Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Edited By
LAWRENCE A,SCHIMERMAN
VOLUME
FOREWORD
This book is concerned with recording the cartographic resaalts and by-products
of lunar expliasratisn and study. I t is an attempt to provide a vehicle for the
continued accumu%ationand use of lunar cartographic knowlledge.
February 19'93
ARTHUR
T. STRICKLAND
PREFACE
'f
I IIE
'7
inforrnat~o~ai~l
secLioilr, Photography
2,0),GolmtroB (Sec. 3,0),and Maps (Sec 4.0)
cover the spet-ific ~ ~ h o t o g r a p hselenodetic
ic
and cartographic data considered to he
of continuirilg significance to Lasers of lunar cartographic inforrnatiorr,Tke 13evelop
rnc*nt of Lunar. ("artography (9ec. 1,O) presents historical background data,
Thch Nfap Section includes descriptive and e.i~aluativeinfo-n-.n~atiol~
cor~c'rning lunar
Irlnps, photomaps arid p h ~or mosaics. Disctission colnprises identification o f series or
individrral 9klee.k chara6%erist~cb;.cwnf 1 ~ 0 1basis, source mak~rslalsand coarapilation
rt~etlloe.iola~gy
used"
'The Coritp.01 Section dcscrities the globa4 rsioaaal and local sekncsdetie c*sr.rtrol
s*ysterrlsthat have been 1s1-odueetifor lunar featurc location in support of I-sanar map
d i s c t ~ s ~ kcovP$"s
~ n the ftlndamer~taiikmsrs for (hach
ping or.ph;asitjo~?ial
~ t ~ l d yPurE"tker
,
control qi5fe1n, I I C I ~ ~ Z ~oCfY points
*
produced, tec*hniya~es
ci-~irpioyecland evaltlated
acclrracv,
Although lunar. photography i s an ilafhrnlationali muree rather than a cart ograr~hik*
product, R Phtatograph.ci7 Section has heen included to facilitak ecorre8atior1 to t h e
rmalbyair~ganti %~>)t1tr01
vwrks descbrihed, D~scrkptiorlo f lunar p%aotogral~ll.nie.
s>s%ems,
~ ~ h o t o g r a 1p hand H41c~to Support Daa:a are presentcid fmrn a eartograpt~ic-phstc~grarn
~ I C ? $ B " ~vieu~point
C
N ith comnavntary on calntogr.a
ph k applications,
Photo, Map ;,nd C"oi~t-e-0%
i ; ; v a l i t , r i ir1far.:r.a,rl1oli ~o~~f:;?irle~B,
j;ki"iseia~"ijyreflects R C ~ Y U P X Cdata
~
deaived h y
1
.;onlef Fnrec: i,f8 wed, t.iasecB I I ~ I C I ? f ehdh.et*gi(pchlii6:n: r~-i i d Dossier"6;e ditorial i;t;iS'B"
,113f-i
contril~n
tors, T h e Do~sBt~a"*s
E~s,;~eIe,caf
forrr~1el~dsi t ~ ~to
4 fuydatirt g of lunar cardo
g;;apll-sc i.i:o1v8eces:and c.oa:ta.ik~i~Criir\!;
faccirll jara~cimctt~si;n"s
are invited. Such coradri
lr~ttions5kc~uSiriHrlc direacted to:
Editor, Lunar Cartographic Dossier
DMAAC (PPTM)
A t , Louis AFS, Missouri 63118
February 1973
February 1973
LAW-RENCE
Editor
A.S C I I I M E R M A N
TABLE
017
CONTENTS
Set:tion
Dcvclopment o f
$t3is$.oryof Sclcnodesy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1
Lunar Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. .0
(As of F e b r u a r y 1975)
Act i o n
Date
P a g e ii, ill
P a g e v, vi
2,7/3,4
Feb 75
Feb 75
R e p l a c e s same numbered p a g e s
Additions
Feb 75
Replaces 1,3/3,4
Feb 75
Replaces 2,4/1,2
Feb 75
Feb 7 5
Rep l a c e s 2 , 6 , l
R e p l a c e s 2,6,2
Feb 75
Replaces 2,7/3
Feb 75
J u l 74
Replaces 2,8/1-3
R e p l a c e s same numbered I n d e x e s
d a t e d Aug 1 9 7 2
Ju1
44
Additions
Feb 75
R e p l a c e s 3 , 0 1 3 d a t e d Feb 73
Feb 75
Feb 75
Feb 75
R e p l a c e s 3 , 1 d a t e d Feb 73
R e p l a c e s 3 , 1 , 9 d a t e d Feb 73
R e p l a c e s 3 . 1 , 1 0 / 1 , 2 d a t e d Feb 7 3
Peb 75
Feb 75
Feb 75
Feb 45
Feb 75
R e p l a c e s 3 , 2 d a t e d Feb 7 3
R e p l a c e s 3 , 2 , 3 d a t e d Feb 73
An a d d i t i o n
An a d d i t i o n
An a d d i t i o n
Feb 75
Feb 75
Replaces 3,3/1,2
An a d d i t i o n
Feb 75
Feb 75
Feb 75
An a d d i t i o n
Am. a d d i t i o n
h addition
d a t e d Feb 7 3
Date
3.413-5
Feb 75
Replaces 3.4/3,4
Feb 75
Feb 75
Additions
3.5 / ~ n d e xI
(4)
Feb 75
4.0
Feb 75
Replaces 4 , O d a t e d Feb 73
4,2
Feb 75
Feb 75
Replaces 4 , 3 d a t e d Feb 93
h addition
4.3
4,3,5/l-10
4.3.6
4,3,6,l
4.3,6,2/1,2
4,3,6.3
Peb 75
Feb 1175
Feh 75
d a t e d Peb 73
Feb 75
Feb 7%
Pan a d d i t i o n
An addition
APL addition
An a d d i t i o n
4,4
Peb 75
4.5
Feb 75
Feb 75
4 . W f n d e x e s 1(6a),
1 (8a), I B ( 4 )
4.5
4.5 Indexes 1 ( 5 ) , I (ba),
4,5/In$exes L (8b) , I1 (5)
II(4)
Date
-
A e tion
J u l 7.7
J u n 77
Jqn 77
DEVELOPMENT OF
LUNAR CARTOGRAP W U
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2
Section 1,0
One might say that selenodesy began when man first realized that the moon i s spherical.
Arismtle (384-322R,CI,I was t h e man who dedeaced the shape o f the moola, from his observa
tion\ 04 eclipses and srklafiging lunar phases, Me was also able to deduce h o r n these observa
tioris rhai the moon i s ck~sert o the earth t l j a i i l ~ seun and the planets. and that i t shines by
reflected !ght froiti the sun,
The deductions of Arist utle caused An.star8:ti-n~~
(320-250R@.jto devise a method o f
makrng?,t he first measurements of the relatjve distaraces of the moon ared sun from the earth,
Ele found the distance to t h e moon to be 56 earth radii and the soliar distance to be 20 times
.I he moon9sdistance, His lunar dista-8.lc.ewas in error by only seven percerat, but his solar
distance was in error by a factor o f 20,
Another Greek astronomer, Hipparchus (circa $60-120 R,C,) made precise observ at'I O ~ S
which advanced t h e theory ofthe moon" motion t o a aela tively high leveli, He discovered
that the lunar motion relative to the earth was not exactly circular, Wit bout the formula
tion of" the law of gravitatisr~,he assumed that the eeeentrieity of nlotion was caused by the
earth being situated eccentrically rather than in the exact center of the moon's probable
circular orbit, Hipparchus also measured, with amazing aca;uracy, the inclination of the
lunar orbit to he 5" to the plane o f the earth" orhit arorsnd the sun and t h e period of the
revol~xtionof the line of nodes to be 184,years, Hipparchus was t h e first to reakize the
existence of lunar parallax and f r o ~ mit he deternlir~edthe rnoonmstlistance to be 59 earth
radii and i t s diameter to be 38 minutes. This N ~ remarkably
~ R
close to tdescopic acca.lracy.
PtoBemy (100-170A-D, ) went beyontl I5ipparchus in the accuracy of his determinations
o f orbitai constants, but bis measurements of the lunar distance and diaxalea:er were not very
ac;curate. Most sf the error resulted from his use o f the too smald:radius of" the earth deter
mined by Posid~zraius, After Ptolemy, our search for- knowledge of the nloon rested and the
pause lasted for nearly 14 centuries,
lit was primarily t h e works o f Brahe, Kepler, Galileo and Nekvton which broke the scientific
lull and lifted mankind from the Dark Ages. Tycho Brahe's (1546-2601)prime conkr.&sulosa
was the gaithering of Iasge a n ~ o u n t sof ohservati~nddata which proved to be vital to Keple.
1571-1630) in perceiving the three laws of planetary motion, GaSGileo (1563-1642)was the
first to apply the telescope t o lunar studies and with his ""optic tube" made eyeball sketches
sf the lunar surface which revealed t o him the moon" libration in latitude, Galiiieo also
made the first crude attempt to measure lunar heights by estimating the distances beyond
the terminator a t which sonle high peaks were barely illuminated,
Kepkerk three laws o f planetary motion were strictly empimcal deductions from T y c h ' s
data, but Newton (1642-B 727) was a;ble to explain them as natural eosrsecqaaenees of his
equally fi2mous three laws of motion and the law of gravitation. In the Pv[r~c.ipin.1687,
Newton discussed the applications of the law sf gravitation and the laws of motion t o the
Section 1.1
1
ear8h -rnoorz system. He demonst rattid Ghat the earth's masiitational pull would elongate the
slarhce of a simple Bunar model toward the earth by 186 feet. In this way, Newton explained
the sarmeness sf the lunar day and.month as a result of a tidal couple which wouBd auto
matieally keep the huXge closely aligned witis the .line co~~k-aecting
the centers of the earth arid
m0011,
The first careful triangulation of features on the lunar surface was made in I748 by the
young German astronomerPTobias Mayer (1723-1762)-Using measures he obtained with a
glass micrometer, Mayer deternlined the position of Manilius (selected as the fundamental
crater near the center of the moon) to be -+ 9" 2311selenographie longitude and -+ 14" 34' in
selenographia: latitude, He also found the inelination of the lunar equator to the ecliptic to
be 129', He mierometricaHly measured 23 ~ C I - B - Bpoi~ats
:
and estimated the positions of" 65
other points referenced to those deriveei ~1ig.a-ometricaIlyto establish the first se8engsdekic
control system, Mayer proceeded to map the nlson with the greatest possiizle precision and
produced t w o full moon naaps but neither was p~~blished
during his lifet,i~%:~sc?.
111 1752,he
puti~liisheda 1unar ephemeris and a table o f lunar distances which were accurate enough to
dehermirme longitude at sea to within one degree,
While Lohmann was still occupied with his lunar map, a similar project was being con-
Section 1.1
2
ao:lqluct Ih r ~ SePI ies OC okpsprb atio:rs to de~tlrrsrmethe coz~stantso f physical libration. The
~
firs$ was the Stg'if S F ~ U Fseries
( " r T 7 - I @ % ) , coelslsting o f 42 evenings ctf
b~bservationb
tvhich were reduced b) Hart w-ti hila~sclf, The. second VJiXs the tlc~rpatwxies (1 884-18851,
in 1939,
r3uli~lsFranz (1847-1
9 lill)bc:g;aari sels~nsc-leticw ork at, the Monigsberg OF~ser\~atory
in 1885
If s i ~ i gS~+hluteg
k IMor~igsbergheiir%rae$
er
series ilor Mbst in g A, he first skrived t h e '0it>ratic811
c anst ants of zlle moton, nr-rxael~,r kpewlenwenerie longkucie a11tJ latitude o f Mosting A, its
'
s i : l < c , t . e ~ , -'I e ~ t 7 \ Q;RPrkdl~
,
, r i i * I j L a h,i,:::qoJi6?
A, IhOcIu.., dllik $ $ ~ I x ~ AB 10 e & t & l ~ h21
for l%iLr:yr
"
*r
),<A<
fg
Inea:~Urt?S,
A ($1
Fra112 w
as the
first i s cake radvaer%t;,igeof the pk~atc~grapBiicpl&e Q o effieiert~ly extend ae&cnodeticawork,
i"ograrn3 to pl~stc*guapi$~
i he I T I ~ ~ CIt-lt1
~
just " ; ~ d ~ r tin
e dthe 1890" :at the Lick Bhser%atory
-a;xi~h
t he 36-inch refraa40r and a t the Park 0kk~ervatoli.ywith tbc 24-irreh Gokid4 r t..tractor Tn
18115,Fraaz rnle;isL;~ber%
i.a e of t r %eiJic,k Oiasc~rvat~~ry
ldates
~-ase;*sures,
ar ed in c b o ~ ~ j ~ ~ n cut iiioFan his riins I%)as~i"elit)~xr%eter
he con&.iCru~ted
t h ~
t isst conco.amv m a p of the nlooil, Mc also deri7ced :A value d"csr tine lunar bulge w h i c t ~he
lo..
ul to h/*6gS0C$e(:t
2 ( 2 0 f~ c ~ -t d h o ~ t~mti i
c t%,evalue tlcdtcmined from dynamic g>nn~.
tyiks, This reductiol~Y J ~ u
S ~~!~~rti~tra
defective
t , c I y
in that his libration kheory 1iva2 in eyror,
FTis ~~a,n$o~~n
naap indicated 21111~t1;t
n-gf the SE (astronautical) quadrant are
re,-".at;*;iel.$j/
inigker thai6; those br, t %reX1+V qtmckanr,
1 i e later made additlronal il1easurc.s on
..
poses only and did not have the precisioaa: o f t h e first 150, T h e errors of his best points \yere
about one minute of arc (se%enercentric),All were derived from. t h e position o f Mosting A and
the rotation comlstants deter~linetlfrom the helioxneter n~easul-esobserved and reduced by
Franz himself,
In 1911, S,A, Saunder 1852-7912)in England pubEshed his catalog of 2,885pckints which
he rmeasuree$lon four Paris Observatory plates and two Uerkes plates, Saulader combked his
measures with the 1,1"300measures by Franz and allowing for conlrnon points, the total
aleasures of these t w o men reacheti 3,500points, These combined measure5 provided the
best cartogaphic control network for rn an y years. Sauncler also made a deliberatkl atternyt
to dlrcxter~minethe eccentricity o f the prime meridian, For this purpose he used 38 points from
his Paris measures which were cl~lsgedo the central meridian, From these 38 points, he derived
a bulge o f :l,OOO 14i-: 1,550feet. Upon removing t w o points farthest alorth, he found that his
results were very similar to those o f Franz,
Friedrich Hayn 4 1863-1928 B made aralicrornrae~er nleasures of the coortli rsates of Mosting LA
I3ge,.de A,Kepiier A,Messier A* and Tyeho with the 12-inch re&iasac"c~r
at Ileipzig from $904 to
1914,H e reexamined the emtire theory of pl~yfiirallibration, improvirag the colcestar~ksderived
h y Franz and introducing the rncchanical ellipticity as an unknown, His theory overc:ame
wrne o f t h e defects irr &betheory Franz rased, hut i t Ied to ambiguity in sonae o f the snlall
periodic terms*
a
IIeliorneter rrreasures were carried out exif,ensively at the Engelhardt Observatory, Kazan,
USSR, startkg in 1895, The first o f the Engelhard$ series began with Krasnov (6895-98)
and h4ikhailo%*ski(1898-1905),Hanachiewicz (1882-1954)
made the seccmd of the series of
heliorxreter measures (1910-1915)which was reduced by .Jakovkin in 1928, Jalcovkin mads
the third (1916-193$),
Belkovieh bhe fourth (1932-1942) and Nefedyev the fifth (1$)38-l$JiQ5).
All of these observations were reduced to obtain the t=e~nstants
o f physical librat~onand the
disregarded: errors in the mean longitude of the moon, and the ntsxalineari t y Prle tween the
unknown mechanical ellipticity and the observed qtrantities. T h e f i r s t error arose fro111 the
fact that tap to 1882 the ivrr 1 / 7 1 irsfl ' ~ ll l~ i ,ui / i c a swed Har;~seli'sd able< for the ephemerides of" the
nloon, and eonsiderahle deviations were appearing from the given place, In 1883,Newcosnh
(1835-1909)
made some corrections to Hansenk lunar theory but not to the mean iornglitudo
o f t h e nlaoon, In 192v3,Brown's theory was z~doptedand the moon's mean longitude was
corrected.
For the lack o f better procedures, a further error was caused by ctarztirrauing to apply the
conventional least squares form of ad justn.aP-slt con~pu"rations. The Austrian astronon-ber
Schriitka-Rec:htenstamm anti Koziel noted t h a t a discontinuity in the physical Sibration irn
longitude existed near the critical value of" about 0,66in the mechanical e&$ip&icity,In his
phy sieal libration inves.b;iga$iorrrsof 1955,Schri~tk:~
prc31vHded an art i f i c e which consisted of
taking t w o unknow~lsinstead of one and combining the131in such a way as t o avoid t h e
dgiscontinuity in the vicinity o f the singular"point,
From the thousands o f l~eilicameten*rneasiares of Mdsting A, obtainec! by the dedicated
observers over the previous 120 years, many independent as well as collective reductiorls
were performed in the 1950's and early 1960's to derive the basic libration constants of t h e
moon. Koziel used the nlodern electronic computer to eogkrbine all available observations
into one adjustment to arrive at a best set of' physical Bibration values. In 1963, Koziel
reported that he had determined a set of physical libration constants by using a total of
3,282 observations out o f four series o f measures, The series used were:, the Strassbklrg series
(187'9-lS79),
the Dorpat series (1884-48851,
and the Kazan series ( 4 910-1915). The outstanding result of the study was that the value
fou~ndfor the mechanical ellipticity was on the lower side of the critical value of 0.66.
