.31
2.96
3.66
4.67
5.50
7.68

1.47
2.22
2.81
3.44
4.34
5.07
7.02

1.46
2.15
2.70
3.28
4.10
4.78
6.56

1.45
2.10
2.61
3.16
3.93
4.56
6.22

1.44
2.06
2.55
3.06
3.79
4.39
5.96

1.43
2.03
2.49
2.98
3.68
4.25
5.75

1.43
2.00
2.45
2.92
3.59
4.14
5.58

18

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.41
3.01
4.41
5.98
8.29
10.22
15.38

1.50
2.62
3.55
4.56
6.01
7.21
10.39

1.49
2.42
3.16
3.95
5.09
6.03
8.49

1.48
2.29
2.93
3.61
4.58
5.37
7.46

1.46
2.20
2.77
3.38
4.25
4.96
6.81

1.45
2.13
2.66
3.22
4.01
4.66
6.35

1.44
2.08
2.58
3.10
3.84
4.44
6.02

1.43
2.04
2.51
3.01
3.71
4.28
5.76

1.42
2.00
2.46
2.93
3.60
4.14
5.56

1.42
1.98
2.41
2.87
3.51
4.03
5.39

Appendix

1107

TABLE 8
(continued )
df1
12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

240

inf.

df2

1.47
2.10
2.60
3.15
3.96
4.64
6.52

1.46
2.05
2.53
3.05
3.82
4.46
6.23

1.45
2.01
2.46
2.95
3.66
4.27
5.93

1.44
1.98
2.42
2.89
3.59
4.17
5.78

1.43
1.96
2.38
2.84
3.51
4.07
5.63

1.42
1.93
2.34
2.78
3.43
3.97
5.47

1.42
1.90
2.30
2.72
3.34
3.87
5.30

1.41
1.88
2.25
2.66
3.25
3.76
5.14

1.40
1.86
2.23
2.63
3.21
3.70
5.05

1.40
1.85
2.21
2.60
3.17
3.65
4.97

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

13

1.45
2.05
2.53
3.05
3.80
4.43
6.13

1.44
2.01
2.46
2.95
3.66
4.25
5.85

1.43
1.96
2.39
2.84
3.51
4.06
5.56

1.42
1.94
2.35
2.79
3.43
3.96
5.41

1.41
1.91
2.31
2.73
3.35
3.86
5.25

1.41
1.89
2.27
2.67
3.27
3.76
5.10

1.40
1.86
2.22
2.61
3.18
3.66
4.94

1.39
1.83
2.18
2.55
3.09
3.55
4.77

1.38
1.81
2.15
2.52
3.05
3.49
4.69

1.38
1.80
2.13
2.49
3.00
3.44
4.60

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

14

1.44
2.02
2.48
2.96
3.67
4.25
5.81

1.43
1.97
2.40
2.86
3.52
4.07
5.54

1.41
1.92
2.33
2.76
3.37
3.88
5.25

1.41
1.90
2.29
2.70
3.29
3.79
5.10

1.40
1.87
2.25
2.64
3.21
3.69
4.95

1.39
1.85
2.20
2.59
3.13
3.58
4.80

1.38
1.82
2.16
2.52
3.05
3.48
4.64

1.37
1.79
2.11
2.46
2.96
3.37
4.47

1.36
1.77
2.09
2.43
2.91
3.32
4.39

1.36
1.76
2.07
2.40
2.87
3.26
4.31

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

15

1.43
1.99
2.42
2.89
3.55
4.10
5.55

1.41
1.94
2.35
2.79
3.41
3.92
5.27

1.40
1.89
2.28
2.68
3.26
3.73
4.99

1.39
1.87
2.24
2.63
3.18
3.64
4.85

1.38
1.84
2.19
2.57
3.10
3.54
4.70

1.37
1.81
2.15
2.51
3.02
3.44
4.54

1.36
1.78
2.11
2.45
2.93
3.33
4.39

1.35
1.75
2.06
2.38
2.84
3.22
4.23

1.35
1.73
2.03
2.35
2.80
3.17
4.14

1.34
1.72
2.01
2.32
2.75
3.11
4.06

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

16

1.41
1.96
2.38
2.82
3.46
3.97
5.32

1.40
1.91
2.31
2.72
3.31
3.79
5.05

1.39
1.86
2.23
2.62
3.16
3.61
4.78

1.38
1.84
2.19
2.56
3.08
3.51
4.63

1.37
1.81
2.15
2.50
3.00
3.41
4.48

1.36
1.78
2.10
2.44
2.92
3.31
4.33

1.35
1.75
2.06
2.38
2.83
3.21
4.18

1.34
1.72
2.01
2.32
2.75
3.10
4.02

1.33
1.70
1.99
2.28
2.70
3.04
3.93

1.33
1.69
1.96
2.25
2.65
2.98
3.85

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

17

1.40
1.93
2.34
2.77
3.37
3.86
5.13

1.39
1.89
2.27
2.67
3.23
3.68
4.87

1.38
1.84
2.19
2.56
3.08
3.50
4.59

1.37
1.81
2.15
2.50
3.00
3.40
4.45

1.36
1.78
2.11
2.44
2.92
3.30
4.30

1.35
1.75
2.06
2.38
2.84
3.20
4.15

1.34
1.72
2.02
2.32
2.75
3.10
4.00

1.33
1.69
1.97
2.26
2.66
2.99
3.84

1.32
1.67
1.94
2.22
2.61
2.93
3.75

1.32
1.66
1.92
2.19
2.57
2.87
3.67

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

18

1108

Appendix

TABLE 8

Percentage points of the F distribution (df2 between 19 and 24)

df1
df2

10

19

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.41
2.99
4.38
5.92
8.18
10.07
15.08

1.49
2.61
3.52
4.51
5.93
7.09
10.16

1.49
2.40
3.13
3.90
5.01
5.92
8.28

1.47
2.27
2.90
3.56
4.50
5.27
7.27

1.46
2.18
2.74
3.33
4.17
4.85
6.62

1.44
2.11
2.63
3.17
3.94
4.56
6.18

1.43
2.06
2.54
3.05
3.77
4.34
5.85

1.42
2.02
2.48
2.96
3.63
4.18
5.59

1.41
1.98
2.42
2.88
3.52
4.04
5.39

1.41
1.96
2.38
2.82
3.43
3.93
5.22

20

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.40
2.97
4.35
5.87
8.10
9.94
14.82

1.49
2.59
3.49
4.46
5.85
6.99
9.95

1.48
2.38
3.10
3.86
4.94
5.82
8.10

1.47
2.25
2.87
3.51
4.43
5.17
7.10

1.45
2.16
2.71
3.29
4.10
4.76
6.46

1.44
2.09
2.60
3.13
3.87
4.47
6.02

1.43
2.04
2.51
3.01
3.70
4.26
5.69

1.42
2.00
2.45
2.91
3.56
4.09
5.44

1.41
1.96
2.39
2.84
3.46
3.96
5.24

1.40
1.94
2.35
2.77
3.37
3.85
5.08

21

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.40
2.96
4.32
5.83
8.02
9.83
14.59

1.48
2.57
3.47
4.42
5.78
6.89
9.77

1.48
2.36
3.07
3.82
4.87
5.73
7.94

1.46
2.23
2.84
3.48
4.37
5.09
6.95

1.44
2.14
2.68
3.25
4.04
4.68
6.32

1.43
2.08
2.57
3.09
3.81
4.39
5.88

1.42
2.02
2.49
2.97
3.64
4.18
5.56

1.41
1.98
2.42
2.87
3.51
4.01
5.31

1.40
1.95
2.37
2.80
3.40
3.88
5.11

1.39
1.92
2.32
2.73
3.31
3.77
4.95

22

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.40
2.95
4.30
5.79
7.95
9.73
14.38

1.48
2.56
3.44
4.38
5.72
6.81
9.61

1.47
2.35
3.05
3.78
4.82
5.65
7.80

1.45
2.22
2.82
3.44
4.31
5.02
6.81

1.44
2.13
2.66
3.22
3.99
4.61
6.19

1.42
2.06
2.55
3.05
3.76
4.32
5.76

1.41
2.01
2.46
2.93
3.59
4.11
5.44

1.40
1.97
2.40
2.84
3.45
3.94
5.19

1.39
1.93
2.34
2.76
3.35
3.81
4.99

1.39
1.90
2.30
2.70
3.26
3.70
4.83

23

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.39
2.94
4.28
5.75
7.88
9.63
14.20

1.47
2.55
3.42
4.35
5.66
6.73
9.47

1.47
2.34
3.03
3.75
4.76
5.58
7.67

1.45
2.21
2.80
3.41
4.26
4.95
6.70

1.43
2.11
2.64
3.18
3.94
4.54
6.08

1.42
2.05
2.53
3.02
3.71
4.26
5.65

1.41
1.99
2.44
2.90
3.54
4.05
5.33

1.40
1.95
2.37
2.81
3.41
3.88
5.09

1.39
1.92
2.32
2.73
3.30
3.75
4.89

1.38
1.89
2.27
2.67
3.21
3.64
4.73

24

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.39
2.93
4.26
5.72
7.82
9.55
14.03

1.47
2.54
3.40
4.32
5.61
6.66
9.34

1.46
2.33
3.01
3.72
4.72
5.52
7.55

1.44
2.19
2.78
3.38
4.22
4.89
6.59

1.43
2.10
2.62
3.15
3.90
4.49
5.98

1.41
2.04
2.51
2.99
3.67
4.20
5.55

1.40
1.98
2.42
2.87
3.50
3.99
5.23

1.39
1.94
2.36
2.78
3.36
3.83
4.99

1.38
1.91
2.30
2.70
3.26
3.69
4.80

1.38
1.88
2.25
2.64
3.17
3.59
4.64

Appendix

1109

TABLE 8
(continued )
df1
12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

240

inf.

