Hydroreview201411 DL

November 2014
Hidden Treasure
PUMPED STORAGE IS POISED TO STEP INTO THE SPOTLIGHT
INSIDE THIS ISSUE:

16
NEW POWERHOUSE ATTRACTS FISH,

INCREASES GENERATION
24
100-YEAR-OLD PLANT ATTESTS

TO ENDURING NATURE OF HYDRO
36
METHOD FOR SELECTING

NEW SMALL HYDRO TECHNOLOGY
Stay
Current
http://hydroreview.hotims.com RS #1
NOVEMBER 2014
COVER STORY
8 | A (Potentially) Bright Future for Pumped Storage in the U.S.
By Elizabeth Ingram
There is a lot of potential for pumped-storage development in the
U.S. What will it take to get construction of this valuable generating
resource moving forward again?
ARTICLES
DEPARTMENTS
16 | Removal by Addition
on the Skokomish River
By Patrick McCarty
When faced with the prospect of improving its Cushman Hydroelectric Complex, Tacoma Power was
able to remove fsh passage barriers while adding generating capacity
with an innovative expansion project.
3 | Perspectives:
The Importance of
Telling Hydros Story
4 | Hydro Currents
44 | Sticky Wickets:
Modifying Operation
of a Pumped-Storage
Project
46 | Tech Briefs
48 | Canadian Spotlight
52 | Marine
Hydrokinetics
24 | Historic Stevens Creek Facility

Adapts to a Century of Change
By Ginny Jones
The 18.8-MW Stevens Creek facility has operated reliably since it was
commissioned in 1914, despite a host
of changes. This historic plant is the
newest inductee into the Hydro Hall of
Fame and stands as a testament to the
enduring nature of hydro projects.
54 | R&D Forum
56 | Dam Safety
& Security
60 | From the Web
64 | Index to Advertisers
36 | Method for Assessing and

Selecting New Small Hydro Technology
By Qin Fen Zhang, Patrick OConnor,
Scott DeNeale and Rocio Martinez
With significant development potential available at small run-ofriver sites and non-powered dams in the U.S., the authors propose
a software program to help interested parties choose the best type
of technology to install at these sites.
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Peer Reviewed
ADVISORY BOARD
Douglas A. Dixon, PhD

EPRI
Bill Christman
Chelan County
Public Utility District
Ginger Gillin
GEI Consultants Inc.
Linda Church Ciocci

National Hydropower Association
www.hydroworld.com
John Gulliver, PhD

University
of Minnesota
Jacob Irving
Canadian Hydropower
Association
Patrick A. March
Hydro Performance
Processes Inc.
Lee H. Sheldon, P.E.

Hydropower Consulting
Engineer
Gregory D. Lewis, P.E.

Duke Energy Corporation
Henry Martinez
Southern California Edison
Tom Spicher
Hydro Y.E.S.
Charles I. Lipsky, P.E.

Consultant
Paul Norris
Ontario Waterpower Association
Paul Willis, P.E.

Consulting Engineer
November 2014 / HYDRO REVIEW 1
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Vol. 33, No. 9, November 2014

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www.hydroworld.com
Perspectives
The Importance
of Telling Hydros Story
In October 2014, at the HydroVision Brasil event in
Sao Paulo, the International Hydropower Association
(IHA) held a hydropower briefng. IHA wanted to
hear from representatives of its Brazilian member
companies the answers to this question: What are
the most important, urgent issues youd like to see
IHA work on in the coming year?
The most important topic on the minds of the
Brazilians attending the briefng was not a technical- or
business-focused one. Instead, the issue getting the
most traction was ... communications. Specifcally,
the need to tell hydros story to the media and to the
general public.
My observation of this interchange quickly took
me back to 1992. Twenty-two years ago, Hydro
Review magazine organized an R&D Forum. The
idea was to bring together hydro industry leaders
from throughout North America to discuss and
debate the top needs in hydro research and development. The top needs would then be taken to policyand decision-makers in North America to infuence
change. In that forum, the top R&D need was
identifed as ... you guessed it communications.
At that time in North America, hydros image
among the public and the press was either negative
or not even on the radar. There was even debate
about whether hydro could even be referred to as a
renewable electric power resource!
In the aftermath of that fateful forum, a number
of associations, companies and individuals made
sustained efforts over the years to remedy this image
problem. As a result, today, the image of hydropower
in North America is much better than it was 20
years ago.
According to the website of the National Hydropower Association (NHA), results of a recent poll
conducted by Princeton Survey Research Associates International show that Hydropower enjoys
a strongly positive reputation as an energy source.
Nearly four-in-five Americans (78%) believe
hydropower is cleaner than other current forms of
energy, and roughly the same number (77%) think of
www.hydroworld.com
hydropower as an environmentally-friendly resource.

Moreover, hydropower is also seen as renewable
(74%) and reliable (72%) by nearly three-quarters
of Americans.
The headlines of recent electric-power-related
articles published by the Associated Press and Wall
Street Journal are great examples of the media giving
hydropower its due:
`Hydroelectric Power Making a Comeback
as Companies Turn to Renewable Energy
Strong Currents for Hydropower
But, the work is not over, no matter these results.

Communicating hydros story to the public and to
the press must be a sustained effort and one the
industry must never take for granted ... wherever
you are in the world.
Publisher and Chief Editor
Hydro project funding awarded to four Indian tribes

The federal Offce of Indian Energy and Economic Development
awarded $1.9 million to four Indian tribes for hydroelectric projects
as part of $9.4 million to assist in developing energy and mineral
resources. The grants were awarded under the Energy and Mineral
Development Program administered by the offce, which is a
division of the Offce of the Assistant Secretary-Indian Affairs.
Projects funded are for renewable energy sources, including
hydropower, that are to provide clean low-cost power to tribal
members and encourage business on tribal lands.
The largest amount, $1.2 million, goes to the Confederated
Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation to help
them acquire critical expertise and infrastructure necessary to
acquire and operate the 194-MW Kerr Dam hydro project on the
Flathead River in Montana (see story at right). When the tribes
acquire the project in 2015, they will become the frst tribes in the
nation to own and operate a major hydroelectric project.
The program awarded $325,000 to the Pyramid Lake Paiute
Tribe in Nevada to help assess the hydro potential of Marble Bluff
Dam and Numana Dam on the reservation. The funding also is to
help assess run-of-river applications for an irrigation system and
small hydropower on perennial streams to offset high electricity
costs for fsh hatcheries.
The program awarded $189,080 to the Pueblo of Cochiti in
New Mexico to study the fnancial and technical feasibility of
producing hydroelectric power at Cochiti Dam on the Rio Grande
to provide income for the tribe.
And the program awarded $140,000 to the Metlakatla Indian
Community in Alaska to evaluate the feasibility of replacing three
1.2-MW turbine-generators at Metlakatla Power & Lights 3.5-MW
Purple Lake hydro project on Annete Island. The project was built
in 1956 and needs system updates.
U.S. awards fsh passage construction for 810-MW
Lower Granite Dam
Garco Construction Inc. has received a $48.3 million contract
to upgrade the juvenile fsh passage facility at 810-MW Lower
Granite Dam on the Snake River in Washington.
Garco, of Spokane, Wash., is to construct an upgraded fsh
passage system to provide additional water through enlarged
14-inch orifces. To accommodate the added fow, the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers said concrete mining is required to enlarge the
existing collection channel and the existing transportation channel.
A new section of transportation channel is to be mined through
the dam to exit the downstream face of the dam. Additionally,
a new transportation channel and associated systems are to be
installed from the dam to the juvenile fsh facility.
4 HYDRO REVIEW / November 2014
Montana PSC approves PPL sale of 11 hydro plants

to NorthWestern Energy
The Montana Public Service Commission issued its formal fnal
order approving PPL Montanas sale of 11 hydro plants totaling
663 MW to NorthWestern Energy.
PPL Montana said the PSC action follows prior approval
by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission of hydropower
license transfers to NorthWestern upon close of the transaction.
PPL said before the transaction can close, NorthWestern must fle
with FERC and obtain approval of certain fnancing transactions.
PPL Montana, a subsidiary of Pennsylvania-based PPL Corp.,
announced the $900 million deal in September 2013. The seller
expects its net cash proceeds to be about $880 million. NorthWestern
Energy acquired the original hydro project owner, Montana Power,
in 2000, at which time the hydro projects were sold to PPL Corp.
Included in the sale are the Missouri-Madison project comprising the 19-MW Hauser, 48-MW Holter, 21-MW Black Eagle,
60-MW Rainbow, 69-MW Cochrane, 60-MW Ryan and 48-MW
Morony plants on the Missouri River, and the 8-MW Madison
plant and the unpowered Hebgen Dam on the Madison River;
94-MW Thompson Falls on Clark Fork; 12-MW Mystic Lake on
West Rosebud Creek; and 194-MW Kerr on the Flathead River.
NorthWestern Energy has said the deal also confrms commitments to proceed with the transfer of Kerr Dam to the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes.
FERC relicenses one project, OKs expansions and
exemptions at others
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission relicensed a TexasLouisiana hydropower project, authorized expansion of an Oregon
project and approved an Oregon conduit exemption during August.
The Energy Infrastructure Update for August 2014, compiled
by FERCs Offce of Energy Projects, features relicensing of the
Toledo Bend project on the Sabine River on the Texas-Louisiana
border. The Toledo Bend relicense adds a new 1.3-MW minimum
fow unit to the project for total installed capacity of 82.3 MW.
In their relicense application, joint licensees Sabine River
Authority of Texas and the Sabine River Authority, State of Louisiana, proposed to construct a 1.3-MW horizontal Francis minimum
fow turbine-generator in a second powerhouse downstream of
the Toledo Bend spillway.
FERC also issued a license amendment to Portland General
Electric allowing the utility to utilize minimum fow turbinegenerators to expand by 3.89 MW the 136.6-MW Clackamas
River project in Clackamas County, Ore.
The amendment authorizes PGE to construct: a powerhouse
at the base of Timothy Lake Dam housing two 950-kW turbines;
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a powerhouse at Crack-in-the-Ground housing a 1-MW turbine;

a powerhouse housing a 135-kW turbine utilizing return fows
from the juvenile downstream migrant collection systems and
the North Fork fshway adult fsh trap; and a powerhouse and an
850-kW turbine and induction generator utilizing North Fork
fshway attraction fows.
Also in Oregon, FERC issued a conduit exemption to Monroe
Hydro LLC for the 300-kW Monroe Drop project on the North
Unit Irrigation Districts main canal in Jefferson County, Ore.
Under terms of the Hydropower Regulatory Effciency Act of 2013,
for the frst time FERC was able to grant the conduit exemption
for a project located on federal lands, a Bureau of Reclamation
irrigation canal.
Corps to test 52-MW unit at Missouris Stockton Dam

