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Flowmeter Handbook

For knowledge. For reliability. For performance.

Industrial 'T

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABB FLOW SOLUTIONS


Flowmeter Sizing Software
CD-Calc Sizing Software
ABB Flowmeter Sizing Software (Genie II)

1
2

Online Product Information Library


ABB Infozone

3, 4

lY

Fleld Products
TrioWirl Vortex Shedding and Swirl Flowmeters with
Digital-Signal-Processing
DSP - A Giant Leap in Performance
Wedge Primary Flow Elements
Integral Orifice Elements
TrioMass Coriolis Mass Flowmeters
ABB Industrial Magnetic Flowmeters
ABB Municipal Magnetic Flowmeters
Rotameters

5
6
7, 8
9
10
11, 12
13, 14
15, 16, 17, 18

SELECTION AND APPLICATION


Primary Flow Elements
Primary Flow Element Selection
Application and Performance Comparison
Differential Element Flow Equations
Integral Orifice Element
Wedge Element

19
20, 21
22
22
23

INSTALLATION
Orifice Plates

24, 25, 26, 27

GLOSSARY
Definition of Terms

28

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLES
1
Flowmeter Applications and Features
30 ASME Piping Recommendations: All Fittings in Same Plane
31 ASME Piping Recommendations: Fittings in Different Planes
32 ASME Piping Recommendations:
With Reducers and Expanders
33 ASME Piping Recommendations: Atmospheric Intake
34 ASME Piping Recommendations: Valves & Regulators
35 ASME Piping Recommendations: Venturi Tubes
39 Span and Range Values

26
26
27
27
35

DATA AND CONVERSION TABLES


Formulae
40 Conversion Factors: Pressure
41 Conversion Factors: Volume
42 Conversion Factors: Mass
43 Distance
44 Time
45 Density
46 Kinematic Viscosity
47 Absolute Viscosity
48 Metric Prefixes
49 Temperature Conversions
50 Specific Gravity of Selected Liquids
51 Density and Specific Gravity of Selected Gases
52 Properties of Saturated Steam
53 Corrosion Rates
54 Viscosity in FtlSec of H20 thru 0.5"-4" Schedule 40 Pipe
55 Viscosity in FtlSec of H20 thru 6"-16" Schedule 40 Pipe
56 Viscosity in FtlSec of H20 thru 18"-24" Schedule 40 Pipe
57 Physical Properties of Water
58 Pipe Diameters
68 Conductiveities of Aqueous Solutions
69 Viscosity of Various Gases
70 Viscosity of Various Liquids
71 Viscosity Curves for Selected Liquids
72 Viscosity Curves for Selected Liquid Petroleum Products

41
36
37
38
39
39
39
40
40
40
43
46
47
48
51
54
56
58
59
60
62
64
66
68
69

II

20
24
25

ABB FLOW SOLUTIONS

Flowmeter Sizing Software


CD-CALC SIZING SOFTWARE
ABB offers CD-Calc sizing software for TrioWirl Vortex and Swirl,
Variable Area, Magnetic, and TrioMass coriolis meters. CD-Calc allows
you to quickly select the correct size meter for your application. It is
easy to use, has a built-in HELP function, and provides a great deal of
useful information in addition to the correct size meter. You can obtain
a free download CD-Calc using the following procedure:

go to www.abbinfozone.com

enter infozone from the main page

select 1cFL-Flow - Vortex & Swirl from the Product Group pick list

select "software downloads" from the Type of Information pick list

click Index and follow the instructions on the screen

ABB FLOW SOLUTIONS

Flowmeter Sizing Software


ABB FLOWMETER SIZING PROGRAM (GENIE IQ
ABB offers the Genie II sizing software for wedge elements, integral
orifice elements, orifice plates, venturi elements, flow nozzles, pitot
tubes and elbow elements. Genie II allows you to quickly select the
size element (and restriction) to create a given differential pressure for
any application. Genie II is easy to use, has a built-in tutorial function,
and many useful features, including fluid physical properties. You can
obtain a free download of Genie II using the following procedure:

go to www.abbinfozone.com

enter infozone from the main page

on the left of the next screen you will see the heading "Other Usefull
ABB Instrumentation Sites." Click on the item "ABB Flowmeter Sizing
Program"

follow the instructions on the screen

ABB FLOW SOLUTIONS


Online Product Information Library
ABB INFOZONE
Information about any ABB products may be found at
www.abbinfozone.com. The following is available for free download:
Products
Flow Products
Pressure Transmitters
Temperature Instruments
Recording & Control Products
Control Solutions
Analytical Products
Valve Automation Instruments
Level Instruments

Type of Information
Ads
Brochures
Case histories
Instruction Manuals
Newsletters
QA Procedures
Software downloads
Specification Sheets
Technical Information

Welcome to ABB's Instrumentation Product Information Library


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Then tlidc the Submit bWo~ and Y~IJ 'hill $ut~lic$lly elil our Iml)tfflat:iorl: Libtliff.

ABB FLOW SOLUTIONS

Online Product Information Library


1. Click here to get the ABB Newsletter
2. Quick links to other useful ABB sites
3. Use the Product Group and Type of Information pick lists and then
click Gallery or Index for search results
4. Click here to see Featured items
5. Quick links to "What's Hot!" and abb.com

ASS Automaton

1
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~ ~ Cl~t~l!yfs.'Il"li$lllll~J.w~f\..,lt~l

ABB FLOW SOLUTIONS

FieldlT Products
TrloWlrl Vortex Shedding and Swirl Flowmeters with
Digital-Signal-Processing

No Moving Parts

Immunity to vibration and noise

Integral temperature measurement

Common sensor and electronics for all size vortex and swirl meters

Digital communications with HART, FOUNDATION FIELDBUS or


PROFIBUS options
TrioWirl Series 4000 vortex shedding flowmeters
are the most cost effective solution for many
liquid, gas and steam applications. They are
available with wafer or flanged style bodies in
sizes 1/2 to 12 inch.

TrioWirl Series 4000


swirl flowmeters are
preferred to vortex
meters when the application calls for lower
flow measurement capability, for higher
accuracy (0.5%) on gases and steam, and for
high accuracy on tight installations offering
minimal straight runs of pipe upstream of the
meter. Swirl meters are available in flanged
style bodies in sizes from 1/2 to 16 in.
TrioWirl features common to both vortex and swirl meters include an
option for an integral temperature measurement, stainless steel or
Hastelloy C construction, meter bodies fully rated for ANSI Class 600
flanges, remote mounted electronics, and compatibility with process
temperatures up to 5360 F.

ABB FLOW SOLUTIONS

FleldlY Products
DSP A Giant Leap In Performance
Pipeline vibration and hydraulic noise are always present to some
degree in any process and can make it difficult to measure accurately
with conventional vortex meters. TrioWirl vortex and swirl meters with
ABB's state-of-the-art DSP technology provides accurate measurement
immune from the effects of vibration and noise.
The graph below is a typical vortex sensor signal from a process with
noise and/or vibration. The collapsing peaks of the sine wave signal
can cause inaccurate measurement in other meters.

However, the graph below shows the stability of the TrioWiri output
from the same "noisy" signal after digital signal processing. You don't
have to live with "jittery" and inaccurate output, limited turndown, or
wieldy pipe supports.

Find information on TrioWirl Vortex Shedding and Swirl meters at


www.abbinfozone.com.

ABB FLOW SOLUTIONS

FleldlT Products
Wedge Primary Flow Elements
A Wedge element has an internal "v" shaped restriction to flow. This
restriction produces a differential pressure which follows Bernoulli's
square root relation to flowrate over Reynolds numbers greater than
500. Wedge elements offer higher accuracy over wider flow ranges
Oaminar, transition, or turbulent) than any other primary element. It can
handily measure viscous liquids or liquids with varying viscosity.
Wedge elements are available in
sizes from 1/2 in. to 24 in. Larger
sizes are available upon request.
The Wedge element is classified
by the HID ratio, analogous to the
Beta ratio for an orifice plate. The
HID ratio is the height of the open
area available for flow divided by
the inside pipe diameter.

Wedge elements offer a calibrated accuracy of 0.5%. The Wedge


restriction has no critical surface dimensions, or sharp edges that must
remain within strict tolerances for maximum measurement acc~racy.

ABB FLOW SOLUTIONS

FleldlY Products
This restriction is designed to last the life of the installation, without
replacement and without recalibration. Wedge systems with the ABB
Multivariable DP transmitter can measure flow ranges of 3.5: 1 (12:1 in
DP) with an overall system accuracy of under 1% of rate, or flow ranges
of 5:1 (25:1 in DP) with an overall system accuracy of under 2% of
rate. "Stacking" DP transmitters (with different ranges) on the same
Wedge element can provide even wider flow ranges and/or higher
accuracy.
Wedge elements are available in a wide assortment of process
connections to easily install in any piping system. In addition, the Wedge
element is highly insensitive to velocity profile distortion and swirl and
requires minimal straight runs of upstream/downstream piping. In
addition to wedge element with standard pipe taps for clean fluids,
wedge elements are also compatible with DP transmitters having remote
seals. A remote seal Wedge element is used for tougher applications,
like slurries (and the wastewater application cited earlier), where it is
not feasible from a maintenance viewpoint to use impulse tubing for
the DP transmitter connection. The Wedge element and remote seal
transmitter combination keeps the process fluid contained within the
pipe and offers no dead zones that can lead to clogging.

Find information on Wedge elements at www.abbinfozone.com.

Integral Wedge element (left), pipe tap Wedge element (center), remote
seal Wedge element (right)

ABB FLOW SOLUTIONS

FleldlT Products
Integral Orifice Elements
The 1/2 in., 1 in., and 1.5 in. integral orifice elements meter low flows
of clean liquids, gases and steam. The orifice plate is a special design
that clamps between two meter body halves. The 1/2 and 1 in. integral
orifice is rated to a maximum of 3000 psi, and the 1.5 in. is rated to
1500 psi. The integral orifice meter body connects directly to a
differential pressure transmitter or to a 3-valve manifold (which in turn
mounts to the transmitter). This greatly simplified installation over a
conventional paddle type orifice plate by eliminating the need for any
pipe fittings or impulse tubing. The installation is much easier to
maintain and service. The integral orifice is also available as a flow
element with attached straight runs of upstream and downstream piping.
Integral orifice elements offer calibrated accuracy of 0.5%, a wide variety
of standard bore options, and 316 stainless steel meter bodies (stainless
steel or Hastelloy C plates).
Find information on integral orifice elements at www.abbinfozone.com

ABB FLOW SOLUTIONS


FleldlY Products
TRIOMASS CORIOLIS MASS FLOWMETERS
TrioMass coriolis mass flowmeters from ABB are cost effective
solutions to liquid mass flow and/or density measurement. Sensors
are offered in sizes from 3/8 in. To 6 in. and incorporate a compact,
parallel-path, dual-tube design. The rugged flowtubes provide
secondary containment as a standard feature. Stainless steel and
Hastelloy C construction are offered. The flowtubes are self-draining
and suitable for clean-in-place sanitary applications.
The MC1 flowtubes are used with
remote mounted 50MM2000 flow
computers. The 50MM2000 is fullfeatured, has a large display with
integral keypad, and user friendly menu
driven software. Continuous flow,
batch operation and density software
options are available.

