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Shear Walls
___________
Lateral Force
Resisting System
__________
_____ stiffness
predominates
h/d >4.0
_______ stiffness
predominates
2
cant
kcant
Em t
2
h h
4 3
L L
fixed
k fixed
Em t
2
h h
L L
h = height of wall
Av = shear area; (5/6)A for
a rectangle
Ev = G = shear modulus
(modulus of rigidity);
given as 0.4Em
(4.2.2.2.2)
Ev = ___________, where
is Poissons ratio
t = thickness of wall
L = length of wall
2-#4s
Shear Walls
Shear Walls
40in.
Elevation
6t=48in.
56in.
Plan
Av
Shear Walls
1
P
P
0.157in Em
3
3
Ph
Ph
112in
112in
Shear Walls
1
6 EI kt 2kt kb kb 5 EA
kt 1 kb
M t Vh
k
2
k
k
k
t b
b
t
kb 1 kt
M b Vh
k t 2k t kb k b
As the top spandrel decreases in height,
the top approaches a fixed condition
against rotation.
kt
kb
h
ht
h
hb
Top spandrel
hb
1.
2.
3.
4.
ht
Bottom spandrel
If hb = 0
h 3 2 kt 12h
1
f
6 EI 2kt 1 5 EA
kt
M t Vh
2
k
1
t
1 kt
M b Vh
2
k
1
t
Qamaruddin, M., Al-Oraimi, S., and Hago, A.W. (1996). Mathematical model for lateral stiffness of shear walls
with openings. Proceedings, Seventh North American Masonry Conference, 605-617.
Shear Walls
10
4ft
4ft
Given:
8ft
2ft
4ft
2ft
6ft
2ft
Shear Walls
11
ht = 4ft
tL3
12
A tL 2 ft t
1
6 EI kt 2kt kb kb 5 EA
1
1
0.0210 Et
f 47.6 / Et
Shear Walls
12
kb
I (ft3) A (ft)
12
inf 0.667t
2t
1 0.5 0.667t
2t
41.6
47.6/Et 0.0210Et
1 0.5 0.667t
2t
41.6
47.6/Et 0.0210Et
Shear Walls
14
Vb
kb
0.0210 Et
10k 4.66kips
0.0451Et
kt 1 kb
M t Vh
k
2
k
k
k
t b
b
t
kb 1 kt
M b Vh
kt 2kt k b k b
Pier
V (kips)
Mt (k-ft)
Mb (k-ft)
0.68
3.50
4.66
4.66
11.19
7.46
4.66
11.19
7.46
Shear Walls
15
Moment
direction
on piers
4ft
10k
0.68k
3.50k-ft
2ft
4.66k
11.19k-ft
4ft
2ft
6ft
4.66k
11.19k-ft
2ft
This 65.9k-ft moment is carried by axial forces in the piers. Axial forces are
determined from Mc/I, where each pier is considered a concentrated area.
Find centroid from left end.
y A
A
i
Shear Walls
17
3.50k-ft
0.68k
0.45k
11.19k-ft
4.66k
B
A
4.66k
0.45k 7.46k-ft
4.90k
11.19k-ft
4.66k
C
4.66k
4.90k 7.46k-ft
0.68k
4.45k 4.66k-ft
Shear Walls
19
10k 0.68k Fx 0
Fx 9.32k
4.45k Fy 0
Fy 4.45k
0.68k
4.45k 4.66k-ft
Fy=4.45k
Fx=9.32k
Mz=110.8k-ft
Shear Walls
21
Shear Walls
22
Shear Walls
23
24
Diaphragms
___________
Lateral Force
Resisting System
__________
Typical classifications:
__________: Precast planks
without topping, metal deck
without concrete, plywood
sheathing
_________: Cast-in-place
concrete, precast concrete with
concrete topping, metal deck
with concrete
Shear Walls
25
Rigid Diaphragms
RRi
RRi
Direct Shear:
Fv V
Torsional Shear:
Ftt Ve
RRi d i
RRi di2
26
Diaphragms: Example
RR = 5
RR = 1
50 ft
50 ft
RR = 4
0.2 kip/ft
PLAN VIEW
Shear Walls
27
RR = 5
RR = 4
50 ft
50 ft
RR = 1
PLAN VIEW
Shear Walls
28
1
2
3
0
50
100
4
5
1
0
250
100
10
350
RR = 1
Wall 3
x(RR)
Wall 2
RR
RR = 5
Wall 1
Wall
RR = 4
Total
50 ft
50 ft
RR
d (ft)
RR(d)
RR(d2)
Fv
Ft
Ftotal
1
2
3
4
5
1
-35
15
65
-140
75
65
4900
1125
4225
8
10
2
-4.1
2.2
1.9
3.9
12.2
3.9
Total
10
350
10250
20
0.0
20
Shear Walls
29
50 ft
50 ft
3.9 k
3.9 k
6.1
3.9
V (k)
12.2 k
19.5 ft
-3.9
-6.1
38
38
M (k-ft)
-55
Shear Walls
30
PLAN VIEW
w
v
L/3
L/3
L/2
vL/2
vL/2
vL
31
Diaphragm Behavior
Three lateral force resisting systems: Length=20 ft; Height=14 ft
W16x40
E = 1800 ksi
Face W16x40
shell bedding
End cells fully grouted
W14x68
W14x68
W24x68
L 4x4x5/16
L 4x4x5/16
Braced Frame
k = 296 kip/in
24 ft
Shear Walls
32
Diaphragm Behavior
Shear Walls
33
Shear Walls
_____________ (unreinforced) shear wall (7.3.2.2): Unreinforced wall
_____________ (unreinforced) shear wall (7.3.2.3): Unreinforced wall with
prescriptive reinforcement.