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is preparing for testing and
operation of a new 52-MW hydropower turbine replacing the
original 45.2-MW unit at the Stockton Dam project in Missouri.
The Corps Kansas City District said work is under way to
prepare for testing and operation. It said testing, expected to begin
about Sept. 29, is to be marked by increased water releases from
Stockton into the Sac River.
Voith Hydro received a $30.8 million contract in 2010 to replace
the projects sole turbine, a Kaplan unit that was commissioned in
1973. The contract included replacing the runner, rewinding the
generator stator winding, upgrading the hydraulic governor with
a digital governor and replacing the existing excitation system
with a digital excitation system.
The original unit sustained runner blade failure in 2009, attributed to rough operation, prompting the Corps to suspect the
original unit had not been designed for that particular facility.
DOE approves transmission line to deliver
Quebec hydropower to New York
The U.S. Department of Energy issued a presidential permit
approving construction and operation of a 1,000-MW transmission line to carry Quebec hydroelectric power to customers in
New York City.
The proposed Champlain Hudson Power Express transmission
line would carry hydropower and some wind power from Canadas
Quebec Province, across the border at Champlain, N.Y., to Astoria,
Queens, New York. DOE issued a fnal environmental impact
statement in August, endorsing the 336-mile transmission lines
route in the U.S., while Quebec and Canadian agencies reviewed
environmental effects in that country.
A record of decision, signed Sept. 24 by Assistant DOE Secretary Patricia Hoffman, granted the presidential permit necessary
for the project to proceed in the U.S. All practicable means to
avoid or minimize environmental harm from the alternative selected
have been, or will be, adopted, the order said.
The New York Public Service Commission approved the
For the most current hydro news, log on to

proposal in April. Supporters say the plan will bring clean,

cheaper hydropower to the region, reducing reliance on coal and
other generating technologies, and reducing electricity prices and
greenhouse gases. Critics say importing power from Canada would
reduce local power sales and jobs in the area.
The $2 billion project owned by Champlain Hudson Power
Express Inc. and CHPA Properties Inc. involves the construction
and operation of the Champlain Hudson Power Express, which
would consist of two wires stretched mostly underwater beneath
Lake Champlain and the Hudson, Harlem and East rivers.
The EIS may be obtained at www.chpexpresseis.org/index.php.
FERC conforms its regulations to

Hydropower Regulatory Effciency Act
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has amended its
regulations on preliminary permits, exemptions and conduit
projects to comply with provisions of the Hydropower Regulatory
Effciency Act of 2013.
To reduce the regulatory burden on some hydropower development, Congress passed HREA (H.R.267), which was signed into
law by President Obama in 2013. One fnding by Congress was
that there is substantial potential for adding hydropower generation
to non-powered dams.
The HREA:
Increases the maximum small hydro licensing exemption
to 10 MW from 5 MW;
Excludes from FERC jurisdiction qualifying projects under
5 MW that are on water conduits;
Increases the maximum capacity for conduit exemptions to
40 MW regardless of whether they are owned by municipalities
(non-municipalities exemptions had been restricted to a maximum
of 15 MW) and allows them to be installed on federal lands;
Provides FERC the ability to extend preliminary permits
two years beyond their current three-year terms; and
Requires FERC to examine a two-year licensing process for
adding hydropower to non-powered dams and for closed-loop
pumped-storage projects.
Soon after passage of the act, FERC staff updated the commission website to provide guidance on the new provisions and
began processing applications under the new law. However, the
latest rulemaking (RM14-22), approved Sept. 18, formalizes
compliance of the commissions regulations with the law.
In compliance with HREA, FERC has issued two-year preliminary permit extensions, granted a small conduit exemption on
federal lands to the 300-kW Monroe Drop project on a Bureau of
Reclamation irrigation canal, and ruled on a number of applications
to exclude conduit projects under 5 MW from FERC jurisdiction.
It also has approved a two-year licensing pilot project for the 4.9MW Kentucky River Lock and Dam No. 11 project.
The new rules may be obtained at www.ferc.gov/whats-new/
comm-meet/2014/091814/H-1.pdf.
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Pumped Storage
A (Potentially) Bright Future

for Pumped Storage in the U.S.
There is a lot of potential for pumped-storage development in the U.S. What will it take to get
construction of this valuable generating resource moving forward again?
By Elizabeth Ingram
Elizabeth Ingram is
managing editor of
Hydro Review.
heres no doubt that pumped-storage hydropower is a valuable resource in the U.S. These
facilities are ideal to store energy from and balance
intermittent renewables, such as wind and solar,
providing stability and fexibility to the transmission
grid. In fact, in 2012, data from EPRI indicates
pumped-storage hydropower accounted for more
than 99% of bulk storage capacity worldwide, about
127,000 MW.
However, its also an undeniable fact that there
has been little new development in this feld in the
U.S. in the past two decades, which seems to indicate
the atmosphere is not favorable for encouraging
construction of pumped-storage facilities. But this
may be about to change. There has been a stirring
of movement lately, primarily on the regulatory side,
with regard to pumped-storage hydro in the U.S.
This article analyzes the activity to date and
provides some insight into the (potentially) bright
future of this valuable generating resource.
Background on pumped storage
My research indicates the frst use of pumpedstorage units in the U.S. was in 1930 by Connecticut
Electric and Power Co., pumping water from the
Houstatonic River. This technology actually dates
to much earlier outside the U.S., with pumped storage frst being installed in the 1890s in Italy and
Switzerland, according to EPRI.
The heyday of this technology in the U.S. appears
to be the 1960s and 1970s, with facilities going on
line in California, Colorado, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, New York, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania,
South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia. The 3,003MW Bath County facility, which was completed
in 1985 in Virginia, is the largest pumped-storage
plant in terms of generating capacity in the world.
It seems that the most recently completed
pumped-storage project in the U.S. is the 40-MW
Lake Hodges plant, built by the San Diego County
Water Authority (SDCWA) at the existing Olivenhain Reservoir and completed in September 2012.
(For more on this project, see the sidebar on page
14.) However, before that it had been more than 15

years since such a project was completed, that one
being the 1,035-MW Rocky Mountain facility in
Georgia, owned by Oglethorpe Power Corp., which
began operating in 1995.
According to the Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission (FERC), there are a 24 operating
pumped-storage projects under its jurisdiction,
with a total installed capacity of about 16,500 MW.
Only one of these projects was authorized in the
past 30 years.
The Energy Storage Association reports that the
40 total pumped-storage facilities operating in the
U.S. provide more than 20,000 GW of capacity, or
nearly 2% of the countrys electrical supply system.
While these numbers may sound good, compare
the shares in Europe (nearly 5%) and Japan (about
10%). It is clear we have a long way to go in the U.S.
However, the number of pumped-storage projects
in the U.S. looks set to jump considerably. FERC
says there are about 50 active preliminary permits for
these projects, representing more than 37,000 MW
of capacity. And while only a third of the operating
projects under FERCs jurisdiction are located west
of the Mississippi River, more than 80% of the preliminary permits are located west of the Mississippi,
where the majority of existing and proposed solar
and wind generation is located.
The majority of the recently proposed pumpedstorage projects would employ a closed-loop system,
FERC says. These projects are not continuously
connected to a naturally fowing water feature. (At
this time, only one of the constructed projects under
FERC jurisdiction is closed loop.) In addition, many
of the proposed projects would use variable-speed
pump-turbines that would allow for more fexible
operation than the current feet.
What is behind the resurgent interest in pumped
storage in the U.S.? According to Debbie Mursch,
chair of NHAs Pumped Storage Development
Council, Policy makers are fnally realizing that
we cant continue to increase the amount of intermittent generation while at the same time removing
www.hydroworld.com
www.hydroworld.com
The two pump-turbines in the powerhouse of the

40-MW Lake Hodges pumped-storage project began operating in 2012. (Courtesy San Diego County
Water Authority)
baseload nuclear and coal plants and not

consider the need for grid-scale storage.
The council was established to provide a
platform for the industry to keep abreast
of the latest developments in pumped storage, be it legislative, new technology, policy
or global trends. The council also aims to
educate policy-makers and the public on
the benefts of pumped storage.
Perhaps the greatest quality of pumped
storage is that it is the only commercially

proven technology available for both gridscale energy storage and power generation, Mursch says. Developing additional
pumped storage, particularly in areas with
recently increased wind and solar capacity,
would signifcantly improve grid reliability
while reducing the need for construction
of additional fossil-fueled generation. Gridscale storage also could reduce the amount
of new transmission required to support
many states RPS goals, Mursch says.
Utilizing pumped-storage projects also
allows utilities to follow load and respond
to rapid changes in demand for power on
the grid using a non-emitting resources, as
opposed to fossil-fuel-fred units, Mursch
says. This allows the utilities to run their
fossil units more effciently and reduces
carbon emissions output from these plants.
New development in the offng
There has been much recent activity
through FERC with regard to proposed
new pumped-storage facilities.

For example, FERC authorized
construction of the 400-MW Iowa Hill
pumped-storage development as part of
its August relicensing of the 637.3-MW
Upper American River project in California. Iowa Hill is to be an off-stream plant
that pumps water from the existing Slab
Creek Reservoir into the new Iowa Hill
Reservoir. The powerhouse will contain
three 133-MW pump-turbine units.
Many companies are involved in
development of this project, including
AF-Consult of Switzerland; AMEC in
London; Ascent Environmental in Sacramento, Calif.; Carlton Engineering
in Folsom, Calif.; Crux Subsurface in
Henderson, Nev.; Foxfre Constructors
in San Clemente, Calif.; GEI Consultants
in Woburn, Mass.; HDR Engineering in
Omaha, IEC Corporation in Sacramento;
Jacobs Associates in San Francisco, Calif.;
Northwest Hydraulic Consultants in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and
Supporting innovative approaches to

FERC licensing and providing consulting
engineering support to clients, coast to
coast, including Sacramento Municipal
Utility District (SMUD) and Eagle Crest
Energy Company.
Iowa Hill Pumped Storage Development Project: this
400-MW pumped storage hydroelectric facility, if built,
will serve as a key energy storage facility in SMUDs
power generation portfolio, operating in concert
with SMUDs other renewable generation facilities to
provide energy storage and other electric grid services.
Eagle Mountain Pumped Storage Project:

will provide up to 1,300 MW of clean energy
for California during peak energy demand
periods, supporting on-demand reliable
energy delivery.
FERC original license issued June 19, 2014.
www.hydroworld.com
Stillwater Sciences in Berkeley, Calif.