df2

1.40
1.91
2.31
2.72
3.30
3.76
4.97

1.38
1.86
2.23
2.62
3.15
3.59
4.70

1.37
1.81
2.16
2.51
3.00
3.40
4.43

1.36
1.79
2.11
2.45
2.92
3.31
4.29

1.35
1.76
2.07
2.39
2.84
3.21
4.14

1.34
1.73
2.03
2.33
2.76
3.11
3.99

1.33
1.70
1.98
2.27
2.67
3.00
3.84

1.32
1.67
1.93
2.20
2.58
2.89
3.68

1.31
1.65
1.90
2.17
2.54
2.83
3.60

1.30
1.63
1.88
2.13
2.49
2.78
3.51

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

19

1.39
1.89
2.28
2.68
3.23
3.68
4.82

1.37
1.84
2.20
2.57
3.09
3.50
4.56

1.36
1.79
2.12
2.46
2.94
3.32
4.29

1.35
1.77
2.08
2.41
2.86
3.22
4.15

1.34
1.74
2.04
2.35
2.78
3.12
4.00

1.33
1.71
1.99
2.29
2.69
3.02
3.86

1.32
1.68
1.95
2.22
2.61
2.92
3.70

1.31
1.64
1.90
2.16
2.52
2.81
3.54

1.30
1.63
1.87
2.12
2.47
2.75
3.46

1.29
1.61
1.84
2.09
2.42
2.69
3.38

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

20

1.38
1.87
2.25
2.64
3.17
3.60
4.70

1.37
1.83
2.18
2.53
3.03
3.43
4.44

1.35
1.78
2.10
2.42
2.88
3.24
4.17

1.34
1.75
2.05
2.37
2.80
3.15
4.03

1.33
1.72
2.01
2.31
2.72
3.05
3.88

1.32
1.69
1.96
2.25
2.64
2.95
3.74

1.31
1.66
1.92
2.18
2.55
2.84
3.58

1.30
1.62
1.87
2.11
2.46
2.73
3.42

1.29
1.60
1.84
2.08
2.41
2.67
3.34

1.28
1.59
1.81
2.04
2.36
2.61
3.26

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

21

1.37
1.86
2.23
2.60
3.12
3.54
4.58

1.36
1.81
2.15
2.50
2.98
3.36
4.33

1.34
1.76
2.07
2.39
2.83
3.18
4.06

1.33
1.73
2.03
2.33
2.75
3.08
3.92

1.32
1.70
1.98
2.27
2.67
2.98
3.78

1.31
1.67
1.94
2.21
2.58
2.88
3.63

1.30
1.64
1.89
2.14
2.50
2.77
3.48

1.29
1.60
1.84
2.08
2.40
2.66
3.32

1.28
1.59
1.81
2.04
2.35
2.60
3.23

1.28
1.57
1.78
2.00
2.31
2.55
3.15

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

22

1.37
1.84
2.20
2.57
3.07
3.47
4.48

1.35
1.80
2.13
2.47
2.93
3.30
4.23

1.34
1.74
2.05
2.36
2.78
3.12
3.96

1.33
1.72
2.01
2.30
2.70
3.02
3.82

1.32
1.69
1.96
2.24
2.62
2.92
3.68

1.31
1.66
1.91
2.18
2.54
2.82
3.53

1.30
1.62
1.86
2.11
2.45
2.71
3.38

1.28
1.59
1.81
2.04
2.35
2.60
3.22

1.28
1.57
1.79
2.01
2.31
2.54
3.14

1.27
1.55
1.76
1.97
2.26
2.48
3.05

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

23

1.36
1.83
2.18
2.54
3.03
3.42
4.39

1.35
1.78
2.11
2.44
2.89
3.25
4.14

1.33
1.73
2.03
2.33
2.74
3.06
3.87

1.32
1.70
1.98
2.27
2.66
2.97
3.74

1.31
1.67
1.94
2.21
2.58
2.87
3.59

1.30
1.64
1.89
2.15
2.49
2.77
3.45

1.29
1.61
1.84
2.08
2.40
2.66
3.29

1.28
1.57
1.79
2.01
2.31
2.55
3.14

1.27
1.55
1.76
1.97
2.26
2.49
3.05

1.26
1.53
1.73
1.94
2.21
2.43
2.97

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

24

1110

Appendix

TABLE 8

Percentage points of the F distribution (df2 between 25 and 30)

df1
df2

10

25

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.39
2.92
4.24
5.69
7.77
9.48
13.88

1.47
2.53
3.39
4.29
5.57
6.60
9.22

1.46
2.32
2.99
3.69
4.68
5.46
7.45

1.44
2.18
2.76
3.35
4.18
4.84
6.49

1.42
2.09
2.60
3.13
3.85
4.43
5.89

1.41
2.02
2.49
2.97
3.63
4.15
5.46

1.40
1.97
2.40
2.85
3.46
3.94
5.15

1.39
1.93
2.34
2.75
3.32
3.78
4.91

1.38
1.89
2.28
2.68
3.22
3.64
4.71

1.37
1.87
2.24
2.61
3.13
3.54
4.56

26

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.38
2.91
4.23
5.66
7.72
9.41
13.74

1.46
2.52
3.37
4.27
5.53
6.54
9.12

1.45
2.31
2.98
3.67
4.64
5.41
7.36

1.44
2.17
2.74
3.33
4.14
4.79
6.41

1.42
2.08
2.59
3.10
3.82
4.38
5.80

1.41
2.01
2.47
2.94
3.59
4.10
5.38

1.39
1.96
2.39
2.82
3.42
3.89
5.07

1.38
1.92
2.32
2.73
3.29
3.73
4.83

1.37
1.88
2.27
2.65
3.18
3.60
4.64

1.37
1.86
2.22
2.59
3.09
3.49
4.48

27

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.38
2.90
4.21
5.63
7.68
9.34
13.61

1.46
2.51
3.35
4.24
5.49
6.49
9.02

1.45
2.30
2.96
3.65
4.60
5.36
7.27

1.43
2.17
2.73
3.31
4.11
4.74
6.33

1.42
2.07
2.57
3.08
3.78
4.34
5.73

1.40
2.00
2.46
2.92
3.56
4.06
5.31

1.39
1.95
2.37
2.80
3.39
3.85
5.00

1.38
1.91
2.31
2.71
3.26
3.69
4.76

1.37
1.87
2.25
2.63
3.15
3.56
4.57

1.36
1.85
2.20
2.57
3.06
3.45
4.41

28

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.38
2.89
4.20
5.61
7.64
9.28
13.50

1.46
2.50
3.34
4.22
5.45
6.44
8.93

1.45
2.29
2.95
3.63
4.57
5.32
7.19

1.43
2.16
2.71
3.29
4.07
4.70
6.25

1.41
2.06
2.56
3.06
3.75
4.30
5.66

1.40
2.00
2.45
2.90
3.53
4.02
5.24

1.39
1.94
2.36
2.78
3.36
3.81
4.93

1.38
1.90
2.29
2.69
3.23
3.65
4.69

1.37
1.87
2.24
2.61
3.12
3.52
4.50

1.36
1.84
2.19
2.55
3.03
3.41
4.35

29

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.38
2.89
4.18
5.59
7.60
9.23
13.39

1.45
2.50
3.33
4.20
5.42
6.40
8.85

1.45
2.28
2.93
3.61
4.54
5.28
7.12

1.43
2.15
2.70
3.27
4.04
4.66
6.19

1.41
2.06
2.55
3.04
3.73
4.26
5.59

1.40
1.99
2.43
2.88
3.50
3.98
5.18

1.38
1.93
2.35
2.76
3.33
3.77
4.87

1.37
1.89
2.28
2.67
3.20
3.61
4.64

1.36
1.86
2.22
2.59
3.09
3.48
4.45

1.35
1.83
2.18
2.53
3.00
3.38
4.29

30

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.38
2.88
4.17
5.57
7.56
9.18
13.29

1.45
2.49
3.32
4.18
5.39
6.35
8.77

1.44
2.28
2.92
3.59
4.51
5.24
7.05

1.42
2.14
2.69
3.25
4.02
4.62
6.12

1.41
2.05
2.53
3.03
3.70
4.23
5.53

1.39
1.98
2.42
2.87
3.47
3.95
5.12

1.38
1.93
2.33
2.75
3.30
3.74
4.82

1.37
1.88
2.27
2.65
3.17
3.58
4.58

1.36
1.85
2.21
2.57
3.07
3.45
4.39

1.35
1.82
2.16
2.51
2.98
3.34
4.24

Appendix

1111

TABLE 8
(continued )
df1
12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

240

inf.