Structurally connected floor and roof levels
40db or 24 in.
8 in.
8 in.
Corners
and end
of walls
16 in.
Control
joint
10 ft.
34
Shear Walls
_____________ reinforced shear wall (7.3.2.4): Reinforced wall with
prescriptive reinforcement of detailed plain shear wall.
______________ reinforced shear wall (7.3.2.5): Reinforced wall with
prescriptive reinforcement of detailed plain shear wall. Spacing of vertical
reinforcement reduced to 48 inches.
___________ reinforced shear wall (7.3.2.6):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
35
0.0010
0.0013
Possibilities
0.064
#4@32
#5@56
Possibilities
0.098
#4@24
#5@32
#6@48
0.092
#4@24
#5@32
#6@40
0.140
#4@16
#5@24
#6@32
0.119
#4@16
#5@32
#6@40
0.181
#5@16
#6@24
Use specified dimensions, e.g. 7.625 in. for 8 in. CMU walls.
Shear Walls
36
Shear Walls
37
A or B
C
D and higher
Shear Wall
Ordinary plain
1.5
Detailed plain
Ordinary reinforced
Intermediate reinforced
3.5
Special reinforced
Shear Walls
38
Pu 0.1 f m A g
Pu 0.05 f m A g
AND
Mu
1
Vu lw
OR
Vu 3 An f m
AND
Mu
3
Vu lw
Shear Walls
39
mu P
0.64 f m b
d
As
y
v
mu
dv
f y y mu
y
mu
mu P
0.64 f m b
bd
As
mu
y
d
bd
f y min mu mu y , y Es
Shear Walls
40
Maximum reinforcing
Consider a wall with uniformly distributed steel:
y
Cm Cs Ts P
y
mu
Strain
fy
0.8fm
Steel in tension
Stress
Steel in
compression
mu
Cm 0.8 f m 0.8
d v b
mu
y
y y y 1 y
Ts f y As
2 y
mu
y
y
Portion of steel
in tension
Yielded
steel
Elastic
steel
mu
mu y 1 y
Cs f y As
2 mu
mu
y
mu
mu
mu 0.5 y
f y As
mu
y
mu
mu 0.5 y
f y As
y
mu
41
Maximum reinforcing
Ts Cs Cm P
mu
0.5 y
y 0.5 y
f y As y
f y As mu
Ts C s f y As
y
y
y
mu
mu
mu
y mu
0.8 f m 0.8 mu
Ts Cs f y As
d v b P Cm P
mu
y
y
mu
P
mu
0.64bf m
d
As
mu
y
v
dv
mu
fy y
mu
y
Shear Walls
42
Maximum reinforcing, s = 4y
Shear Walls
43
Maximum reinforcing, s = 3y
Shear Walls
44
Shear Walls
45
0.8
M
Vm 4.0 1.75 u Anv
Vu d v
A
Vs 0.5 v f y d v
s
Maximum Vn is:
f m 0.25Pu
Vertical reinforcement shall not be less than onethird horizontal reinforcement; reinforcement shall
be uniformly distributed, max spacing of 8 ft (9.3.6.2)
4 A
Vn 6 Anv
Vn
nv
f m g
( M u / Vu d v ) 0.25
( M u / Vu d v ) 1.0
4
M
Vn 5 2 u Anv
Vu d v
3
Shear Walls
f m g
46
Method
Mean
St. Dev.
0.90
0.26
1.53
0.43
1.77
0.78
1.16
0.17
47
Example
Given: 10ft. high x 16 ft long 8 in. CMU shear wall; Grade 60 steel,
fm=2000psi; 2-#5 each end; #5 at 48in. (one space will actually be 40 in.);
superimposed dead load of 1 kip/ft. SDS = 0.4
Required: Maximum seismic load based on flexural capacity; shear steel
required to achieve this capacity.
Solution: Check capacity in flexure using 0.9D+1.0E load combination.
Weight of wall: 38 psf(10ft) = 0.38 k/ft
(Wall weight from lightweight units, grout at 48 in. o.c.)
Pu = (0.9-0.2SDS)D = (0.9-0.2*0.4)(1k/ft+0.38k/ft)
= 0.82(1.38k/ft) = 1.13 k/ft
Total = 1.13k/ft(16ft) = 18.1 kips
Strength Design
48
Example
Solve for stresses, forces and moment in terms of c, depth to neutral axis.
