Prof Ir Dr Abd Halim Shamsuddin

Centre for Renewable Energy

Universiti Tenaga Nasional
Professorial Lecture Series No. 7
Universiti Tenaga Nasianal
20 May 2011

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OUTLINE

Introduction
Development of National Energy Policy

Renewable Energy in Malaysia

Status of renewable energy in the power generation mix
Biomass resources in Malaysia
Biomass potential for power generation in Malaysia

Technologies for biomass applications

Case Study: Biomass from palm oil milling industry
Opportunities in low-carbon utility power with biomass
Centre for Renewable Energy

Conclusions

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INTRODUCTION
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Global Energy Demand Increasing

Through the Years
Change in life styles
Population increases
Developing countries entering into most
energy-intensive economic growth

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World Electric Power Generation and Annual Growth

in Electricity Generation by Region, 2004-2030

Md S

[Ref: Md Sidek, 2009]

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What happened in 1769?

CO2 concentrations in ppm

Source: Sustainable Energy Without the hot air

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GLOBAL EMISSION OF GREENHOUSE GASES

N2O, 7.90%

F-gases,
1.1%
Forestry
17%

CH4,
14.30%
CO2 (Fossil
Fuel Use),
56.60%

CO2 (Other),
CO2
2.80%
(Deforestati
on, Decay of
biomass
etc), 17.30%

(a) Share of different anthropogenic

GHGs in total emissions in 2004 in terms
of CO2-eq.

Waste &
Wastewater
3%

ENERGY
SUPPLY
26%

Agricultural
15%

Transport
13%

Industry
19%

Residential &
Commercial
Buildings
8%

(b) Share of different SECTORS in total

anthropogenic GHG emissions in 2004
in terms of CO2-eq.

(F-gases=fluorinated gases, i.e. PFC, CFC etc.)

This has been scientifically linked to the Global Warming Phenomena and
Climate change as experienced globally during the past two decades

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Source: IPCC Synthesis Report
2007

Past & future emissions

Cumulative emissions, gigatonnes

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Energy-related CO2 emissions

Million tonnes

Source; International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook, 2007

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Inequality
Per capita CO2 emissions, tonnes per annum

60
50

48.3

40
30
20.5
19

20

20
19

16.5
10

10

9.5

8.9

4.3

ia
ev
el
o
W pe
d
o
rld
A
vg
.

4.3

In
d

co
ex
i

hi
na
C

nc

K
Fr

n
a

Ja

e
rm

Le

st

na

ny

S
U
C
a

lia

us
tra

ta

0.02

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Environmental consequences of increasing CO2

concentrations in the atmosphere
Global warming
Rise in sea level
Unpredictable climate incidences
Example of recent climate-related disasters
Earthquakes
Tsunami
Tropical storms, Hurricanes
Floods
Forest fires
Haze
Snow storms
Heat waves

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Japan Earthquake and Tsunami

March 2011

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Australia floodwaters in Queensland cover area bigger

than Texas, Dec 2010

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Forest fire - Russia

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2006 Tsunami - Acheh

Before

After

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New Zealand Earthquake, February 2011

Christchurch devastated

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Malaysia flooded January/February 2011

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CO2 Emission in Malaysia

Total CO2 emissions = 187.7 million tonnes

Others
Other Energy industries
Residential, 1.4%
Commercial & Agriculrural, 2%

Manufacturing
industry &
Construction

Transportation

Electricity & Energy

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East Asia

ia
ev
el
op
W
e
d
o
rld
A
vg
.

co

In
d

na

ex
i

hi

Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

Le

st

nc

S
U

na

C
a

a
ta
r
us
tra
lia

10

20.5
19

20

Fr

30

40

e
rm

48.3

50

Europe

0.29
15.47
1.46
0.25
7.19
0.21
0.79
12.83
4.30
1.23
10.70
6.70
10.50
8.20
5.70
9.20
10.00

Cambodia
Brunei Darussalam
Indonesia
Laos
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam
Germany
France
Netherlands
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Japan

Southeast Asia

60

CO2 emission
change since 1990
(%)
803.4
-7.9
121.7
506.8
567.91
134.5
53.4
19.8
184.4
395.8
World -14.7
Average: 4.3 tonnes per capita
3.3
20
19
16.5
8.1
10 9.5 8.9
6
4.3
4.3
4
1 0.02
57.4
-8.5
-5.5
18.1
ny

CO2 emission
(tonnes per capita)

Ja

Country

Region

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Malaysia: Economy TARGET in 2020

2020

CO2

Annual GDP Growth

emissions
Government
Target

6%
Increase
annually

Annual GDP Growth

With business as
usual on energy
supply and
consumption!!!!