Section 1.1
4
alol~~,
In 1963,Ralph B,Baldwin $ % 1,s.asircono~ner)palblished the results of his 696 nleasllres
fro rn copies of five Lick 0bsea.vatory plates. Fundamental control poines for determining
plate constants were the 150 points of Franz as reduced by Schrutka in $958,and the Iibra
tion constallts and refraction eorr~ctic~ns
xiere those supplied by C, B,Watts of the United
Slates Naval Observatsr;~, b2e~ultsof the reduction revealed that the probable error in a
sangle height determhation was -i- 29270feet, substantially less than that found by Schristka.
I"he derived heights for a41 696 points were compiled into a contour map, w-kaicia con8"irnrae.d
t h a t the corrtinents of the SE quadrant arc higher than those of the NW quadranbas found
b,y Franz over half a eeniura, as-1re.r. T3aldwin9srnap clearly reveal: a pc~sit'ev~
lunar bulge
generally aligned with the earth and larger than tlne dynamically determined value,
'i'lirb
Faec c ~ tf h i
Nlotrlr
((*"ltici,,yo:
%'/I(
( T r i , i r o ~ 4 j t ? j 'of
I"
ri
('jbiC~XY~l
j)il~,k).
I C ~ \ L @
of
4'4,7,3,26~!/0P
~ I'.").
Y
Kopal,
Z,,anti Goudas,
(*,
If,,, 1967,M~e~surr,
\if the Moon QDor.drc~cairt,Ifollantl: D. ilcitlel Puhli.hing
Company).
Schautka-Reehtenagismxn, G,, 1955, %be Phyr ical Libration of the Moon, (AusCn;an Academy of Science Mathematical
~ V a l ~ l rS
a(l !c>ncciClcca9, katpt. II), 164, 8-10.
Section 1.1.
'he first map of the moc~laon record predates the iwenticrn o f the telescc-ipe a n d was
based on naked-eye sbsa.rvatinns. HOW~VCB",
the histcry of Iuliar n~appingparallels the Irnlstilry
o f the telescope ~ t maps
h innproving as telescopes of greater power came into ust., Nalurally,
t h e earlier maps have the limitations 06' their. times sinnce the observers r~sedsmall apepll;~~res
and were unable to detect naannerous featr~resw hich can now be discerned wit11 ease on luraar
photographs.
The earlier llr~narnmaps were drawn with north at ithe top just as n~oderra lunar arsd
terrestrial maps are drawn today. This was the custom in the early days of lunar maploing
since the eyepiece in the first te%escop~s
produced an insagc right side up,Later, more efficierat
telesc~peswere c o n ~ t ~ u ~with
t e d an eyepiece which produced an.inverted Enaagc,.Thuq zrlarly
o f the; ~ ' $ $ I ~ o w - o ~ obseaaversprodtrrced l u n a r maps with soaath at the top, the qame as viewed in
tho telesco~ae.
F o l h k n g i s a chronolo@cal history of Bunaa*mappirrg, il%ustrateciin Inany instances with
a re11roductsoKa of the c r a k ~ rC opernic~lscopied lrorn he lunar 111~pof a particular ohserver,
l%t the outset it should. be eanphasizeti that a fair cazurparisaon I~c~tweerljthe"hc1 H11divBclel~1
dravvings can be made only bv taking into consideration the Biiaasar. diameter at wllic1-8 the
originals avere drawn, For ease o f i~~teryretaiioar
all illustratiorzs have heen orir.anted with north
a t ;,he top.
eirea I Gf)O-(;II,BERT
Wlll~amG~Xksert(Rrrtash sc aeaatlsl, 154 0- 160:it t h e drsrboverc-kr of terrestr ial ralagtrrlt~\ra)
prior to his death ira 1603 which w a s some five years before
et>rrld only- distinguish bet ween the light and a h r k direas of the
moor] ~ { h i che
h outlined
lais map, Also, contrary to Galilca's
',
*'
Fig.. Sk Ciilb~rt-carca1600
~ l O ~ 1;)1?-/&-1
~ ) ~ ~ b~12)
,
11t41d ;t~*n&kt:ne
Section 1.2
discoveries in a book e~atitleci" "Slderet~sNu ncirns" which cont airaed four differenQhaase
sketches of the nroonl, each draw;a;r88 can (3.14 inches) in cfiameter, Ac&uaBIy,his book contains
five lunar drawings but one was dupli(.atecl on another page.'$'m~o06 Galiileo's original lunar.
drawings, copied from his "Sidereus Nuncins9" are shown in Figures 2 and ;].(North i s at
the top. An interesting fact i s t ksat there lare oi-her sets of Galileo ramoon maps in print reported
to be f r o n ~his book h u t i n reality these are serbstandard copies drawn by other artists.
Fig. 3 GaiiPec>-1610
1618 13tiKKLOT
-.
About the same time Galilee was observing in Italy, IQarrioCin England ccsnlrnenced
hio
~bservations ok the noon with a x6 telescope. On September 12 and 13, 1610,he drew
t w o krvaxing moolas which clearly show t h e fea"&re k1aa.e Crisiaarn and what appear to be out
lines o f Mare 'r~ar~quillitatis,
Nectaris and Feca~nditatis.Probably during the sarne tirne he
drew the full XPaoepn Inlap shown in Figure 4, 'I'hls map was made by card ull y noting iiiiign
nments of fpattsres and relative disf ~ I P C P Sbetween thexra. The acclnraey of his nnap becomes
apparent by a visual comparison with the full moon photograph shown in Figure 5.
Section 1.2
2
3,
Mare Tranqunllitatis; F,
and M, the crater L l m . ; t ~ ~ e l e'rhc
~ , area to the ~ o ~ i along
th
t h e ternainator, ae d r a v ~ by
t ~ !,acknilres, T P ~ ~ - $ s s ~ ' B ~ * S F 'hc~p~~~therlil
bigfllands
16BQ-- &IA%I,4PkEHJw
('11<,0'\-i
h4d:eat,t'8f
(136
I~I.CT
%t*$948
~
ax^'^:
ii
~ ~ l d < * * ~ Y l r i ~ e-t~ ~ ~
Zt*~:ti"
>'I
an
rg;
FI~OJI?;
ohschrva ticms by Gassentis and k s friend, Nlcolas
C1atrde Fabrri de Pcircw 4 1580-1637),Meilnn produced t h r e e
very fine erlgraeairsgs of t hc moon duririg 1634-35, t>ragpv
ings, 21 $m(8-3
i gga:h~~) diameter, $*on4isteC?dof
?.vaxil~g
giI>l,ons, kuCI n ~ c ~ oand
i ~ , i i waning gibhous, all orient eti wit11
nor$h a t the 1013. 'rhesc engravings, both in accsurac.v and
artistic app6;aaranc3$;i9
surpass~dall p r c v i ~ u ssttempts to draw
the l u n a r surface. M6*11an9se ngraving of the crater Coperrzictis
15 " 4 ~ v i nin F~g11rt3
7
Fig. '7 Mchltan- l6:i7
Section 1.2
1645 - RlIETTA
1646 - FONTANA
Fo&an;aq~
m ap7j~eal~lish~d
ira Iti47 arad oriented wir h SOU t h
ah the topl was an ;;tI)urtive a t t ~ i l ~ tpot draw the mcaiixl and
must be corasitlered substandard "e other I tleaar naaps ca f
1647 - HEVEIABIJS
the ~ncacsn-a,
FIEs full naoon drawirags, all orienked with north at
t h e 4 or), i;hr,"va,~etl
PI#I 1 IIcvc~B111~--1647
1649 - DlVENl
E ~ l ~ t a dIiI~~o~LI I E (Itnlrarm l eleiciape make1 I la 1 O-I bibe>)
1a~;;tr
scene was one in 1649 by Iliaiini. Ehs map, w h i i % ~ v c ~from
~~iea~
f f eve%ius9nroaps, does not appear So be as accura-eelg or nq
precisely draw11 as the maps of Heveliels. One nc,kicea%~86;
feat-care on Divini's m a p i s t h e extensive r a y g y s t e ~ r nof~ t h e
mat ers 'ryclao, Goyemicus and Kepler. Slloavn in Figure 13 i s
tt-rie Cuperrmicus area from Hlivirri's ~ ~ engraved
a p
wit,!-@a &a
meter o f 28,8C ~ (I I1-33inches\,
1651 - RTCC,'IOLI/GRIMA1~Il1
I598-iih'k .I 1
2
I ; u ;ancchs<o Mar 13 GxwiaJd~(1t allan . J e w 1 ,-lu101~oxiie1k 6, I 1
.-
o f Kiccioli9smap is
in Figure 13,
Section 1.2
I680 - C-ASSIN1
1764 - HE LB,
in Figure
18, Neither of Mayer9smaps carried an> r~ornenc~lature-
Johnrzn H ~ e r s mri,i
n ~ Schroter (Gernran sele~sograp11e~ 17%5-1816)
1805 - R118YELL
,John Ruiheil (Engilsla painter and arrrake.i;ira.;trr,noarier, i i-:i-I & p O
of val*kccis
t l i - C G Y B(~i
lh
l)
Section 1.2
7
Fig. 19 Schrotcr
1791
1.2%
- f A 0 M K M 4h?4
l - b ~ l i ~8 ~ B ~ T ~ I 1 &; 1
v u ~ ~ ~1 ~ ~ ~ r ? ! ~ ~
7'jb*ihl*il
I 4c~lln*rilarlrz~ h ~ ~ c r ~ivlbh
: ~ n 8g 2 * h i1116*h B ~ ~ f l d s ~ tI lol Cl ;$stdrt*d
,
kt. hejenograpil16 p " ) o h ~ l k o l ~t t*f 79 1.~1bnfs ii'ga~n1 I22 t o I Y2C;*
1 hefie lilea\UrCh p3r~civitl<arl t he { ' o l r t i 01 /191+%1~11in.ar $t1;6*1) of 2:)
iq(:jbrkainr, &1;4\71ng n dialilkett-r c%$ !)7,5t*nl i38, 1 1811 hesj,
PO;IT
<-e:t Tcbra-$ V R ~ere
p ~ ~ . l i i l i ~111
h ~ d/ 624 : ~ n d , wI%;k14;*the rer~uaal~ai~a
g
L-*P~'~ZCIXIPW ~ I Y
cox-f~piled
~
i r ~ 1H:i6, !Iu:I
'%era- :)tit pkaijsfi~klecl
d u r ~ n ghis Iife:B;kti rne- Tk~errcrnaining sect ion5 were later ellagraved
~ I X 1~t~B91r411vd
C ~
in 1878 urlrle~.t he direction of JIX[~-PIS
Schmldf,
I I C ~ M Y ~i nV 1C&l8
~ Y I~A o l ~ r ~ n , t~nJn%
U ~ l i & s kall
~ t dC ~ X V ~ ~ ~slnailer
P I I ~
iluipB',
:ia8,7 2n1&(152 i r hehj
~
jn cii;~rnct~r,L ohrmann's ~.gtyl8al.of
fl;datur~por$~av;~L
iilal~tratticl111 F i g w P 21 was i n f l u ~ n c ~ 11y
el
T raining ar ;I, carta,graphit"re"H a . used hachtrres to show the
r ~ i s e dB rater r11~1;~
:.~;jrnd
a.$.Stip_irp]ae
1'797-1850)
RHceioiiP and Schroter usin-ag principallv the names of pro~ninentscierltisls who followed
After Beer and hladler's Ynap saf 1834,soane forty years P ~ ~ S SC~ipfore
C ' ~
the next sIg11ificanf
advance in lunar mappia~gby the great sele~nographmJulius Schnaidh, Hovvever, during the
intervening tin~e,eo~asiderablescienlific interest in tllic~moon devc%opedirm EalglzsncB, 'Fh0111as
William INehh, an English cberg;jm:~nand aanziteur astronon~er(1806-1885)
kbecarne interested
in the moon arour~d9834 ancHfrorra lais own observations and Beer anti MadHer9s map Inc
redrew in 1859 ;a much smaller I~arrarmap in a style niruch like that o f Sclarot er, Another
EngJisI~astrononlcr, William Kadcliff Rirt (1804-1881)
cna-snceived i he idea for a large Isrnar
rnap, 506) am (200 irlches) in diatneter., We accompliskred ~ncsstof hi.; work between $864and.
9 869 bud only four sheets were corn~pleked.James Nasmykh, a Scottish engineer (1808-1
890)
and James Carpenter, an Englisln astronomer (1840-1899)
combined efforts and in 1874 pub
lished a book, ""The M O O I ~which
~ " coirakained a series of photographs of plaster models based
on drawings obtaincld at the telescope. Also,the English selenographer. Edmund Neisoiia
6 1S,J
Ct)-~-,fig-u~
aryic,~ris~ z . $Its Surface9'with an accompanying 60-cm 624-inch) diameter
book was Iiasc9-1 on the work of hIad%er.but his n a p ~ I I C B L I C B P ~ detail
(iirgilor~.a:ld
fi;""~n.
k ~ ot%
i XI
~ t
a i l--rzarh~:altlat
0 r . d telescopic oljservatii~ns,
1975 .
Jtgre*2
P ~t~~~4
tv
la
5t I \ ~ X I I ~GCII:I;~II
~T
~ e l e n o g t a p h e 1~*2?-18F4)
>=f~
cr ~ 1 / ~ 1 ~2e;i ~3 1~ ~of4 ob+r~**~-nrlg
thc siloon, Sehnnidt in 1866
qlnh 1 j i i l x r i b the
~
01,:r631 dk-,.rcla,p~d
h j his pri.edecessors, Tn
#-<
id<:%e-):\
meld,
n ~ e : ~ s u r 16''
~ ~ -xg 1 6 ', Frcprn okjs~rvatiasnemade with his 6-inch
r*t-fiac.tot he Wii.1; ahlc trr add c*orr~:.riderahlym ore detail as noted
IE :his dl-as :ng 111 $'s~pt-"l"niv~as,
Figt1r.e 23. ScaRlmidt coa~lpBBeted
hrs wf,i k r~ 18;4. imt 111.. m a p was laot published until four
1~gar;l:
k.1 pi.
the a' ussiara govcrnme~zt,
;LP:~
p-177
5
1tnlr,; f h e 1a!ce1y21r$I of the J 9th (>en$.
L L X " ~ , Gaudiberi carried out a nuinber of lunar
&;ICKLS
.
%-%th 3,ii-ancal r s a f ector, In 1887 hc published a 63-5-elrr (25-inch) diameter
)
; )i.c+t,
,-,T8hr
.
;
.
77
b # l n li ~ v p ,( ;:"aldiix~t'~
l unar draw~ngsa re
i t a x
$89-5
- 68-g1114AH
r f r l ~ t j ~ ~ e~ ?, ag~~. i ~b:i:ji;+w
:
(E1~g:ll$iijieng.yneel and 5clerni~gx,rl>11~>1:,i 8+rF-1hi9 ;
R1ger7s~ l ~ rq~ p~ ~
x t s u r $6
i ~ ciil
~ g I lh ~nckiies)in dlarneter and
wkent,ed wi.',h so11th at the tog. w ti,: based 019obs~117afions with
,in W,5-irlch *eIrattola His rala y , ytahiishetl ira 3895,was She first
J<~ligli.;hlaan;dr rrrair IX~)$. r $ ~ f t l ~ - ~ n10c tthe
d work of Madler, T h e
(v8.;pen-97"ci~~
area t + f Kigerh PO;rnp 1s c+hf.awnrlra Figure 24,
( C ~ ~ ~ ~ tnaira!~
B ~ t e cofi viseial tshservations annotated on p%.lotargraphs
o i
t h e
a s~ale.,
of 1 :I 000,000 1 1.4-f'r~otdianaetcr.), A pr~linsiin~ry
sample of Krieger9.;
- J Q ~ sk 9"r;?;*I:i.F:-i?;.ti
I XI-48 i111t he i ? ~ c 4d;oriiy rhc~reaib'ter"
kt.efi)rcd~hecould carrp out his plan
fr :'
asprq);t-t:.
I~"ariniita-6-riigch F:i gh: CPII 0%114s *<beet 4; were later p r b
~lisli-eerl in ii 912 h y Hudoiif
i<r2e2ei
Cb
r1i5jplr:1 ea:,,r g r a r i t ! )
K :Is-,j $2.
1315 - -:elol),i(RSEI
t\
%.",id
- tibljiii
I*;y&gIi
jl
l856a-lO %>-i
4j~:d~tvir-.(4i~"llra~r*nlilr<q
a*~rrr~lilcte~I
~ 1 1 pi.&d&5hehl
~ 1
hi:
8mge 111ap of the E I O O ~ , IIis origil~alm ap
hi i t i c T ~ * * ) c ~ z ( i"cX
vt 2~ 'OX, : t & ~ c~a: a -l..im~:it+-htet
14 it a aji;3nretciu of 195.5crn 477 iraches) and aftc~rwardsit was
2 ; -,~r~";jt)rlsa t :: ~,~-rdhler
.scab of 152 w r s (604l;kchee) to t h c MBOO~'.; die%naeBer,
p14~ii:
t:tq;j
'
-;d
1'
F P 25
~ Goodacre- I 9 10
1924 WGiLKINS
-.
1926 - A N D ~ I ,
1884-1947)
1927 - I ~ A M ~ C H
Section 1.2
10
I6 of the Tnternatic~nalAstro
Y
no;n~czi; t j n ~ u nar;as
,
draw!jia,il hy RBsgg arld Wesley, T h i s map,
kmsed OG b k ~ srns;basur'cst,f Fraaiz and Saunder, i s in fourteen
section+, $7he four knraer s e r t i o f ~ sW P ~ Pd r a w n by Wesley in
i
r-
i i p p ~ o v ~by
d t h e 1s"tC ill ? ~ 3 2Shown
~
BT-irr;~rn~;"g~
nrea ~ d p i e dfrosn the sect ion drawn k>y I Yesley.