df2

1.36
1.82
2.16
2.51
2.99
3.37
4.31

1.34
1.77
2.09
2.41
2.85
3.20
4.06

1.33
1.72
2.01
2.30
2.70
3.01
3.79

1.32
1.69
1.96
2.24
2.62
2.92
3.66

1.31
1.66
1.92
2.18
2.54
2.82
3.52

1.29
1.63
1.87
2.12
2.45
2.72
3.37

1.28
1.59
1.82
2.05
2.36
2.61
3.22

1.27
1.56
1.77
1.98
2.27
2.50
3.06

1.26
1.54
1.74
1.94
2.22
2.44
2.98

1.25
1.52
1.71
1.91
2.17
2.38
2.89

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

25

1.35
1.81
2.15
2.49
2.96
3.33
4.24

1.34
1.76
2.07
2.39
2.81
3.15
3.99

1.32
1.71
1.99
2.28
2.66
2.97
3.72

1.31
1.68
1.95
2.22
2.58
2.87
3.59

1.30
1.65
1.90
2.16
2.50
2.77
3.44

1.29
1.61
1.85
2.09
2.42
2.67
3.30

1.28
1.58
1.80
2.03
2.33
2.56
3.15

1.26
1.54
1.75
1.95
2.23
2.45
2.99

1.26
1.52
1.72
1.92
2.18
2.39
2.90

1.25
1.50
1.69
1.88
2.13
2.33
2.82

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

26

1.35
1.80
2.13
2.47
2.93
3.28
4.17

1.33
1.75
2.06
2.36
2.78
3.11
3.92

1.32
1.70
1.97
2.25
2.63
2.93
3.66

1.31
1.67
1.93
2.19
2.55
2.83
3.52

1.30
1.64
1.88
2.13
2.47
2.73
3.38

1.28
1.60
1.84
2.07
2.38
2.63
3.23

1.27
1.57
1.79
2.00
2.29
2.52
3.08

1.26
1.53
1.73
1.93
2.20
2.41
2.92

1.25
1.51
1.70
1.89
2.15
2.35
2.84

1.24
1.49
1.67
1.85
2.10
2.29
2.75

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

27

1.34
1.79
2.12
2.45
2.90
3.25
4.11

1.33
1.74
2.04
2.34
2.75
3.07
3.86

1.31
1.69
1.96
2.23
2.60
2.89
3.60

1.30
1.66
1.91
2.17
2.52
2.79
3.46

1.29
1.63
1.87
2.11
2.44
2.69
3.32

1.28
1.59
1.82
2.05
2.35
2.59
3.18

1.27
1.56
1.77
1.98
2.26
2.48
3.02

1.25
1.52
1.71
1.91
2.17
2.37
2.86

1.24
1.50
1.68
1.87
2.12
2.31
2.78

1.24
1.48
1.65
1.83
2.06
2.25
2.69

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

28

1.34
1.78
2.10
2.43
2.87
3.21
4.05

1.32
1.73
2.03
2.32
2.73
3.04
3.80

1.31
1.68
1.94
2.21
2.57
2.86
3.54

1.30
1.65
1.90
2.15
2.49
2.76
3.41

1.29
1.62
1.85
2.09
2.41
2.66
3.27

1.27
1.58
1.81
2.03
2.33
2.56
3.12

1.26
1.55
1.75
1.96
2.23
2.45
2.97

1.25
1.51
1.70
1.89
2.14
2.33
2.81

1.24
1.49
1.67
1.85
2.09
2.27
2.73

1.23
1.47
1.64
1.81
2.03
2.21
2.64

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

29

1.34
1.77
2.09
2.41
2.84
3.18
4.00

1.32
1.72
2.01
2.31
2.70
3.01
3.75

1.30
1.67
1.93
2.20
2.55
2.82
3.49

1.29
1.64
1.89
2.14
2.47
2.73
3.36

1.28
1.61
1.84
2.07
2.39
2.63
3.22

1.27
1.57
1.79
2.01
2.30
2.52
3.07

1.26
1.54
1.74
1.94
2.21
2.42
2.92

1.24
1.50
1.68
1.87
2.11
2.30
2.76

1.23
1.48
1.65
1.83
2.06
2.24
2.68

1.23
1.46
1.62
1.79
2.01
2.18
2.59

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

30

1112

Appendix

TABLE 8

Percentage points of the F distribution (df2 at least 40)

df1
df2

10

40

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.36
2.84
4.08
5.42
7.31
8.83
12.61

1.44
2.44
3.23
4.05
5.18
6.07
8.25

1.42
2.23
2.84
3.46
4.31
4.98
6.59

1.40
2.09
2.61
3.13
3.83
4.37
5.70

1.39
2.00
2.45
2.90
3.51
3.99
5.13

1.37
1.93
2.34
2.74
3.29
3.71
4.73

1.36
1.87
2.25
2.62
3.12
3.51
4.44

1.35
1.83
2.18
2.53
2.99
3.35
4.21

1.34
1.79
2.12
2.45
2.89
3.22
4.02

1.33
1.76
2.08
2.39
2.80
3.12
3.87

60

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.35
2.79
4.00
5.29
7.08
8.49
11.97

1.42
2.39
3.15
3.93
4.98
5.79
7.77

1.41
2.18
2.76
3.34
4.13
4.73
6.17

1.38
2.04
2.53
3.01
3.65
4.14
5.31

1.37
1.95
2.37
2.79
3.34
3.76
4.76

1.35
1.87
2.25
2.63
3.12
3.49
4.37

1.33
1.82
2.17
2.51
2.95
3.29
4.09

1.32
1.77
2.10
2.41
2.82
3.13
3.86

1.31
1.74
2.04
2.33
2.72
3.01
3.69

1.30
1.71
1.99
2.27
2.63
2.90
3.54

90

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.34
2.76
3.95
5.20
6.93
8.28
11.57

1.41
2.36
3.10
3.84
4.85
5.62
7.47

1.39
2.15
2.71
3.26
4.01
4.57
5.91

1.37
2.01
2.47
2.93
3.53
3.99
5.06

1.35
1.91
2.32
2.71
3.23
3.62
4.53

1.33
1.84
2.20
2.55
3.01
3.35
4.15

1.32
1.78
2.11
2.43
2.84
3.15
3.87

1.31
1.74
2.04
2.34
2.72
3.00
3.65

1.30
1.70
1.99
2.26
2.61
2.87
3.48

1.29
1.67
1.94
2.19
2.52
2.77
3.34

120

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.34
2.75
3.92
5.15
6.85
8.18
11.38

1.40
2.35
3.07
3.80
4.79
5.54
7.32

1.39
2.13
2.68
3.23
3.95
4.50
5.78

1.37
1.99
2.45
2.89
3.48
3.92
4.95

1.35
1.90
2.29
2.67
3.17
3.55
4.42

1.33
1.82
2.18
2.52
2.96
3.28
4.04

1.31
1.77
2.09
2.39
2.79
3.09
3.77

1.30
1.72
2.02
2.30
2.66
2.93
3.55

1.29
1.68
1.96
2.22
2.56
2.81
3.38

1.28
1.65
1.91
2.16
2.47
2.71
3.24

240

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.33
2.73
3.88
5.09
6.74
8.03
11.10

1.39
2.32
3.03
3.75
4.69
5.42
7.11

1.38
2.10
2.64
3.17
3.86
4.38
5.60

1.36
1.97
2.41
2.84
3.40
3.82
4.78

1.34
1.87
2.25
2.62
3.09
3.45
4.25

1.32
1.80
2.14
2.46
2.88
3.19
3.89

1.30
1.74
2.04
2.34
2.71
2.99
3.62

1.29
1.70
1.98
2.25
2.59
2.84
3.41

1.27
1.65
1.92
2.17
2.48
2.71
3.24

1.27
1.63
1.87
2.10
2.40
2.61
3.09

inf.

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

1.32
2.71
3.84
5.02
6.63
7.88
10.83

1.39
2.30
3.00
3.69
4.61
5.30
6.91

1.37
2.08
2.60
3.12
3.78
4.28
5.42

1.35
1.94
2.37
2.79
3.32
3.72
4.62

1.33
1.85
2.21
2.57
3.02
3.35
4.10

1.31
1.77
2.10
2.41
2.80
3.09
3.74

1.29
1.72
2.01
2.29
2.64
2.90
3.47

1.28
1.67
1.94
2.19
2.51
2.74
3.27

1.27
1.63
1.88
2.11
2.41
2.62
3.10

1.25
1.60
1.83
2.05
2.32
2.52
2.96

Appendix

1113

TABLE 8
(continued )
df1
12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

240

inf.

