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Shear Walls

Load Distribution to Shear Walls


Shear wall stiffness
Shear walls with openings
Diaphragm types
Types of Masonry Shear Walls
Maximum Reinforcement Requirements
Shear Strength
Example: simple building

Shear Walls

Shear Walls: Stiffness

___________

Lateral Force
Resisting System
__________

h/d < 0.25

0.25 < h/d < 4.0

_____ stiffness
predominates

Both shear and


bending stiffness
are important
Shear Walls

h/d >4.0

_______ stiffness
predominates
2

Shear Wall Stiffness


9.1.5.2 Deflection calculations shall be based on cracked section
properties. Assumed properties shall not exceed half of gross section
properties, unless a cracked-section analysis is performed.
Cantilever wall

cant

kcant

Em t
2

h h
4 3
L L

Fixed wall (fixed against rotation at top)

fixed

k fixed

Em t
2

h h

L L

h = height of wall
Av = shear area; (5/6)A for
a rectangle
Ev = G = shear modulus
(modulus of rigidity);
given as 0.4Em
(4.2.2.2.2)
Ev = ___________, where
is Poissons ratio
t = thickness of wall
L = length of wall

Real wall is probably between two cases; diaphragm provides some


rotational restraint, but not full fixity.
Shear Walls

T- or L- Shaped Shear Walls


Section 5.1.1 Wall intersections designed either to:
a) ____________________:
b) ____________________
Connection that transfers shear: (must be in running bond)
a) Fifty percent of masonry units interlock
b) Steel connectors at max 4ft.
c) Intersecting bond beams at max 4 ft. Reinforcing of at least 0.1in2 per foot of wall

Metal lath or wire


screen to support grout

2-#4s

1/ in. x 11/ in. x 28in.


4
2
with 2in. long 90 deg
bends at each end to
form U or Z shape

Shear Walls

Effective Flange Width (5.1.1.2.3)


Effective flange width on either side of web shall be
smaller of actual flange width, distance to a movement
joint, or:
Flange in compression: 6t
Flange in tension:
Unreinforced masonry: 6t
Reinforced masonry: 0.75 times floor-to-floor wall
height

Shear Walls

Example: Flanged Shear Wall


Given: Fully grouted shear wall
Required: Stiffness of wall
112in.

Solution: Determine stiffness from basic


principles.
A
Find centroid from outer flange surface
7.62in48in 3.81in 7.62in40in 20in
y
11.16in
671in 2

40in.

Elevation
6t=48in.

56in.

Plan
Av
Shear Walls

Example: Flanged Shear Wall


k

1
P
P

0.157in Em
3
3
Ph
Ph

112in
112in

3Em I n Av Ev 3Em 86000in 4 305in 2 0.4 Em

Shear Walls

h 3 2kt kt kb 2kb 3 12h

1
6 EI kt 2kt kb kb 5 EA

kt 1 kb

M t Vh

k
2
k
k
k
t b
b
t
kb 1 kt

M b Vh
k t 2k t kb k b
As the top spandrel decreases in height,
the top approaches a fixed condition
against rotation.

kt

kb

h
ht
h
hb

Top spandrel

Divide wall into piers.


Find flexibility of each pier
Stiffness is reciprocal of flexibility
Distribute load according to stiffness

hb

1.
2.
3.
4.

ht

Shear Walls with Openings

Bottom spandrel

If hb = 0
h 3 2 kt 12h

1
f
6 EI 2kt 1 5 EA
kt

M t Vh

2
k
1
t

1 kt

M b Vh

2
k
1
t

Qamaruddin, M., Al-Oraimi, S., and Hago, A.W. (1996). Mathematical model for lateral stiffness of shear walls
with openings. Proceedings, Seventh North American Masonry Conference, 605-617.
Shear Walls
10

Example - Shear Walls with Openings


Required:
A. Stiffness of wall
B. Forces in each pier under
10 kip horizontal load

4ft

4ft

Given:

8ft

2ft

4ft

2ft

6ft

2ft

Shear Walls

11

Example - Shear Walls with Openings


Sample calculations: Pier B
h = 4ft
I

ht = 4ft

hb = 8ft kt = h/ht = 4ft/4ft = .0

tL3

12

kb = h/hb = 4ft/8ft = 0.5

A tL 2 ft t

h 3 2kt kt kb 2kb 3 12h

1
6 EI kt 2kt kb kb 5 EA

1
1

0.0210 Et
f 47.6 / Et

Shear Walls

12

Example - Shear Walls with Openings


Pier h (ft) ht (ft) hb (ft) kt

kb

I (ft3) A (ft)