MC2 flowtubes are used wit the new


DSP converters. The MC2 flowtube
has the same design as the MC1 but
is integrally connected to the DSP
converter. The DSP TrioMass reduces
installation time, will have options for
higher precision for mass rate and
density, and explosion proof converter
housing.
TrioMass systems are available in a wide range of sizes and flow ranges.
They offer high reliability and precision and excellent long term stability
Find more information on TrioMass flowmeters on
www.abbinfozone.com

10

ASS FLOW SOLUTIONS

FleldlT Products
ABB Industrial Magnetic Flow Meters
ASS offers a complete line of electromagnetic flowmeters that provide
cost effective solutions to virtually any application involving a conductive
liquid or slurry.
1001475 wafer sensor and 100X4311 flanged
sensors with integrally mounted XE transmitters
are the most cost effective system for clean
liquids.
100T43 flanged sensors with integral XT
transmitters are two-wire, loop powered
systems for clean liquids that simplify and
reduce the cost of installation.
1001475 wafer sensors and 1003111 flanged
sensors with remote mounted 50XM transmitters
are full featured systems recommended for
clean liquids, dirty liquids, and low noise
producing slurries.
1001476 wafer sensors with ceramic liners and
remote mounted 50XM transmitters are
recommended on clean liquids, highly corrosive
liquids, dirty liquids, abrasive fluids, and low
noise
producing
slurries.
There
is a 1/25 in. sensor that is useful for measuring
very low flowrates.
1001477 electrodeless sensors with ceramic
liners and remote mounted 50XM transmitters
are recommended for low conductivity fluids
(less than 5 microsiemens/cm), low noise
producing slurries, noisy slurries, and fluids that
product coatings.
11

ABB FLOW SOLUTIONS


FleldlT Products
The 100X3121 flanged electrodeless Tefzellined
sensor and remote mounted 50CM transmitter
are recommended for low conductivity fluids
(less than 5 microsiemens/cm), low noise
producing slurries, noisy slurries, and fluids that
can produce coatings.
100S3111 flanged sensor and remote mounted
50SM transmitters are AC magnetic flow
systems. They are recommended for all slurries,
particularly applications involving pulsating flow
and fast speed of response.
OM21 wafer sensors and remote mounted
50XM transmitters are recommended for
sanitary applications. These 3A sensors have
stainless steel exteriors and are available with
Tri-clamp quick disconnect fittings. A
Pharmaceutical design option is available that
features a continuous bore and crevice free
adaptors. The OM21/50SM is an AC magnetic
flow system with the same features as the OM21/50XM.
Find information about these and other ABB magnetic flowmeters at
www.abbinfozone.com. You may also obtain a free multi-media
interactive CO entitled " ABB Magnetic Flowmeter Selection Guide"
which has complete product and technical information on all ABB
magnetic flow products and which helps you to select the correct flow
system for any specific application.

12

ABB FLOW SOLUTIONS

FleldlT Products
ABB Municipal Magnetic Flow Meters
ABB offers the MagMaster and AquaProbe lines of electromagnetic
flowmeters to provide cost effective solutions to virtually any application
in the Municipal industries involving a conductive liquid or slurry.
MagMaster pulsed OC magnetic flow systems include 1001475 series
wafer sensors, and MFE/MFF series flanged sensors combined with
the MagMaster MFE transmitter. MagMaster systems offer a variety
of materials of construction and have the options and features to meet
the requirements of virtually all applications. This includes buriable
and submersible sensors, bi-directional flow capability, and serial
communications, just to name a few.
1001475 wafer sensors and remote mounted
MagMaster transmitters are recommended for
water and waste water applications except high
noise producing slurries or sludges and other
fluids that produce coatings. This system is
supplied for general purpose service.
MFE flanged sensors and MagMaster
transmitters are recommended for all water and
waste water applications. These systems can
be supplied for general purpose or hazardous
area service
MFF flanged sensors and MagMaster
transmitters are recommended for all water and
waste water applications. These systems are
supplied for general purpose service

13

ABB FLOW SOLUTIONS

FleldlT Products
AquaProbe insertion magnetic flowmeters are ABB's most cost effective
solution for flow measurement in pipes 8 in. and larger. AquaProbe
sensors are recommended when the process can not be shut-down
for installation, for installation in buried pipe with minimal excavation,
for use as a portable meter, or to perform in-line verification of other
flow devices. AquaProbes require longer runs of straight piping
upstream of the meter (than do MagMaster systems) to ensure good
hydraulics and maximum performance. AquaProbes are recommended
for clean liquids and for general purpose service only.

AquaProbe I is supplied with a


MagMaster transmitter and is
recommended when commercial power is readily
available.

AquaProbe II is supplied with an


AquaMaster transmitter and is
recommended when battery
powered instrumentation is needed.

Find information about these and other ABB magnetic flowmeters at


www.abbinfozone.com. You may also obtain a free multi-media
interactive CD entitled "ABB Magnetic Flowmeter Selection Guide"
which has complete product and technical information on all ABB
magnetic flow products and which helps you to select the correct flow
system for any specific application.

14

ABB FLOW SOLUTIONS

FleldlY Products
Rotameters
ABB offers an extensive range of rotameters, each providing the
durable construction, reliability and accuracy demanded by your
process. Variable area flowmeters are designed to measure the flow
of liquids or gases via a closed pipe system and a float.
The series 10A3200 Arnored Purgemeter is an all-metal stainless steel
flowmeter specifically designed for low-flow measurement of most
liquids and gases at high pressure and high temperatures. It can be
applied to a wide range of applications in the Municipal, Chemical,
Petrochemical, Pharmaceutical and process industries. This easy to
install meter offers:

One wetted moving part

Compatibility with dirty and corrosive


gases and liquids

Measurement ranges from 0.3 to 211


GPH on water; 1.3 to 880 SCFH on air

Minimum and/or maximum alarm


options

Analog output

Integral 1/4 in. needle valve

Differential pressure regulator

1/4, 3/8 and 1/2 in. NPT process


connection options

15

ABB FLOW SOLUTIONS

FI.ldlT Products
The series 10A4500 VA Master Flowrator is a glass-tube flowmeter.
The 10A4500 meters are ideal for measuring a wide range of liquids
and gases found n most industrial facilities. Applications include
monitoring natural gas flows into ovens and furnaces, cooling fluid to
protect equipment, sampling systems in laboratories, and flowrates
into and out of large tanks. It has a stainless steel body and these
features:

Universal threaded process connection

Easy removal of glass tube

Easy range change and cleaning

1/2 to 2 in. bore tube sizes for liquids and


gases

Visual indication of flow over 12.5:1 range


(linear scale)

Screw-on flanges

Rotatable end fittings

O-ring or packing gland seals

Optional one or two b-stable alarms for


contact closure on rising or falling flow

16

ABB FLOW SOLUTIONS

FleldlT Products
Rotameters (continued)
The series AM54 Armored VA Meter
is a flow-through meter designed to
measure liquids, steam and gas. The
meter is offered in stainless steel or
Hastelloy C and is suitable for a wide
variety of applications.
It is
recommended for high pressure and
high temperature environments, and
is ideal for the chemical,
pharmaceutical and food industries.
The AM54's float is magnetically coupled to an indicator alone or with
electronic output transmission or an electronic alarm. 4-20 rnA ouput,
HART communications and a scaled pulse output are available. This
magnetic coupling uses span, zero and linearity adjustments enable
you to use linear scales for percent of full-scale flow or direct reading
units. Key features' include:

Assorted metering tubes and floats

1/2 in. to 4 in. diameters

Measurement ranges from 0.1 to 530 GPH liquid; 0.5 to 2200 SCFM
gas

Wide array of flange connections

Straight-through design

Short face-to-face dimensions

Easy-to-replace, heavy gauge float stop

Optional Teflon lining and Teflon float

Spiral upper guide rods on gas service

17

ABB FLOW SOLUTIONS

FleldlT Products
The series 1OA61 00 Purgemaster is a
low capacity meter for both liquid and
gas. The Purgemaster is ideal for
many low flow rate applications, such
as purging control lines and instrument
enclosures. The Purgemaster is also
excellent for fluid sampling, and liquid
specific
gravity
and
level
measurements.lt has a stainless steel
body and offers the followng features:
Simple snap-in tube construction

Four scale lengths

Interchangable parts for all four


lengths

Internal backcheck to restrict backflow and draining when tube is


removed

Optional flow controller

Optional one or two bi-stable alarms for contact closure or opening


on rising or falling flow

Find information on Rotameters at www.abbinfozone.comincluding


the 12-page brochure "Rotameter Selection Guide".

18

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Primary Flow Element Selection


SELECTION AND APPLICATION
Primary Flow Element selection
You should determine the answer to these five questions when selecting
an element:

1. The Measured Fluid

Liquid, gas, or vapor (steam)?


One phase or two phase flow?
Clean, dirty, a slurry, viscous, corrosive, or erosive?

2. The Process Conditions

Operating temperature and pressure?


Upset conditions?
Constant or varying conditions?
Reynolds number range (flowrate, density, viscosity)?

3. The Installation Requirements

Line size?
Upstream and downstream piping?
Vibration and/or pulsating flow?
Ambient conditions?

4. The Performance Required

Accuracy?
Flow range?
Speed of response?

5. Economic Considerations

Initial cost (onetime)?


Installation cost (onetime)?
Maintenance cost (annual)?
Operating cost (annual)?

Normally there is an interaction of some or all the above factors. Final


selection will be a compromise between desired features and
equipment cost.

19

Application and Performance Comparison


Table 1 compares those flowmeters most commonly used for typical industrial applications. This
table allows you to quickly select which meters are best suited to your particular application. The
information in this guide represents generally accepted concepts of operation for each meter on a
generic basis. information distributed by specific manufacturers may vary slightly.

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L -Low
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Integral Orifice

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Applications

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Magnetic

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I I I I I >0.5"
I 0 I I I 0 I 0 I >2"
I 0 I 0 I I 0 I 0 I >2"
I 0 I I . I 0 I I >0.5-

I I I I I

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III

3/4"
2%
1/2"

3/1
311

, ..1IZ%

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Table 1. Flowmeter Appleatlons and Features


lCer:

CIJ

.-m
m

.-

i i

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o

15

>30.000 H I L I 10-300 ~.HIVJ~H


>10,000 H I L I 10-300 I L l'JI.H
v
v
>500 M I M I 5-100 I l I L
v
>75,000 HIM I 10-300 I MIL
v
>75,000 L I H I 5-100 I MIL
y
>40,000 L I L t 10-300 I L I L
None
II HI 50 I HIM linear

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~

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z

Rotam.t.,

00

Turbin.
Posltiv. Displacement
vort.x Shedding
Dopple,
0

Transit Tim.
MISS - COflOlut

Target

o
0

0
0
0

0
0

$)M
1011
None
2"
>0.25" 1/2% 10/1-50/1 $2-15 CSt
<12"
20/1 s8OQOCSt
>1"
20/1
1%
>10.000
>0.5 2-5%
1/1
Noft.
10/1
>0.5"
2-5%
None
1/4%
25/1
<6"
None
0
>0.5"-4" 1-112-5% 3/'
>100

1"

None
H M 10-200
H H None

M L

L L Line,r
L M.H Linea,

linear
Linear
Linear
L L Linear
H ~M Linear
H

M M lS-25D LM M
L M 5-200 L L

5-200
None
M L 10-200 L
L M

M H

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SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Application and Performance Comparison

Differential Element Flow Equations


The equations used to calculate the differential pressure created by an
orifice plate, integral orifice assembly and wedge element are listed
below. Direct calculations can be made using these equations.

Orifice Plate, Integral Orifice Assembly

(U .8.gprn")

5.668

F K

L __ " , {
0

h- G

h=

)2

Q(scfh)
77'Z1

F
(I

V(

pu

y.

K.

W(lblhr)
359. F
(I

22

liquid

Tf (

Pf

)2

y. K.

)2

'team

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Application and Performance Comparisons


Wedge Element

h=g (

f
h=

5.668 .

Kd 2

F.
a

Tf (

Pf

)2

q(U.S.gpml

liquid

)2

Q(scfh)

7727 ~

h= V (

F
a

Y .

pv

)2

W <lblhr)
359 .

F
a

Y.

Kd

Kd

gas

steam,

23

Table 30. ASME Piping Recommendations - All Fittings in Same Plane

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40

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30Q:

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D=60IAM.

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~

OR

TANK

30

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til

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\J. .....

UJ

....-=r

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~
0(

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,

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0.20
0.40
060
DIAMETER RATIO, J3

0.80

'0

I ' , , I ' I ' , , I ' , , , , , , , '0


0.80
0.20
0.40
0.60
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DIAMETER RATlO,,6
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o
z

Table 3'. ASME Piping Recommendations - Fittings in Different Planes


ORIFICE OR FLOW NOZZLE

ORIFICE OR FLOW NOZZ~

',1

-+

-....

