UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST

CALOOCAN CAMPUS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

GROUP REPORT
SUBMITTED BY:
TEAM EMMANUEL
Arbo, Maria Roselyn

Medina, Angelica Marie

Arquillo, Sharlene Kaye

Perez, Romelie Joy R.

Dela Cruz, Yubelle

Soribello, Camille Angelie

Manarpiis, Emmanuel Luigi

SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Danilo Giltendez

DATE:
October 21, 2013

I.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. Determination of Pace
I.
Abstract
II.
Introduction
III.
Objectives
IV.
Preliminary Data
V.
Documentation
VI.
Discussion
VII. Conclusion
B. Chaining/Taping on Level Ground
I.
Abstract
II.
Introduction
III.
Objectives
IV.
Preliminary Data
V.
Documentation
VI.
Discussion
VII. Conclusion
C. Leveling
I.
Abstract
II.
Introduction
III.
Objectives
IV.
Preliminary Data
V.
Documentation
VI.
Discussion
VII. Conclusion
D. Area of Traverse
I.
Abstract
II.
Introduction
III.
Objectives
IV.
Preliminary Data
V.
Documentation
VI.
Discussion
VII. Conclusion

A. DETERMINATION OF PACE

I.

ABSTRACT
This fieldwork is all about the individuals pace factor. It will show how to
determine an individuals pace factor and an unknown distance of a course
through pacing. A pace may be measured from heel to heel. On the
succeeding pages, you will see how we measure the distance of a course by
using an individuals pace factor and it will also reveal the importance in
knowing the individuals pace factor.

II.

INTRODUCTION
The easiest way to measure distance of a certain place without using any
instrument is to count your paces. One pace is defined as two steps or the
distance one foot travels from the point it leaves the ground until it touches
the ground again. The distance is determined by multiplying the number of
steps taken between two points by ones face factor. A persons pace factor is
determined by pacing or walking a measured distance several times and
determining the average length of step. The accuracy of pacing is dependent
on a uniform length of pace. Many factors influence the length of a persons
steps when walking. A few of these are: topography, shoes, time of the day,
height of vegetation, and soil surface. Topography influences the length of a
pace because the length of the pace will be shorter when walking uphill and
longer when walking downhill. When walking in shoes with low heels the
length of a step is longer than when walking in shoes with higher heels. IN the
morning when we are fresh we tend to have a longer stride than in the
afternoon when we are tired. When walking in tall vegetation, the length will
be shorter. On a hard dry surface we will take longer steps than on a soft or
wet one. There are other factors that influence the length of our steps, but
these five reinforce the fact that for pacing to achieve a reasonable level of
accuracy, the individual must practice a pace that is different from his or her
normal waking step on the same surface as the one being measured. Care
must be taken to ensure that a consistent pace factor is used.

III.

OBJECTIVES

1. To obtain individual pace factor.

2. To determine an unknown distance by individual pacing.

IV.
i.

PRELIMINARY DATA
ARBO, MARIA ROSELYN

TRIAL
1
2
3
AVG=

ii.

90.4
149
126
150
145

20m
33
34
33
33.33

NUMBER OF PACES
30m
47
48
50
48.33

50m
78
81
83
80.67

90.4
134
137
137
136

50m
66
66
66
66

90.4
123
116
121
120.33

50m
69
71
71
70.33

90.4
118
124
124
122

DELA CRUZ, YUBELLE

TRIAL
1
2
3
AVG=

iv.

50m
89
87
89
88.3

ARQUILLO, SHARLENE KAYE

TRIAL
1
2
3
AVG=

iii.

20m
37
36
35
36

NUMBER OF PACES
30m
45
53
43
47

20m
29
28
28
28.33

NUMBER OF PACES
30m
41
41
41
41

MANARPIIS, EMMANUEL LUIGI

TRIAL
1
2
3
AVG=

20m
32
31
31
31.67

NUMBER OF PACES
30m
42
44
44
43.33

v.

MEDINA, ANGELICA MARIE

TRIAL
1
2
3
AVG=

vi.

50m
84
85
83
84

90.4
150
153
152
151.67

50m
70
67
69
68.67

90.4
125
120
129
124.67

50M
74
73
74
73.67

90.4
118
125
130
124.33

PEREZ, ROMELIE JOY R.

TRIAL
1
2
3
AVG=

vii.

20m
36
35
35
35.33

NUMBER OF PACES
30m
51
52
52
51.67

20m
35
33
30
32.67

NUMBER OF PACES
30m
43
43
43
43

SORIBELLO, CAMILLE ANGELIE

TRIAL
1
2
3
AVG

20 M
35
31
30
32

NUMBER OF PACES
30M
43
42
41
42

V.