12

inf 0.667t

2t

308.4 18 326.4/Et 0.0031Et

1 0.5 0.667t

2t

41.6

47.6/Et 0.0210Et

1 0.5 0.667t

2t

41.6

47.6/Et 0.0210Et

f is flexural deformation; s is shear deformation


Total stiffness is 0.0451Et
Average stiffness from finite element analysis 0.0440Et
Solid wall stiffness 0.1428Et (free at top); 0.25Et (fixed at top)

Shear Walls

14

Example - Shear Walls with Openings


Sample calculations: Pier B

Vb

kb

0.0210 Et
10k 4.66kips
0.0451Et

kt 1 kb

M t Vh

k
2
k
k
k
t b
b
t
kb 1 kt

M b Vh
kt 2kt k b k b

Pier

V (kips)

Mt (k-ft)

Mb (k-ft)

0.68

3.50

4.66

4.66

11.19

7.46

4.66

11.19

7.46

Shear Walls

15

Example - Shear Walls with Openings


To find axial force in piers, look at FBD of top 4ft of wall.

Moment
direction
on piers

4ft

10k

0.68k
3.50k-ft
2ft

4.66k
11.19k-ft

4ft

2ft

6ft

4.66k
11.19k-ft
2ft

This 65.9k-ft moment is carried by axial forces in the piers. Axial forces are
determined from Mc/I, where each pier is considered a concentrated area.
Find centroid from left end.

y A
A
i

Shear Walls

17

Example - Shear Walls with Openings


The axial force in pier A is:
4.45k
FBDs of piers:

3.50k-ft
0.68k

0.45k

11.19k-ft
4.66k

B
A

4.66k
0.45k 7.46k-ft

4.90k

11.19k-ft
4.66k

C
4.66k
4.90k 7.46k-ft

0.68k
4.45k 4.66k-ft
Shear Walls

19

Example - Shear Walls with Openings


FBDs of entire wall to obtain forces in bottom right spandrel:
10k

10k 0.68k Fx 0
Fx 9.32k

4.45k Fy 0
Fy 4.45k

10k (16 ft ) (4.66k ft )

4.45k (1 ft ) 4.45k (11 ft ) Mz 0


Mz 110.8k ft

0.68k
4.45k 4.66k-ft

Fy=4.45k

Fx=9.32k
Mz=110.8k-ft
Shear Walls

21

Shear Walls with Openings


Shear walls with openings will be composed of solid wall portions, and
portions with piers between openings.
Piers:
Requirements only in strength design
Length 3 x thickness; width 6 x thickness
Height < 5 x length
Factored axial compression 0.3Anfm (9.3.4.3.1)
One bar in each end cell (9.3.4.3.2)
Minimum reinforcement is 0.0007bd (9.3.4.3.2)

Shear Walls

22

Shear Walls: Building Layout


1. All elements either need to be isolated, or will participate in carrying
the load
2. Elements that participate in carrying the load need to be properly
detailed for seismic requirements
3. Most shear walls will have openings
4. Can design only a portion to carry shear load, but need to detail rest of
structure

Shear Walls

23

Coupled Shear Walls

________ Shear Wall

___________ Shear Wall


Shear Walls

24

Diaphragms

Diaphragm: _____________ system that transmits


____________ forces to the vertical elements of the lateral load
resisting system.
Diaphragm classification:
______________: distribution of shear force is based on
tributary ________ (wind) or tributary _______ (earthquake)
____________: distribution of shear force is based on
relative ______________.

___________

Lateral Force
Resisting System
__________

Typical classifications:
__________: Precast planks
without topping, metal deck
without concrete, plywood
sheathing
_________: Cast-in-place
concrete, precast concrete with
concrete topping, metal deck
with concrete

Shear Walls

25

Rigid Diaphragms
RRi
RRi

Direct Shear:

Fv V

Torsional Shear:

Ftt Ve

RRi d i
RRi di2

V = total shear force


RRi = relative rigidity of lateral force resisting element i
di = distance from center of stiffness
e = eccentricity of load from center of stiffness
Shear Walls

26

Diaphragms: Example

RR = 5

RR = 1

50 ft

50 ft

RR = 4

Given: The structure shown is


subjected to a 0.2 kip/ft horizontal
force. Relative rigidities are given,
where the relative rigidity is a
normalized stiffness.
Required: Distribution of force
assuming:
flexible diaphragm
rigid diaphragm.