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I would also like to announce

here in Copenhagen that
Malaysia is adopting an indicator
of a voluntary reduction of up to
40% in terms of emissions
intensity of GDP by the year
2020 compared to 2005 levels.
By Prime Minister of Malaysia
Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak

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Malaysia: Carbon Footprint TARGET in 2020

CO2 level in 2020

(forecast)
328 millions tonnes

CO2 level in 2005

Government
Target

188 millions tonnes

Different 228
millions tonnes

40 %
Reduction

CO2 level in 2020

100 millions tonnes
Total CO2 emission in Malaysia. (Ting 2010, EIA Data).

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Examples of initiatives on low carbon power sector

U.S.A. White paper on a clean energy
standard (CES), March 21, 2011
80 percent of the nations electricity to
come from clean energy technologies by
2035

Province of Ontario, Canada

to phase out all coal-fired generation,
currently 20% of electricity generation
mix, by 2014

New Zealand
ban the construction of new fossilfired baseload generation, and aim for
a target of 90% renewable in
electricity by 2025

EU
20% GHG emission reduction achievable by
2020, but revising it to 30% for 2020 to
achieve 80% renewable in 2050
Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon economy in 2050

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Emission Projected to 2020

Khazanah Study: Opportunities and risks arising from climate change for Malaysia, 5 March 2010

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Power Generation in Malaysia

CO2 contribution from Coal Power Plants
Sultan Azlan Shah Power Station
TNB Janamanjung Sdn Bhd
3 x 700 MWe ( +2 x 1000 MWe )*

Total installed capacity

= 7680 MWe
*( 10.0GWe by 2015)

Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Power Station

Kapar Energy Ventures Sdn Bhd
Contributes to 37.352
2 x 300 MWe + 2 x 500 MWe
Jimah Power Station
Jimah Energy Ventures Sdn Bhd
2 x 700 MWe

mil tonnes CO2 (62% of

power sector emissions

Mukah Power Station

Mukah Power Generation Sdn
Bhd
2 x 135 Mwe ( +2 x 155 MWe )*
Tanjung Bin Power Station
Tanjung Bin Power Sdn Bhd
3 x 700 MWe
Sejingkat Power Station
Sejingkat Power Corporation
2 x 50 MWe
PPLS Power Generation Sdn Bhd
2 x 55 MWe
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Power Generation Sector and GHG Emissions

The power generation sector makes easy targets
Visible, highly concentrated & heavily regulated
Will be asked to contribute more than their fair share

Electricity can be generated from a variety of sources, including many

with low or no carbon
The power sector is likely to be asked to do more than its share by
assisting other sectors of the economy to reduce their GHG emissions
Prime example: Transportation sector
As substitute for IC engines in private cars (mass transit & EVs)
As substitute for medium-length flights (electric trains)

An electric van
KTM-ETS
KL Ipoh in < 2 hrs
EliicaBattery Electric Car with 370 km/h
top speed and 200 km range

Japan Shinkansen trains

World record speed 581km/h

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DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL
ENERGY POLICY
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Development of National Energy Policy

National Energy

Policy (1979)
National

To ensure adequate,
secure and costeffective energy
supplies using both
non-renewable and
renewable energy
sources

To promote efficient
utilisation of energy

To minimise negative
impacts on the
environment in the
energy supply chain

Depletion Policy
(1980)

To prolong lifespan
of Malaysias oil
reserves for future
security and
stability in fuel
supply

Four-Fuel

Diversification
Policy (1981)
Five

To pursue balance
utilisation of oil, gas,
hydro and coal

Fuel Policy
(2001)
National

RE as the fifth fuel

in energy supply
mix

Renewable Energy
Policy (2009)

Enhance utilisation
of indigenous RE
resources to
contribute towards
national electricity
supply security and
sustainable
socioeconomic
development.