DOCUMENTATION

We measured 4 points: 20m, 30m, 50m and the

distance of the building which is 90.4m. We are making sure that the
measuring tape is straight so we put masking tape.

After setting up the points, we walked straight or aligned

with the measuring tape. Its like were modeling.

We record immediately in our own field notebook all

the data we needed so that it will not lost and we can
compute it easily.

VI.

DISCUSSION

Pace count is an aid to distance measurement. It is equal to one natural step, about 30
inches long. To accurately use the pace count method, you must know how many paces
it takes you to walk in a certain distance. To determine this, you must walk on
accurately measured course and count the number of paces you take. The pace course,
regardless of the length, must be on similar ground to that you will be walking over. It
does no good to walk a course on flat ground then try to use that pace count on hill
ground. To determine your pace count on a measured distance, count the paces it takes
you to walk in that measured distance, do it 3 times, then divide the total paces by 3.
The answer will give you the average paces it takes you to walk that measured
distance. It is important that each person who navigates while dismounted knows his
pace count.
In land navigation, its important to crawl before you can walk, and determining your
pace count is fundamental. Every bit of information that you can gather about your
location has its place in navigation, so no techniques should be discounted or ignored.
While some might dismiss pace count as a waste of time or too hard to keep up,
those are probably the same people who have never really had to find their way before
A pace count will enable you to know the distance youre traveling by determining, in
advance, the number of paces it takes you to travel a pre-set distance. Youll then need
to give yourself some kind of reminder that youve covered that distance, as well as
each time you hit your magic number, or pace count.
You may not need to exercise. One thing to remember is that, the topography, kind of
road surface, and kind of shoes you wear are likely to affect your pace factor. It may be
necessary to re-compute it as the condition requires. But dont bother. What is important
is to have the estimate of how far you have walked.

VII.

CONCLUSION

One advantage of pacing for measuring distance is that it doesnt require any
specialized equipment. The biggest disadvantage is that it requires being able to walk
the route. It is not very useful for measuring distance in rough terrain, across swamps or
any other terrain where an individual could not walk the distance or walk in a straight
line.

B. CHAINING/TAPING ON THE LEVEL GROUND

I.

ABSTRACT

Chain surveying is the type of surveying in which the linear measurements are taken
in the field. This type of surveying is done for surveying of small extent to describe
the boundaries of plots of land and to locate the existing feature on them. It is the
method of surveying in which the area is divided into network of triangles and the
sides of the various triangles are measured directly in the field with certain or a tape
and no angular measurements are taken. In the direct method, the distance is
actually measured during field work using a chain or a tape. This is the most
commonly used method for linear measurement. In the optical methods. Principles
of optics are used. The distance is not actually measured in field but it is computed
indirectly.
II.

INTRODUCTION

One of the fundamentals of surveying is the need to measure distance. Distances

are not necessarily linear, especially if they occur on the spherical earth. We will
deal with distances in geometric space, which we can consider a straight line from
one point or feature to another. Taping or chaining, is the linear measurement of
the horizontal distance between two points using a surveyors tape. This may involve
measuring the distance between two or more fixed points, or the laying out of
specified distances from a known starting point. At first glance, taping may appear to
be simple and transparent; however, in order to get an accurate measurement, a
number of corrections may have to be applied.
III.

OBJECTIVES

1. Use a steel tape & plumb bob to measure horizontal distances.

2. Practice making measurements in decimal feet.

IV.

PRELIMINARY DATA
LINE

PACE ONLY

CHAIN ONLY

A-B
B-C
C-D
D-E
E-F
F-A

20.4m
27.2m
27.2m
21.76m
29.24m
36.04m

19.38m
25.98m
26.26m
21.4m
28.63m
38.9m

TAPE, PINS,
PLUMB BOB
19.38m
25.98m
26.28m
21.4m
28.63m
38.9m

V.

DOCUMENTATION

Every group must set five flags in different area they want,
the figure will be in hexagon having six flags, and it must be a closed figure.
Bichis group set the flags for us and vice versa.

We measured from point A to another using the measuring tape and we also
used the chain to make the tape easier to straight because the ground is
grassy. We also used the plumb bob to make sure if the measuring tape is
really straight. Bichis group wants us to suffer, they really put all the flags
very far away from each other. It took us a lot of time to finish this field work
under the hot sunny weather.

VI.