In

~ iT---A -----TB I+-

10
DIAM.

LONG RADIUS BENDS

~~~7; ~~g~u1u~~~6~R

1-.
(

.......

I-

40

40

ORFI~R FL~OZZL~~ ~

~.:=:l

2DIAM.

so

ELLS.TUBE TURNS, OR

STRAIGH:ENING

I-

ti ~ ~

UJ

4.

a::

w
309:

~","I III I I

Q.

+.~ :~

l-

~~
If'cr, 0
tf'-'

~ .. ""'""!""""

0
I,/v '"

t" ~--

IiII""""

"-~1iIllI"

~-...

1,-

~.,

--

tt

;(

~~-:GI

I I I

120~
w
:2

1-1- ....

~1iIllI"

a::

I).. . . .
20~
en
-.. . -.. . ,..~E.~~ ~~;- . . ...a::

VANE2DIAM.LONG

30

<II(

UJ

o~

~I""-;:

Ixl I . . 110

18

f T
I I

0.20

0.40

0.60

DIAMETER RATlO,JJ

II

0.80

I I '

' I

' , , , , , , , , '0

0.20
0.40
0.60
DIAMETER RATIO,.s

0.80

XF703231

o Z
~ en
n ~
.~
o
z

,.

til

Table 33. ASME Piping RecommendationsAtmospheric Intake

Table 32. ASME Piping Recommendations-

With Reducers" Expanders

Z
::I- en
:a
~
ft

:!!

i
BELL MOUTHED ('ORIFICE DR
INLET
FLOW NOZZLE

_~RIF~E ;;;z~

..... In

~~ ~X=-1Blr~
-"\
STRAIGHTENING
VANES

- ........
- ~~

l- - -

'-Ill'"

~~

....

0:
I-

0.40

I...ljjjjll'

I-

:r:
~

IW
~

is
0.80

IJ
XF~703231

ex:

...

to ffi
0(

0.60

200::
CJ

CIl

o
DIAUETER RATIO,

-f-~
'--1-->-

AIR CONDITIONER

I-

I I I

0.20

~STRA7GHTeNING
VANE
2DIAM.LONG

<
a:

I I I I I

III

III

"{

20~

II!)

I I

III

W
Q.

I.....
r~~111""

--....

}4A~B~

30

==t::~~~
~1-

r-BYASREQUIREDn
PRECEDING
FITTINGS

III

J I

t;
a::

I
I I I I
I

fO

LU

0.20
0.40
o.eo
DIAttAETER RATIO, IJ

o 25
0.18
XF~703~231

o
z

Table 34. ASME Piping RecommendationsValves Regulators

Table 35. ASME Piping RecommendationsVenturi Tubes

......50

ORIFICE OR FLOW NOZZLE

0-1=1

~A----+B'"

40

t-e-A--I

STRAIGHTENING VANe

o~2:~-4B~
l-.-.

VENTURI

2 DIAM. LONG

~I-"I

-s
'4

--1--1--1--1-.................... 4-.... 2e

24

::=:II --"'Ift

'-,,-~to-t-.... ~~~

re--s-...l

18

-...............i-I-...

a:

t6 ....

_"lo..--143

~""""''''''''''+-It2

;C

.-......A-.....--I-oI-I to a::

,"&--'-.a.-~wq..~ ........... is

t;

1-I"'~~lI:I-J4.-I-~6f5
1-I=i=~~-I-"""~+-f4

....

l&.I

o ~

1-I-J-~-I-~J-+--I..lIII~-I-I-I--I-+-I--t-""""'-2-+-I to is
8

6
4
~~""~-I-""""""2

0.20
0040
0.80
DIAMETER RATIO,D

0.80
XF-703-231

0.40

0.60
0.80'
0.40
DIAMETER RATIO.IJ

0.10

0.80
XF-703-231

o::I. z

::a
~
n

~
II. a
z

GLOSSARY

Definition of Terms
Accuracy - A statement which defines the measurement error limit
when a device is used under specific operating conditions. It is usually
measured as inaccuracy and expressed as accuracy. Flowmeters
can be specified with percent of rate or percent of full scale accuracy.
Accuracy expressed as a percent of rate implies accuracy anyWhere
within the flow range of the device. Accuracy expressed as a percent
of span applies only at the maximum rate of flow of the device. The
absolute error obtained at full span is used to calculate accuracy at
lower flow rates.
Consider two flowmeters reading between 0 and 100 GPM. One meter
has a 1 % of rate accuracy, and the other has a 1 % of span
accuracy. At max flow the meter accuracies are identical. However at
10 GPM, the percent of rate device accuracy is 10 GPM 0.1 GPM
while the percent of span device accuracy is 10 GPM 1 GPM.

Beta Ratio - Represents the ratio of the meter bore diameter (d) to the
pipe bore diameter (D). A meter with a bore of 2.013" installed in a 4"
Schedule 40 pipe (I.D. 4.026) would have a Beta Ratio of 0.5. Low
Beta ratios relax tolerances on the configuration and installation of the
primary elements, but raise the pressure loss through the restriction
and reduce meter capacity.

Density - The property of a fluid expressed as weight or mass per


unit volume. Density is a function of temperature and pressure. For
some primary elements (differential producers), density is part of the
flow equation and directly affects measured rate. As an example, water
at 60' F has a density of 62.34 pounds per cubic foot. At 200' ~ the
density is 60.13 pounds per cubic foot.
Differential Pressure -The difference in absolute pressure between
the upstream and downstream sides of a restriction to flow. Differential
pressure is normally measured in inches of water.

28

GLOSSARY

Discharge Coefficient - No primary element follows Bernoulli's


Equation or Pouiseville's Law precisely. In an ideal world, void of friction
and physical phenomena, the Theory of Continuation would say thatthe
flow rate at any point in the piping system isexactlythe same regardless
of the pipe size. In the real world, we must take these effects into
consideration and account for them. Each and every meter has it's
own factor that accounts for the real world. This factor is called the
Discharge Coefficient. It is a ratio of the ACTUAL RATE OF FLOW to the
THEORETICAL RATE OF FLOW and is determined through laboratory
calibration, usually by the weight-time method.
Flow Coefficient - The flow coefficient, K, is an efficiency term defined
as K = C/(I-B4)112. This is a single parameter which accounts forthe
discharge coefficient and Beta Ratio.
Fluid - Fluids are substances that have the capability to flow and
conform to the shape of their containing vessels. All fluids have some
degree of compressibility and offer little resistance to change of form.
Fluids are normally categorized as liquids, gases or vapors (i.e., steam).
Liquids are practically incompressible and occupy definite volumes.
Gases and vapors are compressible and fill any volume in which they
are placed.
Head Meter - A meter where the fluid stream creates a differential
pressure across the primary element due, mainly, to the velocity and
density of the fluid.
Head Loss - Every meter uses energy in the form of pressure, or
head loss, to the system. In addition to primary element, all fittings,
valves, and even straight piping, reflect some degree of head loss. All
sources of head loss must be accounted for, and an equivalent amount
of energy imposed on the fluid (by pumps and compressors) to get
flow through the system.
Larninar Flow - Values of Reynolds Number below 2100 characterize
laminar flow. The velocity profile for fully developed laminar flow is
parabolic, with maximum fluid velocity occurring at the centerline of the
pipe, and decreasing to zero at the pipe wall. The fluid velocity at
centerline is twice the value of the average velocity in the pipe.

29

GLOSSARY

Linear Meter - A primary element which has an output that is directly


proportional to flow rate. Magnetic flowmeters, turbine meters, vortex
meters, etc., are all examples of linear devices. By contrast, an orifice
plate is a non-linear device, with flow rate being a square-root function
of the differential pressure.
Mass Flowimeter - Measures the true weight of a fluid per unit time
directly and without any compensation for fluid properties. An example
would be a Coriolis Force device.
Master Meter Calibration - Compares the output of the device in
question against a standard. The output of the meter being calibrated
is adjusted un~iI it agrees with the standard.
Newtonian Liquid - A liquid which has a constant viscosity at a given
temperature regardless ofthe rate of shear.
Open Channel Flow - Gravity flow through pipes, weirs, or flumes
where the liquid stream is not completely enclosed by solid boundaries.
Pipe Runs - Lengths of unobstructed, straight pipe with smooth internal
surface finish located upstream and downstream of a primary element.
The object of a pipe run is to eliminate velocity profile distortions and
swirl. The particular fittings used in the system and the sensitivity of
the primary element to velocity profile distortion determine the length
of runs required for proper performance.
Pressure -The force created by fluids on a surface is called pressure.
The unit of measure is force-per-unit-area. The way pressure is
observed, or the way it is discussed, can vary depending on specific
needs.

As examples:
1. The weight of a one square inch column of air above the earth's
surface is called ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. While 14.7 Pounds
per Square inch is generally used for this measurement, it will
depend upon the elevation of the area in which the measurement is
taking place.

30

GLOSSARY

2. GAUGE PRESSURE is a force-per-unit-area that is above or below


Atmospheric Pressure. Gauge pressure is always referenced to
Atmospheric Pressure and is a measure of deviation from
Atmospheric Pressure.
3. ABSOLUTE PRESSURE is a TOTAL PRESSURE and is the amount
of pressure over and above a full vacuum (- 14.7 psi). This
measurement is not referenced to Atmospheric Pressure, which
changes daily.
4. VACUUM is a measure that indicates pressure below Atmospheric
Pressure. The amount of vacuum indicates how far below. For
example 10 inches of Mercury Vacuum is a higher pressure than
15 inches of Mercury Vacuum, but a lower vacuum.
Pressure Recovery - The pressure decrease as fluid passes through
a restriction is a result of a conversion of potential energy to kinetic
energy. Some of this kinetic energy is dissipated in turbulence and by
friction. The rest is converted back to potential energy downstream of
the restriction, so a portion of the pressure drop is recovered. Pressure
recovery is determined by the geometry of the primary element.
Prover Calibration - Generally provided on signal generators
(Magnetic, Turbine, Vortex, etc.). A known volume is passed through
the meter in question and the meter's output compared to the known
volume. The volume is usually provided by a ballistic prover, which is
essentially a piston and cylinder. A precisely bored cylinder is
evacuated by a piston with a precise stroke length.
Primary Element - A device, usually in the form of a restriction, inserted
in the pipe line to develop a mechanical, electrical, or hydraulic force
for purposes of measuring flow.
Pulsating Flow - Flow is considered steady if cyclic changes in
characteristic variables are slower than approximately one-fifth of the
undamped natural frequency of the measuring system. Pulsating flow
is usually caused by reciprocating or rotating pumps, compressors,
turbines, chattering valves or liquid surges in low portions of gas or

31

GLOSSARY

vapor lines. Flowmeters usually provide indications greater than actual


flows under pulsating flow, and a meter with a rapid response time is
required to minimize error
Rangeability - The ratio of maximum flow to minimum flow over which
the specified accuracy of a primary element will be maintained.
Repeatability - The ability of a meter to indicate the same reading
each timethe same flow condition exists.
Resolution - A measure of the smallest increment of total flow that can
be measured.
Reynolds Number - The dynamic behavior of fluids depends heavily
on the relative magnitudes of frictional and inertial forces. Frictional
forces are dominant in low velocity streams and tend to produce
laminarflow. Inertial forces are greater when velocities are high and