1959 - DOII/MASL4
The s u c c ~ s s f u iliaurlchiirlg o f Sputnik I,orr October 4, 19569,suddvnj6v crested a sense of
urgency for rnore detailed lunar studies, In the United States, a eonlprebenhivz lamar nlap
ping progran~was undertaken by Dey~i~rtment
of D e f e ~ ~ agencies
se
for USP k4:v the Natitand
Aeronautics and Space Adrninistratio~
Fox the first time preafessitar~alc arbgrapkers, experienced in ps-odue~rlgterrestrial may*
from aerial photographs, begarm to compile sinnilar maps o f b h k " " ~moorr, %Jp to t h i s time, all
maps of the irraoon had been drawn on an or"hhogri~p11Pieprojection, w21ick pr~rt-gy.a:~ed
the r r ~ ~ b r l
as a sphere viewed frorrr an infinite dist;t~lce:..Because s ~ ~ h ~ r irnsps
c a l have their lirr~itatlc~~;.;~
new techraiqtaes had to be developed t o compile conventional moon map on 4t;indan.d projec
t i m s \with a carnstant scale which could be used for planning lunar explorations,
'Fhe U,S, Army Map Service (AMS) comn~encedwork in 1959 on a t~~o-sHree"s;1:5,000,O~~~~
scale topographic hnar map which was published in 1963.This map, compiled 011 a rnotiified
stcreographic projection,contains 1000-meter contours arad 500-nneter sitpplcmentarj coaltours (%eri\redstereographically ttk"01~11librated earth-hased photographs, Viq~aalobservatit,r'as
were not used. in conepiling t h e Ar.n.nv ranap.
Also in 1959 the IJ-SAir Force Aerona~~ticai&
Chart and Information Center CACICI)
initiated
on a l:lpOOO,CaOO scale (11,4--false>zdiameter) c:oordir~ated series o f lunar astro
nautical charts known as the T A G series, This proganai vi7ascarried out in cul'labr\ratiasn will1
a n~lmherof' scierrtiets, mainly at the Universitv of Manelrestg.r, England; t 1 1 ~Pie: dn Midi
Observatory, France; the Lunar and Planetary Eahoratory, Unrversity of Arizosn: iaratl the
Lowell Obse~aCgrra;~
Flagstaff, Arizona, A totid of 44 charts, ori~ntedait~?ifh
nortix ,at t h top,
~
Showra in Figure 31 is the ACTC drawing o f C:operir~kacustaken from LAC 58,which was
ptzblish ed in 1559, This chart was cornpiled entirely from photograyxhs, %vithckllxberrefit :>f
visual observations, AC1C eonlnlencetl ;a visual observl~tio~aal
progs.arr1 isx 1961 at Lov~eBik
Observatory using their 24-inch refracl or; shown in Figure 32 i s the Copernicras portraval
from the 2d edition of LAC 58. This edition, published in 1964,eased v i s ~ l nohservatims
l
t0
supplement photographs, For cor~~parison,
shown in Figure 33 i s an excellerzt
pho t o g ~ a p hof
Copermicus taken in 4966 on the 61-inch NASA telescope, C:;~talina Observatory, Ur~Bversiitj-
of A ~ ~ z o I ~ R ,
I~nnal-p hstogaphs horn lurrar orbit. The availability of these photographs virtually negated
the need for further visual telescopic obsert~ationsannd bro~agkrtto a close an era of Btwnarr
mapping which was dependent upon the telescope for 357 years,
Fsg 31 ACIC-1959
Frg 3% ACIC-1964
Section 1-2
12
.AIter, I),, 1967,Pictorial Guide to rhcp Moon i,Voir $>,p.k*? ? ~ i i > r i ~ k:~ g Q"i.t,)l
iJ/
l j > i ~ f l i o,s ~
~ ~ l . .
ri
jri
Classien9B,, 1969,'The First, hlaps of the Mloori -- Sky and TeFcsc:ape, Vot . :$OrNci, 2
156 hiisli i r i y
ik""cniii i ~ i ~ i i f q,l/r"oss.
l,
I5'A-g
('br,r;orutdo~),
,<X.!j
1";tiillilii,
ilik'/
l+iiri,t'++/iiri;/
i ' i l u : i i ( i i ii.~
'2,j
"i/
LLJNAR NOMENCLATURE
1.3
<C
h~ntahr=,74:isdle-9,
~1
"'a
that :
I) "I'hc~riwnres in t h e cboilated list I,O be t;&en when the three au&horitiesagree or from
ark;: one of then8 ~41e11tkae others ggi17e 110 name,
( 2 ) tYk~erpdillkrent I-sarrses are given, each case to he dshebdcd 08.1 i t s merits.
(38 h-al~_a<?s
rewx~d&vgiven and suggested name.: ~o he sparingly adopt eel,
' % ~ t the 1,~1dennleeting f r ~ .1928,lists of 41 2 nanaes where Madler, 5khrnnid.l: and Ncison
U S
Cs
where names rslash, lvvereleft cover for. consideration, Also lists of narrles
p r o p ~ s e dby Krieger, Mirller, Wlkir-ss and Larnhch, were g~reparedb y Dr. h4bllei -- a most
con~plc~tely
surviv~ithe p a s a g e 0%'time, 111 19:Xl M ~ s s ~ !Vl~ita&er
s,
termcies, These view rroted in Tablc *3of the IerSAP;"T,unau. Aelas, editetl b) G"P%.
K~iiyer
and
published in Fetrrt~ary 1960 (often referred to as thc M uiptr Photographic) Iiunwr Atlas,
hi;
i~;-
6sP
Alqu in 19f61, the IAU adopted eighteen newr far side raanies i akerl fr.aailr.8 the " " A t k ~of the
ZTB ada%i$;%an,
(Po~~~nlishii)&i~J 6 at Berkeley -h-*evie\v,nied
rt~connn~er.sdatican
(if) Mountairl-like chains are dchsigr~atedi n Latin k>y t3enorninatie~n.:allied with csur ter-
restk-ial geogr;i-a\phy, Nan~esarc associatecl with the srabstank;i\re Mans at:ccarding t o "Be Latira
(iii8 Large dark areas arc designated in La1 in denominations calling alp psy chi6 3 t a t w of
(iv) Isolated peaks are desigillated aecoaariing to the same rules as for the craters, as w e l
"
(v) Rifts and valleys take the na1~1eof'the ii~earest designated crater, pr*ecetiedby the
Latin suhsta~a&i\~es
Rims and Valtis, (The eexceptiort ValLis Schrot,e-iri s preserkred),
( v i ) U~-adenc.~n~ina$ed-t
f ~ ~ i t u r can
e s be designateti by their cboordinat~s, They can eclually
Section 1 3
be designated according t o t h e former cslassieal system, by taking the leame o f $he rscarest
crater, followed by a b b c k l e b t ~ rof the Tati-ar~
alpk.?rabetfor craters, depressiorrs :end valleys,
by a minor letter. of the Greek alpphalwt for hills, elea~ationsand peaks, and by a R o n ~ a r ~
nunher folXoqjhd~d by the l e t t e ~r~(drrl l r s XIIT,etc*)for the
(NOrI"E: The Better r
fidlov~ingthe Roman. ntznmber is not used on NASA lunar charts.)
112 1963 the need arose for. additional names, mainly in the nirnb regions, because o f $isp
l>ubiii<baticinol the Uaiarersja y o f Arizona ""Rectifif2d Ltu1a.r Atlas'' (Supplenlenl; Numk~erTwo
t o the tTSAF Lunar Atlas) by Messrs, FVhitaker, Ktxiper, Hartrnatln and Spraditey- AI this
t i m e sixtj7-five new nalnes were added to f i e lunar alor~~enelatrarc
kist a n d suI>sequen"cy
appa.o\r~da t 11re XIiI I A U General Assenlbly held in 3 964 at Han~burg,Gcrnadny, TTae
Transactions of the TAU, Vol. X%IB (1964)also records the fol%owingr
'%n Extended Form of Hlagg and h4uller's Schema o f Luraar Non~enc*ila-kt~re~~
136; D, W,
Arthur,
"The lunar la~c,merlelatureproposed hy the Lunar and Planer ary T,abora4 orv of" t l i c l
IIniversity of ihrilzolsa is a revised and extended form of "sat of B1agg a~sdMilller, which mas
i~uthorized %>ythe BJnion in 3 932, We have a t t e ~ ~ p t et od eliminate certain nI'B1c~g1~.:al
and
inconvenient situations in t h e ERlagg and Mullel. sclaerrae, but all major eharlges a re rt:~atrii"t{,k"b
t o the extrenle limb regioras where the Blagg and MuSler sehen~c.,and for t h a t nlntter, all
previous maps, are somewl~at~ rnrealistie, The scheme i s based o i l a Icr1gtk-i;y and t F orough
% i ) The System o f Lunar Cksaters, Connrn~lnicationso f the Lunar and Planetar3 L,abora$;ory*
This work 1s in four parts vvith a catalog and map iar each of khc four Itma1 ~ l l l a d 1 " 8 n ~ ~
14ress,
(ii) Lunar and Planetary Designations, Arthur ant1 Agnieray, IJniversity 0%Ariz~~raa
A two-co10r. map in four parts.
(iii) The Rectified Lunar Atlas, iVhitaker et al,, University of Ari maria J ~ s s ,T h k gives f h ~ :
names but n o t t h e letters.
( i v ) The L,A,C, lunar topograplliba maps at 1 :1 ,~J00,000o i the A e r o ~ %i~:d
a ~ ~ Charj
t
and
Irrforn~atiox~
Center of the IJ,S,Air Force. These are avails hfe h y stlbscript-acala
The above indicates t h a t t h e proposed .;eheme is not subject to dhe d r a d j a t ~ $ c0% hn13;acaf
distribution, which sonieu hat hanrpered t be ~ l i f f ~ x s i oand
n t ~ z ~ c e ~ ~ tof
a ~ tl hci
a ~ eEilagq lrt%
Mi~Ilerntsmenclattire*
""As already stated, no major changes were made in the central nseas ot the disk, ti\eiqit
the deletion. tsf a few names which were dt~pjjf:as&ede k e \ v h ~ r e I
~n there :lsre;35 w e ~ l ~ c ~ t ~ l y
inrearsifi~dt h e existing schernge hy ~ a d d i ~?;additionalletters
g
'!?he~situ:~"sc?n
near f he %iin~l>
:1
basically (1 iffereart in that recent int erisive c:~rtograglhicawork, ~ v ~ u p l ewit
d 11 a cLaarlgeo\ PI to
conformal projec tlora, makes t h ~Riagg
and hluB1er ~("kl~".rne
q ~ i t inadeq~aate
e
for C < ) l t T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ P a ~
lunar c:artographv, 7'0 eliilninwtch some serious and -ividespz"aaddlf fissulri~~s,
Ci("rae ihi ::ea
nalxles were acided in t h e extreme llanlh r e g i o ~ ~ l l A
j * 4 ; ~ all
~ ~oi~+ tawe
S
fill1 in aleas ~ ~ 1 3 1 ;.slt2
~ 6 1
v e q pocsr'ny reprewnted in all tho oiid~giamaps,
""73g.,etieraraids of truelition arzd eontinlalily were pvcn fuli wcigt~tthroughour, Bbverl.a i ~ jt6t:!l
t
tl-~esc
clftt~nplcventc3tl
the dc~~p%opn~t~n"lc,i
a c & ~ n ; ~ d e Iogica]
r e ~ y sckten~eof~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n e ur(a
~rn
' e r ~ ~ ~ ! s l
NA,SA'w five W U C C C ~ Idulrar
S ~ ~ ~ 61rbiter
~ ~
hliss~ons,fIih,i:ar:~ d u r i n g the B:3-:rionril pvriotl ('I or-:~
a ga~nr.gxl*hhaqhel te.;til:z"rc~n
~ N B ~ ~ P
a v a i l n b ~?1o
% ~r1l~ii;mplrtelym a p the jar side fearures !IIII, not in t i ~ m :for the ><! I1 I411 t ; w i ~ r a i
n
5 967 adopted. the fc~llo~vsng
r~t;o/urioi~,.
sHdtP ncirneh..
( I n d c x o f Lunar Fesrnnatio~~s)
Better (A, B,C , Dl, and nunlher (1, 2 , 3, or 4 ) - E;-nch region a n d each province is
1.d wbls reholved that Greek BcCi er de>ign,atior13 for lunar C ~ P Y ~ I Q ~ O I \vould
IS
be
cjropped, A l i ~lo be dropped a r e crate1 names designated b y use ot a Etonl;3n
capaka1 Lette-~.,large or other\x,vi-e importdnt craters :,revioe~sly de.b;iznatcd by thi
system will b~ rellarned with laew i m d dktinctive nars-aes, I3 ;bdges, pr~3vltru+1\ UIVE
raan~cld will be called dorsa (siariagallar, dorsurn), Rirna and rirnac~ systems \"&rill
rcecivp n e w and a p p r o p r i a t e desjgndtionk;;, Crater cbhnins w i l l be d e a i q s ~ a t e dc a t ~ n d ,
Very s~malyifeatalres requiring idcxr~tifieation for horr-ee special rea.ion nlay be as
signed rnalc. or fernaiie first rran3B.y firurn an ir-eterr-aationdl Bikt appriliivcti b j he I A t ; ,
S u c h I I L ? ~ ~ Cmust
S
not h a v e more t h a n t h r e e syllables,
In addition, the I_ALJ ieorrected some 19 name< frorn the list a d o p i e l in 1370
(these chnngeh w e r e , for the most part, minor spelling corrections..),a n t i added one
name to the lict. A s t r o n a l ~ t - n a m e dfeatures in t h e vicinity of the Apollo l ~ ~ n d i r ~ g
s i t e s s11d a l i s t o f ~ C ~ I to
~ be
P S sl~eclas p r o v i ~ ~ enaraicss
e
were a y y r ~ v e d as
, well (25 d
list of' 69 n a ~ n e sfor a~sikgnmckntto Iundr maps iin production,
Z%sevisusly assigned lunar n,xme.a Laave, with few exception<, heen ih05e of $I%
tingu-sshed deccaqed scienli-.te, At t h e 1973 meetin gir, i t \v%ia. aiecided that f u t u r e
assignments might al\o co~ataiir~
the ndrnes of "distinguished, dect~cls~t!contributor^
to human e u i t u r e a n d knowledge, such a5 writers, paiilltc~s,~ X I U S ~ C ~ex(
~ B,,I ~
c h, a ~ . e n
on an interr~atisnalbasis," Political, military a n d religious figures, as wcl! as
modern philosplaers, were ext.luaied, Sul,wcluer~t to t h e 1 973 r n e e t l n g , itu\vevcs~
there was sbme d i s c u s ~ i o na% to t f ~ i d- esirahilitk o i using ntrn s e l e i ~ t i - t ~ ,names,
'
and
until this Q U $ P S C ~ O ~i-f1111y ~ P S O & V C 311
~ , %~rloffkcin%
~ m o r a t o r ~ u lha+
n b ~ t l -~ ~I I I ~ O StgCn
~
t h e use of n o n - s c i e n t n s t ~ h a n ~ for
e s
lunar f ~ a t u r e s ,
Section 1-3
. . ..
.. . .. .
Earthbased Photography
Ranger P h o t c g r a p h y
. .
...
... .
.....
Section 2,0
2.3
a
--___Lw---*--r-w
Lunar
-
S e c t i o n 2,1
2
174 w-ith
" ,
!ye ie:.:ixe ar m~iixL O T <.
In D = L : ~ ~ C B , t i d s ",i x a ~ i u n
i s ~op>sj-de~-g.b!~>:
mot5 3 Fj%ct& k-r r ~ e ~ l r aand
g atmospBi?er4c:
c o n d t e l , o n ~ Tile vt- ;~ktue
of ~ l - ~ e B I E o
~ f afr~ail_l
sphere t h r o ~ ~ gwb
h i c
h ~noonlfgl:? I ~ I t
S p a s s
rc x eacl.e
sure 1Lkd~L.&!138d
OR:
the i-,elr+ae;;ope,ia~r~c:;easas
$urb~lz:k1ce awl oe:-(:~:ece-fng d e f a c t s - On c i g b t s of %ndi%fexewt c . \ e % ~ g , 3 t
ar
by 'reduiihng t h ~
a p e a
t m e ,
average conditions,
* -*
Pb+tc,,
e t f b-a:;lI
J:
s-
$]lie
gl~e~,:o~rc
i*f
?lo(-:
L ~ P ~ ~ C X ,
j
T
C
t
o
P t c 612M i d x : 3 S s e s ~ ~ a t o irk
r g $'%reP y x e n e s s
--*
M b ~ 1 1 ~ ; , r 3 i CnZ~~ ' $~S@~IJ$:'SC=*~"EL
D fo*;*i?atae
Wp3*;: h e l e c i ~ c jat3 i t 2 S known td ' 0 , 3 ~ W
e IC?~N~~$,S
V'
of e x e l ~&:;.,t
.aeeingiqartd ?ransrbarellt sh.Sesl The telescope In, m a was the
"#rnnc! eqnatc~rca
1 r n i ~ d e " r e f f r a c t o r , f 0 n e r l . y used at t h e 01 i?P a r i s Obserl~a
8
0 i p y ~ hL C ~ ~ ~ CW 8~ 8 Oa160
P
1160d ~ O Tl l l ~ a r
IrailfYi. "h?I:/ICIpXOgI;PII?L9 $3 '
kc;.ry.
F ~ r y L ~ L C ?; ~ h e : yL: ~C~ ~~ ~~ ~ Z$ Ot h~ eS
g ? ~ ~ . e p E j apxc~g.-a=.