0.2 kip/ft

PLAN VIEW

Shear Walls

27

Flexible Diaphragms: Example

RR = 5

RR = 4

For seismic, the diaphragm load would


be distributed the same (assuming a
uniform mass distribution), but when
wall weights were added in, the forces
could be different.

50 ft

50 ft

RR = 1

Solution: Flexible diaphragm wind


Distribute based on tributary area

PLAN VIEW

Shear Walls

28

Rigid Diaphragms: Example

1
2
3

0
50
100

4
5
1

0
250
100

10

350

RR = 1
Wall 3

x(RR)

Wall 2

RR

RR = 5

Wall 1

Wall

RR = 4

Solution: Rigid diaphragm

Total

50 ft

50 ft

Center of stiffness = 350/10 = 35 ft


Wall

RR

d (ft)

RR(d)

RR(d2)

Fv

Ft

Ftotal

1
2
3

4
5
1

-35
15
65

-140
75
65

4900
1125
4225

8
10
2

-4.1
2.2
1.9

3.9
12.2
3.9

Total

10

350

10250

20

0.0

20

Shear Walls

29

Diaphragms Design Forces


0.2 kip/ft

Solution: Forces are shown


for a rigid diaphragm.
The moment is generally
taken through chord forces,
which are simply the moment
divided by the width of the
diaphragm. In masonry
structures, the chord forces
are often take by bond
beams.

50 ft

50 ft

3.9 k

3.9 k

6.1

3.9

V (k)

12.2 k

19.5 ft

-3.9

-6.1
38

38

M (k-ft)
-55
Shear Walls

30

Drag Struts and Collectors

Shear forces: generally considered


to be uniformly distributed across the
width of the diaphragm.
Drag struts and collectors: transfer
load from the diaphragm to the
lateral force resisting system.

PLAN VIEW

w
v

L/3

L/3

L/2

vL/2

vL/2

vL

WEST WALL ELEVATION

EAST WALL ELEVATION


Shear Walls

31

Diaphragm Behavior
Three lateral force resisting systems: Length=20 ft; Height=14 ft
W16x40

E = 1800 ksi
Face W16x40
shell bedding
End cells fully grouted

W14x68

W14x68

W24x68

Moment Resisting Frame


k = 83.2 kip/in

L 4x4x5/16

L 4x4x5/16

Braced Frame
k = 296 kip/in

Masonry Shear Wall


k = 1470 kip/in

Lateral force resisting systems at 24 ft o.c. Diaphragm assumed to be


concrete slab, E=3120ksi, =0.17, variable thickness, load of 1 kip/ft.
Diaphragm
Lateral Force
Resisting System
24 ft

24 ft

Shear Walls

32

Diaphragm Behavior

Shear Walls

33

Shear Walls
_____________ (unreinforced) shear wall (7.3.2.2): Unreinforced wall
_____________ (unreinforced) shear wall (7.3.2.3): Unreinforced wall with
prescriptive reinforcement.
Structurally connected floor and roof levels

Within 16 in. of top of wall

40db or 24 in.
8 in.

8 in.
Corners
and end
of walls

16 in.

Control
joint

10 ft.

Joint reinforcement at 16 in. o.c. or bond beams at 10 ft.


Reinforcement not required at openings smaller than 16 in. in either vertical or horizontal direction

Reinforcement of at least 0.2 in2


Shear Walls

34

Shear Walls
_____________ reinforced shear wall (7.3.2.4): Reinforced wall with
prescriptive reinforcement of detailed plain shear wall.
______________ reinforced shear wall (7.3.2.5): Reinforced wall with
prescriptive reinforcement of detailed plain shear wall. Spacing of vertical
reinforcement reduced to 48 inches.
___________ reinforced shear wall (7.3.2.6):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Maximum spacing of vertical and horizontal reinforcement is min{1/3 length of


wall, 1/3 height of wall, 48 in. [24 in. for masonry in other than running bond]}.
Minimum area of vertical reinforcement is 1/3 area of shear reinforcement
Shear reinforcement anchored around vertical reinforcing with standard hook
Sum of area of vertical and horizontal reinforcement shall be 0.002 times gross
cross-sectional area of wall
Minimum area of reinforcement in either direction shall be 0.0007 times gross
cross-sectional area of wall [0.0015 for horizontal reinforcement for masonry in
other than running bond].
Shear Walls