In addition, FERC issued a license to
the 1,300-MW Eagle Mountain pumpedstorage project in June, authorizing Eagle
Crest Energy to build the project at the site
of an inactive iron mine in Riverside County,
Calif. There will be a head of 1,400 feet
between the reservoirs, created by adding
saddle dams and liners to two abandoned
mining pits. GEI Consultants, a developing

partner in the project, says Eagle Mountain
will be an integral component of Californias renewable energy policies and its goals
for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
The primary environmental issues
associated with the project are effects of
its construction and operation on groundwater, water quality and terrestrial species
(including several sensitive bat species, the

desert bighorn sheep and threatened desert
tortoise). Groundwater will be pumped
from a series of proposed wells in the
Chuckwalla Basin to fll the reservoirs and
replace water lost to evaporation.
With California seemingly at the epicenter of the interest in pumped-storage development, its not surprising I am reporting
on interest in developing a third project in
the state. SDCWA is looking into adding
a 500-MW pumped-storage plant near its
San Vicente Dam following the closure of
the 2,200-MW San Onofre nuclear power
plant. SDCWA recently raised the dam,
adding 152,000 acre-feet of water storage
capacity to the reservoir.
Another state where were seeing interest
in pumped storage is Hawaii. In August,
Paniolo Power Co. LLC announced it
planned to issue a request for qualifcations
seeking an engineering-procurement-construction contractor to develop a pumpedstorage project on Parker Ranch. Capacity
of this project could range from 10 MW to
as much as 200 MW. The energy developer
said pumped storage would allow wind and
solar energy that otherwise would be curtailed to be used to pump water that would
then be released in the evening to meet peak
loads being served by expensive oil-fred
generation.
Also in Hawaii, the Kauai Island Utility
Cooperative is pursuing a pumped-storage
project to be located on state land on
Kauais west site. The co-op has obtained
access to two potential sites that will allow
it to conduct technical studies.
Moving this development forward
FERC says good siting and consultation,
as well as fling of a complete application
that addresses stakeholder concerns, are key
to expediting the licensing process. On its
website, the commission has state-specifc
lists of potential stakeholders to consult as
a starting point. Developers should also
consult with other site-specifc interested
entities, FERC says. Early consultation with
key stakeholders on potential environmental
impacts and other concerns, in addition
to technical site evaluation, will facilitate
optimal site selection. Continued consultation on study needs and conduct of needed
studies is essential, FERC adds. Should
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Pumped storage in Canada

The landscape for pumped-storage
development in Canada is different
from that in the U.S. because Canada
still has signifcant untapped potential
for conventional hydro development.
But, there has been some recent
interest in bringing pumped storage
to Canada. For example, Northland
Power, based in Toronto, proposes a
$700 million project, called Marmora,
that would use an abandoned openpit mine to provide a capacity of 400
MW. The company would build a new
upper reservoir for this facility, and the
powerhouse would be equipped with
Francis pump-turbine units.
a developer not agree on a study after

earnest negotiations with stakeholders, the
pre-fling dispute resolution process should
be used, rather than taking the chance on
an inadequate application, which can delay
the post-fling application process.
FERC also encourages developers to
contact commission staff before fling a
notice of intent to fle an application and
a preliminary application document to discuss process selection and FERC resources
that may be helpful to them.
The Pumped Storage Development
Council issued a whitepaper on Challenges

and Opportunities for New Pumped Storage
Development. This whitepaper cites the need
for grid reliability in the U.S., provided by
reliable, affordable and grid-scale energy
storage: hydropower pumped storage. With
the tremendous growth of wind and solar
generation in the past decade, the grid is
affected by the variability of this supply.
The whitepaper also says that current
market structures and regulatory frameworks do not present an effective means
of achieving this goal. NHAs key policy
recommendations are:
Create market products that allow
fexible resources to provide services that
help meet electric grid requirements,
including fast-responding systems that
provide critical capacity during key energy
need periods;
Level the policy playing feld for
pumped storage hydropower with other
storage technologies to encourage the
development and deployment of all energy
storage technologies;
Recognize the regional differences
within the U.S. generation portfolio and the
unique roles energy storage technologies
play in different regions;
Recognize the energy security role
pumped storage hydropower plays in the
domestic electric grid;
Establish an alternative, streamlined
A story of modern-day development

Development of the 40-MW Lake component was included in the scope
Hodges pumped-storage project was of work until the generating station was
accomplished at a time when new projects completed, 10 years elapsed, Belock says.
of this type simply were not being brought
The bottom line beneft in adding
on line in the U.S. So development of this pumped-storage component was
this facility was both a challenge and an estimated to be $2 million to $3 million
achievement for the San Diego County in annual revenue from power generation
Water Authority in California, says Frank that could be used to offset the cost of
Belock, deputy general manager.
water supply and delivery. Belock says
Olivenhain Reservoir was impounded the $70 million pumped-storage plant
in 2003 as part of SDCWAs Emergency was cash fnanced.
Storage Project to protect the region from
Thanks to the success of this project,
severe water supply shortages. Lake SDCWA announced in July 2013 that it
Hodges sits 770 feet lower in elevation, was preparing to assess the potential to
leading SDCWA to decide in 2002 to develop a larger pumped-storage faciladd generating capability to the pumping ity (up to 500 MW) at its San Vicente
station that was already being designed. Reservoir. Construction of this facility
From the time the pumped-storage is anticipated to take at least fve years.
licensing process for low-impact pumped

storage hydropower, such as off-channel
or closed-loop projects;
Improve integration of federal and
state agencies into the early stage licensing
processes for pumped storage hydro; and
Facilitate an energy market structure
where transmission providers beneft from
long-term agreements with energy storage
facility developers.
NHA says the barriers that prevent new
pumped storage from being developed are
slowly being recognized and reduced and/or
removed. For example, Mursch says, there
is a lack of markets to fairly compensate
pumped storage for the many electrical
benefts it brings to the grid. The U.S.
Department of Energy recently provided
funding to Argonne National Laboratory
to model/quantify these benefts. Argonne
is leading a team that is seeking to provide
a comprehensive study of the technical and
market operations, economics and value of
conventional hydro and pumped-storage
plants for power system operation, including their role in accommodating a larger
share of variable renewable energy sources.
Another example is the time it takes to
get a project licensed as compared with
other technologies. NHA says gas plants
can be licensed in fewer than two years,
while pumped storage may take fve to six
years. Many developers today are considering closed-loop systems because they are
more environmentally benign and FERC
is looking to reduce licensing time for these
facilities to two years, as mandated in the
Hydropower Regulatory Effciency Act of 2013.
Conclusion
I believe the time is now or never that
new pumped-storage plants will be built,
Mursch says. With the need for grid-scale
storage being greater than ever and barriers to development slowly being removed,
pumped storages time has fnally come in
the U.S., she says.
Even the U.S. Department of Energy is
getting in on the act with its Hydropower
Vision plan. As part of this plan, DOE will
issue a report that seeks to answer a number
of questions regarding the current state and
future of hydroelectric power in the U.S.,
among these how pumped-storage projects
factor into Americas energy mix.
www.hydroworld.com
Storing energy, stabilizing the grid:

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in the United States
New Development
Removal By Addition
on the Skokomish River
When faced with the prospect of improving its Cushman Hydroelectric Complex, Tacoma
Power was able to remove fsh passage barriers while adding generating capacity with an
innovative expansion project.
Patrick McCarty
acoma Powers 134.6-MW Cushman Hydroelectric Complex, located on the North Fork
of the Skokomish River in Washington, consists of
two dams, three powerhouses, two reservoirs and
26 miles of transmission lines.
The Cushman Dam No. 1 and Cushman Dam
No. 2 powerhouses produce enough clean, renewable
power each year to serve 27,000 Northwest homes.
The project supplies 11% of Tacoma Powers electrical generation and has the ability to run primarily
at peak generation times.
After a federal relicensing process that took more
than three decades to complete, Tacoma Power was
faced with improving fsh passage conditions at
the Cushman Hydroelectric Complex as part of
an expansion. The solution chosen consists of an
innovative approach that combines the added power
generation with a new fsh collection system.
Controversial beginnings
The North Fork of the Skokomish River has long
been a place of importance for the Skokomish Indian
Tribe, who are known as People of the River, as its
water provides many uses including hydropower.
Tacoma Power constructed the Cushman project
in 1929 to meet the growing needs of the city of
Tacoma. The project was controversial from the
beginning because it diverted the water from the
North Fork of the Skokomish River into Hood Canal,
bypassing 17 miles of river. Later, as Tacoma Power
sought a new Federal Energy Regulatory Commission license for the project, fsh habitat restoration
became a central issue as fsh are an important
component in the life of the Skokomish Tribe.
The ensuing dispute would last 32 years, making
it one of the longest FERC relicensing processes
in history.
Pat McCarty, P.E., is

generation manager
for Tacoma Power.
Coming to common terms

Tacoma Power, the Skokomish Indian Tribe, and state
and federal agencies including the Washington
State Department of Fish and Wildlife, Washington
Department of Ecology, National Marine Fisheries Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Forest
Service and Bureau of Indian Affairs signed a
settlement agreement in 2009 that resolved a $5.8
billion damages claim fled by the Skokomish Tribe
during the relicensing battle.
The bulk of the damages claim was centered on
the fshery. Since Tacoma Power had blocked the
North Fork of the Skokomish River with a pair of
dams and signifcantly reduced the fows into the
river, it impacted the natural fshery.
The agreement prompted FERC to issue an
amended version of the license previously issued
in 1998. The original license, which carried a 40-year
term, was replaced with one issued in July 2010 that
carries a 50-year term, effective from July 1, 1998.
The license was signed by the utility, tribe, and state
and federal agencies after two years of mediation
and negotiation.
The agreement also called for the provision of
upstream and downstream fsh passage, construction
of two hatcheries, and wildlife mitigation and recreation improvements. Tacoma Power was required to
release water into the North Fork of the Skokomish River from the base of Cushman Dam No. 2
throughout the year, with fows varying between
The fsh collection pool is visible in its lowered position, adjacent to the completed new powerhouse and original valve
house at Cushman No. 2.
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100 to 300 cubic feet per second to mimic

historic seasonal river fow.
Overcoming four
challenges at once
The Skokomish Indian Tribe and natural
resource agencies requested that an adult
fsh collection system be located at the base
of Cushman Dam No. 2 to give migrating
fsh the maximum migration experience