df2

1.31
1.71
2.00
2.29
2.66
2.95
3.64

1.30
1.66
1.92
2.18
2.52
2.78
3.40

1.28
1.61
1.84
2.07
2.37
2.60
3.14

1.26
1.57
1.79
2.01
2.29
2.50
3.01

1.25
1.54
1.74
1.94
2.20
2.40
2.87

1.24
1.51
1.69
1.88
2.11
2.30
2.73

1.22
1.47
1.64
1.80
2.02
2.18
2.57

1.21
1.42
1.58
1.72
1.92
2.06
2.41

1.20
1.40
1.54
1.68
1.86
2.00
2.32

1.19
1.38
1.51
1.64
1.80
1.93
2.23

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

40

1.29
1.66
1.92
2.17
2.50
2.74
3.32

1.27
1.60
1.84
2.06
2.35
2.57
3.08

1.25
1.54
1.75
1.94
2.20
2.39
2.83

1.24
1.51
1.70
1.88
2.12
2.29
2.69

1.22
1.48
1.65
1.82
2.03
2.19
2.55

1.21
1.44
1.59
1.74
1.94
2.08
2.41

1.19
1.40
1.53
1.67
1.84
1.96
2.25

1.17
1.35
1.47
1.58
1.73
1.83
2.08

1.16
1.32
1.43
1.53
1.67
1.76
1.99

1.15
1.29
1.39
1.48
1.60
1.69
1.89

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

60

1.27
1.62
1.86
2.09
2.39
2.61
3.11

1.25
1.56
1.78
1.98
2.24
2.44
2.88

1.23
1.50
1.69
1.86
2.09
2.25
2.63

1.22
1.47
1.64
1.80
2.00
2.15
2.50

1.20
1.43
1.59
1.73
1.92
2.05
2.36

1.19
1.39
1.53
1.66
1.82
1.94
2.21

1.17
1.35
1.46
1.58
1.72
1.82
2.05

1.15
1.29
1.39
1.48
1.60
1.68
1.87

1.13
1.26
1.35
1.43
1.53
1.61
1.77

1.12
1.23
1.30
1.37
1.46
1.52
1.66

.25
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

90

1.26
1.60
1.83
2.05
2.34
2.54
3.02

1.24
1.55
1.75
1.94
2.19
2.37
2.78

1.22
1.48
1.66
1.82
2.03
2.19
2.53

1.21
1.45
1.61
1.76
1.95
2.09
2.40

1.19
1.41
1.55
1.69
1.86
1.98
2.26

1.18
1.37
1.50
1.61
1.76
1.87
2.11

1.16
1.32
1.43
1.53
1.66
1.75
1.95

1.13
1.26
1.35
1.43
1.53
1.61
1.77

1.12
1.23
1.31
1.38
1.46
1.52
1.66

1.10
1.19
1.25
1.31
1.38
1.43
1.54

.25
10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

120

1.25
1.57
1.79
2.00
2.26
2.45
2.88

1.23
1.52
1.71
1.89
2.11
2.28
2.65

1.21
1.45
1.61
1.77
1.96
2.09
2.40

1.19
1.42
1.56
1.70
1.87
1.99
2.26

1.18
1.38
1.51
1.63
1.78
1.89
2.12

1.16
1.33
1.44
1.55
1.68
1.77
1.97

1.14
1.28
1.37
1.46
1.57
1.64
1.80

1.11
1.22
1.29
1.35
1.43
1.49
1.61

1.09
1.18
1.24
1.29
1.35
1.40
1.49

1.07
1.13
1.17
1.21
1.25
1.28
1.35

.25
10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

240

1.24
1.55
1.75
1.94
2.18
2.36
2.74

1.22
1.49
1.67
1.83
2.04
2.19
2.51

1.19
1.42
1.57
1.71
1.88
2.00
2.27

1.18
1.38
1.52
1.64
1.79
1.90
2.13

1.16
1.34
1.46
1.57
1.70
1.79
1.99

1.14
1.30
1.39
1.48
1.59
1.67
1.84

1.12
1.24
1.32
1.39
1.47
1.53
1.66

1.08
1.17
1.22
1.27
1.32
1.36
1.45

1.06
1.12
1.15
1.19
1.22
1.25
1.31

1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

.25
10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001

inf.

Source: Computed by P. J. Hildebrand.

1114

Appendix
TABLE 9
Values of 2 arcsin

.001
.002
.003
.004
.005

.0633
.0895
.1096
.1266
.1415

.041
.042
.043
.044
.045

.4078
.4128
.4178
.4227
.4275

.36
.37
.38
.39
.40

1.2870
1.3078
1.3284
1.3490
1.3694

.76
.77
.78
.79
.80

2.1177
2.1412
2.1652
2.1895
2.2143

.971
.972
.973
.974
.975

2.7993
2.8053
2.8115
2.8177
2.8240

.006
.007
.008
.009
.010

.1551
.1675
.1791
.1900
.2003

.046
.047
.048
.049
.050

.4323
.4371
.4418
.4464
.4510

.41
.42
.43
.44
.45

1.3898
1.4101
1.4303
1.4505
1.4706

.81
.82
.83
.84
.85

2.2395
2.2653
2.2916
2.3186
2.3462

.976
.977
.978
.979
.980

2.8305
2.8371
2.8438
2.8507
2.8578

.011
.012
.013
.014
.015

.2101
.2195
.2285
.2372
.2456

.06
.07
.08
.09
.10

.4949
.5355
.5735
.6094
.6435

.46
.47
.48
.49
.50

1.4907
1.5108
1.5308
1.5508
1.5708

.86
.87
.88
.89
.90

2.3746
2.4039
2.4341
2.4655
2.4981

.981
.982
.983
.984
.985

2.8650
2.8725
2.8801
2.8879
2.8960

.016
.017
.018
.019
.020

.2537
.2615
.2691
.2766
.2838

.11
.12
.13
.14
.15

.6761
.7075
.7377
.7670
.7954

.51
.52
.53
.54
.55

1.5908
1.6108
1.6308
1.6509
1.6710

.91
.92
.93
.94
.95

2.5322
2.5681
2.6062
2.6467
2.6906

.986
.987
.988
.989
.990

2.9044
2.9131
2.9221
2.9315
2.9413

.021
.022
.023
.024
.025

.2909
.2978
.3045
.3111
.3176

.16
.17
.18
.19
.20

.8230
.8500
.8763
.9021
.9273

.56
.57
.58
.59
.60

1.6911
1.7113
1.7315
1.7518
1.7722

.951
.952
.953
.954
.955

2.6952
2.6998
2.7045
2.7093
2.7141

.991
.992
.993
.994
.995

2.9516
2.9625
2.9741
2.9865
3.0001

.026
.027
.028
.029
.030

.3239
.3301
.3363
.3423
.3482

.21
.22
.23
.24
.25

.9521
.9764
1.0004
1.0239
1.0472

.61
.62
.63
.64
.65

1.7926
1.8132
1.8338
1.8338
1.8546

.956
.957
.958
.959
.960

2.7189
2.7238
2.7288
2.7338
2.7389

.996
.997
.998
.999

3.0150
3.0320
3.0521
3.0783

.031
.032
.033
.034
.035

.3540
.3597
.3654
.3709
.3764

.26
.27
.28
.29
.30

1.0701
1.0928
1.1152
1.1374
1.1593

.66
.67
.68
.69
.70

1.8965
1.9177
1.9391
1.9606
1.9823

.961
.962
.963
.964
.965

2.7440
2.7492
2.7545
2.7598
2.7652

.036
.037
.038
.039
.040

.3818
.3871
.3924
.3976
.4027

.31
.32
.33
.34
.35

1.1810
1.2025
1.2239
1.2451
1.2661

.71
.72
.73
.74
.75

2.0042
2.0264
2.0488
2.0715
2.0944

.966
.967
.968
.969
.970

2.7707
2.7762
2.7819
2.7876
2.7934

From Experimental Design: Procedures for the Behavioral Sciences, by

Roger E. Kirk. Copyright 1968 by Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc.
Reprinted by permission of the publisher, Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, Calif.

Appendix

1115

TABLE 10
Percentage points of the Studentized range
Error
df
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
24
30
40
60
120

t Number of Treatment Means

10

11

.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01

3.64
5.70
3.46
5.24
3.34
4.95
3.26
4.75
3.20
4.60
3.15
4.48
3.11
4.39
3.08
4.32
3.06
4.26
3.03
4.21
3.01
4.17
3.00
4.13
2.98
4.10
2.97
4.07
2.96
4.05
2.95
4.02
2.92
3.96
2.89
3.89
2.86
3.82
2.83
3.76
2.80
3.70
2.77
3.64

4.60
6.98
4.34
6.33
4.16
5.92
4.04
5.64
3.95
5.43
3.88
5.27
3.82
5.15
3.77
5.05
3.73
4.96
3.70
4.89
3.67
4.84
3.65
4.79
3.63
4.74
3.61
4.70
3.59
4.67
3.58
4.64
3.53
4.55
3.49
4.45
3.44
4.37
3.40
4.28
3.36
4.20
3.31
4.12

5.22
7.80
4.90
7.03
4.68
6.54
4.53
6.20
4.41
5.96
4.33
5.77
4.26
5.62
4.20
5.50
4.15
5.40
4.11
5.32
4.08
5.25
4.05
5.19
4.02
5.14
4.00
5.09
3.98
5.05
3.96
5.02
3.90
4.91
3.85
4.80
3.79
4.70
3.74
4.59
3.68
4.50
3.63
4.40

5.67
8.42
5.30
7.56
5.06
7.01
4.89
6.62
4.76
6.35
4.65
6.14
4.57
5.97
4.52
5.84
4.45
5.73
4.41
5.63
4.37
5.56
4.33
5.49
4.30
5.43
4.28
5.38
4.25
5.33
4.23
5.29
4.17
5.17
4.10
5.05
4.04
4.93
3.98
4.82
3.92
4.71
3.86
4.60

6.03
8.91
5.63
7.97
5.36
7.37
5.17
6.96
5.02
6.66
4.91
6.43
4.82
6.25
4.75
6.10
4.69
5.98
4.64
5.88
4.59
5.80
4.56
5.72
4.52
5.66
4.49
5.60
4.47
5.55
4.45
5.51
4.37
5.37
4.30
5.24
4.23
5.11
4.16
4.99
4.10
4.87
4.03
4.76

6.33
9.32
5.90
8.32
5.61
7.68
5.40
7.24
5.24
6.91
5.12
6.67
5.03
6.48
4.95
6.32
4.88
6.19
4.83
6.08
4.78
5.99
4.74
5.92
4.70
5.85
4.67
5.79
4.65
5.73
4.62
5.69
4.54
5.54
4.46
5.40
4.39
5.26
4.31
5.13
4.24
5.01
4.17
4.88

6.58
9.67
6.12
8.61
5.82
7.94
5.60
7.47
5.43
7.13
5.30
6.87
5.30
6.67
5.12
6.51
5.05
6.37
4.99
6.26
4.94
6.16
4.90
6.08
4.86
6.01
4.82
5.94
4.79
5.89
4.77
5.84
4.68
5.69
4.60
5.54
4.52
5.39
4.44
5.25
4.36
5.12
4.29
4.99

6.80
9.97
6.32
8.87
6.00
8.17
5.77
7.68
5.59
7.33
5.46
7.05
5.35
6.84
5.27
6.67
5.19
6.53
5.13
6.41
5.08
6.31
5.03
6.22
4.99
6.15
4.96
6.08
4.92
6.02
4.90
5.97
4.81
5.81
4.72
5.65
4.63
5.50
4.55
5.36
4.47
5.21
4.39
5.08

6.99
10.24
6.49
9.10
6.16
8.37
5.92
7.86
5.74
7.49
5.60
7.21
5.49
6.99
5.39
6.81
5.32
6.67
5.25
6.54
5.20
6.44
5.15
6.35
5.11
6.27
5.07
6.20
5.04
6.14
5.01
6.09
3.92
5.92
4.82
5.76
4.73
5.60
4.65
5.45
4.56
5.30
4.47
5.16

7.17
10.48
6.65
9.30
6.30
8.55
6.05
8.03
5.87
7.65
5.72
7.36
5.61
7.13
5.51
6.94
5.43
6.79
5.36
6.66
5.31
6.55
5.26
6.46
5.21
6.38
5.17
6.31
5.14
6.25
5.11
6.19
5.01
6.02
4.92
5.85
4.82
5.69
4.73
5.53
4.64
5.37
4.55
5.23

This table is abridged from E. S. Pearson and H. O. Hartley, eds., Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, 2d ed., Vol 1 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1958), Table 29. Reproduced with the
permission of the editors and the trustees of Biometrika.