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Source:

Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water, Energy Commission

LOW CARBON ECONOMY (LCE)

Low Carbon Economy (LCE) is a concept that refers to an
economy which has minimal output of greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions into the biosphere, but specifically
refers to greenhouse gas of carbon dioxide.
Asia Pacific Forum on Low Carbon Economy, Beijing, China, 17 20 June 2009
LOW CARBON ECONOMY: MALAYSIAS EXPERIENCES
by:
AHMAD KAMAL WASIS
Economic Planning Unit, Prime Ministers Department
MALAYSIA

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TNB Green Energy Policy Statement

TNB is committed to support the national green

agenda and minimise the environmental impact of
our business by applying sustainable, efficient
operations and delivering green energy through the
application of appropriate technologies and
investments.
April 2011

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RENEWABLE ENERGY IN MALAYSIA

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Malaysia Energy Mix

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Source:

Energy Commission

National Renewable Energy Policies and Plans

Five

National Renewable

Fuel Policy (2001)

RE as the fifth fuel in energy supply mix

Energy

Policy (2009)

Enhance utilisation of indigenous RE resources

to contribute towards national electricity
supply security and sustainable socioeconomic
development.

8th

Malaysia Plan (2001-2005)

RE as the fifth fuel
Target: 5% RE in energy mix (500 MW grid-connected)
Launching of Small Renewable Energy Program (2001)
9th

Malaysia Plan (2006-2010)

Target: 300 MW grid-connected RE in Pen. Malaysia
Target: 50 MW grid-connected RE in Sabah
10th

Malaysia Plan (2011-2015)

New RE Policy and Action Plan
Target: 985 MW of RE by 2015 (~5.5% of energy mix)
Renewable Energy Act (2010) & Feed-in Tariff
VISION: Enhancing the utilization of indigenous renewable energy resources to contribute towards National
electricity supply security and sustainable socio-economic development
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Source:

Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water, Energy Commission

Renewable Energy Potential in Malaysia

Biomass

Biogas

Mini Hydro

Solid Waste

Solar PV

Potential
1,340 MW

Potential
410 MW

Potential
500 MW

Potential
400 MW

Potential
6,500 MW

Resources: Palm
Oil Mill Effluent
(POME), Cassava
waste, livestock,
agro, industrial
waster water

Resources: Run of
the river with
minimum
impounding

Resources: mainly
from municipal
solid waste.
Waste Collected in
Malaysia
approximately
21,000 tonnes/day

Resources:
Building Integrated
PV (BiPV).

Resource: mainly
from palm oil
waste

Malaysia yearly
average irradiance
1,400-1,900
kWh/m2

Detailed resources potential for wind energy and geothermal are yet to be fully examined and verified.

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34

STATUS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN

POWER GENERATION MIX
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Status of SREP Projects Approved by SCORE

(August 2005)

No RE Type

Biomass

Landfill
Gas

Mini Hydro

Wind
TOTAL

Energy Source

EFB
Wood Residues
Rice Husk
Municipal Solid Waste
Mix Fuels

Approved Grid-connected
Applications Capacity, MW

22
1
2
1
3

165.9
6.6
12.0
5.0
19.2

52.5
2.1
3.8
1.6
6.1

10.0

3.2

26

97.4

30.8

60

316.1 100.0

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Grid-connected Power Generation Capacities from

Renewable Energy in Peninsular Malaysia (April 2008)

No

Type

Mini-Hydro

Biogas (Landfill)

Biomass (Palm Oil Mill Solid Wastes)

Municipal Solid Waste

Solar PV (BIPV)

Solar PV (TNB Mini-Grid)

Wind (TNB Mini-Grid)

TOTAL

Capacity, kW

22,443

33.6

2,000

3.0

35,750

53.5

5,000

7.5

169

0.3

1,231

1.8

200

0.3

66,793 100.0

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Non-SREP Renewable Energy Power Generation Projects