and spawning area.
Meanwhile, Tacoma Power wished to
recover the energy from water released
fowing into the North Fork of the Skokomish River at the base of the dam. The option
to construct the North Fork Powerhouse
was included in the settlement agreement
and amended license, though the fnal
decision to proceed did not happen until

after Tacoma Power received a $4.7 million
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
award from the U.S. Department of Energy.
The two goals gave the utility four challenges as it designed and built the new
powerhouse and fsh facility:
1) Using water discharged from the new
turbine units to drive adult fsh collection
2) Designing a method to move fsh to the
top or bottom of the dam
3) Constructing the powerhouse without
dewatering the construction area
4) Maximizing available space at the bottom and top of the dam given restraints
that required judicious use of every
square foot
The $28 million project was supported
by DOEs grant, with the remainder primarily fnanced with Clean Renewable
Energy Bonds.
Solutions and innovations
The fsh collection facility was intended
to serve two primary purposes: the frst
being to trap and haul migrating adult fsh
upstream so they can spawn in the upper
basin; and second, to provide a method and
location to put smolts that are migrating
out from the Upper North Fork and Lake
Cushman into the Lower North Fork so
they can continue their migration to the sea.
The company wanted to design a fsh
collection system that used water discharged
from the turbine units draft tubes to attract
migrating adult fsh and lead them into a
fsh collection pool for holding. However,
turbine suppliers consulted by the company
were initially reluctant to discharge draft
tubes under the fsh collection pool because
the concept had never been tested before.
The design was so sensitive that a 1:5 scale
physical model was built in a Northwest
Hydraulic Consultants laboratory and
used to validate the arrangement. The fnal
design protects the Andritz-manufactured
turbines from the hydraulic resonance that
may be created by the pool.
To move adult fsh to the top of the dam
and juvenile fsh to the bottom, Tacoma
Powers engineers designed a tram system
to move a transport hopper from the fsh
collection pool to a point on the side of
the dam where a jib crane could reach the
hopper. The crane moves the hopper to a
www.hydroworld.com
This map displays the infrastructure associated with Tacoma Powers Cushman Hydroelectric Complex.
fsh handling facility and can safely deliver

fsh either direction.
Dewatering the construction area at
the base of the dam was nearly impossible because of 60 feet of rubble in the
riverbed. Tacoma Power came up with a
plan to build a sediment control dam with
bags of spawning gravel and pump turbid
water to a sediment pond. This allowed
excavation to be performed in the water.
The 1-cubic-yard bags of spawning gravel
were added to the river after construction

was complete and enhance the spawning
habitat as it moves downstream.
The fsh collection facility was built by
a joint venture of Tri-State Construction,
Inc. and Harbor Pacifc Contractors, Inc.,
above the water on a platform and lowered
into place immediately adjacent to the
new powerhouse when complete. Draft
tubes for each of the two turbines were
lowered into the water, connected to the
powerhouse and encased in concrete.

The construction site itself also presented many challenges and limiting features. Space constraints included ftting
the powerhouse and adult fsh collector
between the existing valve house and a
canyon wall. Every part of the powerhouse
design was laid out with only inches of
room to spare.
At the top of the dam, there is limited
space between the reservoir and steep hillside. Tacoma Power designed a deck over
the water to create an area for fsh sorting
and handling. The design includes an upper
and lower deck supported by the dam, a
retaining wall and a supporting column in
the reservoir. The fsh crane foundation is
notched into the side of the dam.
Adult fsh are separated, counted and
marked in a new fsh handling area at the
top of the dam before being transported in
tanks by truck to locations upstream of the
Cushman dams or to one of two hatcheries
planned for completion in 2015.
The control system integrates control
of the turbines, generators, river outlet
valve and fsh facility into one automated
operating system. Under normal automatic
conditions, there is only one required operator input: plant fow setpoint. This feature
sets the control system apart from other
generator plant control systems. The system was designed by Tacoma Power with
components from Allen-Bradley.
www.hydroworld.com
The Cushman plants new fsh collection facility, before being lowered into the waters downstream from the
No. 2 dam.
Results
The new North Fork Skokomish Powerhouse and Fish Facility provides clean,
renewable energy for 1,700 homes and
upstream and downstream fsh passage
for coho, spring chinook, steelhead and
sockeye salmon. The facilities provide for

the needs of Tacoma Power ratepayers and
the economic and environmental interests
of the Skokomish Tribe Indian and natural
resource agencies.
The new powerhouse provides an
additional 3.6 MW of hydropower generated by two Francis-style turbines, while

the fsh collection and transportation facility reopens a stretch of the North Fork
Skokomish to endangered salmon and
steelhead populations for the frst time in
more than 90 years.
This win-win scenario is a fortunate
outcome of what was a long and contentious relationship between Tacoma Power,
the Skokomish Tribal Nation and natural
resource agencies. The completion of the
hydroelectric facility is a sign that stakeholders in the Cushman Hydroelectric
Project have strengthened their relationship and are working together to enhance
the watershed.
The project was recognized by the
National Hydropower Association with
an Outstanding Stewards of Americas
Waters Award, which are given annually
to organizations that demonstrate excellence in the development and operation
of hydropower.
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Hyd ro H a l l o f Fa me
Stevens Creek Dam, on the Savannah River, has a 2,000-footwide spillway. At one end of the spillway is a lock, 90 feet wide
and 165 feet long, which was used until the 1950s to allow
passage of barges and boats.
Historic Stevens Creek Facility

Adapts to a Century of Change
The 18.8-MW Stevens Creek facility has operated reliably since it was commissioned in 1914,
despite a host of changes. This historic plant is the newest inductee into the Hydro Hall of
Fame and stands as a testament to the enduring nature of hydro projects.
By Ginny Jones
Ginny Jones is senior public

affairs specialist with SCANA
Services, parent company
to South Carolina Electric &
Gas Company, which owns
and operates the 18.8-MW
Stevens Creek facility.
or 100 years, the Stevens Creek Hydroelectric

facility has stood proudly on the banks of the
scenic Savannah River, about 8 miles upstream of
Augusta, Ga. In a setting rich with natural wonders
and early human history, construction of Stevens
Creek Dam and the accompanying hydroelectric
facility began in 1912. The site has operated continually since 1914, providing power to
people and businesses, while the surrounding Central Savannah River Area
has experienced a century of growth
and change.
Construction and operations
The industrial expansion of Augusta
encouraged the hydroelectric development of the
Savannah River. The Georgia-Carolina Power
Company was incorporated in 1909 to build the
frst dam and hydroelectric plant on the Savannah
River. The permit to operate the Stevens Creek plant
was issued by the War Department on July 20, 1910.

As local residents began to understand the impact
the facility would bring in terms of jobs and industrial development, their excitement was palpable.
Augustas pulse to throb with new power by frst of
next December; Stevens Creek plant wonderful,
reported The Augusta Chronicle in May 1913.
During the construction process,
press tours and events were held to
attract industrialists from the Northeast
to invest in the area. High above the
city of Augusta, far up in the Savannah
River, Chief Pilot S. S. Jerwan will drive
his Molsant monoplane this afternoon,
carrying The Augusta Chronicle on the
frst fight of the kind in the Souths history, reported
The Augusta Chronicle on Jan. 22, 1913. He will
deliver the Souths oldest newspaper and greetings
from its management to the people who will gather
at the site of the great hydroelectric development to
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The three-level powerhouse for the Stevens Creek project originally contained eight water wheels but was
oversized to allow for future expansions.
participate in the celebration of the power

that will be realized to the progress and
prosperity of Augusta.
This project was completed within two
years, with a workforce of more than 800.
Boarding houses, a butcher shop, bake
shop, refrigerating/ice facility and commissary all were built on the original work site.
Because great care was taken to safeguard
the health of workers in the camp, fltered
water and sewerage systems were provided,
along with a fully equipped hospital with
a resident physician.
And when the dam and hydro project
was completed, local newspapers hailed it
as the most advanced engineering feat of
its kind in the Southeast.
Stevens Creek frst produced power on
Feb. 16, 1914. It initially contained fve
2.36-MW units. Three additional units were
added by 1926 to meet customer demand.
Its generating capacity today is 18.8 MW
and it is operated by South Carolina Electric & Gas Company.
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2013 Parsons Brinckerhoff
Joe McGill, supervisor of the facility,

is amazed by how quickly and how well
the facility was built. Its remarkable to
consider that they built this place in about
two years. They only had steam power.
Looking at the wooden forms they built
for the concrete, they must have done
them mostly by hand, and they just had
ways of building things that we dont have
anymore, McGill says. Im amazed at

how accurate they were in terms of size
and placement of all these large parts that
come together so well.
All the major mechanical components of
the original fve units (including the generators), the dam and the powerhouse that
are in operation today date to the original
construction of the plant.
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Stevens Creek Dam has a 2,000-footwide spillway. At one end of the spillway
is a lock, 90 feet wide and 165 feet long,
which was used until the 1950s to allow
passage of barges and boats. The three-level
powerhouse has a concrete substructure,
or foundation, containing the plants eight
water wheels.
Each wheel is connected to a generator mounted on the foor of the steelframed, brick-covered superstructure. The
mechanical power produced by the water
wheels turns the generators to produce
electricity. The powerhouse measures
roughly 328 feet long, 52 feet wide, and 57
feet high; the foundation is larger than the
structure, to house two additional future
turbines (no plans are currently in place to
add these two units). A set of transformers
steps up the low voltage produced by the
generators to a higher voltage suitable for
long-distance transmission.
Stevens Creek Dam impounds one
of six reservoirs on the mainstem of the
Savannah River. Three U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers dams are located upstream
of Stevens Creek: Hartwell, Richard B.
Russell and J. Strom Thurmond. J. Strom
Thurmond is the closest dam upstream of
Stevens Creek, about 13 miles to the north.
Downstream of Stevens Creek are the
Augusta Canal Diversion Dam (about 1
mile downstream) and the New Savannah Bluff Lock and Dam downstream
of Augusta.
Although constructed solely to generate
electricity, Stevens Creek now functions
as a re-regulating plant to mitigate the
downstream effects of the wide-ranging
discharges from J. Strom Thurmond Dam
and its 381-MW powerhouse. Normal daily
fuctuations in the water level of Stevens
Creek Reservoir are 3 to 5 feet. As part of its
role to control the effects of J. Strom Thurmond Dam, Stevens Creek can still produce
hydroelectricity. The Stevens Creek facility,
as completed in 1925 with the addition of
three more turbine-generator units, continues to provide a yearly average of 94
GWh of electricity.
Our Stevens Creek Hydro plant and
the staff have been an integral part of
SCE&Gs generation portfolio for 100
years, providing non-emitting generation
in the North Augusta region, said Jim
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Today, the 18.8-MW Stevens Creek hydro facility continues to produce electricity as needed, providing ftting
testimony to the long-lived, reliable nature of hydroelectric power.
Landreth, vice president of fossil hydro

operations with SCE&G. This plant has
a long history as a key driver to enhancing the local area infrastructure to attract
industry and providing for vital community
health and social enrichment.
A rich history
In 1995, the Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission (FERC) issued a new license
to SCE&G for continued operation of the
Stevens Creek Hydroelectric Project. As
part of the relicensing process, FERC
required SCE&G to identify and evaluate all

historic properties within the Stevens Creek
project area for eligibility for inclusion in
the National Register of Historic Places.
In 1991, a professional historian studied
the buildings and structures in the project
area, which were found to consist solely of
the generating plant.
From 1991 to 1995, professional archaeologists conducted investigations in the
upland and foodplain portions of the Stevens Creek project area. The archaeologists
used a phased approach, with the frst phase
designed to defne areas disturbed by the
plant operation and to locate archaeological
sites. The second phase was a more intensive study to evaluate whether any of the
identifed archaeological sites were eligible
for the National Register of Historic Places.
Ten of the 52 prehistoric archaeological
sites in the Stevens Creek project area on
which archaeologists conducted intensive
excavations were determined eligible for the
National Register of Historic Places. Most