produce turbulent behavior. The Reynolds Number is a single
dimensionless parameter formed as the ratio of inertial to viscous
forces. The magnitude of this term indicates whether flow is laminar
orturbulent and the subsequent shape of the velocity profile.

The Reynolds Number formulae for liquid, gas and steam follow:

RD

RD

(3160) (q) (gf)

liquid

(D)(u)

(0.482) (Q) (G)

Gas

=:

(D)(u)

RO

32

(6.32)(W)

(O)(u)

Steam

GLOSSARY

secondary Element - A transducer wh ich a m pUf ies the signa I from


a primary element. This unit may be mechanical, electrical, or
pneumatic.
Swirl - Represents angular momentum of the fluid that results in
rotational flow about the pipe axis. Swirl is the effect of fluid flow through
different combinations of pipe fittings, such as two close coupled 90'
elbowsout of plane.
Transition Flow - Characterized by Reynolds Numbers between 2100
and 3000. Flow takes on the properties of both laminar and turbulent
characteristics in this region.
Turbulent Flow - Values of Reynolds numbers from 3000 and higher
characterize turbulent flow. As Reynolds Number increases from the
laminar to turbulent region, the velocity profile flattens. Eventually, all
fluid particles travel at a uniform velocity (except near the pipe walls).
This is also called plug flow.
Velocity Profile Distortion -Any profile (either turbulent or laminar)
that is not symmetric about the center axis of the pipe. The result is a
slanted profile with fluid flowing faster along one side of the pipe than
along the other side. Such distortions are caused by flow through
fittings, partially closed valves, gaskets extending into the f low, etc.
Vena Contracta - The vena contracta is the point where a flow stream
occupies the minimum area after passing through a restriction. The
location and area of the vena contracta depends on the geometry of
the restriction andthe characteristics of the flow.
Viscosity - The measurement of resistance of a fluid to change shape.
Thecentipoise (cp) isthe mostcommon unit of measurement. Fluids with
a high viscosity are "thicker" than fluids with a low viscosity.
Volumetric Meter - Measures volumetric flow rate directly, without
any compensation for fluid property changes.

33

GLOSSARY

Weight I Time Calibration - The preferred method of calibrating a


differential producer. This method uses a precisely calibrated timer
and weight scale integrated into a flow loop with control valves, a diverter
and a read-out instrument. Taking the amount of flow, over time, and
comparing it to the readings from the device being calibrated produce
the meter coefficient. The accuracy of the calibration is a function of the
quality of the lab. Generally, calibrated accuracies of 0.25% to
0.5% are achieved.

Range, Span, Elevation and Suppresslon*


Range - The region between the limits within which a quantity is
measured, received, or transmitted, expressed by stating the Lower
and Upper Range Values.
Lower Range Limits - The range of input values over which a device
can be zeroed. (e.g., 3 psi output)
Lower Range Value - The actual value of input within the Lower Range
Limits to which a device has been zeroed.
Upper Range Limits - The range of input values over which a device
can be adjusted to obtain its maximum output. (e.g., 15 psi output)
Upper Range Value - The actual value of input within the Upper Range
Limits to which a device has been adjusted to obtain its maximum
output.
Span - The algebraic difference between the Upper and Lower Range
Values.
Span Limits - A range of input spans over which a device can be
adjusted.

34

GLOSSARY

T.able 39 pana
S
nd Ran~e Va ues

Lower Upper

Typical

Name

Range
0

I
I

- 25 0 + 100

1-1-1
-100

1--1
-100

zero

Range Span

Oto 100

based

+100

20

Range

Value Value

+100

Rang~

-20

1-1

+100

100

suppressed
zero
range

20 to 100

20

+100

80

elevated
zero
range

- 25to + 100

-25

+100

125

elevated
zero
range

-100toO

-100

100

elevated
zero
range

-100to-20

-100

-20

80

* Range, Span, Elevation and Supression terms from SAMASTD PMC

20.1 -1973

35

Table 40. Conversion Factors: Pressure


ArM

Kg/cm 2

in. H20
(68F)

0.068046

0.070307

27.7276

14.696

1.0332

407.484

760

29.921

14.2233

0.96784

394.38

735.559

28.959
0.073430

PSI
1

0.036092

0.002454

0.00253

1
0.53616

in.Hg
(32F)

kPa

BAR

51.7150

2.03602

6.895

0.06895

1.8651
1

0.0193368 0.0013158

0.0013595

0.491154

0.033421

0.03453

13.6185

25.4000

0.1450

0.00987

0.010197

4.0186

7.5006

14.5038

0.98692

1.01972

402.156

CJ

mmHg
(32F)

750.062

101.325

1.01325

98.096
0.249

0.98067
0.00249

0.03937

0.1333

0.001333

3.3864

0.033864

0.2953

0.01

29.53

100

~
CJ
o
o
z
<
m

~
5

CD

rn

Table

Gallon

Cubic

Feet

(U.S.)

0.1337

7.481

0.004329

0.0005787

42
0.000264
264.17

5.615
0.0000353
35.3144

0.264

0.0353

1.201

0.1606

4'

Cubic
Inches

II

Conversion Factors: Volume

Barrels
(Oil)

Cubic
CM

Meter

Cubic

0.003785

231

0.02381

3785

1728

0.1781

28320 0.028320

0.0001031

16.39 0.00001639

9702
0.06102
61023
61.03
277.4

1
6.29)( 10-6

159000 0.159
10-6

Liter

Imp
Gallon

3.785

0.8327

28.32
0.01639
158.94

0.001
~OOO

6.229
0.003605

34.97
0.000220

6.2906

106

0.0629

1000

0.001000

0.220

0.02860

4546

0.004546

4.546

t220.1

~
c
o
o
z
<
m
~
5

CAt

.....

,...OJ

CIJ

z
Table 42. Conversion Factors: Mass

lb.

oz.

Kg

gn

gal. H2O

Ton

Metric Tonne

(32F)
1

16

0.0625

2.205

35.27

0.002205

o
o
z
<
m

JJ
CIJ

oz

453.6

0.1198

0.0004464

0.0004536

0.02835

28.35

0.00747

2.79 x 1-5

2.84 X 10-5

1000

0.2642

9.839 x 10-4

10-3

CIJ

0.4536

0.03527

0.001

0.0002642

9.839 x 10-

10~

8.345

133.5

3.785

3785

0.003726

0.003786

2000

32,000

907.2

9.071x 106

239.60

.907

2204.6

35280

1000

106

264.11

0.9842

OJ

DATA AND CONVERSION TABLES

Table 43. Distance


Inch
1

Foot

0.083

12

0.3937
39.37

0.0328
3.28

Centimeter

2.54
30.48
1

100

Meter

0.0254
0.3048
0.010
1

Table 44. Time


Days

Seconds

Minutes

Hours

0.0167

2.778 x 10-4

1.16 x 10.5

60

0.0167

6.94 x 10.4

3600
86,400

60
1440

0.04162

24

Table 45. Density

Ib/ft)

gm/cm3

kg/m l

Ib/inJ

16.0184

62.43

0.0160184
1

0.06243

0.001

1728

27.68

1
27679.8

0.0005787
0.03613
3.613 x 10.5

1000

39

DATA AND CONVERSION TABLES

Table 46. Kinematic Viscosity

Stoke

Centistoke

ft2/sec

cm 2/sec

100

1.076 X 10-3

0.01

1.076 x 10- 5

0.01

929

92,900

929

100

1.076 X 10-3

Table 47. Absolute Viscosity


Poise

Centipoise

Pascal
Second

Ibmlft.sec

100

0.100

0.0672

0.01

0.0010

6.72 x 10-4

10

1000

0.0672

14.87

1487

1.48816

Table 48. Metric Prefixes

Kilo

40

Hedo

Deka

Deci

Centi

Milli

Micro

10

102

104

105

10 6

109

10

103

104

105

108

107

10.1

10-2

10- 1

102

103

104

10-4

10-3

10-2

10

102

105

10-s

10-4

10-3

10-1

10

104

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-2

10- 1

103

104

10-8

10.7

10-5

10-4

10-3

DATA AND CONVERSION TABLES

FORMULAE
Temperature Conversion

T ( F)

= (T ( C ) 1.8 ) + 32

TCOR)=460+T(OF)
TCOK)=273+T(OC)
Pressure

PSI ( absolute ) = PSI ( gage ) + 14.696


Viscosity

centipoise = centistokes specific gravity

centipoise

= (0.22

180-g
0

U ogf) - (

f)

Volume

( standard cubic

foot) = (actUal cubic foot ). ( p ~

P -T

* A cubic foot referenced to a standard

pressure. P (usually taken as

14.696 psia). and a standard temperature. T (usually taken as 520 R)

41

DATA AND CONVERSION TABLES

Density - Ideal Gas

= ( 144 MW P f ( psia) )
1545 T (0 R )

Volumetric to Mass Flow ( Ideal Gas)

W ( lb I hr )

42

= Q ( scfh ) MW 0.002634

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Tables


Temperature Conversions
The bold columns of figures refer to temperature, either Celsius or
Fahrenheit. In converting from Fahrenheit to Celsius the equivalent
temperature is found in the left-hand column; while converting from
Celsius to Fahrenheit, the equivalent temperature is found in the righthand column- Example: 100F is 37.8C; 100C is 212F:

Table 48. Temperature Conversions

30
31
32

8
9

-1.1
-0.6
0.0
0.6
1.1

-12.2 10
-11.7 11
-11.1 12
-10.6 13
-10
14

50.0
51.8
53.6
55.4
57.2

1.7
2.2
2.8
3.3
3.9

3S

38
39

95.0
96.8
98.6
100.4
102.2

59.0
60.8
62.6
64.4
66.2

4.4
5.0
5.6
6.1
6.7

40
41
42
43
44

104.0
105.8
107.6
109.4
111.2

68.0
69.8
71.6
73.4
75.2

7.2
7.8
8.3
8.9
9.4

45
46
47

113.0
114.8
116.6
118.4
120.2

77.0
78.8
80.6
82.4
84.2

10.0
10.6
11.1
11.7
12.2

-40
-38
-36
-34
-32

-40.0
-36.4
-32.8
-29.2
-25.6

-15.0
-14.4
-13.9
-13.3
-12.8

-34.4
-33.3
-32.2
-31.1
-30.0

-30
-28
-26
-24
-22

-22.0
-18.4
-14.8
-11.2
-7.6

-28.9
-27.8
-26.7
-25.6
-24.4

-20
-18
-1'
-14
-12

-4.0
-0.4
3.2
6.8
10.4

-9.4
-8.9
-8.3
-7.8
-7.2

15
16
17

-23.3 10
-22.2 -8
-21.1 -6
-20.0 -4
-18.9 -2

14.0
17.6
21.2
24.9
28.4

-6.7
-6.1
-5.6
-5.0
-4.0

20

32.0
33.8
35.6
37.4
39.2

-3.9
-3.3
-2.8
-2.2
-1.7

25
26
27

-17.8
-17.2
-16.7
-16.1
-15.6

3
4

41.0
42.8
44.6
46.4
48.2

-4.0
-36.9
-37.8
-36.7
-35.6

5
6
7

18
19

21
22
23
24

28
29

33

34

36
37

48
49
50

51

52
53

54

86.0
81.8
89.6
91.4
93.2

122.0
123.8
125.6
127.4
129.2

43

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Tables


Table 49. Temperature Conversions (ContI/d)

12.8 55
13.3 56
13.9 57
14.4 58
15.0 59

131.0
132.8
134.6
136.4
138.2

29.4
30.0
30.6
31.1
31.7

85
86
87

15.6
16.1
16.7
17.2
17.8

60
61
62
63

32.2
32.3
33.3
33.9
34.4

90
91
92

&4

140.0
141.8
143.6
145.4
147.2

18.3
18.9
19.4
20.0
20.6

65
66
67
68
69

149.0
150.8
152.6
154.4
156.2

35.0
35.6
36.1
36.7
37.2

95
96
97
98

21.1 70
21.7 71
22.2 72
22.8 73
23.3 74

158.0
159.8
161.6
163.4
165.2

23.9 75
24.4 76
25.0 77
25.6 78
26.1 79

80

26.7
27.2
27.8
28.3
28.9

44

81
82

83
84

185.0
186.8
188.6
190.4
192.2

54.5
55.6
56.7
57.8
58.9

130
132
134
136
138

266.0
269.6
273.2
276.8
280.4

194.0
195.8
197.6
199.4
201.2

60.0
61.1
62.2
63.3
64.4

140
142
144
146
148

284.0
287.6
291.2
294.8
298.4

99

203.0
204.8
206.6
208.4
210.2

65.6
66.7
67.8
68.9
70.0

150
152
154
156
158

302.0
305.6
309.2
312.8
316.4

37.8
38.9
40.0
41.1
42.2

100
102
104
106
108

212.0
215.6
219.2
222.8
226.4

71.1
72.2
73.3
74.4
75.6

160
162
164
166
168

320.0
323.6
327.2
330.8
334.4

167.0
168.8
170.6
172.4
174.2

43.3
44.4
45.6
46.7
47.8

110
112
114
116
118

230.0
233.6
237.2
240.8
244.4

76.6
77.8
78.9
80.0
81.1

170
172
174
176
178

338.0
341.6
345.2
348.8
352.4

176.0
177.8
179.6
181.4
183.2

48.9
50.0
51.1
52.2
53.3

120
122
124
126
128

248.0
251.6
255.2
258.8
262.4

82.2
83.3
84.4
85.6
86.7

180
182
184
186
188

356.0
359.6
363.4
366.8
370.4

88
89

93
94

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Tables


Table 49. Temperature Conversions (Cant'd)

C
87.8
88..9
90..0
91.1
92.2

190
192
194
196
198

374.0
317.6
381.2
384.8
388.4

123.9
126.7
129.4
132.2
135.0

255
260
265
270
275

491.0
500.0
509..0
518.0