1116

Appendix

TABLE 10
(continued )
t Number of Treatment Means
Error
df
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
24
30
40
60
120

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

7.32
10.70
6.79
9.48
6.43
8.71
6.18
8.18
5.98
7.78
5.83
7.49
5.71
7.25
5.61
7.06
5.53
6.90
5.46
6.77
5.40
6.66
5.35
6.56
5.31
6.48
5.27
6.41
5.23
6.34
5.20
6.28
5.10
6.11
5.00
5.93
4.90
5.76
4.81
5.60
4.71
5.44
4.62
5.29

7.47
10.89
6.92
9.65
6.55
8.86
6.29
8.31
6.09
7.91
5.93
7.60
5.81
7.36
5.71
7.17
5.63
7.01
5.55
6.87
5.49
6.76
5.44
6.66
5.39
6.57
5.35
6.50
5.31
6.43
5.28
6.37
5.18
6.19
5.08
6.01
4.98
5.83
4.88
5.67
4.78
5.50
4.68
5.35

7.60
11.08
7.03
9.81
6.66
9.00
6.39
8.44
6.19
8.03
6.03
7.71
5.90
7.46
5.80
7.26
5.71
7.10
5.64
6.96
5.57
6.84
5.52
6.74
5.47
6.66
5.43
6.58
5.39
6.51
5.36
6.45
5.25
6.26
5.15
6.08
5.04
5.90
4.94
5.73
4.84
5.56
4.74
5.40

7.72
11.24
7.14
9.95
6.76
9.12
6.48
8.55
6.28
8.13
6.11
7.81
5.98
7.56
5.86
7.36
5.79
7.19
5.71
7.05
5.65
6.93
5.59
6.82
5.54
6.73
5.50
6.65
5.46
6.58
5.43
6.52
5.32
6.33
5.21
6.14
5.11
5.96
5.00
5.78
4.90
5.61
4.80
5.45

7.83
11.40
7.24
10.08
6.85
9.24
6.57
8.66
6.36
8.23
6.19
7.91
6.06
7.65
5.95
7.44
5.86
7.27
5.79
7.13
5.72
7.00
5.66
6.90
5.61
6.81
5.57
6.73
5.53
6.65
5.49
6.59
5.38
6.39
5.27
6.20
5.16
6.02
5.06
5.84
4.95
5.66
4.85
5.49

7.93
11.55
7.34
10.21
6.94
9.35
6.65
8.76
6.44
8.33
6.27
7.99
6.13
7.73
6.02
7.52
5.93
7.35
5.85
7.20
5.78
7.07
5.73
6.97
5.67
6.87
5.63
6.79
5.59
6.72
5.55
6.65
5.44
6.45
5.33
6.26
5.22
6.07
5.11
5.89
5.00
5.71
4.89
5.54

8.03
11.68
7.43
10.32
7.02
9.46
6.73
8.85
6.51
8.41
6.34
8.08
6.20
7.81
6.09
7.59
5.99
7.42
5.91
7.27
5.85
7.14
5.79
7.03
5.73
6.94
5.69
6.85
5.65
6.78
5.61
6.71
5.49
6.51
5.38
6.31
5.27
6.12
5.15
5.93
5.04
5.75
4.93
5.57

8.12
11.81
7.51
10.43
7.10
9.55
6.80
8.94
6.58
8.49
6.40
8.15
6.27
7.88
6.15
7.66
6.05
7.48
5.97
7.33
5.90
7.20
5.84
7.09
5.79
7.00
5.74
6.91
5.70
6.84
5.66
6.77
5.55
6.56
5.43
6.36
5.31
6.16
5.20
5.97
5.09
5.79
4.97
5.61

8.21
11.93
7.59
10.54
7.17
9.65
6.87
9.03
6.64
8.57
6.47
8.23
6.33
7.95
6.21
7.73
6.11
7.55
6.03
7.39
5.96
7.26
5.90
7.15
5.84
7.05
5.79
6.97
5.75
6.89
5.71
6.82
5.59
6.61
5.47
6.41
5.36
6.21
5.24
6.01
5.13
5.83
5.01
5.65

.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.01

Appendix

1117

TABLE 11
Percentage points for Dunnetts test: d (k, )

0.05 (one-sided)

k2

10

11

12

15

20

5
6
7
8
9

2.44
2.34
2.27
2.22
2.18

2.68
2.56
2.48
2.42
2.37

2.85
2.71
2.62
2.55
2.50

2.98
2.83
2.73
2.66
2.60

3.08
2.92
2.82
2.74
2.68

3.16
3.00
2.89
2.81
2.75

3.24
3.07
2.95
2.87
2.81

3.30
3.12
3.01
2.92
2.86

3.36
3.17
3.05
2.96
2.90

3.41
3.22
3.10
3.01
2.94

3.45
3.26
3.13
3.04
2.97

3.57
3.37
3.23
3.14
3.06

3.72
3.50
3.36
3.25
3.18

10
11
12
13
14

2.15
2.13
2.11
2.09
2.08

2.34
2.31
2.29
2.27
2.25

2.47
2.44
2.41
2.39
2.37

2.56
2.53
2.50
2.48
2.46

2.64
2.60
2.58
2.55
2.53

2.70
2.67
2.64
2.61
2.59

2.76
2.72
2.69
2.66
2.64

2.81
2.77
2.74
2.71
2.69

2.85
2.81
2.78
2.75
2.72

2.89
2.85
2.81
2.78
2.76

2.92
2.88
2.84
2.82
2.79

3.01
2.96
2.93
2.90
2.87

3.12
3.07
3.03
3.00
2.97

15
16
17
18
19

2.07
2.06
2.05
2.04
2.03

2.24
2.23
2.22
2.21
2.20

2.36
2.34
2.33
2.32
2.31

2.44
2.43
2.42
2.41
2.40

2.51
2.50
2.49
2.48
2.47

2.57
2.56
2.54
2.53
2.52

2.62
2.61
2.59
2.58
2.57

2.67
2.65
2.64
2.62
2.61

2.70
2.69
2.67
2.66
2.65

2.74
2.72
2.71
2.69
2.68

2.77
2.75
2.74
2.72
2.71

2.85
2.83
2.81
2.80
2.79

2.95
2.93
2.91
2.89
2.88

20
24
30
40
60

2.03
2.01
1.99
1.97
1.95

2.19
2.17
2.15
2.13
2.10

2.30
2.28
2.25
2.23
2.21

2.39
2.36
2.33
2.31
2.28

2.46
2.43
2.40
2.37
2.35

2.51
2.48
2.45
2.42
2.39

2.56
2.53
2.50
2.47
2.44

2.60
2.57
2.54
2.51
2.48

2.64
2.60
2.57
2.54
2.51

2.67
2.64
2.60
2.57
2.54

2.70
2.66
2.63
2.60
2.56

2.77
2.74
2.70
2.67
2.63

2.87
2.83
2.79
2.75
2.72

120

1.93
1.92

2.08
2.06

2.18
2.16

2.26
2.23

2.32
2.29

2.37
2.34

2.41
2.38

2.45
2.42

2.48
2.45

2.51
2.48

2.53
2.50

2.60
2.56

2.68
2.64

From C. W. Dunnett (1955), A Multiple Comparison Procedure for Comparing Several Treatments with a Control, Journal of the American Statistical Association 50, 11121118. Reprinted with permission from Journal of
the American Statistical Association. Copyright 1955 by the American Statistical Association. All rights reserved.
C. W. Dunnett (1964), New Tables for Multiple Comparisons with a Control, Biometrics 20, 482491. Also additional tables produced by C. W. Dunnett in 1980.