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www.hydroworld.com
BUOYS - FLOATS - CHANNEL MARKERS

Round
Floats
Oval
Floats
Float Collar Can Buoys
Call l 800.899.2977
Click l www.tuffbuoy.com
Regulatory Buoys/Channel Markers
of these sites are located on private land (six

sites) and/or federal or state property (also
six sites). None of the locations on private
property can be visited without permission
from the landowner.
Stallings Island, just downstream from
the Stevens Creek facility, is a small island
containing a rich collection of historic and
pre-historic artifacts from many periods.
In 1961, the National Historic Landmarks

Program described the island in its Statement of Signifcance: One of the most
important shell mound sites in the Southeast, giving information on Archaic Indians
who lived in the Savannah River drainage
area. It is likely that Stevens Creek Dams
regulation of water fow over the past 100
years has helped preserve Stallings Island.
There has also been considerable effort

by SCE&G over the past several decades
to study the environmental impact of the
Stevens Creek hydro plant on local wildlife,
particularly fsh. Fortunately, these studies
have shown no evidence that the hydroelectric operations affect the well-being of the
local fsh population.
Modernization
The Stevens Creek facility has been innovative from the beginning. Stevens Creek
was one of the frst plants of its kind to use
Kingsbury bearings, which feature a special
vertical design to optimize the fow of water
for power creation. The introduction of this
bearing design change hydro units forever.
Earlier hydro units used a horizontal design,
but with the vertical Kingsbury design, the
water wheels could be lowered, adding more
net head for additional power.
According to the American Society
of Mechanical Engineers, The load in a
Kingsbury bearing is carried by a wedgeshaped oil flm formed between the shaft
thrust-collar and a series of stationary
pivoted pads or segments. This results in
an extremely low coeffcient of friction and
negligible bearing wear.
Throughout the years, Stevens Creek has
gone through many upgrades, including:
Units 1 and 2 transformers replaced
(1976)
Overhaul of Unit 5 (1978) and Unit
1 (1979)
Replacement of 10 main head gates,
eight fller gates, 12 fller gate stoplogs,
10 main unit trashrack sets and support
systems and four exciter trashrack sets, in
addition to installation of a new trashrake
and rebuilding of the upstream lock gates
(1982)
Installation of static exciters for Units
5 through 8 (1983)
Overhaul of Unit 2 (1985)
Overhaul of Unit 8 and installation
of new governor (1986)
Overhaul of Unit 4 and replacement
of Unit 3 and 4 main transformers (1990)
Three-phase electrical upgrade
begins, with the frst phase consisting of
www.hydroworld.com
ISO PHASE BUS

For Hydro and Pumped Storage
Crown Electric Eng. & Mfg. LLC designs, fabricates and installs Iso Phase Bus.
Crown also maintains and upgrades IPB for most domestic legacy installations.

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sales@crown-electric.com
Generating equipment in the Stevens Creek facility has gone through many upgrades over the years, and the plant
has evolved into a classic example of marrying older, mature technology with state-of-the-art digital controls.
replacing generator breakers and modifying

generator leads (1991)
Replacement of all-oil generator
breakers with gas-flled breakers (1992)
Removal of all Woodward
mechanical governors and replacement with

Cross gate positioners (1993)
Replacement of control switchboard,
completing the second phase of electrical
upgrade (1994)
Replacement of two water-driven

direct current exciters with a solid state
rapid static exciter (1995)
Facility ceased 24-hour operations by
relinquishing the operations to SCE&Gs
Urquhart Station (a coal and combined
cycle plant) in Beech Island, S.C., and
a new 30-year FERC license was issued
(1996)
McGill said the transition to remote
operation from Urquhart Station was
perhaps the most dramatic change he has
seen in the four decades he has been at the
facility. Handling plant operations internally
required about 17 employees. Today, the
facility has fve employees who maintain
and oversee the building and equipment.
Knowing there had been someone here,
all day every day, taking care of things since
operations started in 1914, it felt kind of
strange to go remote, McGill said. But
operating remotely from the Urquhart plant
has worked out really well, and today its
just our normal operation.
Landreth said the plant has evolved
into a classic example of marrying older,
mature technology with state-of-the-art

digital controls to increase productivity
and meet the operating responsibilities to
the river and the community. The plant
has a peak capacity capable of supplying electricity to 12,160 homes, and our
staff has accepted the responsibility of
maintaining the skills necessary to run a
facility equipped with the old and the new
technologies, Landreth said.
A look downstream
The Stevens Creek facility is the last waterregulating dam on the Savannah River
before it reaches the Atlantic Ocean, about
150 miles away.
The Augusta Canal, one of Americas
oldest continuously operating industrial
canals, is located downstream from the Stevens Creek plant. Built beginning in 1845,
the waterway was essential to introducing
the Industrial Revolution to the South. The
textile industry in particular began to thrive
during that era.
Today, the Augusta Canal provides water
to power hydroelectric facilities that support
three historic mill properties the King,
Sibley and Enterprise mill buildings. These
buildings are used for a variety of functions,
including offces, executive apartments, a
modern textile operation and the Augusta
Canal Interpretive Center, a museum and
tour facility. Dayton Sherrouse, executive
director of the Augusta Canal Authority,
said the Augusta Canal Interpretive Center
hosts about 7,000 school-aged children
each year. The museum includes interactive
exhibits about how hydroelectric power
works, as well as exhibits about many
aspects of life for Augusta residents during
the 19th century.
One of the most important things that
people dont know or understand is the
role that the [hydro] facility plays in storing water from the distribution upstream
and evening out the fow in the river,
said Sherrouse. The Stevens Creek plant
releases it evenly over a 24-hour period,
and so the level of the water is steady as it
comes downstream to the canal, even if it is
fowing unevenly upstream of the Stevens
Creek plant.
Sherrouse said its important to have a
steady fow coming into the Augusta Canal,
which is a closed system: If theres not
www.hydroworld.com
a steady fow, you have the potential of

the canal overfowing. Or, it could go the
other way and you have the potential for
the canal not to generate enough water to
support the three hydroelectric facilities
that operate on the canal.
Even further downstream, the Savannah
River supplies water to Augusta-area paper
mills, chemical plants and other industries
along the river that provide an estimated

25,000 jobs.
While much has changed at the Stevens
Creek Hydroelectric facility and throughout
the surrounding area during the past century, the Stevens Creek facility remains a
constant source of power and water regulation, supporting the continued growth and
development of the area.
Equipment Selection
Method for Assessing and

Selecting New Small Hydro Technology
With signifcant development potential available at small run-of-river sites and non-powered
dams in the U.S., the authors propose a software program to help interested parties choose
the best type of technology to install at these sites.
By Qin Fen (Katherine)
Zhang, Patrick OConnor,
Scott DeNeale and
Rocio Martinez
Katherine Zhang, PhD,

P.Eng., is a mechanical and
hydraulic engineer, Patrick
OConnor is research staff,
Scott DeNeale is a postmasters research assistant,
and Rocio Martinez is an
ecent resource assessments have shown that

more than 90 GW of small run-of-river and
non-powered dam hydropower potential is undeveloped within the conterminous U.S.1,2 Costeffectiveness remains a large barrier to developing
small and low-head hydropower, and the long lead
time and risk associated with permitting and licensing
further deters deployment. However, innovations in
small hydro technologies have emerged in recent
years, and most are targeted to addressing high
costs and environmental issues. Examples include
modular units such as CleanPowers Turbinator,3
the Natel Energy SLH hydroEngine,4 the MJ2 Very
Low Head Turbine,5 and various implementations
of the Archimedes screw turbine.6,7 It is important
to properly assess and select the best from multiple
traditional and novel technologies to reduce investment risk for the project owner.
However, hydro technologies can ultimately be
assessed only under site-specifc conditions (i.e., site
feasibility assessment), and the assessment approach
depends on the availability of data pertaining to the
site. As a project progresses, increasingly detailed
data become available, enabling a more detailed
modeling approach. This article introduces different
levels of modeling approaches, used at different
phases of project development, for evaluating and
selecting small hydro technology at potential development sites. In light of the limitations of using existing
modeling frameworks, the argument is made for
developing a new modeling framework that incorporates the small hydro engineering process into the
project life cycle cost-beneft analysis.
economist with Oak Ridge

National Laboratory.
This article has been evaluated

and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or
more professionals who have
relevant expertise. These peer
reviewers judge manuscripts for
technical accuracy, usefulness,
and overall importance within
the hydroelectric industry.
Minimum level of assessment