Mini Hydro: 13,643 kW, involving 44 sites in Peninsular

Malaysia, with unit capacities in the range of 48 1,100
kW.
Solar PV (Suria 1000 - MBIPV): 168.515 kW, involving 16
sites, with unit capacities in the range of 3.06 92.01 kW.
Solar PV (TNB Mini Grid): 1,231 kW, involving 25 sites in
Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah, with unit capacities in the
range of 10 250 kW.
Wind (TNB Mini Grid): 200 kW, one site at P. Perhentian,
Terengganu.
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Challenges in Renewable Energy Power Generation

SREP (Period 2001 2010) has not been successful

for a number of reasons;
Fuel security (especially with biomass project
developers not able to secure long-term supply contracts with biomass
suppliers)

Electricity sale price (17 21 Cent/kWh)

Subsidy for Conventional Energy System
disadvantage to SREP developers

REPPA does not provide a robust cash flow for

Bankers to be comfortable
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Renewable Energy Act, 2010 and Feed-in Tariff

Regulatory framework to achieve the governments Renewable Energy
(RE) Policy vision
Enhancing the utilization of indigenous renewable energy resources to
contribute towards National electricity supply security and sustainable
socio-economic development.
Renewable Energy Source

Feed-in Tariff rate, RM per

kWh

Biogas (POME, landfill,

sewage, etc.)
Biomass

0.32 0.43

Small hydro

0.23 0.24

Solar PV

0.85 1.53

0.29 0.45

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Renewable Energy Projected Growth

Year

Cum Biomass
(MW)

Cum Biogas
(MW)

Cum Mini-Hydro
(MW)

Cum Solar PV
(MW)

Cum Solid Waste

(MW)

Cum Total RE,

Grid-Connected
(MW)

2011

110

20

60

20

219

2015

330

100

290

65

200

985

2020

800

240

490

190

360

2,080

2025

1,190

350

490

455

380

2,865

2030

1,340

410

490

1,370

390

4,000

2035

1,340

410

490

3,700

400

6,340

2040

1,340

410

490

7,450

410

10,100

2045

1,340

410

490

12,450

420

15,110

2050

1,340

410

490

18,700

430

21,370

Assumptions:

TECHNICAL POTENTIAL
Biomass (EFB, agriculture): 1,340 MW will be reached by 2028.
Biogas (POME, agriculture, farm): 410 MW will be reached by 2028.
Mini-hydro (not exceeding 30 MW): 490 MW will be reached by 2020.
Solar PV (grid-connected): unlimited.
Solid waste (RDF, incineration, sanitary landfill): projection of 30,000 tonne/day of Solid Waste as projected by KPKT, followed by 3% annual growth post 2024

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Key Renewable Energy Statistics

1

Feasibility Study
(from Aug 2011 to 17 Sep 2013)

1) Connection Confirmation Check (CCC)

2) Power System Study (PSS)
i) Before 1 Dec 2011
ii) After 1 Dec 2011
subtotal (PSS)

Number
Processed
68

Total ( Feasibility Study)

2

Application
Capacity Applied (MW)
Complete
67
10.93

81
157
238

81
139
220

306

287

345.63
491.37
837.00

847.93

Application for Connection under FiT Scheme

(from Dec 2011 to 14 Aug 2013)

Number
1) Number of Application
2) Application Processing in Progress
3) REPPA Signed
3

Testing & Commissioning

1) Project in Progress
2) Project Commissioned

Equivalent (MW)
1,622
187
1,435

Number

401.93
23.39
378.54
Equivalent (MW)

685
750

299.06
79.48

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Number of REPPA Applicants

1330

1400

1200
1000

800
600
400
200

15

16

12

0
Biog as

STATE
Johor
Kedah
Kelantan
Kuala Lumpur
Melaka
Negeri Sembilan
Pahang
Perak
Perlis
Pulau Pinang
Putrajaya
Selangor
Terengganu
Grand Total

Biomas s

Biogas

Hydro

Biomass
3

Hydro
1
4

1
4
2
1

3
2
2

15

12

3
7

1
1
16

Sola r PV

Solar PV
110
83
7
120
37
74
30
64
8
148
4
640
5
1330

Grand Total
114
83
11
120
38
81
37
74
8
148
4
649
6
1373

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Capacity of REPPA Applicants