527.0

210..0
215.6
221.1
226.7
232.2

410
420
430
440
450

770.0
788.0
806.0
824.0
842.0

93.3 200
94.4202
95.6 204
96.7 206
97.8 208

392.0
395.6
399.2
402.8
406.4

137.8 280
140.6 285
143.3290
146.1 295
148.9 300

536.0
545.0
554.0
563.0
572.3

237.8 460
243.3 470
248..9480
254.4490
260.0 500

860.0
878.8
896.0
914.0
932.0

98.9
100.0
101.1
102.2
103.3

210
212
214
216
218

410.0
413.6
417.2
420.8
424.4

151.7
154.4
157.2
160.0
162.8

305
310
315
320
325

581.0
590.0
599.0
608.0
617.0

265.6
271.1
276.7
282.3
287.8

510 950.0
520 968.0
530 986.0
540 1004.0
550 1022.0

104.4
105.6
106.1
107.8
108.9

220
222
224
226
228

428.0
431.6
435.2
438.8
442.4

165.6
168.3
171.1
113.9
176.7

330
335
340
345
350

626.0
635.0
644.0
662.0
662.0

293.3
298.9
304.4
310.0
315.5

5&0
570
580
590
600

110.0
111.1
112.2
113.3
114..4

230
232
234
236
238

446.0
449.6
453.2
456.8
460.4

179.4
182.2
185.0
188.2
190.6

355
360
365
370
375

671.0
680.0
689.0
698.0
707.0

321.1 610 1132.0


326.7 620 1148.0

115.6 240
116..7 242
117.8 244
118.3 245
121 . 1 250

464..0
467.6
471.2
473.0
482.0

193.3 380

716.0
725.0
734.0
743.0
752.0

348.9
354.4
360.0
365.5
371.1

196.. 1 385

198.9 390
201.7 395
204.4400

'1

630

1040.0
1058.0
1076.0
1094.0
1082.0

332.2 640 1166.0


377.8 650 1172.. 0
660
670
680
690
700

1220.0
1238.0
1226.0
1244.0
1262.0

45

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Tables


Table 50. Specific Gravity of Selected Liquids

Liquid
AceticAcid
Acetone
.. .
Alcohol, ethyl
Alcohol, methyl .. .. ..
Aluminum chloride

Temp DC
.
.
.
.
10%

20%
40%
Ammonium hydrodide ....

10%

20%
30%
Benzene
Chlorine
Ethylene glycol
Gasoline
Glycerin
Hydrochloric acid
Kerosene
Mercury
Nitric acid
Oil-linseed
Phosphoric acid
Potassium hydroxid
Silicone (OC-200)
Sodium chloride
Sodium hydroxide
Sulfur
Sulfuric acid

Turpentine
Water
Water-Sea

46

.
.
50%

.
.
.

10%

20%
30%

.
.

10%
30%
50%

.
.

.
.

10%

.
.
.
.

30% '"
50%
.
.
10%
20%
10%
30%
50%

.
.
.
.

10%
20%

30%

40%

.
.
.

SpGr

20/4
.
1.050
15..6/15.6 ..
.792
20/4
..789
20/4
.792
20/4
1.073
20/4
1.154
20/4
1.342
15/4
.960
15/4
.925
15/4
.895
20/4
.879
-33.. 6/4 ....
1.560
15..6115..6 ..
1.070
15.6/15..6 .
.751
0/4
.
1.260
20/4
.
1.047
20/4
.
1.098
20/4
.
1.149
15..6/15..6 ..
.820
15.. 6/15.6 .. 13.550
20/4
1.0554
20/4
1.180
20/4
1.310
15/4
.942
20/4
1.870
15/4
1.092
15/4
1.291
15J4 .....
1.514
15.6/15.6 ..
.920
20/4
1.071
1.48
20/4
20/4
.
1.109
20/4
. 1.328
20/4
.
1.525
572/4
.
1..78
20/4
1.066
20/4
..
1.139
20/4
.
1.218
20/4
.
1.303
15.6/15..6 ..
.873
15.6115.6 ..
1.000
15/4
.
' . 025

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Tables


Table S,. Density and Specific Gravity of Selected Gases
Densitv* Sp Gr
Formula
Ibslfti
Air
Gas or Vapor
C2 H2
0.07323
0.9073
Acetylene
.08071
1.0000
Air
.04813
0.596
NH 3
Ammonia
.11135
1.3796
A
Argon
.15725
2.0854
Butane (n)
C4 H,o
.1669
2.067
Butane. i50~H,o
.12341
1.5290
CO 2
Carbon dioxide
.07806
0.9671
CO
Carbon monoxide
.170
2.10
COS
Carbon oxtsulfide
.2006
2.486
el 2
Chlorine
.243
3.01
CI 20
Chlorine monoxide
.08469
1.0493
Ethane
C2 H6
.07868
0.9749
C2 H4
Ethylene
.1059
1.312
F2
Fluorine
.01114
O. 13804
He
Helium
.00561
0.06952
H2
Hydrogen
.2275
2.8189
HBr
Hydrogen bromide
.10233
1.2678
HCI
Hydrogen chloride
.3614
4.4776
HI
Hydrogen iodide
.09608
1.190
H2S
Hydrogen sulfide
.2315
2.868
Kr
Krypton
.04475
0.5544
CH 4
Methane
.08715
1.080
CH 3 NH 2
Methylamine
.1441
1.7848
CH 3Cl
Methyl chloride
.1317
1.6318
Methyl ether
(CH 3 hO
.09646
1.1951
CH 3 F
Methyl fluoride
.05621
0.69638
Ne
Neon
.08367
1.0366
NO
Nitric oxide
.07807
0.96724
N2
Nitrogen
.07846 0.9721
Nitrogen (atm..)
.1235
1.5297
Nitrous oxide
N2 0
.181
2.24
Nitroxyl fluoride
N02 F
.08921
1.10527
Oxygen
O2
.1338
1.658
Ozone
0]
.09548
1.1829
Phosphine
PH]
.30
3.7
Phosphorous oxyfluoride
POF 3
.363
4 ..494
Phosphorous pentafluoride PF s
.1254
1.554
Propane
C3Hs
. 1827
2.2638
Sulfur dioxide
S02
Density at 32F and 1 atmosphere

=,

47

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Tables


Table 52. Properties of Saturated Steam
Pressure
PSIA
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0

9.5

48

Temp
Of

53.14
59.30
64.47
68.93
72.86
76.38
79.58
85.21
90.08
94.38
98.24
101.74
107.92
113.26
117.99
122.23
126.08

129.62
132.89
135.94
138.79
141.48
147.57
152.97
157.83
162.24
166.30
170.66
173.56
176.56
179.94
182.86
185.64
188.28
190.80

Specific
Volume
cuftlb

1526.0
1235.3
1039.5
898.5
791.9
708.5
641.4
540.0
466.9
411.7
368.4
333.6
280.9
243.0
214.3
191.8
173.73
158.85
146.38
135.78
126.65
118.71
102.72
90.63
81.16
73.52
67.24
61.98
57.50
53.64
50.29
47.34
44.73
42.40
40.31

Pressure
PSIA
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
14.696
15.0

16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
21.0
22.0
23.0
24.0

25.0
26.0
27.0
28.0
29.0
30.0
31.0

32.0
33.0
34.0
35.0
36.0
37.0
38.0
39.0
40.0
41.0
42.0
43.0

Temp

OF

193.21
197.75
201.96
205.88
209.56
212.0
213.03
216.32
219.44
222.41
225.24
227.96
230.57
233.07
235.49
237.82
240.07
242.25
244.36
246.41
248.40
250.33
252.22
254.05
255.84
257.58
259.28
260.95
262.57
264.16
265.72
267.25
268.14
270.21
271.64

Specific
Volume
cuft Ib
38.42
35.14
32.40
30.06
28.04
26.80
26.29
24.75
23.39
22.17
21.08
20.089
19.192
18.375
17.627
16.938
16.303
15.715
15.710
14.663
14.189
13.746
13.330
12.940
12.572
12.226
11.898
11.588
11.294
11.015
10.750
10.498
10.258
10.029
9.810

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Table.


Table 52. Properties of Saturated Steam (Cont#d)

Pressure

Temp

Specific

Pressure

Temp

PSIA
79.0
80.0
81.0
82.0
83.0
84.0
85.0
86.0
87.0
88.0
89.0
90.0
91.0
92.0
93.0
94.0
95.0
96.0
97.0
98.0
99.0
100.0
101.0
102.0
103.0
104.0
105.0
106.0
107.0
108.0
109.0
110.0
111.0
112.0

ow:
311.16
312.03
312.89
313.74
314.59
315.42
316.25
317.07
317.88
318.68
319.48
320.27
321.06
321.83
322.60
323.36
324.12
324.87
325.61
326.35
327.08
327.81
328.53
329.25
329.96
330.66
331.36
332.05
332.74
333.42
334.10
334.77
335.44
336.11

Volume
PSIA
44.0
45.0
46.0
47.0
48.0
49.0
50.0
51.0
52.0
53.0
54.0
55.0
56.0
57.0
58.0
59.0
60.0
61.0
62.0
63.0
64.0
65.0
66.0
67.0
68.0
69.0
70.0
71.0
72.0
73.0
74.0
75.0
76.0
77.0
78.0

OJ:

273.05
274.44
275.80
277.13
278.45
279.74
281.01
282.26
283.49
284.70
285.90
287.07
288.23
289.07
290.50
291.61
292.71
293.79
294.85
295.90
296.94
297.97
298.99
299.99
300.98
301.96
302.92
303.88
304.83
305.76
306.68
307.60
308.50
309.40
310.29

cuftlb
9.601
9.401
9.209
9.025
8.848
8.678
8.515
8.359
8.208
8.062
7.922
7.787
7.656
7.529
7.407
7.289
7.175
7.064
6.957
6.853
6.752
6.655
6.560
6.468
6.378
6.291
6.206
6.124
6.044
5.966
5.890
5.816
5.743
5.673
5.604

Specific
Volume
cuftlb
5.537
5.472
5.408
5.346
5.285
5.226
5.168
5.111

5.055
5.001
4.948
4.896
4.845
4.796
4.747
4.699
4.652
4.606
4.561
4.517
4.474
4.432
4.391
4.350
4.310
4.271
4.232
4.194
4.157
4.120
4.084
4..049
4.015
3.981

49

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Table.


Table 52. Properties of Saturated Steam (Cont'd)

Pressure

Temp

Specific

Pressure

Temp

PSIA
143.0
144.0
145.0
146.0
147.0
148.0
149.0
150.0
152.0
154.0
156.0
158.0
160.0
162.0
164.0
166.0
168.0
170.0
172.0
174.0
176.0
178.0
180.0
182.0
184.0

Of
354.67
355.21
355.76
356.29
356.83
357.36
357.89
358.42
359.46
360.49
361.52
362.53
363.53
364.53
365.51
366.48
367.45
368.41
369.35
370.29
371.22
372.14
373.06
373.96
374.86

Volume
PSIA
113.0
114.0
115.0
116.0
117.0
118.0

119.0
120.0
121.0
122.0
123.0
124.0
125.0
126.0
127.0
128.0
129.0
130.0
131.0
132.0
133.0
134.0
135.0
136.0
137.0
138.0
139.0
140.0
141.0
142.0

50

of

336.77
337.42
338.07
338.72
339.36
339.99
340.62
341.25
341.88
342.50
343.11
343.72
344.33
344.94
345.54
346.13
346.73
345.32
347.90
347.90
349.06
349.64
350.21
350.78
351.35
351.91
352.47
353.02
353.57
354.12

cuftlb
3.947
3.914
3.882
3.850
3.819
3.788
3.758
3.728
3.699
3.670
3.642
3.614
3.587
3.560
3.533
3.507
3.481
3.455
3.430
3.430
3.381
3.357
3.333
3.310
3.287
3.264
3.242
3.220
3.198
3.177

Specific
Volume
cuftlb
3.155
3.134
3.114
3.094
3.074
3.054
3.034
3.015
2.977
2.940
2.904
2.869
2.834
2.801
2.768
2.736
2.705
2.675
2.645
2.616
2.587
2.559
2.532
2.505
2.479

Table 53. Corrosion Rates


A: Less than .005 per "lear
8: Less than .020 per "lear
C: Greater than .020 per Year
5: Generally Suitable
X: Not Recommended
-: NoData

Acetic Acid (Room Temp) ........


Acetic Anhydride ...............
Acetone .......................
Alcohols .......................
Aluminum Chloride (10-80%) ....
Aluminum Potassium Sulfate (Alum)
Anhydrous Ammonia ...........
Ammonium Hydroxide (Room Temp)
Benzene ................ .
Calcium Chloride ...............
Calcium Hydroxide ..............
Calcium Hypochlorite ...........
Chlorine Gas (Dry) ..............
Chlorine Gas (Wet) ..............
Chromic Acid ...................

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* Based on information from manufacturers' data.


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- s

S
X

X
X

Since corroSIon Involves many more variables than this table considers, such as trace
contaminants, aeration or temperature-concentration profile, the table should be used only as a guide In narrowing the choice of
materials that merit further investigation. Suitability of a particular material is best determined by field test.

(J)

~
5

::I
At

n
0
~

CD

m
m

r-

z
0

;3

-0

::I

r-

0-

-0

C5

5
z

cr

=I

...

Table 53. Corrosion Rates (Cont'd)

V"

..,4;

..,41
C

I-

va
.8... '"

Citric Acid ......................


Copper Sulfate .................
Ferric Chloride ..................
Ferrous Sulfate .................
Fruit Juice ......................
Glucose (50%) ..................
Hydrochloric Acid ...............
Hydrogen Chloride Gas (Dry) .....
Hydrofluric Acid ................
Hydrogen Peroxide .............
LactiC ACid .....................
Nitric ACid (Room Temp) .........
Phenol .........................
Phosphoric Acid ................
Potassium Chloride .............
Potassium Hydroxdide ...........
SeaWater .....................
Sodium Carbonate ..............
Sodium Chloride ............... '.
Sodium Hydroxide (Room Temp) .

C
C
C
C

C
C
C
C

Qi

t:IV

Qi

c:

"i

'c-v

"'i
.....
c

',:i
to

::::J

:::)

::s
c:

:!

"2

B
8
C
B
C
A
C

B
B
C
B
A
A

B
A
B
B
C

8
8
C
C
A

B
C
C
C
B

A
A
A
A
A

A
A
A
A
A

A
A
C

A
C

- -

B
A

B
C

C
C
B

C
B

...

::>..

tw't

9
B

GJ

Q.

.0

....,
t=

U)

to

C
B
A
B
B
B

to

A
A
A

A
C

A
A

C
B

A
A
B

A
B
B

A
B

I-

B
B
C

IV

C
B
C

.z

'ii

A
B

A
A
C
A

A
A

a:
A
A

..

c
0
:;::

f-

S
S
S
S

S
S
S
S

GJ

>.

S
S

S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S

-S

S
S
5
S
S
S
S
S
S
S

S
S
S
S
S

GJ

c:

:J

CII

fti
:;
....,

!0-

4V

S
S
S
S
S
X
X
X

S
S
S
S
S
5

s:.

!
::>

S
X
X
S
S
S

S
S
S
S

41

s
s
S

s
X

S
S

X
5
S
S

S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S

S
S
S

..a.
:I

ill

0-

:I

iI
.,.

en
m