~e
o fl
ph~t~gr~rhg~
Li~fi22:"
micrometer,
b o t h e r aspect o f t h i s program was tc d e ~ ~ e l oap a e r i e s of photographic
obsematisns f a r the d e t e m % m t i o n sf selenoeentric positions an the ason,
An extene8ve photographic effort was r e q u i r e d since each o b s e m a t i o n lust
contain the proper q u a l i t y , phase, and l i b r a t i o n a n g l e s ,
S e c t i o n 2,2
Section 2.3
a*
A d d % % b w ~ tdeLaP1
~%
concerning c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and operat2on sf t h e koraaz
Orbi tier Pk~o$og~aph$c
S y ~ t 3 r n1s
~ ayaf %able in references 2,7,1
2,%,8
Canera ~ < 3 $ % 3 s a t idata
o $ ~ i s E ~ r q i s h e dby references 2,7 9
z 84 12 The
extell-k o f L r ~ n ~ >
~3rhif:ex
y
photagraphic coverage i s shorn in Photo I n d i c e s
112)
--
jI(5)
SY;~'
xz<j-:
,-,
~%(l$),
7.t
- 2 - --
irr:;
the
02 ozigtnal- film e q a s e d in l u n a r p r o x i s t t g
7
= C q - C o
ii.:b,,anoa:s 80, 11, 12, and 14 (May 6 4 - F e b ~ 1 : ~ y7l)
r~
:I(-F:C, - f j
I; * cc: -:~.lectrios:
emaeras t o o b t a i n coverage s f poLential
J . , ~ ~ ~S T~ ccs ~ ~ a-zces of s c i e w t i f ic interest. Imagery is recorded 311
: a 2 i.
i r-la:
ess k6m forazt sequence photography was a l s o o b t a i n e d $:I",
2s ~ - >
(J~\---.,C
t
% c r ~ ~ ~ o g x a p b f c a 1significant,
1y
r S, ,
i r
"
LE- c:.I--P:~
"
'
"^-i"s;I)-I
i t,---a
-*
I:-- _
- (-.e;,Jl<~
S j ai ;-3;~g~.zi-czea
,
-), 4 . ~ - : ~ r z ~823
r: b" airi b c t h black and white and c o l o r phor )&LLA; iyj
- 3"& , "b(r<A"- (.
5;;~"
i;o.is
and obiiques from 80m, 250m, aad 5ClOmio f.i:r?
1( - v ,"-LL
,- - C-z ~ i r i c34 Lheee l e n s combinations resulted in pko tokraghg
7c,-k*
*,
;i g13
i
-)*
:-c-aA"r,-", -. "
~-~ , g i nfram
g
1:228,000 to 1:1,40Q,880, The 80wm
~ E T , , re :-r,, r:r,,i~S~i-r-scd
i a taking a t r i p s of s t e r e s s c ~ p i ccavepz,ge a!orig
7 F F p .
+
-*"
f-I-Zp
~ - j i , a l ~I ~r -
p.1t-;"L5a
e precision sf cartograpnl: p P F t
Apo1%0 Mission Hassebblad p h c t q~gra2;.,.
c i a 1 system to a l l o w recc3ver3 ct l a 3 ~ ~ ~
to assure flattening 06 f1 1 . d~ ~
~~ - * i n g
he geometric center o f each pno%sg>:a~I>
reZBers are imaged on two sjd,es
each
framee Also, t h e camera has been dr.pioy-ea
ok three panes thickness and $-axf d c i w i n
but)
1 :p
5 o ~
~dg3L
'P
170
x 170 hn area, Wn+e
amera i s 98 lines pex. ~ ~ % l ' , ! , - i ~ ~ u ~ ~ t ~
and a fora.~~at
sb.ze o:E 32~3,rax
w i t h four additional f i d u c k x l . r~zxk,;;
ste%l.arcalibra*t,;:ion,j2rr:uid,L*d-
z2
%--
a xelstj-anship S e ~ : ; e athe
~ m p p t n g 2nd s t e l l a r cameras, The l l a s e m
alt:imeter provides the ~7ehlclealtitude at sgecPf$c times durtng the
mapping caaera e:cpoau-,.e sequence, The a%t2tu d e i s recorded a l o n g w i th
the t:%rne ~f the obsem~atisxasn the mapping camera film,
The paaora>&c ceEerw employs an o p t i c a l bar and i s confQured as a
~ H Z no
C ~ separately
~
housed components, The
-e " ~ P ? " ~ - - c c ~ ~LW-YK c~ ::ith
,
,
en^ sysi:saa e o d xrarlable s l i t assembl-y
he optBcal bar) aye
s
t 1 a roll. fr2:me which rotates in the scan d i r e c e n n (crosstrack)
d u r $ h - +C~~ S C T Ro ~ e r a e i o n , The roll frame i s s u p p o r t e d by a gimbal assernbkq
*:h3=c:h t%l.tst- frontt p r l a m fore and aft. f o r stereo gloverage and f s n * ~ a r d
( 2 4 1-nehes)
ecm~ensation~'I%e l e n s h a s 2 f o c a l length o f 61.
r-@iotdloa
rho. k m g e Fomqlt i e /-,5by 45,21i inc.hes w i t h the f i e l d of viepi being LOo
L859-y 108", Cant~ergexr",2$ degree stereo coyJerage is o b t a i n e d by IrPlting
t h e ra1.3 f r a m e on aEterB~zi*~e
e-wosures 12:5 P a m ~ a z dand a f t , 'T.Ti.3-s r e ~ b 3 . i : ~
in BO pzrcent. ~t?e.-laps-Z consecut:ive "nqard or 8 f t frames and $8 percentoverlap bet~geeastereo p a f r s , A t :: 110 km a l t i t ~ ~ dt hee ganoramfc cav zra
w i l l cover s p p ~ o x b r 3 a t ~ Iay 22 km x 340 km area, Under spkimum c o n & i t i o n s ,
t h e panoramic eaz-era resolves 125 B3-nes per miEPimeter,
*:."TI
32
"
"-'--b
t3
aTiAd
*-a
--,
-=
-3
P-
M a r l a e t BO Photography
..... .....
,
S e c t i o n 2,s
2,5,2
11 ,240
29 , 9 5 2
.A
The a; ess
",,; S L ~ T F : ~ - ~re'
I B XL: 11-~S'd.Cbl ~:LGXL.IJ:e~ r ange f r:om 1 ,2 meters
33 k 5 5 1 ~ m s E %f re' ~~3 m r h e can1er3" s$ad:$c~ns S U T V ~ Y O F ;I1
CBVZ r:et,
$8 8 d i s c a n c e 0:
and V I.anded i g $t19%3 a m a x ezac~z-cs
XNER 1 0 PHOTO
Section 2,5,2
and 2.7.54.
S e c t i o n 2.6
Z e fIe 1
. . . . . 2,6.2
UP
aaa
a?aaaaaaaaaaaau
w
aw
aa
w B Z E wa wa wa wa wa wa w
a wa w
aw
aw
aw
aw
a8
WW~~wWFrlTs3Bls4WFr~WWF6Pg*~
!2 u a a a a a a a o a a a Q E
E
\
eaBEEEnaaaamPRaQanUz2
m a 0
W W W
Section 2 , 6 , P
Section 2,Q,%
August 1967
NASA Contractor
2,7.2
Report CR 782, A p r i l 1967
2,7.3
2,Te4
NASA C o n t r a c t o r
2,7 65
207.6
LunarOr'uit5
Report
cn
NASA Contractor
1069, 1968
z 0 7 , 7 LunarOrbfter
Report CR 1054, June 1968
2,7.8
NASA Contractor
June 1968
2,7,9
Luna~
ACIC, December 1966
2,7,IbO
2,7.$4
-. Mission
3.1 Pho
Lunar O r b i t e r Photo
A C I C , A p r i l 1969
(5 sheets showing l u n a r nearside coverage on p h o t o g r a p h i c
p r o j e c t ion)
2.7,15
A G I C , March 1969
2,7.B6
S e c t i o n 2 , 7
February 1969
2,7.18
A G J C , March $970
2,7,lkS
(one s h e e t ) , A G I C ,
June 1970
Indexes, A C I C , June 1 9 7 1
2,7.20
2,7,25
NASA SP-61,
September 1964
NASA SP-$2,
February 1 9 6 % *
NASA SP-63,
August
2,T026
2,7,27
1965
2.7028
NASA SP-111,
NASA SF-112,
%,7.29
2,7.30
NASA Technical R e p o r t 32-1399,
2,7,32
January %969
A r t h u r , D , W, G . , K u i p e r , G. P I ,
and mitaker, @, A,,
1961
2,7,33
Section 2 , 7
2
2,7.51
DMMC, A p r i l 1974
2,7.53
R.M.
2.7,54
M.Ee D a v i e s and
Batson, J o u r n a l s f Geophysical Research, June 1975,
S e c t i o n 2,7
Index No.
Description
. . . . . . . Ranger M s s i o n Photography
P ( 2 ) . . . . . . . %mar O r b i t e r $Om F.L, Vertical Photography
( 3 ) . . . . . . Lmar O r b i t e r 8
F e L e Oblique Photography
I ( 4 ) . . . . . . . Lmar O r b i t e r 610m P.E, V e r t i c a l Photography
I(5) . . . . . . Lunar O r b i t e r 610m F,L, Oblique Photography
1 ( 6 ) . . . . . . . dapollo Mission 8, 90, 12, $Om F , k , Vertical Blaek and
mite Photagraphy
E Q G a ) . . . . . . Apollo Hission 15, 17, 60 and 8Bm F,L. Vertical Black
and
Photagraphy
I ( 7 ) . . . . . . . Apollo
Mission 8, 16, 1 2 , 80m F.L. Oblique Black and
W&sfte Photography
168) . . . . . . a p o 1 1 ~Mission 11, 12, 14, $Om F.L, Oblique Black and
Photography
T(8a) . . . . . . Apollo M s s i o n 15, 1 7 , 6 0 m F.E. Oblique Blaek and
mite Photography
I (8b) . . . . . . Apcslles mssion 15, 16, 17, 80 and 105rwun F,L, Oblique
Black and m i t e Photography
169) . . . . . . . AppaZ:ho Mission 8, 11, 12, 1 4 , 250 and 50Om F,L, V e r t i c a l
Black and
Photography
I(9a) . . . . . . Apollo Mission 15, 16, 1 7 , 250 and 500xm F.L. V e r t i c a l
Black and m i t e Photography
1Q10) . . , . . . Apollo mssian 8, 10, 2SOm F.L. Oblique Black and
Photography
I(ll) . , . . . . @oblo Missfan 11, 12, 14, 250m F,L. Oblique Black and
mite Photography
I(lla) . . . . . . Apollo Mission 15, 16, 17, 250m F.L. Oblique Black and
mite Photography
P(blk1b) . . . . .
.Apdlgt
Mission 15 S W m F,L. Oblique Black and
Photography
I&L)
'
I
mite
mite
mite
mite
mite
Section 2,8
Index No,
P(%2)
......
.
.. , . . Grpolls
mssion 15, 17, 60 and 8
F,L. Vertical Color
Photography
%(U) . , . . . . Apsllo Wseion 10, %I, 12, 80m F.L. Oblique C o l o r
Photography
P(kSa) .
,. . . . b o l l 0 Mission 15, 16, 17, 6 0 and 88m F.E. Oblique Color
Photography
I ( 1 4 ) . . . , . . Apolfo Mission 10, 1 4 , 2 5 Q m P.E. Vertdcal Color Photsgrap&ny.
I (L4a) . . . . . . A p s l l o Mission 1.5, 16,
258m P.L. V e r t i c a l Collar
Photography
I(15) . . . . . . Apollo Mission 10, 1 4 , 250m F.L. Obltque C d o r Photography
I(15a) . .
. . . Apolle
Mission 15, 16, 1 7 , 250m F.L. Bbliqhte Color
Photesgraphy
SQBG) .
.. . . , A p s l l o Nlssion 18, 1 4 , 50 P.L, Oblique Color Photography
$$I71 .
. . . . ApolloPhotography
H s s i o n 350, 14, 8Om P.L, Stereasgraphic Black and
I(E8) . . . . . . A p s l l a Mission, 5 0 0 m and 18" F.E, Stereographic Black
and
Photography
I(19) . . . . . . A p o l l a Mission 1 5 , 16, 1 7 , 24" F.L. Panoramic Black
and
Photography
1 ( 2 0 ) . . . . . . Apollo Mission 15, 1 6 , 1 7 , 3" F.L. Vertical Mapping Black
and
Photography
I ( 2 1 ) . . . . . . Apollo Mission 15, 16, 17, 3" F.L. Oblique Mapping Black .
and
Photography
I(22) . . . . . . ApolIo Missfan 1 7 5 5 m F.k, Oblique Black and
Photography
P(12a)
g7,
"mite
mite
mite
mite
mite
mite
Z(23)
Pf(1)
HE(2)
. . . . . , $h$bolls
8, 18, 11% 12%13, 25
Oblique
Color Photsgrc%pbhy
II(13a) . . . . . . Apollo Mission 15, 16, 17, 25
FeLe oblique Color
tography
II(13)
FeL*
Phba
II(15)
II(16)
. . . . . . Apoflo
Mission 8, 10, 12, 1 4 , 8
FeL, S t e r e ~ g r a ~ b i c
B$a& and m i t e Photsgrapby
. . . . . . Apollo Mission 15, 16, 17, 24" F.L. Panor
Phcatography
. . . . . . &ollo
Mission 15, 16, 17, 3" F.L. Vertical Mapping
Black and WBte Photography
. . . . . . Apollo
Mission 15, 16, 17, 3" F.L. Oblique Mapping Black
and mf te Photography
. . . . . . Apollo
Mission 17 55mm F.L. Oblique Black and White and
Color Photography
te
II(17)
II(18)
II(19)
S e c t i o n 3.0
l
two or more photographs. In effect, t h e datum c ; i strch c ~ ~ r s t r ois
p r o v i d e s f o r d i f f e r e n t i a l w e i g h t i n g and a d j u s t m e n t of t h e i n d i v i d u a l
LOSAT and LOBAT, d e s i g n e d f o r s t r i p and b l o c k
input parameters,
s o l u t i o n s r e s p e c t i v e l y , a p p l y t h e a d d i t i o n a l c o n d i t i o n of c o n s t r a i n i n g
exposure s t a t i o n p a s i t i o n s t o l i e a n an orbital p l a n e , The more r e c e n t l y
developed SAPGO (Simultaneous h a l y t i c a l Photogrametri@ and Geodetic
O b s e r v a t i o n s ) Program which p r o v i d e s i n c r e a s e d csmpmtationak e f f i c i e n c y ,
has been used i n t h e development of Large b l o c k s of c o n t r o l from Apolko
Mission 15-17 data,
Earthbased l a s e r ranging t o l u n a r based r e t r o r e f l e c t o r s p r o v i d e s
a new and i m p o r t a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n t o an a b s o l u t e b a s i s f o r S e l e n o d e t i c
System development.
Continuing a n a l y s i s and f i t t i n g of i n c r e a s i n g l y l a r g e r
s e t s of r a n g i n g d a t a t o a c c e p t e d lunar o r b i t , l i b r a t i o n and mass
d i s t r i b u t i o n models i s being performed,
This work has r e s u l t e d i n
p r e c i s e d e f i n i t i o n of r e t r o r e f l e c t s r p o s i t i o n s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e
c e n t e r of l u n a r mass and more i m p o r t a n t l y , p r o v i d e s a b a s i s f o r
development of improved lunar ephemeris and l i h r a t i s n models.
Section 3,O
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.8
Positi~seaalReferenee System ( 1 9 6 9 ) ( 1 9 7 4 ) . . .
.. 3,1.,1.0
Kiev ($967)
S e c t i o n 3.1
In all, 2885 points were measured and reduced on the Perkes pla~es.
These i n c l u d e d t h e points previously observed on tile Paris p l a t e s . T h i s
work served as t h e main basis f o r the catalogue 05 I,A,U, l u n a r coordinates
by Blagg and MuePler (1935),
The 150 moon craters measured by J. Franz are dispersed over the earthward
hemisphere* Measurements were made on f i v e plates taken with %he 36 inch
refractor at t h e L i c k Observatory, 1890-91.