Biogas (kW),
22,933.20

Solar PV (kW),
162,906.59

Biomass (kW),
100,093.00

Hydro (kW),
108,550.00

STATE
Johor
Kedah
Kelantan
Kuala Lumpur
Melaka
Negeri Sembilan
Pahang
Perak
Perlis
Pulau Pinang
Putrajaya
Selangor
Terengganu
Grand Total

Biogas (kW)
6,050.00

Biomass (kW)
13,000.00

Hydro (kW)

35,200.00
2,000.00
3,000.00
3,326.00
1,200.00

19,193.00
22,500.00
16,500.00

7,357.20

28,900.00

22,933.20

100,093.00

11,000.00
58,050.00

2,000.00
2,300.00
108,550.00

Solar PV (kW) Grand Total (kW)

6,099.20
25,149.20
4,421.50
4,421.50
5,657.20
40,857.20
1,499.60
1,499.60
19,304.90
21,304.90
35,430.40
57,623.40
21,664.50
58,490.50
8,525.40
84,275.40
12,812.50
12,812.50
3,305.50
3,305.50
20.30
20.30
38,732.29
76,989.49
5,433.30
7,733.30
162,906.59
394,482.79

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Total Number and Capacity of ongoing RE Projects

PSS Completed
Biogas, 22, 11%

Total approved (PSS) RE

projects
211

Biomass, 13, 6%
Small Hydro, 17,
8%

Solar PV, 159,

75%

Biogas, 38.1, 6%

Biomass, 86.7,
14%

Small Hydro,
102.8, 16%

Total Approved Capacity

Solar PV, 401.7,

64%

629.2 MW

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TNB Support & Contribution for Renewables

TNB is fully committed towards Renewable Energy, aims to
become a primary driver of Green Energy in Malaysia.
Embarked on a numerous RE projects e.g. development of
Biogas projects (JV with Sime Darby), 10 MW Biomass Plant
Jengka (JV with Felda)
TNB plays role as Renewable Energy (RE) Fund collector from
consumers started in Dec 2011. The fund will be used to facilitate
the RE industry growth and thus conserve the environment
Committed to purchase Renewable Energy from biogas developer
on a willing buyer/seller REPPA with terms up to 16 years.
RE to be integrated in TNB future generation capacity planning &
Incorporate large scale alternative energy technology that emits
minimal carbon emission
Established training and capacity building:
Centre for Renewable Energy (CRE) established at UNITEN
Institute of Energy Policy and Research (IEPRe) established
at UNITEN
TNB Research
Energy Management Program in ILSAS (TNB Training
Centre)

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Acknowledgements
In the Name of ALLAH, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. Praise be to ALLAH for the
Guidance, and all the Provisions given to make this life a beneficial and meaningful one
Contributions from the following institutions, bodies and individuals for all the support, advice and inspirations given
during my thirty-two year career in academia and research are sincerely and greatly appreciated:
Universiti Tenaga Nasional
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Tenaga Nasional Berhad, TNB Research Sdn. Bhd.
ASEAN-Australia Economic Cooperation Program (AAECP)
ASEAN Working Group on Non-Conventional Energy Research (AWGNCER)
The Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI)
The Malaysian Technology Development Corporation (MTDC)
Pusat Tenaga Malaysia, SIRIM
Association of Commonwealth Universities
German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
University of Leeds, UK
FELDA, Sime Darby
Gabungan Wawasan Generasi FELDA (GWGF), Damini Corporation
Detik Aturan Sdn Bhd
Mohd. Zamri Yusoff, Kumaran Palanisamy, Adlansyah Abdul Rahman, Hakim Akmal Alwi, Azmil Ikram, Jaafar Sahari,
Rakmi Abdul Rahman, Kamaruzzaman Sopian, Muhd Nor Muhd Yunus, Muhammad Puad Hj Abu, Talal F Yusaf,
Kamsani Abdul Majid, Ku Halim Ku Hamid, Ilmi Abdullah, Axel Hunger, Hamdan Hassan, Nor Fadzilah Othman, Salim
Sairan (Allahyarham), Hamzan Hashim, Mohd Shahir liew Abdullah, Yusoff Ali, Sivapalan Kathiravale, Khoo Keng
Hong (Late), Hairi Ali, Rosli Ahmad, Mohd Yusof Jamaluddin,
and others who have not been mentioned

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