Cost performance indicators
At the earliest stages of project development
even at a screening or permitting level of analysis
detailed site-specifc information (hydrologic,
geographic, geologic or environmental) may not be
readily available. This makes detailed engineering
and project value assessments impossible. In this
case, only high-level cost performance indicators

including installation cost in $/kW and levelized
cost of energy (LCOE) in $/MWh would be
estimated based on major parameters of project
characterization (e.g., plant capacity, hydraulic head,
project lifespan and capacity factor).
Even with limited site-specifc condition and
design data, differences in the cost-effectiveness of
small hydropower technologies may be apparent if
the cost and performance estimates are supported by
hydro industry expertise. Figure 1 on page 38 compares project cost and design parameters, based on
data from Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
(FERC) license documents for all the technologies
under discussion, between a Turbinator project
and other existing dam or conduit projects with
similar capacity and hydraulic head. For the project
using the Turbinator technology from Norway, the
installation cost is relatively high compared with the
other projects. But LCOE values appear to follow
similar patterns with respect to capacity and head
variations (e.g., the installation cost per kW and
LCOE are generally lower for projects with larger
capacity or higher head).
LCOE also captures the potential tradeoffs that
can occur when using new technology concepts that
lower up-front costs at the expense of a reduced
project lifetime, such as the modular powerhouse
confgurations that were once proposed for use on
a series of navigation locks on the Mohawk River.
As Figure 2 shows (see page 38), compared with
estimates from hydropower consultants (A1 and
A4) and FERC license document (Marseilles) for
traditional lock and dam hydro projects of similar
size, the Mohawk Lock modular powerhouse project may have substantially lower installation costs.
However, because of the shorter design lifespan of
the powerhouse (20 years), LCOE is not as much
lower, although LCOE follows similar patterns with
respect to head and capacity variations.8
Typically, for both new and traditional technologies, initial capital cost is the key driver of LCOE for
www.hydroworld.com
Keystone Pressedienst
Sauer Compress ors
original | exceptional | unique

D epen dable up to 5 00 b ar a n yw her e, anyti me.
Figure 1 Turbinator Versus Traditional Projects

6,000
160
140
5,000
120
4,000
100
3,000
80
60
2,000
40
1,000
20
0
Mahoning
Turbinator
Gathright
Flannagan
Mahoning
Initial Capital Cost ($/kW)

Head (ft) x10
Plant Capacity (kW)
Turbinator
Gathright
Flannagan
Levelized Cost of Energy ($/MWh)

Head (feet)
Project cost and design parameters vary, for projects with similar scales of installed capacity and hydraulic head, based on the technology being used.
a hydro project. However, the initial capital

cost alone cannot fully represent the cost
performance of a project or technology.
LCOE, which takes into account lifetime
cost and generation, is a more useful indicator of cost-effectiveness. This is because,
even using a simplifed analysis model,
LCOE calculations explicitly or implicitly
account for the primary hydro technology
performance metrics, which include: 1)
installation cost including environmental
mitigation cost, 2) effciency of power
generation, 3) reliability (frequency and
cost of outages the technology causes),
and 4) lifespan (durability). Yet, because
both initial capital cost and capacity factor
are uncertain during the earliest phases of
Energy Technology Screen (RETScreen)

model9 and methodologies developed by
the U.S. Department of Interiors Bureau
of Reclamation (USBR)10 and U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers (USACE)11 to assess
the economic feasibility of adding hydropower generators to existing unpowered
water resource infrastructure.
Differences exist among the hydro tools,
models and methodologies, but in general
they follow a similar approach. Typically,
the tools select an appropriate turbine
technology and determine turbine design
parameters and effciencies based on the
fow and head duration curves generated
using input fow and head time series data
(or directly input fow duration curves).
project development, using a systematic

procedure to produce LCOE ranges that
capture the uncertainty would further aid
technology selection.
Preliminary assessment modeling

As project development progresses, more
hydrologic data, site features and environmental attributes become available.
Thus, tools that can incorporate sitespecifc information into an evaluation
methodology provide more accurate estimates of cost and performance with less
uncertainty. A handful of industry tools
exist at this level of assessment to provide
initial site-specifc economic estimation,
including the widely used Renewable
Figure 2 Modular Powerhouse Versus Traditional Powerhouse Projects

12,000
200
180
10,000
160
140
8,000
120
100
6,000
80
4,000
60
40
2,000
20
0
0
A4
A1
Mohawk
Lock 12
Initial Capital Cost ($/kW)

Head (ft) x10
Marseilles
Plant
Capacity (kW)
A4
A1
Mohawk
Lock 12
Marseilles
Levelized Cost of Energy ($/MWh)

Head (feet)
The modular powerhouse project may offer a lower installation cost but has a shorter design lifespan, which raises the levelized cost of energy.
www.hydroworld.com
With this information and other basic

site and project information, capacity
and energy generation can be estimated,
allowing for project cost estimation and
economic analysis. Various economic measures such as internal rate of return,
net present value, beneft-cost-ratio and
LCOE can help inform managers and
investors regarding a projects economic

viability. The RETScreen and USBR methodologies are both embedded into publicly
available Excel workbooks for use by the
wider hydropower community.
One key feature common among hydro
project evaluation tools is the conformance
to conventional technology and design
45years
COH Inc.
DESIGN, FABRICATION & TURNKEY INSTALLATION OF:
Powerhouse cranes
Spiral drum link and roller chan hoists
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Gantries and monorails for stop logs
Fixed hoists, cranes, gantries and gates
Electrical and mechanical
for intakes, draft tubes and spillways
modernizations
COH Inc. 800 363-6501 / USA: 610 223-7387

sales@coh.ca / www.coh.ca
paradigms, which prevents the evaluation and/or selection of emerging small

hydropower technologies. As a step toward
allowing new technologies into the preliminary assessment phase of project evaluation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory has
developed an additional Excel tool for use
in preliminary assessment, the hydropower
energy and economic preliminary assessment tool, or HydroPAT.12 HydroPAT
merges elements of the performance
estimation and costing methodologies
applied in RETScreen and the USBR
HydroAssessmentTool, while adding the
cost and performance characteristics of
near-commercial new hydropower technologies, including Natels SLH hydroEngine and the AS Clean Power Turbinator.
To assess the relative economics of these
new small hydro technology applications,
HydroPAT has been applied and validated
in the assessment of small hydro development opportunities in the Deschutes basin
in Oregon.12
A key limitation of these preliminary
modeling tools is their inability to explicitly
resolve many of the key design parameters
that drive the cost of hydropower development, requiring that costs be determined
based on a combination of statistical cost
equations and rules of thumb. However,
many emerging hydro generating technologies have dynamic cost impacts, including
impacts on powerhouse design, generating effciency, and interactions with other
technologies (e.g., eliminating the need
for a downstream fsh passage by using
a fsh friendly turbine). To ensure the
cost implications of technology and design
are fully captured, a more comprehensive assessment approach to small hydro
technology selection than is available from
the USBR, ORNL and RETScreen tools
is required.
Integrating design and

economic assessment
Assessing the impacts from implementation of a new technology is not simple, as
the small hydro project design process is
highly intricate and complex. For example,
there often may be more than one type
of turbine technology that is technically
suitable for installation at a site, meaning a decision must be made based on
www.hydroworld.com
economic performance. However, no tools

exist to evaluate trade-offs among different
technology options. The trade-offs among
different components of a hydropower
plant (e.g., equipment or civil works costs),
between initial capital costs and operation and maintenance costs, or between
lifecycle costs and revenues (e.g., related
to project capacity, effciency, and energy
production) can make an initial comparison diffcult. Often, new technology can
be more expensive than traditional alternatives, but secondary impacts on plant
system design and generating performance
make the novel approach a superior economic choice.
One example of these trade-offs in
system design is the recently developed
Alden fsh-friendly turbine. At some sites,
the Alden turbine captures energy from
fows that are otherwise spilled for downstream passage and eliminates the need for
additional fsh protection equipment, the
cost of which can vary widely by site and
fsh species. The Alden turbine is larger
in size for its generating capacity than a
comparable Francis or Kaplan turbine,
resulting in a fully-installed equipment
price roughly 35% to 40% higher than what
would be expected for these technologies in
a similar application. However, this direct
cost increase could potentially be offset
by reduced civil costs in a site-specifc
application, the higher setting relative to the
tailwater elevation of the Alden turbine has
been estimated to reduce excavation and
civil costs by 11%.13
In short, a plant performance evaluation
and system design are necessary to capture
the full range of economic impacts resulting from application of a technology, and
understanding how emerging small hydro
technologies are applicable across U.S.
hydropower resources requires a holistic
approach to modeling plant design and
costs. Aside from technology or turbine
type selection, lifecycle cost tradeoffs also
exist in the conventional determination
of the number of units and turbine sizes.
Choice of unit sizing has non-linear impacts
on turbine effciencies and the depth of the
turbine setting. Choice of number of units
has non-linear impacts on generation (e.g.,
ability to generate across a range of fows)
and powerhouse layout and design. The
www.hydroworld.com
feedback between these implications and

costs introduces substantial complexity
into the assessment of project feasibility
and optimal design.
Because of these complexities, engineering design elements must be incorporated into a project economic analysis
framework to form an integrated model
or system model, which is necessary

for properly selecting and sizing new
technologies and providing preliminary
evaluations of site feasibility. Essentially,
an integrated model framework optimizes
plant economics by minimizing cost and
maximizing value over the project lifecycle. At minimum this requires: explicit
resolution of project layout and design of project layout and design, plant per- Summary and discussion
(including sizing of the conveyance system, formance and economic assessment can
In summary, tried-and-true models and
powerhouse and generating equipment); point the way toward more effcient tech- methods of hydropower project assessment
plant operational simulation and gennology selection and initial project feasihave been used extensively to identify and
eration optimization; and
evaluate hydropower
fexible cost-beneft analydevelopment opportunisis based on hydrologic,
Innovations in small hydro technologies
ties. However, the emergeographic, geologic,
gence of dynamic new
environmental and power
mostly are targeted to addressing high costs technologies requires
market information.
improved analytical
An integrated model
and environmental issues. It is important to
capabilities to properly
assess development prosis not a silver bullet for
properly assess and select the best from
pects. A next-generation
hydropower project site
modeling framework is
assessment a model
cannot fully simulate the
multiple technologies to reduce investment
ideal for evaluating and
expert decision-making
selecting these new small
risk for the project owner.
hydro technologies.
abilities of experienced
The authors are
engineers and cannot
working to develop a
account for the risks of
using new and unproven technologies. The bility assessment and provide a research prototype modeling application capable of
performance of these new technologies
framework to assess how new technologies meeting these goals, but industry feedback
must be tracked through time and accu- could affect the cost-effectiveness of small is necessary and will be heavily sought
rately represented. However, the integration hydropower development.
once prototype development is completed
PROJECT MANAGEMENT

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www.hydroworld.com
in 2015. What should not be lost in this

discussion is the fact that models are useful
but may sometimes become dangerous
because they both mimic and distort the
reality they represent. A model always
includes some underlying assumptions, so
a balance must be found between simplicity
and accuracy, based on data availability. To
this end, it is envisioned that an integrated
modeling framework would serve only as
a research tool and an aid to developers
in the early stages of project defnition to
explore potential design options, providing
useful insights to the fnal engineeringbased assessments with ideal project layout
and design.
Resources Offce, Denver, 2011.