T1
T2
T3
T4
C2
C1
8 in
c
52 in
92 in
140 in
188 in
Shear Walls
49
Example
Use trial and error to find c such that Pn = 18.1 kips/0.9 = 20.1 kips
Pn = C1 + C2 T1 T2 T3 T4
c = 14.85 inches
T1 = 37.2 kips; T2 = 18.6 kips; T3 = 18.6 kips T4 = 18.6 kips (all yielded)
Strength Design
51
Example
Calculate net shear area, Anv, including grouted cells.
Net area:
Net area
M u / Vu d v Vu h / Vu d v 10 ft / 16 ft 0.625
Maximum Vn
Maximum Vu
52
Example
Top of wall (critical location for shear):
Pu = (0.9-0.2SDS)D = 0.82(1k/ft) = 0.82 k/ft
Total: 0.82k/ft(16ft) = 13.1 kips
Vns
Vn gVnm
A
Vns 0.5 v f y d v
s
114.9 0.7589.0k
64.2k
0.75
Determine spacing.
0.5 Av f y d v
Vns
54
If we needed to check maximum reinforcing, there are at least two ways. These
are shown on the following slides.
A live load of 1 k/ft is assumed for maximum reinforcement calculations.
Strength Design
56
OK
Note: Did not include compression steel which is allowed when checking
maximum reinforcement.
If compression steel had been included, Pu = 299 kips
Strength Design
57
OK
Note: Did not include compression steel which is allowed when checking
maximum reinforcing.
If compression steel had been included: c = 11.3 in. s = 0.0400 = 19.3y
Strength Design
58
Strength Design
59
a 1.4% increase
60
OK
{192
Use spacings of 40, 32, 40, 32, 40 inch to match wall coursing.
61
Strength Design
OK
62
Example
Given: Wall system constructed with 8 in. grouted CMU (Type S mortar).
Required: Determine the shear distribution to each wall
112in
40in
40in
64in
40in
40in
6t=48in
56in
Elevation
Plan
Shear Walls
63
Example
Pier b
kb
Et
h h
4 3
L L
E 7.62in
0.286inE
2
112
in
112
in
4
3
64
in
64
in
Va
ka
0.157inE
V 0.26V
0.157inE 0.286inE 0.157inE
Vb = 0.48V
Deflection calculations:
k = (0.600in.)E = (0.600in.)(1800ksi) = 1080 kip/in
Reduce by a factor of 2 to account for cracking: k = 540 kip/in
Shear Walls
64
Example
Required: Design the system for a horizontal earthquake load of 35 kips,
a dead load of 1200 lb/ft length of building, a live load of 1000 lb/ft length
of building, and a vertical earthquake force of 0.2 times the dead load.
Use a special reinforced shear wall (R>1.5).
Solution: Use strength design. Check deflection.
35k
P
0.065in
k 540k / in
0.065in
0.000579
112in
h
or
Shear Walls
h
1728
65
Example
Wall b: Vub = 0.48Vu = 0.48(35k) = 16.8k
D = 1.2k/ft(_____________)(1ft/12in) + 0.075ksf(112in)(64in)(1ft2/144in2) = 14.1kips
Tributary width
Shear Walls
66
Mu = 156.8k-ft
Pu = 9.87k
OK
OK
Shear Walls
67
60in 6.35in
d kd
0.0025 0.0211 10.21 y 4 y
emu
6.35in
kd
Shear Walls
OK
68
Example: Shear
M u Vu 112in
1.75 1
Vu d v Vu 64in
Vn 50.9kips
Shear Walls
OK
69
Example: Shear
Mn = Mn/ = 219.1k-ft/0.9 = 243.4k-ft
V corresponding to Mn: [243.3k-ft/(112in)](12in/ft) = 26.1kips
1.25 times V: 1.25(26.1k) = 32.6kips < Vn=40.7kips
OK
Shear Walls
70
Example
Wall a: Vua = 0.26Vu = 0.26(35k) = 9.1k
Design issues:
Shear Walls
71
Example
Use load combination 0.9D+E
Mu = 84.9k-ft
Pu = 7.77k
OK
Note: with 2-#5 in flange, Mn=106.9k-ft, but might need 3 bars for
perpendicular direction or out-of-plane
OK
72
Example: Shear
M u Vu 112in
2.8 1
Vu d v Vu 40in
Vn 31.7 kips
Vn 0.831.7kips 25.4kips
OK
OK
Walls a,c:
Vertical bars:
Horizontal bars:
73
Example
Section 5.1.1.2.4 requires shear to be checked at interface. Check
intersection of flange and web in walls a and c.
Approximate shear force is tension force in flexural steel.
OK
Shear Walls
74
Vu
35k 12in
1.875k / ft
L 224in 1 ft
1.88k/ft
2.8k Drag strut
3.33ft
1.88k/ft
3.4k
16.8k
5.33ft
Shear Walls
1.88k/ft
3.4k
3.33ft
1.88k/ft
9.1k
3.33ft
75