These are primarily near f u l l
noon photographs and features were s e l e c t e d t h a t stand apart from t h e i r
surroundings due t o their b r i g h t n e s s , Although Franz refesred $0 them as
moon craters, a few b r i g h t mountain p*eaks are i n e l u d e d in t h e list,
$ ,
Section 3 , 1 , 2
3 , 1 , 3 LUNm CONTROL BY B U D W I N
Section 3,123
3.1,4 M
Section 3 . 1 8 4
Section 3,%,5
Section 3,1,6
SY STEH
(1969 ) (1971)
S e c t i o n 3,1,9
------------
F e b r u a ~ j1975
---*-*--=
13
kilometer^,
2, P o s i t i o n a l Reference Systern ( 1 9 7 4 )
The Posdt%cs,aa% Reference System o f 1974 was developed i n continuance
1969 e d i t i c ~ a ,
Section 3 , % ,10
S e c t i o n 3,1,10
3 , 2 mGION& CONTROL
E s t a b l i s h e a t s f l u n a r contsol. on a r e g i o n a l b a s i s has large3.y r e s u l t e d
from exploitation of data f ran i n d i v i d u a l lunar missions through the area
s f Apollo mission a p l o r a t i o n (between 30" North and South l a t i t u d e s ) ,
Though L i m i t e d in u t i l i t y by t h e small number o f p o i n t s contained, The
Laser Re%rsreflector S y s t m provides k h e most accurate s e t o f positional
data,
Apog.10 15-1.7 Systems have greater a p p l i c a t i o n due to t h e more a t e n s i v e
areas covered w i t h a high density of p o i n t positional d a t a . Maximum coverage
i s provided by the Apoklo 15 (April 1973) System whiell has been extended
through t h e area of Apollo m i s s i o n s 15, 1 6 , 1 7 v e r t i c a l and o b l i q u e mapping
photographic coverage t o support near tern c o n t r o l requirements f o r medium
and Large s c a l e mapping. The enlarged area o f coverage has been o b t a i n e d
at an early d a t e w i t h some s a c r i f i c e in the accuracy o b t a i n a b l e from eom
ponent triangulation,
. . . . . . . . 32,1
Landmark Tracking Control S y s t a . . . . . . . . 3 , 2 , 2
ApoEls M%.ssbonControl Systems . . . . . . . . . 3 , 2 , 3
. . . . . . . , . 3.2,4
tern
-
(1969)
o r b i t a l passes,
As in other expevimental t r i a n g u l a t j o n with Zalnar O r b i t e r IV photog
raphy and P h o t o S u p p o r t Data, r e s u l t s have been limited by t h e combined
e f f e e t of h i g h altitude and lack of precision in t h e photo - u w o r t B a t a
v a l u e s f o r camera orientation angles. AdditfsnaShy, t h e work i s a f f e c t e d
by t h e aforenlentisned narrow s i d e l a p between h i g h resolution p h o t o s frsm
adjacent o r b i t s . The 1969 c o n t r o l data set consisting o f approximately
3200 po$nts e x t e n d e d from 75"W t o 55"E w i t h latitudinal coverage of up $0
--+20", It employed c o n t r o l data frsm S i t e 11-2, 11-6, 11-8, 11-13 and
111-IE a r e a c o n t r o l systems (Section 3 2 3 ) in an a t t e m p t t o stracgthen
the Lunar O r b i d e r I V trtangukation with t h i s d a t a and e v a l u a t e t h e
relationship o f these i n d i v i d u a l systems,
The Landmarl- '1:rackln~ Concral System was initiated by NASA Manned Space
c r a f t Center in 1969 to ass:~ot in clbcianlunar navigation, p r o v i d e a b a s i s
f a r e x t e n d i n g c~ntrolta t h e lunar f a r s i d e , and far improvesnent 05 lunar
nearsfde p h c ~ t o g z ~ r n m e t r jc~ocn t r g ~ 1s651t1tians using A p o i l o Hission photography,
Landnark t r a c k f n g poj-nts e s t a b l i s h e d in earlier Apaallo missisws have been
used in circumlunar nalfigatien in later missions. Differences in coordinate
values obt a f ned tZ~ro~agh
astronaut reobservation o f t h e landmark p o i n t s
provided a b a s i s f o r c t ~ a n g i n gt h e A p o l l o apacecraft3s o r b i t a l p a t h to o b t a i n
an s p t i m u n ~o r b i t p r i o r to lunar landing. The landmark system
unuue
among the o r b i t a l coratxsl systems in tlaat spaceeraf;: positton i s brought t o
t h e lunar surface ehrough timed astronaut observations with s p a c e c r a f t
sextant: and t e l e s c o p e ra&her than by photography, h s f t i o n a s far 1 9 land
marks (including 6 Lunar f a r s i d e points) have bee11 developed. Lunar
land marl,^ p o i n t locations are shown in CantroL Endices L(2) and Z I ( 1 ) ,
E a r t h b a s e d t r a c k i n g i n f o m a t i o n , spacecraft obsemac%ons and d e f i n e d
l i n e o f s i g h 6 w i t h respect to s p a c e c r a f t i n e r t i d measurement p r o v i d e b a s i
dataa. J e t P r o p u l s i o n ~ahoratory'sPlanetary Ephemeris 19 (DE-19) and NASA/
MSC G r a v i t y Madel LP were used in o r b i t reduetion, Orbital p o s i t i o n s are
b a s e d on d a t a arcs o f t w o o r b i t d u r a t i a n f o r I u r ~ a rf a r s i d e p o i n t s and s i n g l e
nearside arcs f o r lunar nearside p o i n t s , A series of Landmark tracking
o b s e r ~ r a t f o n swas performed sn A p o l l o Missions 8, 10, PI, 12, 14 and 15,
TL.- evaluated accuracy of landmark tracking p a i n t s i s i n t h e o r d e r of
900 :,teters horizcantally and 400 meters vertically (1 s i g m ) witk p r i m e
error c o n t r i b u t i o n from the inadequate lunar gravity ~ o d e La v a i l a b l e f o r
use i n ramputstian of t h e i r p~sbtions~The Landmark tracking p o i n t s
constitute t h e most accurate data p r e s e n t l y a v a i l a b l e for r e l a t i n g w i d e l y
separa-d
p o i n t s in the l u n a r equatorial regitsin, tYnoz%gk~t h e i r u%ilS.ty i s
r e s t r i c t e d by t h e rma-11 number of p o i n t s (19) c u r r e ~ t l ya v a i l a b l e . F u r t h e r
information on the development of t h e Landmark Tracking System, i n c l u d i n g
i n d i v i d u a l pobne I t l e n t i f i c a t i s n and evaluation, i s contained in reference
3,4,10
. . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.3.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,2,3,3
lbpollo I 0 ( 1 9 7 0 ) F a r s i d e System
. . . . . . 3,2.3.%
ApoILs 1% (1974) System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 , 2 , 3 . 6
A.pol.10 15 ( A ~ ~ r and
i l November 1973) Systems
3 , 2 , 3 , 3 QOLLO
12 (TOPOCOM-1971) SYSTEM
Section 3 , 2 , 3 , 3
given positionD
cc3verage
The accuracy o f t h e i n i t i a l A p o l l a 1 5 &Apr 7 3 ) S y s t m C o n t s d P o i n t s '
i s evaluated at 35 meters horizontally and 40 meters v e r t i c a l l y (90%
p r o b a b i l i t y ) w i t h respect to i t s e s t a b l i s h e d dat'i~m, I n the area sf i t s
extension through Apollo 16 p h o t o g r a p h i c average, accuracy i s progressively
degraded with respect to t h e e s t a b l i s h e d datum to 400 meters ( h s r i x o w t a ~
Section 3.%,3.5
Indexes "
(3b)
I and 1%( 4 ) ,
Section 3 * 2 , 3 , 5
Triangulation o f 5 c o m p l e t e ApoE%o 17 o r b i t a l p h o t o g r a p h i c r e v s l u t i o n s
and p o r t i o n s s f 3 a d d f t i o n a l r e v ~ l t e t i o n swas p e r f m e d wi.th t h e SMGO
e t r i c and Geodetic O b s e r v a t i o n s )
(Simultaneous Adjustment of Photogr
P r e g r m u s i n g A ~ Q P ~1%
Q v e r t i c a l mapping photogrtrpky, T r i a n g u l a t e d photo
graphy w a s selected for i t s a d d i t i o n a l caverage t o A p s l l o 1 5 and 16 photo
graphs and t o f a d l i t a t e e v a l u a t i o n of spacecraft ephemeral i n f o m a t i n n
contained i n MIssI&)n 17 Photo S u p p a r t Data, Camera orientation values
were computed w i t h the S A T L m Program, b a s e d on measurements s f s t e l l a r
photography,
I n d e s i v i a g coordinate valares for. c o n t r o l p o i n t s , a SMG8 Program photog r a m e t r i c block s o l u t i a n . was developed which w a s c o n s t r a i n e d L O MIssIon
Photo Support ~ata's d e f i n i t i o n of camera s t a t i o n p o s i t i o n as i n d i c a t e d i n
the following table, The phokogr
e t r i c s o l u t i o n was a l s o c o n s t r a i n e d t o
Mission 17 laser a l t i m e t q ,
C o n s t r a i n t Alsng
Each Coordinate h i s
in Meters
O r b i t a l Photographic
Revolution
14
29
38
49 ( p a r t i a l )
62 ( p a r t i a l )
66 ( p a r t i a l )
74
Section 3,2,3,6
datums,
a. Apollo 15 coordinates are r e l a t e d t o t h e datum of t h e Apollo 15
(Nov 7 3 C o n t r o l Systm.
in reference 3,4,63.
Section 3 . 2 , 3 , 7
Section 3 * 2 , 3 . 8
ems
3 , 2 , 4 LMER ETROWFLECTOR
miD
' VLBI (1973-1975)
SYSTEGIS
The n B I
Laser R e t r o r e f l e c t o r System l f e s i n
The p r i n c i p a l v a l u e s f t h e VLBJ
the a d d i t i o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of h i g h l y a c c u r a t e (30 meters) p o s i t i o n s i t
provides f o r f u r t h e r r e f i n m e n t of l u n a r l i b r a t i o n models and a s a s o u r c e
sf a b s o l u t e v a l u e s t o support photogr
e t r i c a l l y developed s e l e n o d e t i c
systms.
Section 3 , % , 4
. . . . . , . . . 3.3.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,3,2
S e c t i o n 3.3
S i t e 1-1 (1967)
S i t e 1-2 (1967)
S i t e 1-3 (1967)
S i t e 1-4 (1967)
S i t e 1-5 (1967)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.2
e
3.3.1.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.5
(1969) . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.l.7
S i t e 1-7 (1967) d
S i t e 1-8 (1967)
S i t e 1-9 (1967)
3.3.1.8
3.3.1.9
. . 4 . . . e . . .3.3.1.
.
10
. . . . . . . 3.3.1.11
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.12
(1968) . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.13
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.14
. . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.15
S i t e 111-9 (1967)
(1969) . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.16
(1968) . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.18
S i t e 111-11 (1967)
(1968) . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.l9
S i t e 111-12 (1967)
S i t e V - l l (1968) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.20
&
&
S e c t i o n 3,3.1
3 . 3 . 1 , P S I T E 1-1 (1967) S Y S T m
The Site 1-1 (1967) Control System was produced by TOPOCOM in A p r i l
1967 t o s u p p o r t l u n a r s i t e mapping. I t i s composed of some 1600 p o i n t s
and i s l o c a t e d a t O 6 5 ' 5 and 42 OQ'E w i t h c o v e r a g e as i n d i c a t e d on
C o n t r o l I n d e x No, 1 ( 4 ) ,
Section 3,3*1.1
stem
Section 3 * 3 , 1 , 3
3 . 3 , 8 , 4 SITE I-4
(1967) SYSTEM
Section 3 , 3 , 1 , 4
3e3e1a5
S ITE 1-5 (1967) SYSTEM
I(4)e
Section 3 , 3 , L e 5
(1969) SYSTEMS
--
3
S i t e 1-7 (1969) System was produced by TOPOCOM i n September 1969 i n
s u p p o r t o f t h e &olls Mission 1 2 l a n d i n g . It c o n s i s t s o f some 460 p o i n t s ,
hpolla 12 p o i n t s and the Surveyor III s p a c e c r d t image w e r e i n c l u d e d i n
the triangulation. The 1-7 (1969) System was based on a LOSAT a n a l y t i c a l
triangulation s o l u t i o n which employed t h e same p h ~ t Q g r a p h ya s used i n the
1967 s y s t e m and Photo S u p p o r t Data dated October 1968.
n
- - m - v - F a - - - P
Site
1-43 (9967
IP+L
Section 3 , 3 , 1 , 8
le
S i t e 11-2
(1967) System,
3.
Site
The .,dl=%
systen:
S i t e V - I 1 (1968)
(Sectf-on 3,3 1.20)
3,
Section 303,%a18
Horizontal
Vertical
11-8a (1969)
IT-8b (1969)
II-8c (1969)
40 m e t e r s
40 meters
60 meters
106 meters
1 2 8 meters
136 meters
Section 3 * 3 , L e l $
The Site 11-8 Area (1969) System was produced by ACIC in February
1969 as an amlgamtion of werlapping control systems which had been
Section 303e1611
Section 3,3,1,%2
(1968) SPSTmS
Site
S e c t i o n 3,3,%,$3
The Site 111-1 (1968) Control System was produced by TOPOCOM in December
Data generated for individual orbital passes of Lunar Orbiter Missions 11, III,
and V. Area landmark points and potential lunar landing points were included.
which employed medium resolution lunar Orbiter Mission I11 exposures 5, 9, 11,
13, 15, 17, 19 and Photo Support Data dated October 1968. The accuracy of
Section 3.3.1.14
1+
S i t e 111-7
(1969) Systems.
Vertical
56 meters
24 meters
54 meters
43 meters
2, S i t e 111-7 (1971) S y s t e m s *
The S i t e 111-7 (1971) Systems were produced by A C I C i n J u l y 1 9 7 1 a s
a b y p r o d u c t s f t h e performance of a Control Extension Test, Control data
c o n s i s t i n g of appraximately 110 pohts was based on a LOSAT computation
~ q h i c hemployed the same photography used in earlier solutions and Photo
Support Data d a t e d S e p t e m b e r 1969. Coordinates are a v a i l a b l e only in t e r m s
s f sub-systems 111-$a and LIE-7b produced from the individual LOSAT solutions,
Relative accuracies achieved with the 111-7 (1971) sub-systems are comparable
to t h o s e o f t h e 111-7 (1969) sub-systems.
Section 3,361,P5
1,
Site =I-9
91967) System.
S i t e 111-9
(1969) System,
S e c t i o n 3a3.1,17
3 * 3 0 1 e 1 8SITE 11%-11
(1967)
(1968) SYSTEK
Section 3,38%.18
363-i 19 S I T E E&H-$2
1, S i t e TIT-P-1.2
(1967) System,
Section 3,3,9,20
(1969) SYSTEM
----1*11
S i t e 'F$-27
54 meters
7 3 meters
136 meters
123 meters
The
S e c t i o n 3.3,B.22
Section 3,3#1,23
S e c t i o n 3.3.1,25
Section 3 * 3 . 1 , 2 6
I(5)
S e c t i o n 3,3,1+27
Section 3,3.1,2&
2,
The Fra Mauro (October 1969) System was produced by ACIG i n October
1969 by LOSAT recomputation u s i n g Photo Support Data d a t e d September 1969*
The Octsbex 1968 Phats S u p p o r t data used ifa t h e e a r l i e r system was found t o
b e erroneous and t h i s s o l u t i o n produced control data w i t h respect to
c o r r e c t e d horizontal and vertical datums* P o i n t accuracy f a c t o r s d i d n o t
v a q significantly from t h e June 1969 s o l u t i o n ,
The Gassendi (1969) Control System waa produced by TOPOCOM i n May 1969
to support lunar s i t e mapping. It is composed of approximat&%y 3.370 p o i n t s
and i s located at 16@45'S and 4025'W with covegage ;as indts,il
,sLrtroi
Index No, I(5) ,
L
Section 3,3,Jm31
Section 3 * 3 , 1 , 3 2
3,3,$,33
S e c t i o n 3,3,1,34
3,3,1,35 RIBU
Section 3,3,1,3%
1, R i m Bode I1 (1969) S y s t m ,
The R i m a Bode II (1969) System was produced by ACIC i n September 1369
to support lunar s i t e m p p i n g . It is c~mposed 9% same 1230 poiwcs a n d i s
l o c a t e d at l 2 " N and 4"W with coverage as P w d i ~ & t e dan Gontr01 Lndm Ng), I$5),
Section 3 8 3 . b , 3 8
. . . . . . . . . . . . 3,3,2.2
S e c t i o n 3,3,2,%
Section 3,3,2,2
3 , 4 MFXRENCES
3*bkig$.
L U H U CONTROL
Xd; 1962
3,4*3
3,4,4
suf
---S o c i e ~ ~ , - - ~ ~ ,
3-4.5
Notices s f
Saunder, S. A,; 1901
3,4,6
Observational
Uncertainties
~ ~ ~ v Meey er~ , - ;
-D, L,; A s t r o p h y s i c s and S p a c e S c i e n c e L i b r a r y , '~GI,8; 1967
3,4*7
is
---and
- Nautical
J,4e8
3,4,10
; Arthurs 11- K * C L
and Bates, P,; C o m u n i c a t i o n a o f t h e L t m a r and ZqPane.;s.ary
Laboratory, University s f Arizona, Vel, I , P a r t 5; 1968
3,4,11
The Measure of
3,4,12
taE and
f i r c h a n t , M. I$$. ; M S "lipeshnical Report No. 29
3e4.13
--"-
&&&
I ' 6C)
P a r t -pLbg;
Section 3.4
- 1
';:
;t2Les
1- r t No. 29,
3,4.16
A Method f o r L
Moon; Gavxilov, I RV I ; 1965
--u
--
3,4,17
-----Cata10
:
Aue
2 20" Se%enscen&ric P~sitksnso f 508 Basic-----Points
on
t
h
e
~
~
a
s
n
surface;
*
6
8
v
r
m
v
,
I.
V,
,
D
I
E
I
~
B
,
A
,
S,
, and
-----"-Mislguk, V. S,; Figure and Motion of t h e Moon, edj-ted
-km.s p p
; J ~ c -
55: 1-96?
L lae Xaeizhea
ter Sal
; Mills, 6 , A $ ,
-----
and Davidson, M * E, ; A s t r o p h y s i c s and Space Sclence
tj.trary, Val* 8; 1967
--*--
; Mills, 6 , A , ,
6
E~ , t r ~ i..r~at
~ d e~
--$carus, 3; 1-968
Abba$;:e
--- t
-----------*--
-*--
,),."
l ~"!by>
~ ~ a r $ ~ i n *12f
< i i t ~
T"f,t
~rG kl
9 79
------ Results
-
of
14eascrerent
3
f
Eo
S.
A
*
:
---- - -- - -".."-
> f c * m o - t r ~ 3nf &he Royal d\st~onomlcaLS o c i e t y , V o l , 57, Bar& I;
$904
The D e ~ e r -~ ~ i--n----a t--
iaof n
B
ve
4
-
rv-
Dt2 t- z x i ~ l a
-r -- ----
b--f-~--b a sera..e~~nt
~r
Pociety,
r%Li -+OLIC
- " aiafc ~ S
*
%
-
4.
-$
3,4,24
81
Sc*$enodetic
far NA
------ -"-- --- --Control
---- ""---f":,-"n-?
Y6~;lService; 1966
rnLrarv
-".---A
a q c- t
--
3,4,26
"a.s<
3,4,27
--_----_
II and
92- Missionsa
9
Ll- 60822;November
i(S
Lunar
----- Laadaark
-- - -- Locations
------
-&
.*
.Y
d ~ E"~ TE
a4
w~
;Pie sindi*;!-fk:al
-- _- Aera Trian
---o f t h e A --~ i o1 ll:-- -E i ~-t z ;ZC: 1'l;lad
6"Y.A
Final
R
e
p
o
r
t
for
NASA b!a~:nec:. L3zit el :r l A
&+&:&-:I~~;~~;~-!.