r-

~
0
z

z
C

1J
1J

r-

0
Z

Table 53. Corrosion Rates (Coot'd)

.
..,

V\

c:
0
.n

...

'"
'"
~

Qj
c:

+'

<II
Q

U
>..
0
Qj

1;;

Qj

c:

Cii
..w
u

'2

:::J

::I

CI.'

Q.

;::

l-

ii:

I-

:::>

S
S
S

X
S
S
X
X
A

B
C

A
A

A
A

C
C

C
C

S
S
X
S
S
S

+'

C
C
C

C
C
A

:J

;;:

...

t...

'+i

0
~

c:

(V

to

co
r

A
B

..
...,

CI.'

;;

c:

c:

to
U

::I

co

ii
+'
c:

;;;

...
II

:::J

Sodium Nitrate (to 50%) .........


Sodium Sulfate ...............
Sodium Sulfite ......... ........
Steam .......................
Sulfur Dioxide (Wet Gas) ... ..
SulfurIC Acid (Room "Temp) ...
Sulfurous ACid . .

...

(V

..a
..a

co

to

- A
A
A -

ell

>..

-S
S

s::.

co

- -

0
<II

A
X
I

II
::I

a.

n
0
::I

en
m
r

ez

Z
0

;=
'1J
0::I

21 I

iI
cr

'1J

~
e
Ii z

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Tables


Table 54. Velocity in FtlSec ot H20 Thru 0.5" - 4'" Schedule 40 Pipe

GPM
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1~8

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
15

20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60

70

54

0.5Pipe

1-

1.5-

2-

3-

4'"

Pipe

Pipe

Pipe

Pipe

Pipe

1.06
1.27
1.48
1.69
1.90
2.11
2.32
2.53
2.75
3.17
4.22
5.28
6.33

1.11

1.49
1.86
2.23

0.95

8.45

2.97

1.26

10.56
15.84
21.12
26.40
31.68

3.71
5.57
7.43
9.28
11.14
12.99
14.85
16.70
18.56
22.27
25.98

1.58
2..37
3.16
3.94
4.73
5.52
6.30
7.09
7.88
9.47
11.05

0.96
1.43
1.91
2.39
2.87
3.35
3.83
4.30
4.78
5.74
6.70

1.09
1.30
1.52
1.74

1.95
2.17
2.60
3.04

1.01
1.13
1.26
1.51
1.76

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Table.


Table 54. Vel. in Ft/Sec H2 0 Thru 0.5" -4" Schedule 40 Pipe (Contd)
GPM

80
90
100
125

150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
550
600
650
700

0.5Pipe

1Pipe

1.5Pipe

29.70
33.4

12.62
14.20
15.76
19.70
23.64

27~

31.52

2-

3-

Pipe

Pipe

4Pipe

7.65
8.60
9.56
11.97
14.36
16.75
19.12
21.51
23.90
26.29
28.68
31.07

3.47
3.91
4.34
5.43
6.51
7.60
8.68
9.77
10.85
11.94
13.00
14.12
15.19
16.28
17.36
18.45
19.53
20.62
21.70
23.87
26.04
28.21
30.38

2.02
2.27
2.52
3.15
3.78
4.41
5.04
5.67
6.30
6.93
7.56
8.19
8.82
9.45
10.08
10.71
11.34
11.97
12.60
13.85
15.12
16.38
17.64

55

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Tables


Table 55. Velocity in FtlSec of H2 0 Thru 6
GPM

11f1
_

16'" Schedule 40 Pipe

6-

8-

10

12"

14-

16-

Pipe

Pipe

Pipe

Pipe

Pipe

Pipe

60
70
80

90
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850

56

0.90
1.11
1.39
1.67

1.94
2..22
2.50
2.78

3.05
3.33
3.61
3..89
4.. 16
4.44
4..72

5.00
5.27
5.55
6.11
6.66
7.22
7.78
8.33
8.88
9.44

0.96
1.12
1.28
1.44
1.60
1.76
1.92
2.08
2.24
2.40
2.56
2.73
2.89
3.04
3.21
3.53
3.85
4.17
4.49
4.81
5.13
5.45

1.02
1.12
1.22
1.32
1.42
1.52
1.62
1.72
1.83

1.00
1.07
1.14
1.22
1.28

1.93
2.03
2.24
2.44
2.64
2.85
3.05
3.25
3.46

1.43
1.58
1.72
1.76
2.01
2.15
2.29
2.44

1.36

1.01
1.06
1.13
1.19
1.30
1.42
1.54
1.66
1.77
1.89
2.01

1.09
1.18
1.27
1.36
1.45
1.54

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Tables


Table S5. Vel. in FtJSec H20 Thru 6- - 16- Schedule 40 Pipe (Cont'd)

,-

GPM

8-

10-

12-

Pipe

Pipe

Pipe

Pipe

900
950
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2500

9.99
10.55
11.10
12.22
13.33
14.43
15.55
16.66
17.77
18.88
19.99
21.11
22.22
27.78
33.33

5.77
6.09
6.41
7.05
7.70
8.33
8.98
9.62
10.26
10.90
11.54
12.18
12.82
16.03
19.24
22.44
25.65
28.87
32.06

3000

3500
4000
4500
5000
6000
7000

8000

3.66
3.86
4.07
4.48
4.88
5.29
5.70
6.10
6.51
6.92
7.32
7.73
8.14
10.17
12.20
14.24
16.27
18.31
20.35
24.41
28.49

2.58
2.72
2.87
3.15
3.44
3.73
4.01
4.30
4.59
4.87
5.16
5.45
5.73
7.17
8.60
10.03
11.47
12.90
14.33
17.20
20.07
22.93

14Pipe
2.13
2.25
2.37
2.61
2.85
3.08
3.32
3.56
3.79
4.03
4.27
4.51
4.74
5.93
7.2
8.30
9.49
10.67

11.86
14.23
16.60
18.98

16Pipe

1.63
1.73
1.82
1.99
2.18
2.36
2.54
2.72
2.91
3.09
3.27
3.45
3.63
4.54
5.45
6.36
7.26
8.17
9.08
10.90
12.71
14.52

57

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Table.


111

Table 56. Velocity in FtlSec of H20 Thru 78'" - 24 Schedule 40 Pipe

GPM

18Pipe

20

24-

Pipe

Pipe

1500
1600
1700

58

1800

2.58

2000

2.88

2500

3.59

3000

4.31

3.45

3500

5.03

4.03

4000

5..74

4.. 61

3.19

4500

6.47

5.19

3..59

5000

7.17

5..76

3.99

6000

8..62

6..92

4..80

7000

10..04

8.06

5..68

8000

11.48

9.23

6.38

9000

12..92

10.. 37

7.. 19

10000

14.37

11.53

7.96

12000

17.. 23

13.83

9..57

14000

20.10

16.14

11.18

16000

22.96

18.43

12.77

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Table.


Table 57. Physical Properties of Water

Temp.
Of

32

40

SO
60
70
80
90
100

110
120
130

140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
212
220
240
260
280
300
350
400
450
500
550

600
700

Saturation
Pressure
PSIA

.08854
.12170
.17811
.2563
.3631
.5069
.6982
.9492
1.2748
1.6924
2.2225
2.8886
3.718
4.741
5.992
7.510
9.339
11.526
14.123
14.696
17.186
24.969
35.429
49.203
67.013
134.63
247.31
422.6
680.8
1045.2
~ 542.9
a093.7

Density
IbIft!

Specific
Gravity

Weight
Iblgal.

62.42
62.42
62.38
62.34
62.27
62.19
62.11
62.00
61.84
71.73
61.54
61.39
61.20
61.01
60.79
60.57
60.35
60.13
59.88
59.81
59.63
59.10
58.51
57.94
57.31
55.59
53.65
51.55
49.02
45.87
42.37
27.10

1.001
1.001
1.000
1.000
.998
.997
.996
.994
.991
.990
.987
.984
.981
.978
.975
.971
.968
.964
.960
.959
.956
.947
.938
.929
.919
.891
.860
.826
.786
.735
.679
.434

8.345
8.345
8.340
8.334
8.325
8.314
8.303
8.289
8.267
8.253
8.227
8.207
8.182
8.156
8.127
8.098
8.068
8.039
8.005
7.996
7.972
7.901
7.822
7.746
7.662
7.432
7.172
6.892
6.553
'6.132
5.664
3.623

59

a (J)
.. m
, hi

Table 58. Pipe Diameters

&

Inside Pipe Diameter

6: ..

ii!
Cc

.- E

~.~
za
1/2
3/4

1
1-1/4
1-1/2

2
2-1/2

3
4
5
6
8
10

Stainless Steel Pipe

Carbon Steel Pipe


Sched
10

Sched

Sched

Sched

Sched

20

40

60

0.622
0.824
1.049

1.380
1.610

2.469

2.067

Sched

Sched

80

105

405

80S

ST

EX

:::I

0.546

0.466

0.6674 0.622

0.546
0.742

0.622
0.824

0.546

_
;3

0.742

o:::I

0.957

1.049

0.957

1.278
1.500

1.350
1.610

1.278
1.500

0.742

0.612

0.957
1.218
1.500

0.815
1.160

1.338

1.939

1.687

2.323
2.900
3.826

2.125

7.813

7.625

10.250 10.020

9.750

9.562

8.500

8.125

a. 0
n Z

Sched

2.624
3.438
4.313
5.187
6.813

..:::I Q
-

Sched
160

3.068
4.026
5.047
6.065
1.981

Iron Pipe

4.813

5.161

0.884

0.824

1.097 1.049
1.442 1.380
1.682 1.610
2.157 2.067
2.635 2.469
3.260 3.068
4.260 4.026
5.295 5.047
6.357 6.065
8.329 7.981
10.420 10.020

1.939

2.061

1.939

2.323

2.469

2.323

2.900
3.826
4.813
5.161

3.068
4.026
5.047
6.065
7.981

2.900
4.813
5.161
7.625

9.750 10.020

9.750

7.625

3.826

0
"'D

"'D

r-

iI
~
a- ::t
-I
0Z

Table 58. Pipe Diameters (Cont-d)

i: ..
-..E .eE

Inside Pipe Diameter

o.~

za
12
14
16

Sched
20

Sched
40

Sched

Scheel

60

80

Sched
10S

17.500 17.376 16.876 16.500 16.124 14.438 17.624


19.500 19.250 18.812

28

30
32
34
36

Sched
405

Sched

80S

Iron Pipe

ST

EX

12.250 11.938 11.626 11.374 10.126 12.390 12.000 11.750 12.00 11.750
13.250 13.000
13.500 13.376 13.124 12.812 12.500 11.188 13.624
15.500 15.376 15.000 14.688 14.312 12.812 15.624
15.250 15.000

18

26

eft

Sched
10

Sched
120

20
22
24

..

Stainless Steel Pipe

Carbon Steel Pipe

fI ..

18.376 17.938 16.062 19.564


20.250 19.750 17.750 21.564

21.500 21.250
23.500 23.250 22.624 22.062 21.562 19.312 23.500
25.376 25.000
27.376 27.000

29.376 29.000
31.376 31.000
33.312 33.000 32.624
35.376 35.000 34.500

29.376

17.250 17.000
19.250 19.000
21.250 21.000
23.250 23.000
25.250 25.000
27.250 27.000
29.250 29.000
31.250 31.000
33.250 33.000
35.250 35.000

a en

I ~
II
:I

a.
n
o

i;3

g
~

a-

0-

1J

o
~

a
Z

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Tables


Table 59. Orifice Coefficient (K) Values - 2" Pipe
Reynolds #
Beta
8.000

10.000

15,000

20.000

30,000

50,000

100.000

500.000

0.100
.150

0.6048
.6016

0.6046
.6011

0.6043
.6005

0.6041
.6002

0.6039
.5999

0.6037
.5997

0.6036
.5995

0.6035
.5983

.200
.250

.6007
.6021

.6000
.6012

.5991
.6001

.5986
.5995

.5982
.5990

.5979
.5985

.5976
.5982

.5974
.5979

.300
.350

.6058
.6110

.6047
.6099

.6032
.6089

.6025
.6070

.6018
.6061

.6012
.6053

.6007
.6049

.6005
.6043

0400
.450

.6185
.6284

.6166
.6259

.6142
.6225

.6129
.6209

.6117
.6192

.6107
.6179

.6099
.6169

.6095
.6161

.500
.550

.6419
.6600

.6384
.6553

.6339
.6490

.6316
.6458

.6293
.6436

.6275
.6402

.6261
.6384

.6250
.6368

.600
.625
.650
.675

.6837
.6984
.7150
.7338

.6773
.6910
.7062
.7238

.6688
.6809
.6945
.7095

.6644
.6759
.6886
.7028

.6601
.6708
.6828
.6962

.6567
.6668
.6781
.6908

.6541
.6638
.6746
.6868

.6521
.6614
.6718
.6836

.700

.7546

.7429

.7272

.7192

.7115

.7053

.7006

.6968

Table 60. Orifice Coefficient (K) Values - 3" Pipe


Reynolds #
Beta
8,000

10,000

15.000

20,000

30.000

50.000

100.000

500,000

0.100
.150

0.6004
.5983

0.6001
.5975

0.5996
.5967

0.5992
.5963

0.5992
.5961

0.5990
.5958

0.5989
.5955

0.5988
.5953

.200
.250

.5992
.6027

.5984
.6017

.5974
.6002

.5968
.5994

.5963
.5988

.5958
.5982

.5955
.5978

.5952
.5974

.300
.350

.6067
.6123

.6055
.6106

.6037
.6085

.6028
.6073

.6019
.6061

.6012
.6052

.6007
.6045

.6002
.6039

0400
.450

.6201
.6306

.6178
.6275

.6147
.6233

.6132
.6213

.6117
.6192

.6104
.6175

.6094
.6163

.6089
.6153

.500
.550

.6444
.6651

.6408
.6591

.6351
.6510

.6322
.6471

.6294
.6427

.6271
.6398

.6254
.6369

.6241
.6354

.600
.625
.650
.675

.6917
.7080
.7266
.7477

.6834
.6982
.7151
.7343

.6722
.6850
.6998
.7163

.6666
.6785
.6922
.7973

.6610
.6719
.6845
.6983

.6566
.6667
.6782
.6911

.6532
.6628
.6737
.6858

.6506
.6596
.6700
.6815

.700

.7715

.7559

.7350

.7245

.7143

.7058

.6996

.6946

62

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Tables


Table 67. Orifice Coefficient(K) Values-4" Pipe
Reynolds #
Beta
8,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

30,000

50,000

100,000

500,000

0.100
.150

0.5975
.5974

0.5971
.5066

0.5967
.5956

0.5964
.5951

0.5961
.5947

0.5959
.5943

0.5958
.5941

0.5957
.5940

.200
.250

.6000
.6038

.5990
.6025

.5977
.6006

.5970
.5995

.5963
.5989

.5958
.5984

.5955
.5979

.5951
.5975

.300
.350

.6081
.6135

.6065
.6116

.6044
.6090

.6034
.6076

.6023
1.6064

.6015
.6053

.6008
.6045

.6003
.6039

.400
.450

.6214
.6324

.6188
.6289

.6152
.6242

.6135
.6218

.6119
.6194

.6105
.6175

.6094
.6161

.6086
.6150

.500
.550

.6481
.6692

.6431
.6625

.6364
.6535

.6330
.6484

.6296
.6439

.6271
.6400

.6251
.6371

.6235
.6350

.600
.625
.650
.675

.6991
.7173
.7378
.7613

.6891
.7054
.7238
.7448

.6757
.6896
.7054
.7229

.6690
.6817
.6958
.7120

.6623
.6737
.6864
.7010

.6569
.6674
.6790
.6923

.6530
.6626
.6735
.6857

.6498
.6588
.6690
.6804

.700
.725
.750

.7878
.8182
.8557

.7685
.7958
.8295

.7421
.7760
.7946

.7301
.7512
.7774