1118

Appendix

TABLE 11
Percentage points for Dunnetts test: d (k, )

0.01 (one-sided)

k2

10

11

12

15

20

5
6
7
8
9

3.90
3.61
3.42
3.29
3.19

4.21
3.88
3.66
3.51
3.40

4.43
4.07
3.83
3.67
3.55

4.60
4.21
3.96
3.79
3.66

4.73
4.33
4.07
3.88
3.75

4.85
4.43
4.15
3.96
3.82

4.94
4.51
4.23
4.03
3.89

5.03
4.59
4.30
4.09
3.94

5.11
4.64
4.35
4.14
3.99

5.17
4.70
4.40
4.19
4.04

5.24
4.76
4.45
4.23
4.08

5.39
4.89
4.57
4.34
4.18

5.59
5.06
4.72
4.48
4.31

10
11
12
13
14

3.11
3.06
3.01
2.97
2.94

3.31
3.25
3.19
3.15
3.11

3.45
3.38
3.32
3.27
3.23

3.56
3.48
3.42
3.37
3.32

3.64
3.56
3.50
3.44
3.40

3.71
3.63
3.56
3.51
3.46

3.78
3.69
3.62
3.56
3.51

3.83
3.74
3.67
3.61
3.56

3.88
3.79
3.71
3.65
3.60

3.92
3.83
3.75
3.69
3.64

3.96
3.86
3.79
3.73
3.67

4.06
3.96
3.88
3.81
3.76

4.18
4.08
3.99
3.92
3.87

15
16
17
18
19

2.91
2.88
2.86
2.84
2.83

3.08
3.05
3.03
3.01
2.99

3.20
3.17
3.14
3.12
3.10

3.29
3.26
3.23
3.21
3.18

3.36
3.33
3.30
3.27
3.25

3.42
3.39
3.36
3.33
3.31

3.47
3.44
3.41
3.38
3.36

3.52
3.48
3.45
3.42
3.40

3.56
3.52
3.49
3.46
3.44

3.60
3.56
3.53
3.50
3.47

3.63
3.59
3.56
3.53
3.50

3.71
3.67
3.64
3.61
3.58

3.82
3.78
3.74
3.71
3.68

20
24
30
40
60

2.81
2.77
2.72
2.68
2.64

2.97
2.92
2.87
2.82
2.78

3.08
3.03
2.97
2.92
2.87

3.17
3.11
3.05
2.99
2.94

3.23
3.17
3.11
3.05
3.00

3.29
3.22
3.16
3.10
3.04

3.34
3.27
3.21
3.14
3.08

3.38
3.31
3.24
3.18
3.12

3.42
3.35
3.28
3.21
3.15

3.45
3.38
3.31
3.24
3.18

3.48
3.41
3.34
3.27
3.20

3.56
3.48
3.41
3.34
3.27

3.65
3.57
3.50
3.42
3.35

120

2.60
2.56

2.73
2.68

2.82
2.77

2.89
2.84

2.94
2.89

2.99
2.93

3.03
2.97

3.06
3.00

3.09
3.03

3.12
3.06

3.14
3.08

3.20
3.14

3.28
3.21

Appendix

1119

TABLE 11
Percentage points for Dunnetts test: d (k, ) (continued )

0.05 (two-sided)

k2

10

11

12

15

20

5
6
7
8
9

3.03
2.86
2.75
2.67
2.61

3.29
3.10
2.97
2.88
2.81

3.48
3.26
3.12
3.02
2.95

3.62
3.39
3.24
3.13
3.05

3.73
3.49
3.33
3.22
3.14

3.82
3.57
3.41
3.29
3.20

3.90
3.64
3.47
3.35
3.26

3.97
3.71
3.53
3.41
3.32

4.03
3.76
3.58
3.46
3.36

4.09
3.81
3.63
3.50
3.40

4.14
3.86
3.67
3.54
3.44

4.26
3.97
3.78
3.64
3.53

4.42
4.11
3.91
3.76
3.65

10
11
12
13
14

2.57
2.53
2.50
2.48
2.46

2.76
2.72
2.68
2.65
2.63

2.89
2.84
2.81
2.78
2.75

2.99
2.94
2.90
2.87
2.84

3.07
3.02
2.98
2.94
2.91

3.14
3.08
3.04
3.00
2.97

3.19
3.14
3.09
3.06
3.02

3.24
3.19
3.14
3.10
3.07

3.29
3.23
3.18
3.14
3.11

3.33
3.27
3.22
3.18
3.14

3.36
3.30
3.25
3.21
3.18

3.45
3.39
3.34
3.29
3.26

3.57
3.50
3.45
3.40
3.36

15
16
17
18
19

2.44
2.42
2.41
2.40
2.39

2.61
2.59
2.58
2.56
2.55

2.73
2.71
2.69
2.68
2.66

2.82
2.80
2.78
2.76
2.75

2.89
2.87
2.85
2.83
2.81

2.95
2.92
2.90
2.89
2.87

3.00
2.97
2.95
2.94
2.92

3.04
3.02
3.00
2.98
2.96

3.08
3.06
3.03
3.01
3.00

3.12
3.09
3.07
3.05
3.03

3.15
3.12
3.10
3.08
3.06

3.23
3.20
3.18
3.16
3.14

3.33
3.30
3.27
3.25
3.23

20
24
30
40
60

2.38
2.35
2.32
2.29
2.27

2.54
2.51
2.47
2.44
2.41

2.65
2.61
2.58
2.54
2.51

2.73
2.70
2.66
2.62
2.58

2.80
2.76
2.72
2.68
2.64

2.86
2.81
2.77
2.73
2.69

2.90
2.86
2.82
2.77
2.73

2.95
2.90
2.86
2.81
2.77

2.98
2.94
2.89
2.85
2.80

3.02
2.97
2.92
2.87
2.83

3.05
3.00
2.95
2.90
2.86

3.12
3.07
3.02
2.97
2.92

3.22
3.16
3.11
3.06
3.00

120

2.24
2.21

2.38
2.35

2.47
2.44

2.55
2.51

2.60
2.57

2.65
2.61

2.69
2.65

2.73
2.69

2.76
2.72

2.79
2.74

2.81
2.77

2.87
2.83

2.95
2.91

1120

Appendix

TABLE 11
Percentage points for Dunnetts test: d (k, ) (continued )

0.01 (two-sided)