35

Minimum Reinforcement of Special Shear


Walls
Reinforcement Ratio
0.0007

0.0010

0.0013

8 in. CMU wall


As (in2/ft)

Possibilities

0.064

#4@32
#5@56

12 in. CMU wall


As (in2/ft)

Possibilities

0.098

#4@24
#5@32
#6@48

0.092

#4@24
#5@32
#6@40

0.140

#4@16
#5@24
#6@32

0.119

#4@16
#5@32
#6@40

0.181

#5@16
#6@24

Use specified dimensions, e.g. 7.625 in. for 8 in. CMU walls.
Shear Walls

36

Special Shear Walls: Shear Capacity


Minimum shear strength (7.3.2.6.1.1):
Design shear strength, Vn, greater than shear
corresponding to 1.25 times nominal flexural
strength, Mn
Except Vn need not be greater than 2.5Vu.

Normal design: Vn has to be greater than Vu. Thus, Vn has to be greater


than Vu/ = Vu/0.8 = 1.25Vu. Thus, the requirement approximately doubles the
shear.

Shear Walls

37

Seismic Design Category


Seismic Design Category

Allowed Shear Walls

A or B
C
D and higher
Shear Wall

Response modification factor:


Seismic design force divided by response
modification factor, which accounts for
ductility and energy absorption.
Knoxville, Tennessee
Category C for Use Group I and II
Category D for Use Group III (essential
facilities

Ordinary plain

1.5

Detailed plain

Ordinary reinforced

Intermediate reinforced

3.5

Special reinforced

Shear Walls

38

Maximum reinforcing (9.3.3.5)


No limits on maximum reinforcing for following case (9.3.3.5.4):
Mu
1 and R 1.5
Squat walls, not designed for ductility
Vu d v
In other cases, can design by either providing boundary elements or limiting
reinforcement.
Boundary element design (9.3.6.5):
More difficult with masonry than concrete
Boundary elements not required if:

Pu 0.1 f m A g

geometrically symmetrical sections

Pu 0.05 f m A g

geometrically unsymmetrical sections

AND
Mu
1
Vu lw

OR

Vu 3 An f m

AND

Mu
3
Vu lw

Shear Walls

39

Maximum reinforcing (9.3.3.5)


Reinforcement limits: Calculated using
Maximum stress in steel of fy
Axial forces taken from load combination D+0.75L+0.525QE
Compression reinforcement, with or without lateral ties, permitted to be
included for calculation of maximum flexural tensile reinforcement

Uniformly distributed reinforcement


= 1.5 ordinary walls
= 3 intermediate walls
= 4 special walls
Compression steel with area
equal to tension steel

mu P

0.64 f m b
d
As
y
v
mu

dv

f y y mu

y
mu
mu P

0.64 f m b
bd
As
mu
y

d
bd

f y min mu mu y , y Es

Shear Walls

40

Maximum reinforcing
Consider a wall with uniformly distributed steel:
y
Cm Cs Ts P
y
mu

Strain
fy

0.8fm

Steel in tension

Stress

Steel in
compression

mu
Cm 0.8 f m 0.8
d v b


mu
y

y y y 1 y

Ts f y As


2 y
mu
y
y

Portion of steel
in tension

Yielded
steel

Elastic
steel

mu
mu y 1 y

Cs f y As


2 mu
mu
y
mu

mu
mu 0.5 y

f y As


mu
y

mu

As taken as total steel


dv is actual depth of masonry
Shear Walls

mu 0.5 y

f y As

y
mu

41

Maximum reinforcing
Ts Cs Cm P
mu
0.5 y
y 0.5 y

f y As y
f y As mu
Ts C s f y As



y
y
y
mu
mu
mu
y mu

0.8 f m 0.8 mu
Ts Cs f y As
d v b P Cm P

mu
y
y
mu

P
mu

0.64bf m
d

As
mu
y
v

dv
mu

fy y

mu
y

Shear Walls

42

Maximum reinforcing, s = 4y

Shear Walls

43

Maximum reinforcing, s = 3y

Shear Walls

44

Maximum reinforcing, s = 1.5y

Shear Walls

45

Shear Strength (9.3.4.1.2)