.7172
.7362
.7600

.7071
.7253
.7461

.6994
.7163
.7356

.6932
.7081
.7272

Table 62. Orifice Coefficient(K) Values- 6" Pipe


Reynolds #
Beta

8,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

30,000

50,000

100,000

500,000

0.100
150

0.5956
.5984

0.5950
.5974

0.5942
.5961

0.5938
.5955

0.5934
.5949

0.5931
.5942

0.5929
.5938

0.5927
.5936

.200
.250

.6021
.6058

.6008
.6042

.5990
.6020

.5981
.6009

.5972
.5998

.5965
.5990

.5960
.5982

.5955
.5977

.300
.350

.6100
.6159

.6081
.6135

.6055
.6103

.6041
.6087

.6028
.6071

.6018
.6058

.6012
.6048

.6003
.6040

.400
.450

.6241
.6366

.6209
.6322

.6166
.6263

.6145
.6232

.6124
.6202

.6107
.6179

.6095
.6161

.6085
.6148

.500
.550

.6481
.6708

.6396
.6583

.6354
.6521

.6311
.6459

.6276
.6410

.6250
.6372

.6231
.6343

.600
.625
.650
.675

.7014
.7207
.7425
.7673

.6836
.6993
.7171
.7374

.6747
.6887
.7044
.7214

.6658
.6781
.6918
.7974

.6587
.6695
.6817
.6954

.6533
.6632
.6741
.6857

.6490
.6580
.6681
.6795

.700

.7952
.8274
.8658

.7600
.7862
.8179

.7425
.7666
.7937

.7254
.7451
.7698

.7109
.7306
.7505

.7003
.7163
.7361

.6919
.7067
.7246

:;~~

63

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Tables


N

Table 63. Orifice Coefficient (K) Values- 8 Pipe


Reynolds #
Beta
8,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

30,000

50,000

100,000

500,000

0.100
.150

0.5956
.5998

0.5949
.5986

0.5940
.5969

0.5935
.5961

0.5930
.5952

0.5926
.5946

0.5923
.5942

0.5921
.5938

.200
.250

.6039
.6075

.6022
.6056

.6000
.6029

.5989
.6016

.5977
.6003

.5969
.5992

.5863
.5984

.5958
.5978

.300
.350

.6119
.6179

.6096
.6151

.6065
.6112

.6049
.6093

.6034
.6073

.6022
.6059

.6013
.6047

.6005
.6038

.400
.450

.6266
.6400

.6229
.6348

.6180
.6278

.6155
.6243

.6130
.6209

.6110
.6181

.6095
.6161

.6084
.6141

.500
.550

.6603
.6892

.6527
.6780

.6425
.6631

.6373
.6556

.6325
.6481

.6284
.6422

.6252
.6376

.6229
.6341

.600
.625
.650
.675

.7296
.7551
.7839
.8169

.7131
.7353
.7603
.7889

.6912
.7088
.7237
.7515

.6803
.6956
.7129
.7329

.6691
.6824
.6971
.7142

.6605
.6719
.6847
.6992

.6539
.6640
.6751
.6880

.6486
.6515
.6676
.6790

.700
.725
.750

.8542

.8212
.8586
.9022

.7772
.8067
.8416

.7552
.7808
.811 1

.7332
.7548
.7809

.7154
.7340
.7565

.7023
.7185
.7383

.6918
.7062
.7272

Table 64. Orifice Coefficient (K) Values- 10" Pipe


Reynolds #
Beta
8,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

30,000

50,000

100,000

500,000

0.100
.150

0.5962
.6005

0.5953
.5995

0.5942
.5975

0.5936
.5968

0.5930
.5958

0.5926
.5950

0.5922
.5944

0.5919
.5939

.200
.250

.6054
.6092

.6035
.6069

.6009
.6042

.5996
.6027

.5983
.6012

.5972
.6000

.5965
.5988

.5959
.5980

.300
.350

.6136
.6196

.6110
.6164

.6074
.6129

.6056
.6100

.6039
.6079

.6025
.6063

.6015
.6050

.6007
.6040

.400
.450

.6287
.6433

.6246
.6374

.6191
.6296

.6163
.6257

.6147
.6218

.6114
.6187

.6097
.6163

.6084
.6144

.500
.550

.6656
.6989

.6570
.6857

.6454
.6681

.6396
.6593

.6337
.6505

.6291
.6435

.6257
.6381

.6229
.6339

.600
.625
.650
.675

.7441
.7720
.8059
.8439

.7247
.7487
.7778
.8104

.6988
.7176
.7404
.7656

.6859
.7021
.7216
.7432

.6728
.6865
.7028
.7209

.6626
.6742
.6878
.7031

.6548
.6649
.6766
.6895

.6486
.6575
.6676
.6788

.8474
.8897
.9370

.7943
.8272
.8644

.7678
.7960
.8735

.7413
.7647
.7753

.7201
.7397
.7408

.7042
.7210
.7299

.6915
.7060
.7213

.700
.725
.750

64

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Tables

This page left blank intentionally for notes

65

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Table.


Table 68. Conductivities of Aqueous SOlutions

Chemical Name

Formula

%By Temp
Weight Of
(OC)

Conductivity
pS/cm

Acetic Acid

CH 3C02 H

10

64 (18) 1.53 x 103

Ammonia

NH 3

4.01

59 (15) 1.10 x 103

Butryic Acid

C3H7C0 2 H

15.03 64 (18) 9.55 x 102

Cadmium Chloride

Cd CI 2

Cadmium Sulfate

Cd S04

64 (18) 1.46 x 1()4

Calcium Chloride

C.CI 2

25

64 (18) 1.78 x 105

Cupric Sulphate

CUS04

10

64 (18) 3.20 x 104

Formic Acid

HC0 2H

Hydrobrom ic Acid

HBr

64 (18) 1.67 x 104

39.95 64 (18) 9.84 x 103

10

59 (15) 3.55 x 105

Hydrochloric Add

HCI

20

S9 (15) 7.62 x 105

Hydroflouric Acid

HF

1.5

64 (18) 1.98 x 104

lithium Chloride

liCI

10

64 (18) 1.22 x 105

Lithium Sulfate

LiS04

10

S9 (15) 6.10 x 1()4

20

64 (18) 1.40x 105

Magnesium Chloride MgCI2


Magnesium Sulfate

MgS04

10

59 (15) 4.14x 104

Nitric Acid

HN0 3

31

64(18) 7.82 x 105

Phosphoric Acid

H3P04

35

59 (15) 1.86x 105

Potassium Bromide

KBr

20

S9 (15) 1.91 x 105

Potassium Chloride

KCI

15

64(18) 2.02 x 105

16.8

59 (15) 4.46 x 10 5

Potassium Nitrate

KN0 3

15

64(18) 1.19 x 105

Potassium Sulfate

K2 S04

10

Potassium Sulfide

K2S

9.93

Proprionic Acid

C3 H60 2

20.02 64(18) 1.04x 103

Potassium Hydroxide KOH

66

64 (18)

8.6 x 104

64 (18) 2.34)( 105

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Table.


Table 68. Conductivities of Aqueous Solutions (Cont'd)

Chemical Name

Formula

%By Temp
Weight (Oe)

Conductivity
1JS/cm

C2 H3Nao2
NA2C0 3

20

64(18) 6.51 x 1()4

Sodium Carbonate

10

64(18) 7.05)( 104

Sodium Chloride

NACI

15

64 (18) 1.64x 105

Sodium Hydroxide

NAOH

20

64(18) 2.72)( 105

Sodium Sulfate

NA2S04

10

64 (18) 6.87)( 104

Sulfuric Acid

H2 SO4

SO

64(18) 5.41 )( 105

Zinc Chloride

ZnCl 2

20

59 (15) 9.12)( 1()4

Zinc Sulfate

ZnS04

15

64(18) 4.15)( 104

Sodium Acetate

67

SELECTION AND APPLICATION


Data and Conversion Tables
Table 69. Viscosity of Various Gases

Temp Viscosity
Centipoise
Of
Acetylene
.00935
323

32
104
444
633
674
768

Air
.0171
.0190
.0264
.0305
.0312
.0341

Ammonia
.0092
32
.0098
68
.0128
212
.0146
302
.0181
482

32
68
212
392

Argon
.0210
.0222
.0269
.0322

Benzene
0
40
70
100
200

.0065
.0070
.0075
.0080
.0091

Temp

OF

Viscosity
Centipoise

Butylene
66
.0074
212
.0095

carbon Dioxide
144
.0090
76
.0106
32
.0139
68
.0148
86
.0153
Carbon Monoxide
32
.0166
.0172
59
260.8
.0218
Chlorine
122
.0147
212
.0168
302
.0187
392
.0208

32
63

Ethane
.0085
.0090

Ethylene
.0091
68
.0101
122
.0110
212
.0126

32

Butane

0
40

70
100
200

68

.0075
.0080
.0085
.0090
.0104

32
68

Helium
.0186
.0194

Temp Viscosity
Of Centipoise
Hydrogen
-172
.0057
-143.5
.0062
-25
.0077
.0084
32
.0088
69
264
.0182

Hydrogen Chloride
54.4
.0139
.0141
61.8
212
.0182
Hydrogen Sulfide
.0117
32
.0124
62.6
212
.0159
Methane
.0102
32
68
.0109
212
.0133
Nitrogen
-6.7
.0156
.0171
51.6
.0178
81
261
.0219
440
.0256

Oxygen
32
.0189
67
.0262
262
.0257
440
.0302

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Tables


Table 69. Viscosity of Various Gases (Cont'd)

TeMp Viscosity
If Centipoise

n-Pentane
77
212

.0068
.0101

Temp
Of

Viscosity
Centipoise

Propylene
.0083
.0093

62
122

Propane
64.2
213

Temp
Of

Viscosity
Centipoise

Sulfur Dioxide
32
.0116
64.4 .0124
68.9 .0125
213
.0161

.0079
.0101
Table 70. Viscosity ot Various Liquids

Temp Viscosity
of Centipoise
Acet;cAcid

59
64
77
86
106
212

1..31
1.30
1.155
1.04
1.00
.43

Acetic Anhydride

32
59
64

1.24
.971

86

.783
.490

212

.90

Acetone
14.0
.'450
.399
32.0
.337
59.0
. 316
77.0

Temp Viscosity
OF
Centipoise

Temp Viscosity
Of
Centipoise

Ammonia

Chlorine Liquid
-40
.505
-20
.462

-92
-58
-40
-28

.475
.317
.276
.255

Benzene
32
50
68
86
104
122

.912
.758
.652
.564
.503
.442

20
60
100

Ethlbenzene

63

32
59
68
86
104
140

1.329
1.038
.969
.843
.739
.585

.691

Ethylene Glycol

68
104
140

carbon
Tetrachloride

.400
..350
.313

176

19.9
9.13
4.95
3..02

Ethylene Oxide

-57
37
5.8
32.0

.577
.488
.394
.320

69

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Tables


Table 70. Viscosity of Various Liquids (Cont'd)
Temp Viscosity
GF
Centipoise

Fluorobenzine
.598
68
.389
140
.275
212
Glycerine
32 12110
43 6260
59.0 2330
1490
68
77
954
629
86
Heptane
.524
32
.461
63
.409
68
77
.386
.271
104
Hexane
.401
.326
.294
77
104
.271

32
68

Hydrochloric
Add 31.5%
3.4
0
2.9
20
2.5
40
2.0
60
1.8
80
1.6
100
140

70

.2

Temp Viscosity
of
Centipoise

Temp Viscosity
of
Centipoise

Iodine Liquid
241
2.27

Nitric Acid
32
2.275

Isoheptane
32
.481
68
.384
104
.315

Nitrobenzene
2.91
37
42
2.71
2.48
50
68
2.03

Isohexane
32
.376
68
.306
104
.254

Nitromethane
32
.853
77
.620

Isopentane
32
.273
68
.223
Methyl Alcohol
(Methane)
-48
1.98
32
.82
59
.623
68
.597
86
.510
Methyl Chloride
0
.25
20
.23
40
.21
60
.19
100
.16
Naphthalene
176
.967
212
.776

n.. Octane
32
68

104

.706
.524
.433

Pentane
.289
.240
68

32

Phenol
2.7
3.49
2.03
194
1.26

65
122
158

Phosphorous Liquid
71
2.34
2.01
88
110
1.73
123
1.60
140
1.45
158
1.32

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Tables


Table 70. Viscosity of Various Liquids (Cont'd)

Temp Viscosity
Of Centipoise
Sodium Hydroxide

70
100
120
140
160
200
220
2.50

100
40
25
1S
9.S
3.7
2.4
1.4

Sodium Liquid

26
40
60
100

140

2.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
.85

Temp

Viscosity

Of

Centipoise

Sulfur (Gas Free)


253
276
301
314
317
319

10.9
8.7
77.1
7.2
7.6
14.5

Temp Viscosity
Of
Centipoise
SuHuric Acid
32
48.4
59
32.8
68
25.4
86
15.7
104
11.5
122
8.82
140
7.22

Sulfur Dioxide
-28
.5508
13
.4285

32

.3936

71

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Table.


Table 71.. Viscosity Curves for Selected Liquids
m
I{ \

lila:

J{\ ,
.0

J1~

2.0

'\

'0ll.#""

.9.""-.
8 ~,

.1
.6
.5
.4

"

'\\

i\ '~

~\ ,~

~~ ~ ~

,,~'II ~

, " '- "'-. '""

'"

~~

03"
.2

~-

J\.
.1

"

.08

.01
.06
.05
.04

.'-

-~

"-

'I..'X' ......

'-.'1

"-

"""'-

"'OIil~

=" '""'"
'\..

""'-

"

""""

"-"""

"' "'
"-

'"

............

'" ~ ~ ~ """'--..

::::::: r=::::: :::::::....


~

""

"'" --....
'-

r-.....

---. .........

I".

"-

i\
\

""'-

"-

"'ll"'-..

.....,

.m

-40

40

80

120

160

200

248

280

.320

360

t - T'qIeraluJe, in Deeren Fahrenheit

1. Carbon Dioxide
2. Ammonia
3. Methyl Chloride
4. Sulphur Dioxide
5. Freon 12
6. freon 114
7. Freon 11
8. Freon 113
9. Ethyl Alcohol
10. Isopropyl Alcohol

C02

I 1. 20" SulphUric Acid

NH3
CH3CI

12. Dowtherm E
13. Dowtherm A
14. 2096 SOdium Hydroxide
15. Mercury
16. 10% Sodium Chloride Brine
17. 20% Sodium Chloride Brine
,e. 10% Calcium Chloride Brine
19. 20% calcium Chloride 8rine

52
F12
F114

F."
f113

20% NaOH

'0% NaCI
20% NaCI
20% CaCI2

20% eaoZ

Example: The viscosity of ammonia at 40F is 0 14 centipoise.

72

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Tables


Table 72. Viscosity Curves for Selected Liquid Petroleum Products
4'-

!tl'lnn

21

1~

.........
1

\
\

1\

1........
800

1\

1\ ,
1&

200

.\

13\

1
80
60

12

40
30
20

~,'

.2

1""

~\

'

\ 1\:
\

1"..'
"'"
~~

\.

~~

1'00", ~'

1.\ \ \
~i\.' 1\
\. ~\ \ \
\~~,

~'~,

~
r--.

-2F ~

.1

\.
\

"

r"'oo

r--'Ioo-.

\1 \

1'1.'-':"""0-

...... r-.,

..
.3-I: .--

\\ 1\ \ \

...........

1.0 ~_
.81---- cs
.6
.4~

IS'~

32

\ \

~\

14 , . " \
~
~~~