--a
-a
-s-eml,ek
I*
as
-*
e-ew
1975
-------
*-
-of
Lunar iTontrsS
; Technical Report,
208, A C I C ; July 1971
Production S u ~ m a r
ti onand Gompibstjon o f
Triangulation Corn
-------------
s; Arm7$ Flap S e r v i c e ;
January 1969
-etric
O r b i t e r 111 P
P-12)
---- ;
Phot-anmetric
------ ----T
-ter
------111-Sc
ientifi c
S i t e 5-18 (Hosting
--
C); Technical Report, ACIC; J u l y 1969
----*---
Phi3
---
Site
-*-*---
rb iter Ilf, - ~ ~ : ~ ~ e i ; ~ ~ f i c
5-23
(
~
r
a
~auro)
;
Technical
~
e
~ o r t undated
x ;
-- ---
Scientific
------- S i t e V-14 Rimae L i t e r o w P r o j e c t M i s t o r y
a: No. W-2.2, 375, TOPOCOM; August 1970
Lunar--- --Ex~losatior
S i t e 4%-23,1 R i m
--
x 2 : -
"----
; P r c j e c t Ijisbory
NASA i k n t r a r . t ~
st 193G
h u s ; P r o J e ~ l f History
of
g Scientific
E ~~ E* h ---------
--,
Site
; Project History
Pfrotegrdmet~ic
--------~
T r i
biter V Sc-Le~~thflc
S i t e V-29 (Rima
Bode
11);
Technical
R
e
p
o r t , XCLC
----v--------~~
--*-----
S e c t i o n 3.4
Luna
--
; P r o j e c t History, NASA
Contract W-12,
; P r o j e c t History, NASA
Coneract W-12, 375, TOPOCOM; December 1970
; Project History
NASA Cc~ntractV-12,
E7aB
-TechnfcaS
--11
-- Phot
Project History,
6
15 Z n i t f
March 1 9 7 2
-*---
August 1973
BMTC;
May 1-973
Re1
S c l ~ i m m e ~ ~ aCannell
s
and Meyer, D t W C ; August 1973
Section 3,4
3,4,58
January 1975
Loca
---
1974
--..Frorn&ollii
----."--
Po~oraniic
!&A
erinhent S-23-3,
F , D o y l e , A. Ehassal, J. L u c a s , NO&
P r e c i s i o n Selens
onu-Bas
-----el ine
s I n s t i t u t e of
*----
August 1976
r - ------and Rad lo
"*
Transm
----
C, March 1977
INDEX NO,
. . . . . . . . . . . . L unar O r b i t e r Regional S y s t a
I(2) . . . . . .
.. . , . . Landmark Tracking Regional S y s t m
I(3) . . .
.
.. .
.. . . . Wpollo 10 and 1 2 Regional Systems
X(3a)
. . . . . . . . . . . Apolka 1 5 (Apr 7 3 ) and S e l e n o c e n t r i c
I(1)
I(3b)
. . . . . . . . . . . kipolio
1(3e)
. . . . . . . . . . . Laser
Systern
I(3d)
I(4)
II(4)
. . . . . . . . . . . Apollo
II(5)
. . . . . . . . . . . A p o l l o Laser
Section 3,s
A l t h e t e r ( 1 9 7 4 ) System
PHOTO MOSAICS
me moon's surface does not lend itself t o portrqal by s p b o l s es used
in earth mapping. Almost without exception, United States lunar cartographic
works have pictorially expressed lunar terrain either through the direct use
o f photography or by artistic rendition. Modern l u n a r maps f o l l o w e a r t h
convention of North at the sheet top with p r h e meridian referenced to
Crater Hosting A, Hn the past, U,S. Emar m p s have ewressed lunar longitude
of 0-180 degrees east (+) and 0-180 degrees west - o f the prime
meridian, In 1 9 7 4 , based on agreemen% bemeen the U,S, P"bational Aeronautics
and Space A d d n i s t r a t i o n and the %headermyof Sciences, USSR, M S A adopted a
Imas l o n g i t u d e system of 360 degrees, proceeding eouxttercPschise f r o m the
prignle meridian, More recently published h a r maps r e f l e c t this convention,
Section 4,0
PHQTOHOSAICS
. . . . . . . . . 4,1,1
4.1.2
4,%,3
...................
"The ~arth's ~ o o n ' ? . . . .
.. . . . . . . . . .
Lunar C h a r t s LPC-1 & LFC-2 . . . . . . . . . . . .
USAF Lunar Reference Mosaics (LEM) . , , . , , . .
Lunar E a r t h s i d e Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A p o l l o Zone Primary S i t e s Mosaic . . . . . . . . .
Section 4.1
4.%-*$1
%,1,5
4,1,6
4.1..7
4,E,8
$il%,3,
LWAR l?
(LOG) SERIES
(Published by ACIG)
Scale: B:2,750,600
P r o j e c t i o n : Mercator
L i m i t s : 4 Q " N - S , 5Q"E-50W
Size:
41,s x 4 4 , s in,
41.5 x 4 4 , 5 i n ,
'
1st E d i t i o n , J u l y 1969
Scale: 1:2,500,000
P r o j e c t i o n : Mercator
L i m i t s : 25"N-S, 130"
S i z e : 2 8 , s x 49 i n .
1st E d i t i o n , my 1971
Scale: 1:2,750,000
Projection: Mercatsr
Limits:
Size:
4Q"N-S, 130E-13Q'W
41,s x 4 4 , s i n ,
1, T s cover t h e Apollo a r e a of i n t e r e s t ,
, ~ ei: snpn-+ii.r~
c~"ip r o c e d u r e r e q u i r e d the masaiekfng of recrf f i e d o r b i t e r
photograb;;kby r:c a ...o;?tro";pbot
, T h i s resulted i n a ccantrolled photo base
from w h f c h I~J~,TT
r cPief was %ortrayel%by a i r h u s k teekzmiques u s i n g an
assumed ea=r lig&?Jag, The f i n a l charts were lithographed in colors o f
b r o w , b l b v and l > l a e i t p
6
Sheet S i z e :
24" x 445"
Section 4 J . 2
POLm C
( ~ u b l i s h e dby ACXC)
TS (LW)
SERIES
23 x 41 $nw
L u n a r P Q L ~ T aart 3 f l - 3
1st F ! d t ~oa, -Tdantisry1970
2nd E 3 j t - 3 L ~ I I * f-khtoker1970
Scale: 1 ;5,fiC23,Q~O
P r o $ ec ~ i o a * F ~ l a rS t e r e o g r a p h i c
L i n t i t s : 45"%-9C1"$?$,360'
t45"sm-9@"j, 36(""
S i z e - 2c3 x 67 jmas
LFC-1 ~ o b s atred
l
by am-2) was t h e f i r s t F a r s i d e c h a r t to be compiled
The original LFC-1, published in August 1967
tram I,:inar :vrbd :c-J- oi.3i.ai;raphy
for df s t r i - b ~ t t j c na: t h e ktugust PAU meeting in Prague was based ow Lunar
Orbiter i.I T , 111, i V and USSRZond 3 photography. At t h a t rime,
photography was Tacking f o r some 20% o f t h e F a r a i d e area which reslalted
in LFC-1 being published w i t h some holiday areas. Photography f o r t h e
missing areas wag at:quired by Lunar O r b i t e r V which allowed LFG-P to be
refS S I P P ~in Oc% ober 2367 w i t h complete hemispherical coverage* Also,
hy.
latitude
Section 4,1s3
L h i t s : 980N-S ~O"E-W
a k a s l i g h t l y reduced
( P u b l i s h e d by ACIC)
Lunar Chart EPC-1
Scale: 1:%0,000,000
Polar Areas - S t e r e o g r a p h i c
L l m l ta : Co~npLeteLunar Coverage
Size:
26 x 38 in,
1st E d i t i c s n , A i ~ g u s t L967
Scale: %:lO,Q00,000
P o l a r Areas -- Gnomonic
I A m i ts : Ek7eslde Hemisphere
Size,
23 x 29 i n ,
Al.so,
i t was
LPC-1,
it
meridian.
Section 4@1.5
Section 4 , b a 5
4 , L e 6 USnP
EWAR mFERENCE MOSAIC
(Published by ACIC)
USA42 Lunar Reference M~saf
c LEM-1
Advance SdLicion, February 1960
1st
t i :?a, Navember $960
1%
-*?
Scale: 1:2,508,8QO
P r o j eetfon: Or thograpll-ic
Limits: Lunar Diameter 55*5 in,
Size:
58 x 70 in,
fy2*
1;
YS:".aF i ~ : ~ aReference
r
140saic LEM-IA
$5:
'*a
ktipej;$t*,
lupaj
1967
Fat: * OGtI
5
5
B a:-zc Dlaaetex 13+5 i n ,
6 *
:"r
&Lh $
" k c
dfi,
T-UE~X
prominences,
Section 4 , 1 * 6
4,f,7
LUNM MRWSIDE
(Published by USATOPOCOM)
Togographic Lunar Map
T o p c ~ g r a y k f ~L-unar Map
S c a l e : 1:2,000,000
180"
54'"
38''
OO"X--S,
N ~ ~ m b eor f S h e e t s :
Sheet S i z e
These
were compiled with an M-2 s t e r e o p l o t t e r which was substantially
modified to sccomsdate the special characteristies a% the l u m r photography,
The p r i n e p a l modification was an increase in the projection distance of
the p l o t t e r from 2-112 to 10 feet. The compilation was performed f a r 288
i n d i v i d u a l %OBx1O0s e p e n t s which were then rectified and Joined to form t h e
compilation o f the entire lunar earthside. This compilation, at 3,300,000
scale, was the basis f s r all three m p series listed above,
Area coverage o f these maps is shown in Map Index I ( 4 ) .
Projection: Mereator
(1:250,002
.1.1.999.
(Me)
PHOTO MOSAICS
999)
. . . . . . . . 4.2.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2. 3
Section 4 2
ti) J2"IN-5
32"td-3
"t.)
LAC- 24
J o Herschel
1 s t Ed, Mar
Plato
Rumker
Sinus I r i d u m
Cassini
Eudoxus
1967
Montes Ap enninu s
Mare Serenitatis
Dee 1965
E d 8 May 1962
Cap@rnicur?sl
Juliug Caesar
P B Ed,
~
Sep 1962
Tarua t i u e
ure
U P D ~ ~ P U ~
mn tts
Riphae%aar
Tkeophilus
Colombo
Langrenus
1st ~ d m, r 1964
Byrgfus
Mre Humorurn
Section 4,2,9
3
EDITION d DATE
Fracastorius
1 s t Ed, Mag
1965
B et a v i u ~
1 s t Ed, Hay
1966
Schf ckard
Wilheiern
Tycho
'Pliaa~rslbycus
f i e f &a
Schiller
1st ~ d O, e t 1967
Clavius
Home1
Section 4 2 * 1
4 2.2 APOELO X m E
T (AIG)
SERIES
(Published by ACXC)
A p o l l o Xntemediate Charts
Scale:
$:500,000
P f o J e~tfon
: Mercator
Sheet S i z e : 22'"
22'"
Feature p c ~ s % t i o aand
s e l e v a t i o n s s h o w on these c h a r t s are based on t h e
ACXC Seleaodeti~Svstem (19651. To s u p p o r t c h a r t compilation at t h i s scale,
supplementary posftlonal data was developed in each c h a r t areaY
teI&escc=ipicphotographs which
were re&t i 6 iv:d and aotsalcked to f i t t h e horizontal c o n t r o l n e ~ g o r k , Photog r a p h $ ~d e t a i l s were suppl,ement,ed by v i s u a l t e l e s c o p i c o b s e w a t f o n s
accomp%f-sh~>d
at L o w e l l Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizonae
~ ~ h
c hba r t s weye devt?loped f rsm ear th-based
"$"
SOUP(:C
EDITION AW DATE
57C
AIC 57D
A I C 58C
arc
AIC
5 8 ~
AIC 59C
1st Ed J a n 1966
AIC 59D
1st Ed J a n 1966
APC 60C
AIC 60D
A I C 6PD
Maskelyne in
A I C 75A
Fjlams teed
% a i chmann
1 s t Ed Aug
A I C 76A
Euclides P
A I G 76B
Fra Mauro
AIC 77A
F1amar i o n
AIC
AIC
61C
75B
1966
Section 4,2,2
AX@ 7 8 A
Delambsre
AIC 7 8 B
Torricelli
AIG 79A
Gapella
AIC 79B
Meesier
Section 4 , 2 . 2
These pmdi-::ti %ere: ~-,:nplliil f ram photographs recorded from rhe Ranger
Tel.ev$.aisn Casieloa spstem~ ( b ~ z 1 1narrm and wide angle f i e l d s ) b e f o r e
-L~apac,s%ngthe Lunar ssurfbc e m The v a r i o u s publication scales were
selected to ~ ~ i - s g t coma kei:ely p a r t r a y Lmagery contained in t h e available
phce3gsa-prag.r IYxtensice il;hor*~receif % c a t i o n was r e q u i r e d to a i a e t h e
p h o t n g c a p t ~ s ~2 the ~ e l e c c e ds & : s l a a
~nd c o n t r o l . AIL o f the sheets e f
this a e r i e s awe based OM he ALkC Selenodetic System (19651,
gs
ky7%-w
,%
-peacure
---
l"ly--eu^Y"-"-m-;arsurra
-w--L-m
RLC-6 Hmstia
Scale 1:1,00O,OQO
mC-13 P t o 1emeus
Scale 1:9,000,000
Lunar Maps
Scale: 1:1,000,000
Projection: Mercator, Lanbert Conformal Conic
Sheet S i z e :
and P o l a r S t e r e o g r a p h i c
25'"
22''
LM 4 1
Montes Apennfnus
1st E d i t i o n , Dee 7 6
M 42
Mare S e r e n i t a t i s
1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 6
Section 4.2,4
(Om)
. . . . . . . . . 4.3,1
. . . . . . . . . . . . 4,3,2
. . . . . . . . . . . . 4,3,5
Maps, Phatomags 6 Mosaics . . . . . . . . . . 4 , 3 , 6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,3,7
4,3 P
JdWM BMQTOYD
SERIES (Om)
tr iaxlgul-at 1 on.
. . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.1,$
Orbiter I
Site
2 (BRA 1-21
. . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.1.2
. . . . . . . . . . . 4,3,9,3
Orbiter
S i t e 486B (OW I-4A,B) . . . . . . . . 4 * 3 , $ , 4
O r b i t e r I - S i t e 5 (ORB 1-51 . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0 3 . 1 8 5
. . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.9*6
O r b i t e r I - S i t e 7 (ORB-7)
O r b i t e r 1 - S i t e 8 (ORB-8) . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.1.7
O r b i t e r I - S i t e 9 . 2 (ORB-9.2) . . . . . . . . . . 4 , 3 . 1 , 8
O r b i t e r 11 - S i t e 2 (ORB 11-2) . . . . . . . . . . 4 . 3 , B e 9
O r b i t e r IP - S i t e 13 (ORB 11-13] . . . . . . . . . 4 . 3 . 1 , % 3
O r b i t e r 1 x 1 - S i t e 11 (ORB 111-11)
. . 4.3.1,15
O r b j - ~ e r1T.I Site 1 2 (ORB 191-12) .
, .
,. . . 4.3,1,16
1-
Orbiter 1
S i t e 3 (ORB 1-31
Section 4 e 3 s k
Lunar Photomap
1st E d i t i o n June 1967
Scale: %:lOQ,000
P r o j ect2on:
Sheet Size:
Hercator
21,5" x 44'"
Lunar &p
1st Ediekoa Sep&ember 1967
Scale: 1:100,000
Projection: Mercahor
Sheet Size: 21.5" x 44''
These products were campiled from L u w r Orbiter M i s s i o n I mediumr e s o l u t i o n frames 52-67 and are based on Control System 1-1 (1967) described
in Seekion 3e3e1,%,which c l a r i f i e a use of Department o f B e f ense (BOB)
c o n t r o l noted in Photomap m r g i n . The 282 meter h ~ r i z o n t a land 529 meter
verk$@a%aecuxacy 8tatements a p p e a r i n g in t h e Lunar Map margin a p p l y to
c o n t r o l used rather than overall map accuracy,
P h o t s m g uise i s Iinlted by paor quality of photo imagery shorn in western
p o r t i o n , "I@h%s
has also caneributed t o t h e l e s s e r v e r t i c a l accuracy a d i e v e d
in t h e Lunar Map h e r e use of eonksurrs i s limited to defin-8tIon s f large
elevation changes,
Section 4,3,Ie1
Lunar Map
%st Edition September 1967
Scale: 1:106,000
P r o J e c t i s n : Mercator
Sheet S i z e : 21,5" x 41"
Scale: 1:108,000
Mercatsr
20,5" x 44"
Pro1 eetisn:
Sheet S i z e :
Lunar W p
%st Edition b y 1967
Scale: 1:100,080
P r o j e c t i o n : Mereator
Sheet Size: 21'' x 40,5@"
27"48'E,
Section 4.3,1,3
Lunar P h o t o m p A and B
1st Edition February $968
Scale: X:BQO,QOQ
Pro3 ection: Hercator
Number o f Sheets: 2
Sheet Size: 19'" 225,5"
Section 4w"3,5,44
Lunar Map
1st Edition March 1964
Scale: I:180,008
Sheet Size: 19" x 4.0''
Section 4 , 3 . % . 5
Lunar Photomap
1st Edition June 1967
Scale: 1:180,OBQ
Sheet Size: 20" x 40"
P r o j ection: Mereator
S e c t i o n 4,3,1.,6
h m r Map
1st Edition July 1967
Scale: P:100,08Q
R r a j e c t i o n : Mexcatsr
Sheet S i z e : 20" x 2 4 L j ' '
2'30'N-S)
to 37"36'W,
Section 4,3.1*7
Lz~narPha $~ymap
1st Edition mrch 1967
Scale:
2:%00,008
Skeet Size:
24" x 44'"
Lunar Map
1st E d i c i o n A p r i l k967
Scale: 1:100,0QO
P r o j e c t i o n : Mereator
Scale: 1:25,008
Number af Sheets: 8
%:1QQ,000
P r o j e c t i o n : Hercator
Sheet Size: 24,s" x 18''
Scale:
Lunar Map
Scale: $:100,000
P r s j e c t f on: Merca?:o~
Sheet S i z e :
21,"9' a 19''
Lunar Phatoaap
Scale: 1:25,000
Sheet Size:
29'"
50''
af 2"30FN-aS) IR
155FN to 3'26'N and 3 3 ' ~ to 35'E.