Vn Vnm Vns g

0.8

M
Vm 4.0 1.75 u Anv
Vu d v

A
Vs 0.5 v f y d v
s
Maximum Vn is:

g = 0.75 for partially grouted


shear walls and 1.0 otherwise

Mu/Vudv need not be taken > 1.0


Pu = axial load

f m 0.25Pu

Vertical reinforcement shall not be less than onethird horizontal reinforcement; reinforcement shall
be uniformly distributed, max spacing of 8 ft (9.3.6.2)

4 A

Vn 6 Anv
Vn

nv

f m g

Interpolate for values of


Mu/Vudv between 0.25 and 1.0

( M u / Vu d v ) 0.25
( M u / Vu d v ) 1.0

4
M
Vn 5 2 u Anv
Vu d v
3
Shear Walls

f m g

46

Partially Grouted Walls


Vexp / Vn

Method

Mean

St. Dev.

Partially Grouted Walls (Minaie et al, 2010; 60 tests)


2008 Provisions

0.90

0.26

Multiply shear strengths by Ag/An

1.53

0.43

Using just face shells

1.77

0.78

Fully Grouted Walls (Davis et al, 2010; 56 tests)


2008 Provisions

1.16

0.17

0.90/1.16 = 0.776; rounded to 0.75

2013 Draft Code Changes

47

Example
Given: 10ft. high x 16 ft long 8 in. CMU shear wall; Grade 60 steel,
fm=2000psi; 2-#5 each end; #5 at 48in. (one space will actually be 40 in.);
superimposed dead load of 1 kip/ft. SDS = 0.4
Required: Maximum seismic load based on flexural capacity; shear steel
required to achieve this capacity.
Solution: Check capacity in flexure using 0.9D+1.0E load combination.
Weight of wall: 38 psf(10ft) = 0.38 k/ft
(Wall weight from lightweight units, grout at 48 in. o.c.)

Pu = (0.9-0.2SDS)D = (0.9-0.2*0.4)(1k/ft+0.38k/ft)
= 0.82(1.38k/ft) = 1.13 k/ft
Total = 1.13k/ft(16ft) = 18.1 kips

Strength Design

48

Example
Solve for stresses, forces and moment in terms of c, depth to neutral axis.
T1

T2

T3

T4

C2

C1

8 in

c
52 in
92 in
140 in
188 in

Shear Walls

49

Example
Use trial and error to find c such that Pn = 18.1 kips/0.9 = 20.1 kips
Pn = C1 + C2 T1 T2 T3 T4
c = 14.85 inches

C1 = 97.6 kips; C2 = 15.5 kips

T1 = 37.2 kips; T2 = 18.6 kips; T3 = 18.6 kips T4 = 18.6 kips (all yielded)

Sum moments about middle of wall (8 ft from end) to find M


Mn = 37.2(188-96) + 18.6(140-96) + 18.6(92-96) + 18.6(52-96) +
97.6[96-8/2] + 15.5[96-8-(0.8*14.85-8)/2]
Mn = 13660 kip-in = 1140 kip-ft; Mu = 0.9(1140 kip-ft) = 1025 kip-ft
Seismic = Mu/h = (1025 kip-ft)/(10ft) = 102.5 kips

Strength Design

51

Example
Calculate net shear area, Anv, including grouted cells.

Net area:

Net area

Anv 2.5in192in 5(8in)(7.62in 2.5in) 685in 2

M u / Vu d v Vu h / Vu d v 10 ft / 16 ft 0.625
Maximum Vn

Maximum Vu

Vu 0.8Vn 0.8114.9kips 91.9kips

Maximum shear controls; seismic = 91.9 kips


Strength Design

52

Example
Top of wall (critical location for shear):
Pu = (0.9-0.2SDS)D = 0.82(1k/ft) = 0.82 k/ft
Total: 0.82k/ft(16ft) = 13.1 kips

Vnm 4.0 1.750.625 685in 2

Vns

Vn gVnm

Use #5 bars in bond beams.

A
Vns 0.5 v f y d v
s

2000 psi 0.2513.1kips 89.0kips

114.9 0.7589.0k
64.2k
0.75

Determine spacing.

0.5 Av f y d v
Vns

Use __ bond beams, spaced at ____ in. o.c. vertically.