DISCUSSION

Chain or Tape surveying is the simplest form of detail surveying. With the help of
tape method the lengths of lines marked on the field can be calculated and from ties
in these lines details are collected. Investigating the area by walking around the area
to be surveyed, help to locate right stations and perfect chain lines essential for
surveying. Methods are there to detect obstacles. Well formed linked triangles or
braced quadrilaterals are created with the help of selected stations. Measuring the
distance between points with the help of chain or any other similar tools to record the
distance for the purpose of surveying is the basic idea in chain surveying.
When a full tape length is being measured, the two chainmen support the ends of
the tape. The tape maybe laid on a level ground surface, such as a cemented road
or railroad rail, or suspended between stools or bucks set under the ends of the
tape. For precise measurement, such as base line measurement, the tape is
supported at midpoint or even at quarter points by pins. In horizontal taping over
sloping or irregular terrain, one end of the tape is held on the point at ground level,
while the other end is supported high enough to make the tape horizontal. The rear
chainman is holding a full graduation of the tape at the point near the ground, and
the head chainman, holding the zero ends, projects the desired distance to the point
on the ground by using the plumb bob. We keep the tape straight and level at all
times.
In this fieldwork, other group was required to put flags for us. The first thing we do is
we draw the location of the flags so that it will be easy for us to measure it. Then we
measure the distance from Point A to Point B, we used pins or chains in measuring.
We insert the measuring tape in the hole of chains/pins for straight measurement.
Because the ground was covered with grass, it will be hard if we do a direct
measurement. We do all this in measuring the distance from points to points. For
straight line, we used the plumb bob, it really help us a lot. Then after we measure
all the distance, we get our pacing from points to points.
VII.

CONCLUSION

Chaining or Taping is fairly quick, easy and cheap, and hence is the most common
form of distance measurement. Unfortunately, it is prone to errors and mistakes. Any
misalignment of the tape, either horizontally or vertically, will result in an error in the
measurement. Misalignment always results in a recorded distance that is too great,
or a laid offline that is too short. This is obvious, since the shortest distance between
two points is a straight line.

C. LEVELING

I.

ABSTRACT

Leveling involves measuring vertical distances with reference to a horizontal plane

or surface. To do this, a leveling staff is needed to measure vertical distances and
an instrument known as a level is required to define the horizontal plane. Calculating
the difference in elevation between points is accomplished with trigonometric
leveling. Differences in elevations are determined by measuring vertical angles and
slope distances. Trigonometric leveling is often used where accurate elevations are
not available or when elevation of inaccessible points must be determined.
II.

INTRODUCTION

Trigonometric leveling is the process of determining the differences of elevation of

stations from observed vertical angles and known distances. The vertical angles are
measured by means of theodolite. The horizontal distances are measured by
instrument. Relative heights are calculated using trigonometric functions. Note: If the
distance between instrument station and object is small correction for earths
curvature and refraction is not required.
When you know the vertical angle and either the horizontal or slope distance
between two points, you can apply the fundamentals of trigonometry to calculate the
difference in elevation between the points. That is the basic principle of trigonometric
leveling. This method of indirect leveling is particularly adaptable to rough, uneven
terrain where direct leveling methods are impracticable or too time consuming. As in
any survey, the equipment that you will use in trigonometric leveling depends on the
precision required. For most trigonometric-leveling surveys of ordinary precision,
angles are measured with a transit, or alidade, and distances are measured either
with a tape or by stadia.
III.

OBJECTIVES

1. In this fieldwork, students will learn the concepts applied in trigonometric leveling.
2. Elevation measurements will be made along a linear transect, allowing the
students to draw a cross-sectional profile.

IV.

PRELIMINARY DATA
STATION
1
2
3

1
38.5deg

L1= 38.05m
L2= 69.43m
L3= 10.5m
L4= 10.5m

V.

2
23.5deg

57.5deg

ACTUAL LENGTH USING TAPING

L= 90.4m
W= 16.6m
H= 32.56m

DOCUMENTATION

The first thing we do is we figure out how we can get the dimensions of the building
and where we will put the transit. Our Professor gave us hint that we can get
the dimensions of the building in just 3 movements of transit. After planning,
we set up the instrument we level it and we get the height of the instrument.

After setting up the transit in its first station, we focus it on the tip of the
building, we get the angle and we measure the distance of the instrument to
the building using measuring tape. We do this three times because we moved
the instrument three times. We record all the needed data and compute for its
dimensions.

V.

DISCUSSION

When two sets are required, one set to each point is first completed, after which the
whole process is repeated, starting again with the first point, and rotating the
instrument in the same direction. This is done so that the time lapse between the two
sets to each point will be approximately equal for each point, thus taking the
maximum advantage of any possible improvement in refractive conditions, while at
the same time minimizing the effects of possibly deteriorating conditions. The order
of the face left and face right observations should be reversed for the second set.
In this fieldwork, the most important part is to have a critical thinking. Where will you
put the transit? How will you get the dimension of the building in just three moves? It
is the hardest part, the planning. We plan carefully how we will do it; we draw it in a
paper for our guide.
Great care must be taken to set the horizontal hair exactly on the observing mark
each time, and to centralize the altitude bubble exactly, before taking the reading.