( s a m standard p a r a l l e l s ) provides coverage from
to 34"32?4a5r%E,
The 1:$00,008 and B:25,000 p r o d u e t s were compiled from L ~ i n a rO a r b ~ t ~ . a
Missfan II medium and hl.gk r e s o l u t i o n frames 35-42, They are based on
Control System I T - 2 a9678 deserabed in Section 3,3.%,9 whtch c J a r $ f j e s
t h e use 0% DOD control noted in the Photomap margin, The 66 metec hurizortal
and 100 to 1.50meter vertical accuracy s t a t m a t s in t h e Euner Map margfa
a p p l y to c o n t r o l used rather than overall m p accuracye
4 , 3 , 1 , % 0 O B Z T E R X I SITE 6 (OW 1 1 - 4 )
(Publiehed by TOPOCOM)
Lunar Photoaag
1st Edition October 1967
Scale: ~:loO,OOQ
Prs:J ectisn: Mereator
Sheet S i z e : 2 4 , % ' h 26'"
Lunar M p
1st Editisa December 1961
Scale: $:$QO,000
P r o j e c t i o n : Mercatsr
Sheet S i z e : 23" x 24''
Scale:
%:25,008
P r ~a cj t i o n :
Mereator
N~lmber of Sheets: 4
d &
J Series
------ &Wl
--
PX_r-
--*--"*
z 2/""27*5**
P x o j ectior~a Mercatou
Narmber o f Sheets- 4
She@?- S i z r > : 3Q,5" x 36- 5''
Lunar m p
Scale : 1.:900,f~CI~1
Sheet S i z e : 2 $ , ! i g 5 . 3 F 5
Scale: 1:2%,000
Prof ectlan: M e r e a t ~ n ~
Number o f Sheets Fb
Sheet S i z e :
3 h s f "itO
O 0 1 8 ' W to 3 ~ e 4 8 p V c B
The I-: 1062000 ex16 1 :25,806) scale prodUcgs were c o q i l e d From E.uiier
~ G ~ Q W
Lunar Map
1st Edition February 1968
Scale: P:100,OQO
P r o j e c t i o n : Mercator
Sheet Size: 26'' x 26e5"
Scale:
1;25,000
Projection;
Mercatar
Number o f Sheetse 4
Lunar E.3j%p
Scale: 1:100,000
P r o j e c t i o n : Hercator
Scale: %:25,000
aurnl~erof Sheeta: 4
-,-+
Lunar Phatomap
1st Editian January 1968
Sca3-e: 1:180,800
P r s j e c t i s w : Mescator
Sheet S h e :
23" x 22''
Lunar &p
1st E d i t i o n February 1968
Scale: %:100,080
PraJ e c t i o n : Mereat or
Sheet S i z e : 2H,5" x 2-5''
S 4 e : 1:25,OQQ
B r s j e c t Lon: Mereator
Number o f Sheets: 2
197
:I
.--ti:>-
-?
Tspog
4,3.2.1
MISTARCtlUS ( O ~ I TVESITE
R
48)
( P u b l i s h e d by ACIC)
Scale: $:250,$00
P r o j e c t i o n : T r a n s v e r s e Mercator
Sheet S i z e :
21'' x 31.5"
4 , 3 , 2 , 2 CENSORIWS ( O ~ % % E RV S I T E 1 2 )
Q ~ u b l hed
i s by TOPOCOM)
Lunar P hst ornag
1st E d i t i o n May 1969
Scale: 1:250,900
P r o j e c t i o n : Transverse Mercator
Sheet S i z e : 18'"
22"
Scale:
L:25,OQO
Transverse Mereator
Projection:
S h e e t Size:
28" x 42"
Section 4 , 3 , 2 , 2
Scale: 1:258,000
Sheet S i z e :
21" x 22''
Transverse Mercator
19" x 19"
Lunar T o p s g r a p f ~ i cMap
1st Edition A p r i l 1970
Scale: 1:250,0OQ
P r o j ec % ion: Transverse Flercalor
S h e e t Size: 13" x 220''
Lunar Photomap
1st E d i t f o i l August 1969
Scale: P:25,000
P r o j e c t i o n : Transverse Mercator
Sheet S i z e : 24" x 43"
Lunar Photomap
1st EdLtj-on June 1969
S c a l e : 1:250,800
Projection:
Skreet: S i z e :
d e s ~ _ r j L ) e dhii r e f k : eis~;ed S ~ e c t l o n ~
a 8ae Pk * 2.50,OdO 6'l:tstomap d ? ~ d2opsllrgraphic Photcaxaap sheets have an
w a l u a t e d horizo-I: rlii accuracy oi 1600 meters (90% probability) w i t h
r e s p e c t to t h e i r a"d.entified datinm. The L : 25,QI)O sheet h a s a reLatl.vc
a -curalzsr a f %.B36 m~:i%..e~"s,
The r ' c p ~ 3 g r a p h i cMap has a X-~orizcuntala cctzracy
af 180 meizclrs and n v e r t i c a l . ac6:uxacy o f 85 t o 100 m s 2 t e r s expressed at.
90% p r ~ \ b a t s a " I - i t y .
Section 4 , 3 , 2 , 5
4 , 3 , 2 , 6 HEPFmCWS (ORBITER V S I T E 2 4 )
( P u b l i s h e d by TOBOCOM)
Lunar Pbo tomap
Is% Edftton January 1970
Scale: 1:258,000
P r o j e c t i o n : Transverse Mercator
Sheet S i z e : 18" x 20"
L ~ ~ n aTopographic
r
Mag
1st E d i t i o n A p r i l 1971
S c a l e : L:250,000
P r o j e c t i o n : T r a n s v e r s e Mercator
S h e e t S i z e : 22" x 23"
15'15'N
Section 4.3,2,7
Lunar Photsmap
1st Edition August $969
Scale: 1:258,OQO
Projection: Transverse M e r c a t a r
Sheet S i z e :
19'"'
x 19"
Projection:
Sheet S i z e :
Scale:
l:250,000
T r a n s v e r s e Mercator
$9'' x 19''
Scale: 1:25,000
P r o j e c t i o n : Transverse Mercator
Nu~nber o f Sheets : 2
Sheet S i z e :
2 8 , 5 ' h 44-5''
T h e extent sf coverage for the 6:250,000 scabe sheets is Y80'S t o
3"30rSand 7"009 t o 9 " 3 O T W . The I:25,OQO scale sheets p r o v i d e coverage
from lo30'S t o 2'30'S and 7"56W t o 8"28'Fb. These p r o d u c t s were campiled
from Lunar O r b i t e r Mission 111 medium and h i g h r e s o l u t i o n frames 1P2-1L5,
The Photomaps are based on the h o r i z o n t a l datum d e f i n e d by t h e H o s t i n g C
(1969) C o n t r o l System d e s c r i b e d i n S e c t i o n 3 . 3 . 1 . 3 3 . The 1:250,000 scale
products have 3 horizontal accuracy of 1100 m e t e r s expressed at 90%
The 1:25,000 scale sheets are c o n s t r u c t e d of s e m i - c o n t r o l l e d
probability.
mosaics with a 105 meter relative h o r i z o n t a l accuracy. The Topographic
Photomap has a vertical accuracy of 65 t o 165 meters expressed at 90%
probability.
4 , 3 , 2 , 9 PRINZ COE~BITER
V S I T E 46)
( P u b l i s h e d by TOPBCOM)
Lunar Pkst ~ m a p
1st E d i t i o n A p r i l 1970
Projection: Transverse Mereatsr
S c a l e : 1:250,008
S h e e t S i z e : 2B8$ x 32'@
Lunar Topographic m p
1st E d i t i o n m y 1971
S c a l e : L:250,000
P r o j e c t i o n : Transverse Mercator
Sheet S i z e : 28" x 332"
4,3,2,10RIM
Scale: 1:258,0@0
Number o f Sheets: 2
P r o j e c t i o n : Transverse Mercator
Sheet S i z e :
22" x 24"
Scale: 1:250,880
P r o j e c t i a n : Transverse Mercator
Number o f Shee,ts: 2
Sheet
22" x 24"
&
?h68 ; - O ' @ S ~
S r d - e : :,:350 , r ? 2
1 s t Edj-f;y.j-r?7
f i Y m ~ . i e ~ ~ $ ~ . .1969
.~fi
Sea>-e:
1:253,QQI
Pro,j ection .:
She..:
T - - , ~ - - s - r ~ r sMerc;a,to~
e
] R e ' x 2zf'
f r - ~ e tS q - ~ e : 1 pr:
tv
?Ye
'T
_ h e e:stcnt ei: ~ s v " ? r a g ef o r t i , = r : ~ >
';*":".fino scale s h c ~ ; ;j,.:~ l)"$QBg a ; ~
l ~ c o l O ' N and 2"16 1; t-;> ~ " Z O ' W . These p::~c:~i:-.; were c ~ m y j ? c z i f r c n L~*n,-r
Orbi"ie lC2m~r;ict~
I' ~ - : f ! i c m resalutii . -pr-:; 3.20-123. A:;.: rf ~ F Q
p,-?s 2.r"
based ail 21:- rLi:.?-zm?:al c'at:nm c'c : - Y ; i y i h i Kim Bode XI 6
Cor::rol.
Q R :-30,Syof-em deqr*-3-:t~ac!jn, $ C ? C ~ ~ 3.3
A I:?
TJf~il3r
Flhd~toma? zszd 'i'apt~gr.~&ab"i.
P h a b - ~ ~ ahz,.ve
p
l i e - - 7 :-nqtal cccu~ecq,s--? CZO 21:eters pxp::-,
a & CEZ:
p ~ o b t . , S i k i t y . Tkc T ~ * ~ ~ "LC
gh2
. c a ISITh3.; L h~riz~rtal
~ . c c ~ ~ r ; cC; -T ? f:" ~ ~ Y C T
expz~ssedct t?CL i ) - r . r ' y z F i i f . i t : : .
. :?e ~ ~ c r t i c accrtrac5al
cC t-ks Tc2ngrcni:ic
Photomap ard T z ~ Q ~ T ~ - ;Zln?,
% ~ c eu;.rci r ? d at a 90X prebe?:,J-i~:;, ranees '
.
:
o
n
*
- )
ri
lCIIP
*."
Tr a
-i-
150
+
-
l+25
1y/22iaan~
G u b l i s h e d by TOPBeOM)
6"LO'N t o
and 4'00'~ to 7 ' 2 0 ' ~ . These products were compiled from Lunar
O r b i t e r Mission V medium resolution frames 94-97.
All o f the maps a r e
based on t h e datum d e f i n e d by t h e Rima Hyginus (1969) Control System
d e s c r i b e d in Section 3-3.1.36. They express a horizontal accuracy o f 591
meters (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) and a vertical accuracy range o f + 227 to 503
meters (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) as stated on t h e Topographic photomap and Topog r a p h i c Pup. Nowever, these accuracy statements apply t o c o n t r o l d a t a
used r a t h e r than a c t u a l map accuracy,
The extent o f coverage f a r these 1:250,080 scale sheets is
9'50'N
Section 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 2
Lunar Topographic W p
1st Edition January $978
2nd E d i t i o n m y 1990
Scale: B:250,000
P r o j e c t i o n : T r a n s v e r s e Mercator
Skeet Size:
20" x 224''
The e x t e n t of coverage far t h e s e 1:258,000 s c a l e sheets i s 20'05%
tts
These p r o d u c t s were compiled from Lunar
O r b i t e r Mission V medium r e s o l u t i o n frames 66-69.
A 1 1 of t h e maps are
based on t h e datum d e f i n e d by the R i m a L i t t r o w (1969) C o ~ ~ t r oSystem
l
d e s c r i b e d in S e c t i o n 3.3.1.37.
A h o r i z o n t a l a c c u r a c y of 678 meters
(90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) and a v e r t i c a l accuracy range of + 392 t o + 676 meters
(90% probability) is s t a t e d on t h e Topographic photomap and Topographic
Map* However, these accuracy statements a p p l y ts c o n t r o l d a t a used
r a t h e r than actual map accuracy
Lunar P h o t s m p s A. and R
1st E d i t i o n October 1969
Scale:
1:250,060
P r o j ec t i o n : T r a n s v e r s e Miexcator
Number of Sheets: 2
S k e e t S i z e : 22'"
34"
Section 4 , 3 , 2 , % 4
i d c z - s t i f y i n g 1s-:$-terse
~~a~
e l e v a t i o n d a t a , and r e l i e f portrayal,
L9"459W t o 21'45'~
1 0 " $ U % sto IL045'S
RLC-5 $dnx>arned
Scale %:1,000
Section 4 , 3 , 3
-W
in ,
jz
CU,
- m
a -I
M ri
-3-3-
'J 0
CI
4-J 8
=W =
X
m
ria
-m
4M
4- 0
N N
Febru
-----
1973
--*---
M P SERIES
shown at a I 0 meter
t w o meter interval and a
L:500 s c a l e maps. All
on$.; 'Re used f o r t h e
...........
Surveyor Site III Mapping . . . . . . . . . .
Surveyor Site VI Mapping . . . . . . . . . .
Surveyor Site I Mapping
Section 4.3. 4
4.3.4.1
4.3.4.2
4.3.4.3
Lunar Hap
Lunar Map
1st Edition, January 1968
Scale : L :2,800
Published by:
Projection: Mercator
Sheet Size: 24" x 30''
P u b l i s h e d b y : ACEC
ACIC
accuracy is unevaluated.
Section 4 , 3 . 4 , 9
Lunar Photomap
1st Edition, January 6968
Scale: 1:2,000
Projection: Mercator
Sheet Size: 24" x 30''
Lunar Map
Projection: Mercator
Sheet S i z e :
24" x 28''
Section 4,3,4.2
P r o j e c t i o n : Mercator
--#--
~ ETO and
LO Series~
H I C OWTWBPHOTOMN (LTO)
TJUNM ORTHOPBOTOHM (LO) SERTES
( P u b l i s h e d by DKITC)
Lunar T a p o g r a ~ l ~ iQrt
c hophotornaps and L I I R ~ LQrthe>phot:-omaps
Scale: %:250,000
P r o j c c t l o n : T ~ w a s a ~ e r sMercator
e
Sheet S i z e : 2-5a 5"x26 a 5''
The Lunar Topographic Orthophotomap and Lunar Orthoph~tomapS e r i e s a r e
t h e f i r s t c o m ~ ~ u e h e n s ~and
v e continuous mapping to be ac&ro~rphishc?dfrom
A p s l l s Mission 15-17 mapping p b o t ~ g r a p h ~"%"$.xis
~
s e r i e s i s a l s o tkre f i r s t
major e f f o r t to apl>?~yrecent a d ~ ~ a n c ein
s or thopho"graphy
kc I.unar mzpping,
Presently developed ma;>s 06 t h i s series were d e s i g n e d to s u p p o r t i n i t i a l
l u n a r s i : i e n t i f i r * i n v ~ : s r l g a t i o n s primarily employing r e s u l t s o f Apilill~;?
Miss1 on 15-"3i data
Hndkvidusl ~ R J Snk this s e r i e s cover 4 degrees o f l u n a r lacitude and
of lw-iar- longitude c o n s t i m t i . n g 1/16 tif t h e area o f a L:1,1500,020
seahe Lunar A3a-rm":~znticalm a r t (LAC) (Section 4 , 2 , 1 ) .
Tkkelr a%r~tl;a-numeric Fdentlt i t - a t L c n (example
LT038R1) cons B R ts of the designater
LTO f o x to~og~ap%".loi-t!.xn~)k~otot
editions or LO f o r orthophoto edi"rcns
f o l l o w e c i hg-,, t h e LAG :,zI~T~~!>";T
in which {hey f a l l , f o l - l o w e d by an A, B , 5 o x
D t3esjgwarsr d t a t ~ r i ~ ntgh e pertinent LAG q u a d r a n t and a 1, 2, 3 or 4
designator deein=Lng k B i ~c;pc r i f f c sub-quadranr a c t u a l l - j covered, %lie
following d e s i g n a t i o n (250) identifies t h e s h e e t s as b e i n g at 1:250,000
scale. Map i n d e x ~ s1 (Gal an$ I1 $4), which show t I i e location o f a v h i i a b l e
maps, a l s o serve rt) provide a g r a p h i c explanal ion ut sheet i d e r ~ Zfication
t
5 degrees
--
numbers,
'The LTG k i l l - t ! 03s (14spa a79 100 meter contours, 50 meter suppleraieartal
contours and spct elc-d-atlons in a red overpri-nt tn t h e orthophoto base
~ h F i . l r 1.s litnogr;ipluiva :n b l . x k and white, Lgi t..ditfons are i d e n . t i c a $ _
exidept t h a t ail. re Lief i,nf6irmatfon i s omitted anJ seLenograph1i- graticule
is r e s t r l r t et? 90 s ~ r i k - rk i t - k s , presenting an u ~ ~ e n c u m b e r ovdi e w of ?t.;raar
features L-maged
tie p h i s t s g r a p M c base,
Both edittons carry a L m s r
Transverse Mere-at or [l,'fWj trig4 to facilitate r6:ference and r e l a t i o n of
featlures by rcictsr-rg-a.~.la~
c o o r d i n a t e s , The L"3h"3hR
G r i d ss s h o r n by b o r d e r
ticks in red,
c o n t r o l , ciatiam, nent~:~ai.ia~-ure,
g r l d s v s t e m , I-el i e k
nfc r m a t i o n and ai3curai.v
o f data containc s\
%-a-ri,"
T P C C I D ~$ y p ~ ~ b
isil~a!