11
Hydropower Resource Assessment at Non-
Powered USACE Sites, Hydropower Analysis

Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2013.
12
Zhang, Q., R. Martinez, and B. Saulsbury,
Technical and Economic Feasibility Assessment of Small Hydropower Development in the
Deschutes River Basin, ORNL/TM-2013/221,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,
Tenn., 2013.
Dixon, D., and R. Dham, Fish-Friendly Hydropower Turbine Development and Deployment:
Alden Turbine Preliminary Engineering and
Model TestingSupplemental Research, fnal
technical report, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif., 2012.
13
Notes
1
Hadjerioua, B.,Y.Wei, and S.C. Kao, An Assessment of Energy Potential at Non-powered Dams
in the United States, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., 2012.
2
Hadjerioua, B., et al. An Assessment of Energy
Potential from New Stream-reach Development
in the United States: Initial Report on Methodology, ORNL/TM-2012/298, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., 2013.
3
Opsahl, E., CleanPower Turbinator: Hydropower
without a Dam, Proceedings of HydroVision
International 2013, PennWell Corp., Tulsa,
Okla., 2013.
4
Schneider, A., Natel Energys Schneider Linear
Hydroengine (SLH): Innovation in Low-head
Hydropower, Proceedings of HydroVision International 2010, PennWell Corp., Tulsa, Okla.,
2010.
5
ONeil, C., Hydro Turbine Generating Set for
Very Low Head, Proceedings of HydroVision
International 2010, PennWell Corp., Tulsa,
Okla., 2010.
6
Screw Generator, Spaans Babcock Inc., Barrie,

Ontario, Canada, 2014.
7
Hydropower Turbines: Archimedian Screw,
Renewables First, Gloucestershire, United
Kingdom, 2014.
8
Zhang, Q., B. Smith, and W. Zhang, Small
Hydropower Cost Reference Model, ORNL/
TM-2012/501, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, Tenn., 2012.
9
RETScreen International: Small Hydro Project
Analysis, Minister of Natural Resources Canada
20012004, National Resources Canada, 2004.
10
Hydropower Resource Assessment at Existing
Reclamation Facilities, U.S. Department of
the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Power
www.hydroworld.com
Sticky Wickets
Pumped Storage: Adding Roughness Air

and Modifying the Depression Cycle
Installation of two pumped-storage turbines
at Salt River Projects (SRP) Mormon Flat
and Horse Mesa pumped-storage powerhouses increased each facilitys generating
capacity and effciency but resulted in rough
operation when the units were run too far
off their best effciency point (BEP). To
correct this problem, SRP personnel applied
depressing air to both units. Additional work
in the form of a separate roughness air system was needed for the second unit. Since
this fx, the units have operated acceptably.
Understanding the problem
The two 30-year-old Francis pumpedstorage turbines were replaced in 2002 by
GE Norway. One was at Horse Mesa Dam

and the other at Mormon Flat Dam, both
on the Salt River northeast of Phoenix.
These are two of several dams operated
by SRP and the only ones with pumped
storage capability. The project involved
replacing the turbines with new stainless
steel runners that were more effcient and
resulted in an uprate for both.
For Horse Mesa, the new turbine resulted
in a capacity increase of 19 MW, to 115
MW from 96 MW. For the Mormon Flat
unit, capacity increased to 54 MW from
40 MW. Of course, the project included
replacement of the headcover, wickets gates,
etc., and substantial modifcation of the
discharge ring and draft tube.

However, one problem that operators
of SRP noted almost immediately with the
higher-effciency turbines was that the units
ran very rough when the wicket gates were
operated more than just a few percent off
the BEP. This situation caused additional
mechanical problems in one of the units,
particularly when the unit was transitioned
from generate to condense mode.
Solving the problem
The existing control system was confgured
to apply depressing air when the unit wickets at zero switch was made. For one of
the two new units, in an attempt to achieve
acceptable operation without resultant
mechanical issues, the vendor commissioning engineer asked SRP personnel if
it would be possible to adjust the logic to
apply depressing air earlier. At speed-no
load, the wicket gates are about 20% to
22% open. The transition to condense logic
drops the shutdown solenoids at that gate
position, driving the gates closed at gate
timing speed. Plant personnel adjusted the
logic to open the main depressing air valve
at 15% gate opening when transitioning
Installation of a blower with a variable frequency

drive allows the Salt River Project to better control
operation of a pumped-storage unit by shutting down
and restarting as the unit unloads when the wicket
gates approach best effciency point.
www.hydroworld.com
to condense mode. Essentially, this used

depressing air (normally used to depress
the water out of the runner for condense
mode operation and for pump starts) as
roughness air.
The difference during the operational
transition from generate mode to condense
mode in how the unit sounded and felt
with this modifcation was so impressive,
the same logic was applied to the other
unit. With this change, there is very little
difference in the amount of bubbles in the
tailrace, there was a minimal additional
drop in depressing air pressure for the
transition, and the unit maximum megawatt consumption in the transition to
condense was much lower. Note that this
solution should work well on all pumpedstorage units where the turbine is below
tailrace level.
For the frst unit, adding a manual
bypass valve and air fow meter to the
main and bypass depressing air valve
header and throttling the manual valve
to achieve about 250 cubic feet per minute
(cfm) resulted in acceptable operation
throughout the load range. On the second
unit, however, testing indicated that one
fow rate throughout the load range was
unacceptable and that a separate roughness air system in addition to the existing
depressing air system was needed. The
testing included measuring decibel levels
on the turbine deck with the unit at various
wicket gate positions and determining how
many cfm of air would be optimal for that
gate position.
With this data in hand, we purchased
and installed a blower with a variable
frequency drive to control output. The
blower for this unit is rated at 500 scfm
at a discharge pressure of 10 pounds per
square inch. As the wicket gates approach
BEP, the blower shuts down and then
restarts as the unit unloads, with additional attention paid to headcover vent
position. This design minimizes wear and
tear on the depressing air compressors
and gives us a much more controllable
system, using an analog out from the unit
programmable logic controller to control
blower discharge based on wicket gate
position. Again, these modifcations greatly
improved how the units sound and feel as

they load and unload.
Results and lessons learned
As hydroelectric plants age and rehabilitation work is undertaken, we all need to
anticipate activities like this to maximize
our return on investment. As part of the
commissioning process, some need for

improvement to the vendor design should
be identifed and considered.
By John R. Hunter, now retired, was
senior computer analyst and O&M supervisor
in thermal and hydro plants and O&M supervisor for instrument, controls and electrical for
hydro generation, Salt River Project
Custom-Built High-Efciency Generators

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POTENCIA INDUSTRIAL, S.A.

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Mexico City, D.F. 09070
+52 (55) 5686.7303
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www.potenciaindustrial.com.mx
Established in 1958, Potencia Industrial ofers engineering and manufacturing of special

application high-efciency electrical motors, generators, M-G sets and power systems.
Foro ver thirty years we have dedicated to the advance of rotary electrical machinery
technologies, constantly setting new industry benchmarks. We provide creative
solutions that meet and exceed the toughest technical requirements while maintaining
the highest reliability and efciency.
Nearly 90% of our production was destined for the U.S. and Canada in the last 5 years;
we delivered equipment equivalent to 2,000 MW of wind power, 60 MW of hydroelectric
power and 100 MW of industrial electric capacity. Our state of the art hydrogenerators,
installed at several hydro sites around the world, are custom built, suitable for Pelton,
Francis or Kaplan turbines, vertical or horizontal, for high, low or variable speed.
www.hydroworld.com
Tech Briefs
For more technical news, check out the
Technology and Equipment tab at
Fish and Wildlife Service uses

GPS to aid lamprey passage
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has
created a project, using a wood carving
of a Pacifc lamprey, to raise awareness
about the importance of these fsh to the
region and the challenges they face migrating past dams.
These wood carvings, known as Travel
Bugs, were planted in the river and are
intended to make their way downstream
with the help of geocachers. Geocaching
is a technological take on orienteering in
which participants use a GPS device to
locate hidden containers (geocaches or
caches) and fxed objects (waypoints).
The bug wears a tag with a code that can
be scanned via a cell phone. The code
takes users to a website about lamprey and
information about where these wooden
fsh are trying to go.
Pacifc lamprey are culturally and ecologically vital, FWS says, and they are a
powerful indicator of watershed health.
For the frst three to seven years, lamprey
larvae burrow into river bottoms and flter
feed. They then migrate to the ocean as
adults and return to freshwater to spawn
at 10 or 11 years old, according to lamprey
researchers from the Yakima Nation.
The researchers launched four wooden
fsh in early August by placing them in
geocaches and updating their location to
the geocaching.com website. The caches
were located near Orifno, Idaho; Toppenish, Wash.; Ilwaco, Wash.; and Portland. All
four Travel Bugs have specifc missions to
follow upriver or downriver virtual journeys, FWS says.
ASCE names The Dalles Dam
an historical landmark
The American Society of Civil Engineers
recently dedicated The Dallas Dam as an
ASCE National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark. A plaque was placed at the
facility in July.
The Dalles Dam highlights the benefts
that a multipurpose dam of this scope
can have on the regional and national
economies. When it was constructed in the
1950s, no other dam in the U.S. possessed
such multipurpose functionality, according
to WEST Consultants, whose President
Jeff Bradley chairs the Environmental and
Water Resources Institute History and
Heritage Committee of ASCE. The Dalles
Dam is more than 1.5 miles long, with an
L shape taking advantage of the underlying
soil and rock confguration. The design
and construction of The Dalles Dam
served as a model for dam construction
for decades to come.
Today, The Dalles Dam, on the Columbia River between Oregon and Washington,
is the sixth largest hydropower project in the
U.S., with a generating capacity of 1,780
MW. It is owned and operated by the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers.
Companies named to ENR Top

200 Environmental Firms list
Several companies that do work in the
hydropower market were included in
Engineering News-Records Top 200 Environmental Firms list. Companies are ranked
based on revenue. Top hydro-related frms
make the list, and their ranking last year,
are below:
1: CH2M Hill Ltd., Englewood, Colo. (1)
2: URS Corp., New York (2)
4: Bechtel Corp., San Francisco, Calif. (4)
5: Tetra Tech Inc., Pasadena, Calif. (4)
8: AECOM Technology Corp., New York
(7)
9: MWH Global, Broomfeld, Colo. (8)
10: Golder Associates Corp., Mississauga,
Ontario, Canada (9)
11: Black & Veatch, Overland Park, Kan.
13: ARCADIS U.S. Inc., Highlands Ranch,
Colo. (11)
17: CDM Smith, Cambridge, Mass. (16)
18: Environmental Resources Management,
London, England (17)
19: HDR, Omaha, Neb. (19)
20: Stantec Inc., Edmonton, Alberta,