Strength Design

54

Example: Maximum Reinforcing


Check with boundary elements:

Geometrically symmetrical section:

0.1fmAn = 0.1(2.0ksi)(685in2) = 137 kips

Check with Pu = (1.2+0.2SDS)D = 1.28(1.38k/ft) = 1.77 k/ft

Total = 1.77k/ft(16ft) = 28.3 kips OK

Since Mu(Vudv) = 0.625 1 No boundary elements required

Maximum reinforcement provisions satisfied

If we needed to check maximum reinforcing, there are at least two ways. These
are shown on the following slides.
A live load of 1 k/ft is assumed for maximum reinforcement calculations.

Strength Design

56

Example: Maximum Reinforcing


Check on axial load:
a) Set steel strain to limit and find c
b) Find axial load for this c
c) If applied axial load is less than axial load, OK

Steel strain = 1.5y = 0.00310


c = 0.0025/(0.0025+0.00310)*192 = 85.7 in.
From spreadsheet, Pu = 258 kips
Pu = D+0.75L+0.525QE = (1.38k/ft + 0.75(1k/ft))16ft = 34.1 kips

OK

Note: Did not include compression steel which is allowed when checking
maximum reinforcement.
If compression steel had been included, Pu = 299 kips

Strength Design

57

Example: Maximum Reinforcing


Find steel strain for given axial load:
a) Through trial and error (or solver), find c for given axial load
b) Determine steel strain
c) If steel strain greater than limit, OK

P = 34.1 kips (from D+0.75L+0.525QE)


c = 20.4 in. (from spreadsheet and solver)
s = (192-20.4)/20.4*0.0025 = 0.0210 = 10.2y

OK

Note: Did not include compression steel which is allowed when checking
maximum reinforcing.
If compression steel had been included: c = 11.3 in. s = 0.0400 = 19.3y

Strength Design

58

Example: Special Shear Wall


If this were a special shear wall:

Vn shear corresponding to 1.25Mn (7.3.2.6.1.1)

1.25Mn = 1.25(1140 k-ft) = 1425 k-ft


Vn = Mn/h = 1425k-ft/10ft = 142.5 kips
Vn = 142.5k/0.8 = 178.1kips
But, maximum Vn is 114.9 kips (64% of required).
Cannot build wall. Need to fully grout to get greater shear capacity.

Strength Design

59

Example: Special Shear Wall


Fully grouted:
Use spreadsheet to find Mn corresponding to Pn = 20.1 kips
Mn = 1156 kip-ft; Mu = 1041 kip-ft

a 1.4% increase

Seismic = 104.1 kip-ft


1.25Mn = 1.25(1156 k-ft) = 1445 k-ft
Vn = Mn/h = 1445k-ft/10ft = 144.5 kips
Vn = 144.5k/0.8 = 180.6kips

Anv 7.625in.196in. 1494in 2

Vnm 4.0 1.750.625 1494in 2

2000 psi 0.2513.1kips 194.2kips

No shear steel required; choose horizontal reinforcement to satisfy


prescriptive requirements.
Strength Design

60

Example: Special Shear Wall


Prescriptive reinforcement:

Minimum reinforcement in either direction: 0.0007A

Vertical: 0.0007(1494 in2) = 1.05 in2

7-#5s provided: 7(0.31 in2) = 2.17 in2

Spacing is min{1/3 length of wall, 1/3 height of wall, 48 in.} =


in./3, 120 in./3, 48 in.} = min{64, 40, 48 in.}

Need to decrease spacing of vertical reinforcement to 40 inches

OK
{192

Use spacings of 40, 32, 40, 32, 40 inch to match wall coursing.

This will have a small impact on moment capacity, increasing


Mu from 1041 kip-ft to 1166 kip-ft, a 12% increase

This increases the required nominal shear strength to 202.4


kips. This is slightly greater than the nominal shear strength
due to the masonry (194.2 kips), but with the prescriptive
reinforcement, everything will be OK.
Strength Design

61

Example: Special Shear Wall


Prescriptive reinforcement:

Minimum reinforcement in either direction: 0.0007A


Horizontal: 0.0007(120 in)(7.625 in) = 0.64 in2
Use #5s at 40 in (required spacing); total is 3 bars
3(0.31 in2) = 0.92 in2 OK
Total reinforcement: 0.002A
Vertical: 2.79in2/1494in2 = 0.00187A

Horizontal: 0.92in2/915in2 = 0.00100A

Total = 0.00187A + 0.00100A = 0.00287A

Strength Design

OK

62

Example
Given: Wall system constructed with 8 in. grouted CMU (Type S mortar).
Required: Determine the shear distribution to each wall

112in

Solution: Use gross


properties (will not
make any difference
for shear distribution).