k2

10

11

12

15

20

5
6
7
8
9

4.63
4.21
3.95
3.77
3.63

4.98
4.51
4.21
4.00
3.85

5.22
4.71
4.39
4.17
4.01

5.41
4.87
4.53
4.29
4.12

5.56
5.00
4.64
4.40
4.22

5.69
5.10
4.74
4.48
4.30

5.80
5.20
4.82
4.56
4.37

5.89
5.28
4.89
4.62
4.43

5.98
5.35
4.95
4.68
4.48

6.05
5.41
5.01
4.73
4.53

6.12
5.47
5.06
4.78
4.57

6.30
5.62
5.19
4.90
4.68

6.52
5.81
5.36
5.05
4.82

10
11
12
13
14

3.53
3.45
3.39
3.33
3.29

3.74
3.65
3.58
3.52
3.47

3.88
3.79
3.71
3.65
3.59

3.99
3.89
3.81
3.74
3.69

4.08
3.98
3.89
3.82
3.76

4.16
4.05
3.96
3.89
3.83

4.22
4.11
4.02
3.94
3.88

4.28
4.16
4.07
3.99
3.93

4.33
4.21
4.12
4.04
3.97

4.37
4.25
4.16
4.08
4.01

4.42
4.29
4.19
4.11
4.05

4.52
4.39
4.29
4.20
4.13

4.65
4.52
4.41
4.32
4.24

15
16
17
18
19

3.25
3.22
3.19
3.17
3.15

3.43
3.39
3.36
3.33
3.31

3.55
3.51
3.47
3.44
3.42

3.64
3.60
3.56
3.53
3.50

3.71
3.67
3.63
3.60
3.57

3.78
3.73
3.69
3.66
3.63

3.83
3.78
3.74
3.71
3.68

3.88
3.83
3.79
3.75
3.72

3.92
3.87
3.83
3.79
3.76

3.95
3.91
3.86
3.83
3.79

3.99
3.94
3.90
3.86
3.83

4.07
4.02
3.98
3.94
3.90

4.18
4.13
4.08
4.04
4.00

20
24
30
40
60

3.13
3.07
3.01
2.95
2.90

3.29
3.22
3.15
3.09
3.03

3.40
3.32
3.25
3.19
3.12

3.48
3.40
3.33
3.26
3.19

3.55
3.47
3.39
3.32
3.25

3.60
3.52
3.44
3.37
3.29

3.65
3.57
3.49
3.41
3.33

3.69
3.61
3.52
3.44
3.37

3.73
3.64
3.56
3.48
3.40

3.77
3.68
3.59
3.51
3.42

3.80
3.70
3.62
3.53
3.45

3.87
3.78
3.69
3.60
3.51

3.97
3.87
3.78
3.68
3.59

120

2.85
2.79

2.97
2.92

3.06
3.00

3.12
3.06

3.18
3.11

3.22
3.15

3.26
3.19

3.29
3.22

3.32
3.25

3.35
3.27

3.37
3.29

3.43
3.35

3.51
3.42

Appendix

1121

TABLE 12
Percentage points of Fmax s 2max /s 2min
Upper 5% Points
t
df2

10

11

12

2
3
4
5

39.0
15.4
9.60
7.15

87.5
27.8
15.5
10.8

142
39.2
20.6
13.7

202
50.7
25.2
16.3

266
62.0
29.5
18.7

333
72.9
33.6
20.8

403
83.5
37.5
22.9

475
93.9
41.1
24.7

550
104
44.6
26.5

626
114
48.0
28.2

704
124
51.4
29.9

6
7
8
9
10

5.82
4.99
4.43
4.03
3.72

8.38
6.94
6.00
5.34
4.85

10.4
8.44
7.18
6.31
5.67

12.1
9.70
8.12
7.11
6.34

13.7
10.8
9.03
7.80
6.92

15.0
11.8
9.78
8.41
7.42

16.3
12.7
10.5
8.95
7.87

17.5
13.5
11.1
9.45
8.28

18.6
14.3
11.7
9.91
8.66

19.7
15.1
12.2
10.3
9.01

20.7
15.8
12.7
10.7
9.34

12
15
20
30
60

3.28
2.86
2.46
2.07
1.67
1.00

4.16
3.54
2.95
2.40
1.85
1.00

4.79
4.01
3.29
2.61
1.96
1.00

5.30
4.37
3.54
2.78
2.04
1.00

5.72
4.68
3.76
2.91
2.11
1.00

6.09
4.95
3.94
3.02
2.17
1.00

6.42
5.19
4.10
3.12
2.22
1.00

6.72
5.40
4.24
3.21
2.26
1.00

7.00
5.59
4.37
3.29
2.30
1.00

7.25
5.77
4.49
3.36
2.33
1.00

7.48
5.93
4.59
3.39
2.36
1.00

10

11

12

1705
21(6)
79
42

2063
24(9)
89
46

2432
28(1)
97
50

2813
31(0)
106
54

3204
33(7)
113
57

3605
36(1)
120
60

Upper 1% Points
t
df2

2
2
3
4
5

199
47.5
23.2
14.9

448
85
37
22

729
120
49
28

5
1036
151
59
33

6
1362
184
69
38

6
7
8
9
10

11.1
8.89
7.50
6.54
5.85

15.5
12.1
9.9
8.5
7.4

19.1
14.5
11.7
9.9
8.6

22
16.5
13.2
11.1
9.6

25
18.4
14.5
12.1
10.4

27
20
15.8
13.1
11.1

30
22
16.6
13.9
11.8

32
23
17.9
14.7
12.4

34
24
18.9
15.3
12.9

36
26
19.8
16.0
13.4

37
27
21
16.6
13.9

12
15
20
30
60

4.91
4.07
3.32
2.63
1.96
1.00

6.1
4.9
3.8
3.0
2.2
1.0

6.9
5.5
4.3
3.3
2.3
1.0

7.6
6.0
4.6
3.4
2.4
1.0

8.2
6.4
4.9
3.6
2.4
1.0

8.7
6.7
5.1
3.7
2.5
1.0

9.1
7.1
5.3
3.8
2.5
1.0

9.5
7.3
5.5
3.9
2.6
1.0

9.9
7.5
5.6
4.0
2.6
1.0

10.2
7.8
5.8
4.1
2.7
1.0

10.6
8.0
5.9
4.2
2.7
1.0

s 2max is the largest and s 2min the smallest in a set of t independent mean squares, each based on df2 n 1 degrees of freedom. Values in the column t 2 and in the rows df2 2 and are exact. Elsewhere, the third digit may be in error by a
few units for the 5% points and several units for the 1% points. The third-digit figures in parentheses for df2 3 are the
most uncertain. From Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, 3rd ed., Vol. 1, edited by E. S. Pearson and H. O. Hartley (New
York: Cambridge University Press, 1966), Table, p. 202. Reproduced by permission of the Biometrika Trustees.

1122

Appendix

TABLE 13
Random numbers
Line/
Col.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

1
2
3
4
5

10480
22368
24130
42167
37570

15011
46573
48360
93093
39975

01536
25595
22527
06243
81837

02011
85393
97265
61680
16656

81647
30995
76393
07856
06121

91646
89198
64809
16376
91782

69179
27982
15179
39440
60468

14194
53402
24830
53537
81305

62590
93965
49340
71341
49684

36207
34095
32081
57004
60672

20969
52666
30680
00849
14110

99570
19174
19655
74917
06927

91291
39615
63348
97758
01263

90700
99505
58629
16379
54613

6
7
8
9
10

77921
99562
96301
89579
85475

06907
72905
91977
14342
36857

11008
56420
05463
63661
53342

42751
69994
07972
10281
53988

27756
98872
18876
17453
53060

53498
31016
20922
18103
59533

18602
71194
94595
57740
38867

70659
18738
56869
84378
62300

90655
44013
69014
25331
08158

15053
48840
60045
12566
17983

21916
63213
18425
58678
16439

81825
21069
84903
44947
11458

44394
10634
42508
05585
18593

42880
12952
32307
56941
64952

11
12
13
14
15

28918
63553
09429
10365
07119

69578
40961
93969
61129
97336

88231
48235
52636
87529
71048

33276
03427
92737
85689
08178

70997
49626
88974
48237
77233

79936
69445
33488
52267
13916

56865
18663
36320
67689
47564

05859
72695
17617
93394
81056

90106
52180
30015
01511
97735

31595
20847
08272
26358
85977

01547
12234
84115
85104
29372

85590
90511
27156
20285
74461

91610
33703
30613
29975
28551

78188
90322
74952
89868
90707

16
17
18
19
20

51085
02368
01011
52162
07056

12765
21382
54092
53916
97628

51821
52404
33362
46369
33787

51259
60268
94904
58586
09998

77452
89368
31273
23216
42698

16308
19885
04146
14513
06691

60756
55322
18594
83149
76988

92144
44819
29852
98736
13602

49442
01188
71585
23495
51851

53900
65255
85030
64350
46104

70960
64835
51132
94738
88916

63990
44919
01915
17752
19509

75601
05944
92747
35156
25625

40719
55157
64951
35749
58104

21
22
23
24
25

48663
54164
32639
29334
02488

91245
58492
32363
27001
33062

85828
22421
05597
87637
28834

14346
74103
24200
87308
07351

09172
47070
13363
58731
19731

30168
25306
38005
00256
92420

90229
76468
94342
45834
60952

04734
26384
28728
15398
61280

59193
58151
35806
46557
50001

22178
06646
06912
41135
67658

30421
21524
17012
10367
32586

61666
15227
64161
07684
86679

99904
96909
18296
36188
50720

32812
44592
22851
18510
94953

Abridged from William H. Beyer, ed., Handbook of Tables for Probability and Statistics, 2nd ed. The Chemical Rubber Co., 1968.
Used by permission of CRC Press, Inc.

Appendix
TABLE 14
Power of the analysis
of variance test
( .05, t 3)

60 20 12
v2 = 30 15 10 9 8 7 6

0.99
v1 = 2
0.98

Power = 1

0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.92
0.90

30 15 10 8 7 6

0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
1

Power of the analysis

of variance test
( .05, t 4)

v2 = 60 30 20 15 12 10 9

0.99

v1 = 3
0.98

Power = 1

0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.92
0.90

30 15 10 8 7 6

0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
1

1123

Appendix
TABLE 14
Power of the analysis
of variance test
( .05, t 5)

v2 = 60 30 20 15 12 10 9

0.99

v1 = 4
0.98

Power = 1

0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.92
0.90

30 15 10 9 8 7 6

0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
1

Power of the analysis

of variance test
( .05, t 6)

v2 = 60 30 20 15

0.99

12 10 9 8

v1 = 5
0.98
0.97
Power = 1

1124

0.96
0.95
0.94
0.92
0.90

30 15 10 9 8 7 6

0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
1

Appendix
TABLE 14
Power of the analysis
of variance test
( .05, t 7)

v2 = 60 30 20 15 12 10 9 8

0.99

v2 = 60 30 20 15 12 10 9 8 7

v1 = 6
0.98

Power = 1

0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.92
0.90

30 15 10 9 8 7 6

0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
1

Power of the analysis

of variance test
( .05, t 8)

0.99
v1 = 7
0.98

Power = 1

0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.92
0.90

60 30 20 15 12 10 9

8 7

0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
1

1125

Appendix
TABLE 14
Power of the analysis
of variance test
( .05, t 9)