.l
heels atortray ' I ~ m a r.%&rngi
tude
Section 4,3,5
Edition -6
- Date
38B1
1st Edition, J u l 7 3
2nd E d i t i o n , Nar 74
LO 38B2
NIELSEN
NIELSEN
NIELSEN
LTO 38B2
NIELSEN
FmUD
FWUD
1st E d i t i o n , Jul 7 3
2nd Mition, Feb 7 4
LO 6 LTO 38B2
LTQ 38B2
L O & E T O 38B3
LTO38B3
---Remarks
Nielsen.
LO 6 LTO 38B4
%To 38B4
ZTNNER
1st Edition, J u l 73
2nd Edition, Feb 7 4
ZINNER
KRIEGER
1 s t Edition, J u l 7 3
LTO 39A2
NGSTOM
1st Edition, J u l 73
Void North of 1 3 2 0 P ~ .
LO d %TO 39A3
LTO 39A3
PRINZ
PWTNZ
VAISA14A
VAI%hA
LO Q LTO 39B1
FEBEEIV
1st E d i t i o n , Mar 7 4
V o i d North o f
D@l,ISEE
DEO:PBMTUS
1st E d i t i o n , Mar 74
LO
LTO 3984
Section 4 , 3 , 5
2
3115'N,
E d i t i o n & Date
Remarks
LO 6 LTO 39B4
ARTSEMOVIGH
BUYLEV
1st E d i t i o n , Nov 75
LO 6 LTO 40A1
CAVENTBU
1 s t E d i t i o n , Apr 74
V o i d North of 3115'lt.
MCDBNmD
1st E d i t i o n , Apr 7 4
Void N o r t h of 3 P 0 0 0 ' ~ ,
% s tE d i t i o n , Apr 7 4
LA H I R E
1st E d i t i o n , Apr 74
LANDSTEINER
MOVM,E"ilSKIJ
1st E d i t i o n , Apr 7 4
LO d %TO 48B4
MEIMRICM
1st E d i t i o n , Apr 7 4
LO 6 LTO 48C2
PGPIN
1st E d i t i o n , Apr 7 4
ECLER
1st E d i t i o n , S e p 76
BYTHEAS
$ s t E d i t i o n , Sep 7 6
LO 2% %TO 41A3
ETO 41A3
SPURR
SPUM
%st E d i t i o n , S e p 7 3
2nd E d i t i o n , S e p 7 4
BEER
1st E d i t i o n , May 74
LO 6 LTO 41B3
JOY
LO 15 LTB 41B4
LTO 41B4
BmLEY
IUDLEP
%st E d i t i o n , Jan 7 4
2nd @ d i . t i o n , Aps 75
LTO 41C2
@&EN
1st E d i t i o n , Apr 7 4
BBWEN
BOWN
1st. E d i t i o n , Apr 7 4
2nd E d i t i o n , Aps 75
PmGEL
PmGEL
1st E d i t i o n , Jun 7 4
2nd E d i t i o n , O c t 7 4
LO
LO
LTO 40A3
Section 4 , 3 , 5
O r t h ~ p h u t o ~ r a pand
h ~ ~
contours r e s t r i c t e d t o
South of t 9 " 5 0 % N .
Southwest corner i s
void,
Rmarks
E d i t i o n & Date
LO & LTO 41D1
WALLACE
1st E d i t i o n , May 7 4
HUZEP
3-st E d i t i o n , May 7 4
LO & L T 8 4 2 8 3
BMTENG
1st E d i t i o n , Feb 7 4
LO 6 L T 6 42A4
LO 6 LTO 42A4
LIWE
LPmE
1st E d i t i o n , Apr 7 4
2nd E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4
Northeast corner is
void.
VERY
%st E d i t i o n , Mar 7 4
LO ti LTO 42B4
1st E d i t i o n , Mar 7 4
DESETLLIGNY
1st E d i t i o n , May 7 4
CLE
1st E d l - t i o n , May 7 4
DAWS
DAWS
1st E d i t i o n , May 7 4
2nd E d i t i o n , Feb 75
L O & L T Q 42C4
BMCMETT
1st E d i t i o n , Aug 7 4
LO 6 LTO 42D1
LTO 42B1
LO 42DI
HOWSBY
MBWSBY
EIORNSBY
$8 6 L T O 42D2
BESSEL
%st E d i t i o n , May 7 4
LO 6 ETO 42D3
&ENELAUS
1st E d i t i o n , May 7 4
STKPICLBJS
GMJLUS
1st E d i t i o n , May 7 4
LO ti LTO 4384
1e MOWIER
1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4
LO<843C1
BILL
1st E d i t i o n , May 74
LO & L T 8 4363
PROCLUS
1st E d i t i o n , May 7 4
EO<O43C4
1st E d i t i o n , May 7 4
LITTROW
LITTROW
1st E d i t i o n , Q c t 7 4
2nd Edition, O c t 7 4
FMNGK
1st E d i t i o n , May 7 4
TAEOPBRASTUS
1st E d i t i o n , Auy 7 4
LO
& L T 8 42C2
$68 ti
LO &
LT8 43B1.
LTO 43B%
LO
LO
LTO 43D3
Section 4 , 3 , 5
Southwest c o r n e r i s v o i d d
'
LTO and LO S e r i e s
E d i t i o n & Date
Remarks
1st E d i t i o n , May 7 4
1st E d i t i o n , Apr 7 4
LO & LT8 44D4
LTO 44D4
PEIRCE
PEIRCE
1st E d i t i o n , J u n 74
2nd E d i t i o n , Oct 7 4
1st E d i t i o n , Dec 7 3
1st E d i t i a n , Mar 7 4
1st E d i t i o n , J u l 74
1st E d i t i o n , Mar 74
1st E d i t i o n , Jan 77
%stE d i t i o n , Apr 7 4
1st E d i t i o n , Apr 7 4
2nd E d i t i o n , Oet 7 4
1st E d i t i o n , O c t 7 4
1st E d i t i o n , Aug 74
1st E d i t i o n , Mar 7 4
LO & ETO Q 1 B 3
WATTS
1st E d i t i o n , Mar 7 4
BA V I N C I
1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 3
1st E d i t i o n , Mar 7 4
1st E d i t i o n , Mar 7 4
LO d LTO 61C3
ILLE
1st E d i t i o n , Mar 74
SECCHI
1st E d i t i o n , Mar 74
YEWES
1st E d i t i o n , May 7 4
L Q d L T O 62A2
CURTIS
TEBBUTT
1st E d i t i o n , Mar 7 4
Section 4 , 3 , 5
Void i n s o u t h w e s t c o r n e r ,
Edition
Remarks
-
Date
NaJNN
1st Edition, O c t 74
64D2
EM0
LO<O64D3
FOX
1st Edition, S e p 74
LO 6 LTO 64D4
MCmIE
GWOT
Lacking cartographic
LO 6 %TO 65B4
WCHT
KING
1st Edition, S e p 7 4
Zl"akaSTM
1st Edition, S e p 74
L O & LTO
L O Q LTO
65C4
S o u t h e a s t corner is
void,
mULWA~FA
Lacking cartographic
information North of
loopa,
Lacking cartographic
i n f o m a t i o n North of
10050 ?p9 *
FISCHER
LO ti LTO 66D2
BERG
$ s t Edition, Nov 7 4
SCWEELE
1 s t Edition, Aug
LO & LW 75C2
NO
7SD2
WINTHROP
BONPLrnFS
LO 6 ETO 76C2
GUERPGm
1st E d i t i o n , S e p 7 4
LO & LTO 7 6 D I
EPPINGER
KUXPER
1st E d i t i o n , S e p 7 4
LO
kjb
%TO
Section 4 . 3 , s
74
LTO and LO S e r i e s
E d i t i o n d Date
LEY
Remarks
1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4
1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4
Cartographic i n f o m a -
t i o n lackdng South of
1L038 ' S
S,
LO ti LTO Tag1
LO 6 LTO 77D2
1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4
NIWS
1st E d i t i o n , Oct 7 4
Lacking c a r t o g r a p h i c
information South of
IQ~S.
1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4
Lacking c a r t s g r a p h i c
i n f o m a t i o n North af
530'~,
TBWICELLI
1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4
WFATIA
1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4
Lacking c a r t o g r a p h i c
inf o m a tion i n northwest c o r n e r ,
1st E d i t i o n , Oct 7 4
LER
1st E d i t i o n , Sep 7 4
Void South s f I l g 3 0 9 S ,
LO 6 LTO 78D1
MDEL
1st E d i t i o n , 8 c t 7 4
DESCmTES
Ist E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4
Lacking c a r t o g r a p h i c
i n f o m a t i o n South of
11~15'~.
% s t E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4
Lacking c a r t o g r a p h i c
i n f o m a t i o n North af
2Os.
CMELLA
1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4
ISIDOWUS
1st E d i t i o n , Oet 74
LO 6 LTO 79B1
LUBBOCK
1st E d i t i o n , Aug 7 4
mSSIER
1st E d i t i o n , Apr 7 4
mONT8NS
I s &E d i t i o n , Nov 74
LO
Section 4 , 3 * 5
8
Void a t L'S
4030'E.
E d i t i o n & Date
Resnarks
LO 6 LTO 79B4
GUTENBERG
1st E d i t i o n , Aug 7 4
LO & L T O 79Dl
DAGmRM
1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4
GAUDIBERT
L s t E d i t i o n , Dec 74
V o i d S o u t h o f ll"S.
GEIKIE
1st E d i t i o n , Apr 74
LO & L T 8 80A2
WBB
LO ti LTO 80A3
BIESg&hm
1st E d i t i o n , Apr 7 4
LINDBERGH
1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4
LO 6 LTO 88Bk
BfOmEY
1st E d i t i o n , J u n '74
WCLAURIN
1st E d i t i o n , Aug 74
BOW
1st E d i t i ~ n ,Jan 7 6
ACOSTA
ACBSTA
1st E d i t i o n , Nsv 7 4
2nd E d i t i o n , J u n 75
SOmRVILLE
1st E d i t i o n , h g 7 4
1st E d i t i o n , J a n 47
LTO 80B3
LO
LO
LTO
80B4
LTQ 88B4
MKUSTII
LO
1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4
81M
WYMINE
1st E d i t i o n , Aug 7 4
LO 6 LTO 81A2
GILBERT
1st E d i t i o n , Aug 7 4
LO 6 LTO 81AP
MASTWER
1st E d i t i o n , B c t 7 5
LO d LTO 81A4
VON BEHRPNG
1st E d i t i o n , Nov 75
MUDME
%stE d i t i o n , Dec 7 3
LO
WWGE
1st E d i t i o n , N w v 7 3
R I E SS
1st E d i t i o n , Bec 7 3
& LT8
&
LTO 81B2
LO 6 Z,%O 8EB4
Section 4 , 3 , 5
C a r t o g r a p h i c informat i o n lacking i n
southwest c o r n e r ,
Julv 1977
LTO and LO S e r i e s
.
LO & LTO 81Cl
E d i t i o n & Date
Remarks
1st E d i t i o n , Bec 7 3
KWIUM
S
1st E d i t i o n , Bee 7 3
LA PEROUSE
1st E d l t i o n , J a n 7 7
LO & LTO 8 2 A 1
PU
1st E d i t i o n , Dec 7 3
mLD
1st E d i t i o n , Dec 7 3
LmWEG
1st E d i t i o n , Dec 7 3
HIMY
1st E d i t i o n , Dec 7 3
1st E d i t i o n , Dec 7 3
GmSKPJ
1st E d i t i o n , Dec $ 3
LO & L T O 8 3 B 4
NEmB
1st E d i t i o n , J a n 7 6
1st E d i t i o n , Sep 74
2nd E d i t i o n , Aug 7 5
DBBROVOESKIJ
1st E d i t i o n , J u % 7 3
DELPORTE
1st E d i t i o n , JuP 7 3
1st E d i t i o n , O c t 7 4
Is%E d i t i o n , Apr 7 6
LO & ETO 84D4
1st E d i t i o n , JuL 7 3
2nd E d i t i o n , Mar 74
LT(9 84D4
1st E d i t i o n , Play 7 6
1st E d i t i o n , Apr 7 6
1st E d i t i o n , J a n 7 7
1st E d i t i o n , Dec 76
TETIUS
TITIUS
1st E d i t i o n , Dee 7 4
2nd E d i t i o n , Agr 7%
Void i n southwest
corner,
E d i t i o n & Date
LO & LTO 1 8 l B l
LITMlE
1st E d i t i o n , J u l 7 3
LO 6 %TO 101B2
LTO l01B2
TSXOLKOVSKIJ
BOmUIS
1st E d i t i o n , J u l 7 3
2nd E d i t i o n , J u l 73
TSIOLKOVSKIJ
1st E d i t i o n , J u l 73
BBMEN
BMMIN
1st E d i t i o n , J u l 73
2nd E d i t i o n , Apr 74
LO & LTO L O l G l
NEUJMEN
1st E d i t i o n , J u l 7 3
WATE
1st E d i t i o n , J u 1 73
PATSmV
PATSMV
1st E d i t i o n , J u l 73
2nd E d i t i o n , Sep 73
3 r d E d i t i o n , Feb 74
FESENKOV
1st E d i t i o n , J u l 73
LO
ISMV
1st E d i t i o n , Sep 74
MDWONOV
1st E d i t i o n , Oct 74
BATSWV
Remarks
Void In southwest
e
ST
ST
1st E d i t i o n , J u l 73
2nd E d i t i o n , Nar 74
GMW
%stE d i t i o n , Oct 74
MSPLETIN
%st E d i t i o n , Oct 7 4
ZWIGKY
1st E d i t i o n , Hay 76
Car t o g r a p h ic i n f o m a t i o n l a c k i n g I n deep
shadow areas,
1st E d i t i o n , Agr 7 6
. . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.6.1
Section 4 , 3 . 6
Lunar TJ"ncontroi%e~l
Phs,:on~i-~
1 : t
o 0
1371
Scale:
1,15,000
Proje c z i o ~ :s Trr1nsverse Her c a t o r
S h e e t S l ze: 4 I ~ * ' x 5 8 ' '
16c4;s-TT,i
(WR)
~y:_i
-a"
'
i-9-
r-
v a l kJLe3~ l 7
ft-7
k~e~ ~ l i ~ ~ n e - ~ l m b e r e d
Scale: 1:100,000
Projection: Transverse Hereator
Sheet Size: 25'kx25"
Lunar Photomap
1st E d i t i o n , October 1971
Scale:
1:25,800
P r o j e c t i o n : Transverse Mercator
Sheet S i z e : 28"x31*'
S e c t i o n 4,3,6,%
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Topographic Map, 1:25,000
Photomap, $:100,090
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P r o j ection: None
Size:
22,1" x 229,0"
Sheet No,
--
EdPtion 6 - Date
Apollo 15 TraveSfses
4JB454 (25)
ApolLo 1 6 Traverses
43D1S2(25)
A p o l l o 1 7 Traverses
78D2~2
(25)
gas
X----pm----%%*_
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MONTE0 A G R I C O U
l a t E d i t i o n , Hay 7 4
V M BIESBROECK
R I U PRINZ
1st E d i t i o n , Bec 7 4
%MIA
RIMA ELnER
1st E d i t i o n , Dee 7 4
DOWUM Z%=EL
%st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4
R X U MOZhTT
1st E d i t i o n , At18 7 4
MOLL0 15 LMBING
Or thophoto
Base
Orthophoto
Base
Orthophoto
Base
FOSSm LITTROW
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Section & 3 , %
Number
Remarks
42C4SP $50)
DORSUM NICOL
1st ^_dikf8n9, T t l l $ 4
4 2 C 4 S 2 (50)
DORSA LISTER
1st E d i t i o n , J a n 77
43D1S1(50)
MOLL0 1 7 L m D I N G A m A
1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4
Orth~photo
Bas63
61A2SB(50)
G M C E
%st E d i t i o n , J a n 76
I s t Edition, May 75
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65D2S1(%8)
KING N
ORTH FLMK
%st
Edition, May 75
Ortflorhsto
Base
77D3S3.(50)
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10061S1(50)
S I E G F E T D
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39B2S4 (251
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39B2S2(25>
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IS'IS,
Edition d Date
-4263S2(PO)
OSIRLS
1st E d i t i o n , M a r 7 4
77D1S1$10)
D A E CATENA
1st E d i t i o n , Aug 7 4
Remarks
-
4 , 4 REFERENCES
4,b);C,P
Llmm
i c Atlas o f the
an$ E , A, b%itaker,
edfted by Gerard
P, Mufper, 1961
Project E l s t o r y ,
,lentiFfe
----Histow, NASA Contract No, W-12,
$970
W i ~ t o q2IASA
~
Contract
August
1969
375, TOPOCOM,
Project
A ~ g uts
Project
No, W-12, 375, TOPOCON, August 1970
Project
of -----Sc:ierL$ $
-M i s t o r y , NASA Contract No, 14-12, 375, TOPOCOM, December
S c P e n t ~ f - E l cS i
sf
----------
Contract TfJ-12,
--
----
Projec t History,
NASA C s a t ~ r a m!-e W==I?, 975, TOBBCOM, December 1970
--*
2, P r o j e c t
H i s t o r y , NASA Contract Id-12,
o f L~inar S i t e
m
-
A p r i l 1970
L u- n a r
-
., _,,-*
1 36-f --A- h ~ 3 $0
History, TO1:5&314, ? ( e ~ v e ~ n b e1971
t
IA
*--
Project
---2-k~
DESCAPTrfS3
1974
-a*----s
INDEX NO
I(1)
I(2)
X(3)
I(4)
I(5)
L(6)
I(6a)
1(7)
I(8)
I(8a)
L(8b)
T(9)
II(9)
II(2)
11( 3 )
11 ( 4 )
II (5)
DESCRIPTION
.
-
.
. Large Scale E a r t h s i d e Maps (1.250.000)
Section
4.5