VI.

CONCLUSION

Trigonometric leveling is a fast efficient way to measure many elevations from a

single set up. Trigonometric leveling is more flexible than differential leveling.
Whereas in differential leveling the primary instrument is relatively simple,
trigonometric leveling depends on a TSI which integrates more measurement types
and hence more errors to control. In trigonometric leveling, the surveyor has the
option to trade accuracy for productivity depending on the project at hand.
Trigonometric leveling does not replace differential leveling but expand it. Differential
leveling can be used to build a vertical control network for a project; trigonometric
leveling can use that control to collect additional elevation data for design or
quantities determination. Combining trigonometric leveling with horizontal coordinate
geometry allows us to work, design, and implement, in three-dimensions.

D. AREA OF TRAVERSE

I.

ABSTRACT

Traversing is the method of using lengths and directions of lines between points to
determine positions of the points. Traversing is normally associated with the field
work of measuring angles and distances between points on the ground. Closed
traverses provide the primary method used in checking surveying field work.
Traverse closure and adjustment procedures are used to distribute error in
measurements. Mathematical traverses performed on a computer are used to check
surveying work such as mapping and legal descriptions.
II.

INTRODUCTION

A traverse is a continuous series of connected lines of known lengths related to one

another by known angles. The lengths of the lines are determined by direct
measurement of horizontal distances, slope measurement, or by indirect
measurement using the methods of stadia or the sub tense bar. The line courses run
between a series of points are called traverse stations. The angles at the traverse
stations, between the lines are measured by tape, transit, theodolite, compass,
plane table, or sextant. These angles can be interior angles, deflection angles, or
angles to the right. The lengths and azimuths or bearings of each line of the traverse
are estimated through field measurements. The lengths are horizontal distances,
and the azimuths or bearings are true, magnetic, assumed, or grid.
Traverses are used to find accurate positions of a small number of marked stations.
From these stations, less precise measurements can be made to features to be
located without accumulating accidental errors. Thus, traverses usually serve as
control surveys. When drawing construction plans, the stations can be used as
beginning points from which to lay out work. When new construction of any kind is to

be made, a system of traverse stations in the area must be established and

surveyed.
III.

OBJECTIVES

1. Learn the principles of running a closed field traverse.

2. Learn how to properly adjust the measured values of a closed traverse to
achieve mathematical closure.
3. Determine the error of closure and compute the accuracy of the work.
4. Learn how to calculate the area of a closed traverse.

IV.

PRELIMINARY DATA
STA.
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA

V.

LENGTH
13.46
9.73
9.72
13.24
6.53

FORWARD BACKWARD
N 70 E
S 73 W
N 42 W
S 42 E
N 11 W
S 12 E
S 20 W
N 22 E
S 12 E
N 20 W

DOCUMENTATION

We put 5 flags in different area; we make sure that it will close. The next thing we do is
we level the transit then we put the rod in the 2nd point, we measure its BM1.

Then we moved the instrument in different point. We get the backsight and foresight,
the distance from points to points as well as its angle. We jot down all the data. We
balanced the traverse and we compute for its area.
VI.

DISCUSSION

An open traverse cannot be checked for accuracy of field measurements as errors

or mistakes are not revealed. A closed traverse immediately affords a check on the
accuracy of the measured angles. The position closure gives an indication of the
accuracy in measuring distances as well as azimuths. The forward and backward
directions for any traverse need to be defined. The order in which measurements are
made usually is called the forward direction. The angles of the traverse should be
measured clockwise from the backward direction to the forward direction. Most
highway surveys and other connecting or open traverses are based on
measurement of deflection angles. Either interior or deflection angles can be used
for a closed traverse -- we will use interior angles. If angle and distance
measurements are done separately, the field notes for each operation will be kept
separately. If both measurements are done together, you might want to keep the
field notes together.
The distance and azimuth between points can be used to form and compute a right
triangle. The distance between points serves as the hypotenuse, and the azimuth
can be used to determine an angle. Three right triangles must be solved for each
leg. Three trigonometric functions are used to compute a traverse. These functions
are the sine, cosine, and tangent. The sine and cosine functions are used to
compute the differences in easting and northing coordinates. The tangent is used to
compute the difference in height.

VII.

CONCLUSION

In area of traversing, we were assigned to set five points wherein we will be going to
get its area. The leader assigned each and everyone their roles in the fieldwork. We
gathered data with the use of transit. But during our fieldwork, our fieldwork has a
defect in its compass. So we used the altimeter application of our gadget to gather
the angles for our fieldwork. After we have the data, we computed for the remaining
information in the fieldwork. Our group was not sure about our data because
Altimeter application is not that accurate compare to the transits compass.