v2 = 60 30 20 15 12 10 9 8 7

0.99
v1 = 8
0.98
0.97

Power = 1

1126

0.96
0.95
0.94
0.92
0.90

60 30 20 15 12 10 9 8

0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
1

Appendix

1127

TABLE 15
Poisson probabilities ( between .1 and 4.0)
y

.1

.2

.3

.4

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

.9048
.0905
.0045
.0002
.0000
.0000
.0000

.8187
.1637
.0164
.0011
.0001
.0000
.0000

.7408
.2222
.0333
.0033
.0003
.0000
.0000

.6703
.2681
.0536
.0072
.0007
.0001
.0000

1.1

1.2

1.3

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

.3329
.3662
.2014
.0738
.0203
.0045
.0008
.0001
.0000

.3012
.3614
.2169
.0867
.0260
.0062
.0012
.0002
.0000

2.1

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

1.0

.6065
.3033
.0758
.0126
.0016
.0002
.0000

.5488
.3293
.0988
.0198
.0030
.0004
.0000

.4966
.3476
.1217
.0284
.0050
.0007
.0001

.4493
.3595
.1438
.0383
.0077
.0012
.0002

.4066
.3659
.1647
.0494
.0111
.0020
.0003

.3679
.3679
.1839
.0613
.0153
.0031
.0005

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2.0

.2725
.3543
.2303
.0998
.0324
.0084
.0018
.0003
.0001

.2466
.3452
.2417
.1128
.0395
.0111
.0026
.0005
.0001

.2231
.3347
.2510
.1255
.0471
.0141
.0035
.0008
.0001

.2019
.3230
.2584
.1378
.0551
.0176
.0047
.0011
.0002

.1827
.3106
.2640
.1496
.0636
.0216
.0061
.0015
.0003

.1653
.2975
.2678
.1607
.0723
.0260
.0078
.0020
.0005

.1496
.2842
.2700
.1710
.0812
.0309
.0098
.0027
.0006

.1353
.2707
.2707
.1804
.0902
.0361
.0120
.0034
.0009

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

3.0

.1225
.2572
.2700
.1890
.0992
.0417
.0146
.0044
.0011
.0003
.0001
.0000

.1108
.2438
.2681
.1966
.1082
.0476
.0174
.0055
.0015
.0004
.0001
.0000

.1003
.2306
.2652
.2033
.1169
.0538
.0206
.0068
.0019
.0005
.0001
.0000

.0907
.2177
.2613
.2090
.1254
.0602
.0241
.0083
.0025
.0007
.0002
.0000

.0821
.2052
.2565
.2138
.1336
.0668
.0278
.0099
.0031
.0009
.0002
.0000

.0743
.1931
.2510
.2176
.1414
.0735
.0319
.0118
.0038
.0011
.0003
.0001

.0672
.1815
.2450
.2205
.1488
.0804
.0362
.0139
.0047
.0014
.0004
.0001

.0608
.1703
.2384
.2225
.1557
.0872
.0407
.0163
.0057
.0018
.0005
.0001

.0550
.1596
.2314
.2237
.1622
.0940
.0455
.0188
.0068
.0022
.0006
.0002

.0498
.1494
.2240
.2240
.1680
.1008
.0504
.0216
.0081
.0027
.0008
.0002

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

4.0

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

.0450
.1397
.2165
.2237
.1733
.1075
.0555

.0408
.1304
.2087
.2226
.1781
.1140
.0608

.0369
.1217
.2008
.2209
.1823
.1203
.0662

.0334
.1135
.1929
.2186
.1858
.1264
.0716

.0302
.1057
.1850
.2158
.1888
.1322
.0771

.0273
.0984
.1771
.2125
.1912
.1377
.0826

.0247
.0915
.1692
.2087
.1931
.1429
.0881

.0224
.0850
.1615
.2046
.1944
.1477
.0936

.0202
.0789
.1539
.2001
.1951
.1522
.0989

.0183
.0733
.1465
.1954
.1954
.1563
.1042

1128

Appendix

TABLE 15
Poisson probabilities ( between 3.1 and 10.0)
y

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

4.0

7
8
9
10
11
12
13

.0246
.0095
.0033
.0010
.0003
.0001
.0000

.0278
.0111
.0040
.0013
.0004
.0001
.0000

.0312
.0129
.0047
.0016
.0005
.0001
.0000

.0348
.0148
.0056
.0019
.0006
.0002
.0000

.0385
.0169
.0066
.0023
.0007
.0002
.0001

.0425
.0191
.0076
.0028
.0009
.0003
.0001

.0466
.0215
.0089
.0033
.0011
.0003
.0001

.0508
.0241
.0102
.0039
.0013
.0004
.0001

.0551
.0269
.0116
.0045
.0016
.0005
.0002

.0595
.0298
.0132
.0053
.0019
.0006
.0002

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

5.0

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

.0166
.0679
.1393
.1904
.1951
.1600
.1093
.0640
.0328
.0150
.0061
.0023
.0008
.0002
.0001
.0000

.0150
.0630
.1323
.1852
.1944
.1633
.1143
.0686
.0360
.0168
.0071
.0027
.0009
.0003
.0001
.0000

.0136
.0583
.1254
.1798
.1933
.1662
.1191
.0732
.0393
.0188
.0081
.0032
.0011
.0004
.0001
.0000

.0123
.0540
.1188
.1743
.1917
.1687
.1237
.0778
.0428
.0209
.0092
.0037
.0013
.0005
.0001
.0000

.0111
.0500
.1125
.1687
.1898
.1708
.1281
.0824
.0463
.0232
.0104
.0043
.0016
.0006
.0002
.0001

.0101
.0462
.1063
.1631
.1875
.1725
.1323
.0869
.0500
.0255
.0118
.0049
.0019
.0007
.0002
.0001

.0091
.0427
.1005
.1574
.1849
.1738
.1362
.0914
.0537
.0281
.0132
.0056
.0022
.0008
.0003
.0001

.0082
.0395
.0948
.1517
.1820
.1747
.1398
.0959
.0575
.0307
.0147
.0064
.0026
.0009
.0003
.0001

.0074
.0365
.0894
.1460
.1789
.1753
.1432
.1002
.0614
.0334
.0164
.0073
.0030
.0011
.0004
.0001

.0067
.0337
.0842
.1404
.1755
.1755
.1462
.1044
.0653
.0363
.0181
.0082
.0034
.0013
.0005
.0002

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

8.5

9.0

9.5

10.0

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

.0041
.0225
.0618
.1133
.1558
.1714
.1571
.1234
.0849
.0519
.0285
.0143
.0065
.0028
.0011
.0004

.0025
.0149
.0446
.0892
.1339
.1606
.1606
.1377
.1033
.0688
.0413
.0225
.0113
.0052
.0022
.0009

.0015
.0098
.0318
.0688
.1118
.1454
.1575
.1462
.1188
.0858
.0558
.0330
.0179
.0089
.0041
.0018

.0009
.0064
.0223
.0521
.0912
.1277
.1490
.1490
.1304
.1014
.0710
.0452
.0263
.0142
.0071
.0033

.0006
.0041
.0156
.0389
.0729
.1094
.1367
.1465
.1373
.1144
.0858
.0585
.0366
.0211
.0113
.0057

.0003
.0027
.0107
.0286
.0573
.0916
.1221
.1396
.1396
.1241
.0993
.0722
.0481
.0296
.0169
.0090

.0002
.0017
.0074
.0208
.0443
.0752
.1066
.1294
.1375
.1299
.1104
.0853
.0604
.0395
.0240
.0136

.0001
.0011
.0050
.0150
.0337
.0607
.0911
.1171
.1318
.1318
.1186
.0970
.0728
.0504
.0324
.0194

.0001
.0007
.0034
.0107
.0254
.0483
.0764
.1037
.1232
.1300
.1235
.1067
.0844
.0617
.0419
.0265

.0000
.0005
.0023
.0076
.0189
.0378
.0631
.0901
.1126
.1251
.1251
.1137
.0948
.0729
.0521
.0347

Appendix

1129

TABLE 15
Poisson probabilities ( between 5.5 and 20.0)
y

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

8.5

9.0

9.5

10.0

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

.0001
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000

.0003
.0001
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000

.0007
.0003
.0001
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000

.0014
.0006
.0002
.0001
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000

.0026
.0012
.0005
.0002
.0001
.0000
.0000
.0000

.0045
.0021
.0009
.0004
.0002
.0001
.0000
.0000

.0072
.0036
.0017
.0008
.0003
.0001
.0001
.0000

.0109
.0058
.0029
.0014
.0006
.0003
.0001
.0000

.0157
.0088
.0046
.0023
.0011
.0005
.0002
.0001

.0217
.0128
.0071
.0037
.0019
.0009
.0004
.0002

11.0

12.0

13.0

14.0

15.0

16.0

17.0

18.0

19.0

20.0

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33

.0000
.0002
.0010
.0037
.0102
.0224
.0411
.0646
.0888
.1085
.1194
.1194
.1094
.0926
.0728
.0534
.0367
.0237
.0145
.0084
.0046
.0024
.0012
.0006
.0003
.0001
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000

.0000
.0001
.0004
.0018
.0053
.0127
.0255
.0437
.0655
.0874
.1048
.1144
.1144
.1056
.0905
.0724
.0543
.0383
.0255
.0161
.0097
.0055
.0030
.0016
.0008
.0004
.0002
.0001
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000

.0000
.0000
.0002
.0008
.0027
.0070
.0152
.0281
.0457
.0661
.0859
.1015
.1099
.1099
.1021
.0885
.0719
.0550
.0397
.0272
.0177
.0109
.0065
.0037
.0020
.0010
.0005
.0002
.0001
.0001
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000

.0000
.0000
.0001
.0004
.0013
.0037
.0087
.0174
.0304
.0473
.0663
.0844
.0984
.1060
.1060
.0989
.0866
.0713
.0554
.0409
.0286
.0191
.0121
.0074
.0043
.0024
.0013
.0007
.0003
.0002
.0001
.0000
.0000
.0000

.0000
.0000
.0000
.0002
.0006
.0019
.0048
.0104
.0194
.0324
.0486
.0663
.0829
.0956
.1024
.1024
.0960
.0847
.0706
.0557
.0418
.0299
.0204
.0133
.0083
.0050
.0029
.0016
.0009
.0004
.0002
.0001
.0001
0000

.0000
.0000
.0000
.0001
.0003
.0010
.0026
.0060
.0120
.0213
.0341
.0496
.0661
.0814
.0930
.0992
.0992
.0934
.0830
.0699
.0559
.0426
.0310
.0216
.0144
.0092
.0057
.0034
.0019
.0011
.0006
.0003
.0001
.0001

.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0001
.0005
.0014
.0034
.0072
.0135
.0230
.0355
.0504
.0658
.0800
.0906
.0963
.0963
.0909
.0814
.0692
.0560
.0433
.0320
.0226
.0154
.0101
.0063
.0038
.0023
.0013
.0007
.0004
.0002

.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0001
.0002
.0007
.0019
.0042
.0083
.0150
.0245
.0368
.0509
.0655
.0786
.0884
.0936
.0936
.0887
.0798
.0684
.0560
.0438
.0328
.0237
.0164
.0109
.0070
.0044
.0026
.0015
.0009
.0005

.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0001
.0004
.0010
.0024
.0050
.0095
.0164
.0259
.0378
.0514
.0650
.0772
.0863
.0911
.0911
.0866
.0783
.0676
.0559
.0442
.0336
.0246
.0173
.0117
.0077
.0049
.0030
.0018
.0010

.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0001
.0002
.0005
.0013
.0029
.0058
.0106
.0176
.0271
.0387
.0516
.0646
.0760
.0844
.0888
.0888
.0846
.0769
.0669
.0557
.0446
.0343
.0254
.0181
.0125
.0083
.0054
.0034
.0020

Source: Computed by D. K. Hildebrand.