10

ft

""

.......

11"",

1
8

f'

.......

~!'-_.

..

""-

.........
~~;

" " r,

._"'-

'"

"

.08

'"

.0

10

20

30 40

60 80 100

200

300 4IIl

600 800 10lXJ

I - Temper,lure. in Delr.s FalJrenlieit

7. Kerosene

9. 48 Deg. API Crude


10. 40 oeg. API Crude
11. 35.6 Deg. APt Crude
12. 32.6 Deg. API Crude
13. Salt Creek Crude
14. Fuel 3 (Max.)
15. Fuel 5 (Min.)

8. Distillate

16. SAE 10 Lube (100 V.I.)

1. Ethane (C2 Hti>

2. Propane(C] Hs)
3. Butane ((4 H10)
4. Natural Gasoline
5. Gasoline
6. Water

17. SAE 30 lube (loa V.I.)


18. FuelS (max.) or
Fuel 6 (Min.)
19. SAE 70 lube (100 V.I.)
20. Bunker C Fuel (Milx.) "
M. C. Residuum

21. Asphalt

Example: The viscosity of water at 125F is 52 centipiose (Curve 6)

73

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Tables


Table 73. Viscosity of Water
2.0
1.8

1\

1.6
.~1.4
~
~1.2

:\
\

fl.O
~0.8
-0
~0.6

Q)

..

,
~

\
1\

'-

"

0.4

ro-....

""'r---.Io-.

0.2

- I - - ~I--

1--......

r-to~

Temperature, in Degrees Fahrenheit

Table 74. Orifice Expansion Factor (Fa)

1.012
1.011
1.010

I T

1.009

J'/ ,/
L/ If)
J'I /

I ')
J'l ~t--Monel 8
cIJ If/ IHostelloy
I I I

1.007
Fa 1.006
1.005

J'l~
rJ

1.004

"!J ~ r--Jr,

1.003
1.002

Carbon Steel J

~
)~

1.00 I

74

_304 a
316 sST i'-.

1.008

1.000

2~)0

4l)0
61)0 800
Temperature-OF

100o

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Tables


Table 75. Gas Expansion Factor (Y)

0.97
For HID

0.5

use

_fJ_

0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

1.0

~f -

1.5

2.0

inches HzO/psio

0.38
0.50
0.60
0.70

XA-904-5H1)

Table 76. Correction Factors for Specific Gravity, Pressure and


Temperature for Flowing Conditions

~/

v ...

2.0

uca

l/

u..
c:

.70

~fIII'"

.60
.50

l...o'
ll...o'"

.JIll"
~

.40

.10

1.0

.90
.80

.~

.30
1.0
Specific Gravity

10
A-01'-421

75

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Tables

Table 77. Correction Factors for Specific Gravity, Pressure and


Temperature for Flowing Conditions
3.0

2.0

\,
~

1.0
.90
.80
.70

'\.

"

"-

200

100

~~

300

.60

-.........

400

.50

r-----..-. r---.....

500

-----

800

700

600

r----

Saturated Steam Pressure CPSIG)

.40

.30

900

A-011-422

Table 78. Correction Factors for Specific Gravity, Pressure and


Temperature for Flowing Conditions
1.8

1.7
1.6

;:;

~
~

1.5

1.4

1.3

;:; 1.1

1.2

---

----

~V
~V

0.8
-100

100

200

300

400

500

600

Flowing Temperoture-F

76

-'~

--~

. . . V~

"uo 1.0
0.9

"".-

700

800

900

1000

E-0l1-175(1)

Table 79. Correction Factors for Specific Gravity, Pressure and Temperature for Flowing Conditions

---

3.0
2.5
2.0

~"""'"

'.8

"""'-

1.6

-----

...............

............

1.4

1.2

.....

lL

......

1.0

.g 0.9
~ 0.8

"

"'- ..............

............

g 0.7

""'-.

0.6

""'~

U 0.5

.......

0.4I

::::I

,~

a.

I"""-l
o.~

10

20

40

60

Flowing Preslure - PSIG

80 100

200

400

600 80010 00

F-011-78(11

~
0
z

; "1J

o::::I

....
a-

-----

en
m
r

"1J

0
Z

SELECTION AND APPLICATION

Data and Conversion Tables


NOTES

78

Rev 2.14.03

Retail Value
$15.00

All
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Copyright 2004 ABS Inc. All rights reserved.
BK - Flowmeter Hndbk 01.04

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