40in

40in

64in

40in

40in

6t=48in

56in

Elevation

Plan
Shear Walls

63

Example
Pier b

kb

Et

h h
4 3
L L

E 7.62in
0.286inE
2

112
in
112
in

4
3
64
in
64
in

Piers a and c Previously determined stiffness from basic principles.


k a ,c 0.157inE
Portion of shear load = stiffness of pier over the sum of the stiffnesses.

Va

ka

0.157inE
V 0.26V
0.157inE 0.286inE 0.157inE

Vb = 0.48V

Deflection calculations:
k = (0.600in.)E = (0.600in.)(1800ksi) = 1080 kip/in
Reduce by a factor of 2 to account for cracking: k = 540 kip/in
Shear Walls

64

Example
Required: Design the system for a horizontal earthquake load of 35 kips,
a dead load of 1200 lb/ft length of building, a live load of 1000 lb/ft length
of building, and a vertical earthquake force of 0.2 times the dead load.
Use a special reinforced shear wall (R>1.5).
Solution: Use strength design. Check deflection.

35k
P

0.065in
k 540k / in

0.065in

0.000579
112in
h

or

Shear Walls

h
1728

65

Example
Wall b: Vub = 0.48Vu = 0.48(35k) = 16.8k
D = 1.2k/ft(_____________)(1ft/12in) + 0.075ksf(112in)(64in)(1ft2/144in2) = 14.1kips
Tributary width

Use load combination 0.9D+E


Mu = 16.8k(112in)(1ft/12in) = 156.8k-ft

Pu = 0.9(14.1k) - 0.2(14.1k) = 9.87k

Minimum prescriptive reinforcement for special shear walls:


Sum of area of vertical and horizontal reinforcement shall be 0.002 times
gross cross-sectional area of wall
Minimum area of reinforcement in either direction shall be 0.0007 times gross
cross-sectional area of wall
Use prescriptive reinforcement of (0.002-0.0007)Ag = 0.0013Ag in vertical direction
As = 0.0013(64in)(7.625in) = 0.63in2

Shear Walls

66

Example: Flexural Steel


Use load combination 0.9D+E

Mu = 156.8k-ft

Pu = 9.87k

Try 2-#4 each end; 1-#4 middle: As=1.00in2


Middle bar is at 28 in. (8 cells, cannot place bar right in center)
From spreadsheet: Mn=152.7k-ft NG
Note: used solver to find value

Try 1-#6 each end; 1-#6 middle: As=1.32in2 Mn=194.1k-ft

OK

Try 2-#5 each end; 1-#5 middle: As=1.55in2 Mn=219.1k-ft

OK

Use 2-#5 each end; 1-#5 middle: As=1.59in2

Shear Walls

67

Example: Maximum Reinforcing


Check maximum reinforcing:
Axial force from load combination D+0.75L+0.525QE
L=1k/ft(104in)(1ft/12in) = 8.67kip
D+0.75L+0.525QE = 14.1k+0.75(8.67k)+0.525(0) = 20.60kip
For maximum reinforcing calculations, compression steel can be included even
if not laterally supported
For #5 bars and P = 20.60kip, c = 6.35in.. (from solver on spreadsheet)

60in 6.35in
d kd
0.0025 0.0211 10.21 y 4 y
emu
6.35in
kd

Shear Walls

OK

68

Example: Shear
M u Vu 112in

1.75 1
Vu d v Vu 64in

Use Mu/Vudv = 1.0

Find Pu neglecting wall weight


Pu = 0.9(10.4k) - 0.2(10.4k) = 7.28k

Vnm 4.0 1.75M u / Vu d v An f m 0.25Pu


2.25(7.625in)(64in) 2000 psi 1k / 1000lb 0.257.28k 50.9kips
Ignore any shear steel:

Vn 50.9kips

Vn 0.850.9kips 40.7kips 16.8kips

Shear Walls

OK

69

Example: Shear
Mn = Mn/ = 219.1k-ft/0.9 = 243.4k-ft
V corresponding to Mn: [243.3k-ft/(112in)](12in/ft) = 26.1kips
1.25 times V: 1.25(26.1k) = 32.6kips < Vn=40.7kips

OK

Minimum prescriptive horizontal reinforcement: 0.0007Ag


As = 0.0007(64in)(7.625in) = 0.34in2
Maximum spacing is {64in./3, 48in.} = 21.3 in.
Use bond beams at 16 in. o.c. (I would be fine with 24 in.)

Wall b: Vertical bars:


Horizontal bars:

2-#5 each end; 1-#5 middle


#4 at 24 in. o.c. (Total 5-#4)

Shear Walls

70

Example
Wall a: Vua = 0.26Vu = 0.26(35k) = 9.1k

D = 1.2k/ft(20in+40in)(1ft/12in) + 0.075ksf(112in)(40in+48in)(1ft2/144in2) = 11.1kips

Use load combination 0.9D+E


Mu = 9.1k(112in)(1ft/12in) = 84.9k-ft

Pu = 0.9(11.1k) - 0.2(11.1k) = 7.77k

Minimum prescriptive reinforcement: 0.0013Ag


As = 0.0013(88in)(7.625in) = 0.87in2

Design issues:

Flange in tension: easy to get steel; problems with max


Flange in compression: hard to get steel; max is easy
Steel in both flange and web affect max
Need to also consider loads in perpendicular direction
Need to check shear at interface of flange and web

Shear Walls

71

Example
Use load combination 0.9D+E

Mu = 84.9k-ft

Pu = 7.77k

Axial force for max from load combination D+0.75L+0.525QE


L=1k/ft(60in)(1ft/12in) = 5.00kip
D+0.75L+0.525QE = 11.1k+0.75(5.00k)+0.525(0) = 14.85kip
To be consistent with other wall, try #5 bars
Try 3 in the flange (either distributed as shown, or one in
the corner, and two in the jamb
Try 2 in the web jamb

Flange in tension: Mn=150.8k-ft

Max reinforcing check: s=0.0127=6.14y

OK

Note: with 2-#5 in flange, Mn=106.9k-ft, but might need 3 bars for
perpendicular direction or out-of-plane

Flange in compression: Mn=125.8k-ft


Max reinforcing check: s=0.0564=27.3y
Shear Walls

OK
72

Example: Shear
M u Vu 112in

2.8 1
Vu d v Vu 40in

Use Mu/Vudv = 1.0

Vm 2.25(7.625in)(40in) 2000 psi 1k / 1000lb 0.254.2k 31.7kips


Ignore any shear steel:

Vn 31.7 kips

Vn 0.831.7kips 25.4kips

Mn = Mn/ = 150.8k-ft/0.9 = 167.6k-ft


V corresponding to Mn: [167.6k-ft/(112in)](12in/ft) = 18.0kips
1.25 times V: 1.25(18.0k) = 22.4kips < Vn=25.4kips

OK

OK

Minimum prescriptive horizontal reinforcement: 0.0007Ag


Use 5 bond beams, 24in. o.c. (top spacing is only 32in.)

Walls a,c:

Vertical bars:
Horizontal bars:

5-#5 as shown in previous slide


#4 at 24 in. o.c. (Total 5-#4)
Shear Walls

73

Example
Section 5.1.1.2.4 requires shear to be checked at interface. Check
intersection of flange and web in walls a and c.
Approximate shear force is tension force in flexural steel.

Vu As f y 3 0.31in 2 60ksi 55.8kips

Conservatively take Mu/Vudv=1.0, and Pu=0.

Vm 4.0 1.75M / Vd v An f m 0.25Pu


4.0 1.751.0 (7.625in)(112in) 2000 psi 1k / 1000lb 85.9kips

Vn 0.885.9kips 68.7 kips

OK

Shear Walls

74

Example: Drag Struts


Distributed shear force:

Vu
35k 12in

1.875k / ft
L 224in 1 ft

Look at top of wall:


1.88k/ft
9.1k
3.33ft

1.88k/ft
2.8k Drag strut
3.33ft

1.88k/ft
3.4k

16.8k
5.33ft

Shear Walls

1.88k/ft
3.4k

Drag strut 2.8k

3.33ft

1.88k/ft
9.1k
3.33ft

75

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