Canada (22)
For a complete list of Top Environmental Firms, visit http://enr.construction.com/toplists/Top-EnvironmentalFirms/001-100.asp.
ABB offers NERC CIP

Version 5 webinar series
Power and automation technology company ABB is offering a free eight-part
educational webinar series to help utilities
with upcoming preparation, planning and
submissions for mandatory compliance
with the North American Electric Reliability Corporations Critical Infrastructure
Protection Version 5 standards.
Utility personnel in the U.S. and Canada
must identify their bulk power systems and
execute compliance programs to meet
these standards by April 1, 2016. Version
5 adopts new cybersecurity controls and
vastly extends the scope of the systems
that the CIP standards protect, ABB says.
The webinar series is intended to address
todays utility challenges with CIP Version
5 compliance in both physical and cyber
security and discuss the new requirements
for CIP-014 Physical Risk Assessments.
Participants will gain an understanding that
will help classify their BES Cyber Security System Impact levels, understand risk
assessment for substations, and learn best
practices in cyber security and malicious
software controls, the company says.
The eight one-hour webinars in this
series are held at Eastern time:
Held in September: Cyber system
categorization (power generation specifc)
Held in October: NERC CIP Version
5 transition, Change management, Baseline
management, Cyber asset grouping (power
generation specifc), Access management
and malicious software controls
Held in November: Low assets and
future CIP versions (power generation
specifc), Nov. 5, 2 pm, and Identifcation
and review of critical transmission assets,
Nov. 12, 2 pm
For more information, visit http://new.
abb.com/us/about/nerc-cip-education.
www.hydroworld.com
STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT,

AND CIRCULATION
1. Publication title: Hydro Review. 2. Publication number:
013-058 3. Filing date: October 1, 2014. 4. Issue frequency:
Jan, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Sept, Oct, Nov, Dec. 5. Number
of issues published annually: 10. 6. Annual subscription
price: $65.00. 7. Complete mailing address of known office
of publication: PennWell Corporation 1421 So. Sheridan Road,
Tulsa, OK 74112, Tulsa County. 7a. Contact person: Traci
Huntsman. 7b. Telephone: 918-831-9435. 8. Complete mailing address of headquarters or general business office of
publisher: PennWell Corporation 1421 So. Sheridan Road, Tulsa,
OK 74112 9. Full names and complete mailing addresses
of Publisher, Editor and Managing Editor: Publisher: Marla
Barnes, 1421 So. Sheridan Road, Tulsa, OK 74112. Editor: Marla
Barnes, 1421 So. Sheridan Road, Tulsa, OK 74112. Managing
Editor: Marla Barnes, 1421 So. Sheridan Road, Tulsa, OK 74112.
10. Owner: PennWell Corporation, 1421 So. Sheridan Rd, Tulsa,
OK 74112, Tulsa County; Sucessors to the Estate of Helen B.
Lauinger, 1421 So. Sheridan Rd, Tulsa, OK 74112, Tulsa County.
11. Known Bondholders, Mortgages, and Other Security
Holders Owning or Holding 1 Percent or More of Total
Amount of Bonds, Mortgages, or Other Securities: None.
12. N/A. 13. Publication Title: Hydro Review14. Issue Date for
Circulation Data: September, 2014.
15. Extent and Nature of Circulation:
Average No.
copies each
issue during
preceding
12 months:
a. Total number of copies
3,231
b. Legitimate paid and/or requested distribution
1. Outside county paid/requested
1,866
mail subscriptions stated
on PS form 3541
2. In-county paid/requested mail
0
subscriptions stated on PS form 3541
3. Sales through dealers and
0
carriers, street vendors, counter
sales, and other paid or requested
distribution outside USPS
4. Requested copies distributed
0
by other mail classes
through the USPS
c. Total paid and/or
1,866
requested circulation
d. Non-requested distribution
1. Outside county nonrequested
575
copies stated on PS form 3541
2. In-county nonrequested copies
0
stated on PS form 3541
3. Nonreqeusted copies distributed
0
through the USPS by other
classes of mail
4. Nonrequested copies distributed
608
outside the mail
e. Total nonrequested distribution
1,183
f. Total Distribution
3,049
g. Copies not Distributed
182
h. Total
3,231
i. Percent Paid/Requested Circulation
61.20%
No. copies of
single issue
published
nearest to
filing date:
2,692
1,544
0
0
1,544
428
0
0
540
968
2,512
180
2,692
61.46%
16. Electronic Copy Circulation

a. Requested and Paid Electronic Copies
0
0
b. Total requested and paid print copies 1,866
1,544
+ requested/paid electronic copies
c. Total requested copy distribution +
3,049
2,512
requested/paid electronic copies
d. Percent Paid and/or requested
61.20%
61.46%
circulation
x I certify that 50% of all my distributed copies (electronic and print)
are legitimate requests or paid copies.
17. Publication of Statement of Ownership: Will be printed

in the November 2014 issue of this publication.
18. Signature and title of Editor, Publisher, Business
Manager, or Owner: Traci Huntsman, Manager Corporate Assets
and Postal Compliance. Date: 10/01/2014.
I certify that all information furnished on this form is true
and complete. I understand that anyone who furnishes false
or misleading information on this form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to
criminal sanctions (including fines and imprisonment) and/
or civil sanctions (including civil penalties).
Canadian Spotlight
Get Canadian News under the Hydro
Project Activity andWorld Regions tabs at
1,100-MW Peace River Site C

gets environmental go-ahead
Environment Canada and the environment
and forestry ministers of British Columbia
have granted fnal environmental approvals
for BC Hydro to construct the 1,100-MW
Peace River Site C hydroelectric project in
British Columbia.
BC Hydro said British Columbia still
must make a fnal investment decision and
the province-owned utility must obtain regulatory permits and authorizations before it
can proceed with the C$7.9 billion (US$7
billion) project.
Canada Environment Minister Leona

Aglukkaq issued a formal statement Oct. 14
outlining the Governor in Councils determination that the environmental effects of
the proposed Site C project are justifed in
the circumstances.
In a separate announcement the same
day, B.C. Environment Minister Mary Polak
and Forests, Lands and Natural Resources
Operations Minister Steve Thomson said
Site C is in the public interest and that the
benefts of the project outweigh the risks
of signifcant adverse environmental, social
and heritage effects.
Should the project proceed, B.C.s
Environmental Assessment Offce is to
coordinate compliance management efforts
with other government agencies to ensure
that the offce is satisfed that certifcate
conditions are met.
Site C is included in BC Hydros
Integrated Resource Plan detailing how

the utility plans to meet an expected 40%
increase in British Columbias electricity
demand over the next 20 years.
Visit HydroWorld.com for more details
about the Site C project and its environmental approval.
Voith Hydro wins contract to

outft 695-MW Keeyask project
Manitoba Hydro awarded a contract to
Voith Hydro to design, supply and install
seven vertical propeller turbine-generator
units for the 695-MW Keeyask plant on the
Lower Nelson River in Manitoba.
The first unit at the C$6.5 billion
(US$5.9 billion) plant is expected to go
on line in 2019, with all seven units being
commissioned by 2020.
Keeyask is being built by the BBE
Hydro Constructors Limited Partnership
www.hydroworld.com
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consortium, which includes Bechtel, Barnard Construction and EllisDon. Modular

builder Britco began construction camp
work in August.
The Keeyask hydro project is being
developed by Manitoba Hydro in conjunction with Tatskweyak, Fox Lake, War Lake
and York Factory frst nations groups.

In related news, Manitoba Hydro is now
seeking companies to design, manufacture,
supply and install seven governors for this
project, as well as provide technical support through commissioning of Units 1
through 7.
Innergex closes fnancing for

21.2-MW Tretheway Creek plant
Innergex Renewable Energy Inc. closed
C$92.2 million (US$87.2 million) in
fnancing for the 21.2-MW Tretheway
Creek project in British Columbia.
The developer said the fnancing is fully
underwritten by National Bank Financial
Inc. and Sun Life Assurance Co. of Canada,
with both parties acting as lenders and
National Bank acting as agent.
The non-recourse construction and
term project fnancing carries a fxed interest rate of 4.99%, with the loan to convert
to a 40-year term loan upon the start of
commercial operation. The principal will
be amortized over 35 years, beginning in
its sixth year.
Construction of the plant began in
2013 on Crown land about 50 km north
of Harrison Hot Springs. The project is
expected to begin commercial operation in
the fourth quarter of 2015, at which point
power generated by the Tretheway Creek
facility will be delivered to BC Hydro under
a 40-year fxed-price contract obtained
under the provinces 2008 clean power call
for proposals.
Winchie Creek receives
government investments
The Canadian government has announced
investments of about C$554,500
(US$502,400) in the Tla-o-qui-aht First
Nations 4.4-MW Winchie Creek project
to be built in British Columbia.
The Ministry for Aboriginal Affairs and
Northern Development Canada (AANDC)
said the funding will help fnance planning,
hydrology and environmental studies, as
well as engineering designs for the project,
which is to be located near Tofno on the
west coast of Vancouver Island.
Development of the project involves the
construction of a small weir that will divert
water to an intake, through a penstock to
a powerhouse.
The funding was provided under
AANDCs community Opportunity
Readiness Program, which provides
project-based funding to First Nation and
Inuit communities in support of economic
opportunity in the country.
www.hydroworld.com
SPONSORSHIP OPPORTUNITIES NOW AVAILABLE!
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April 27-29, 2015

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Washington, D.C.
National Hydropower Association Annual Conference

www.nationalhydroconference.com
The conference provides a unique environment that extends a truly exclusive marketing platform
for reaching decision-makers and key hydro industry professionals. Sponsorship packages are
available for effective branding and getting your message out.
For sponsorship opportunities, please contact Amy Shinkle at +1 918-832-9360 or amys@pennwell.com.
Produced by:
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Marine Hydrokinetics
For more ocean/tidal/stream news, see the
Hydro Project Activity tab at
DOE awards $7.25 million to

advance MHK technologies
The U.S. Department of Energy made
six awards, announced in early September, with a total value of $7.25 million to
advance marine hydrokinetic technologies.
Five organizations will collectively
receive $3.25 million to develop and
integrate instrumentation and processing
techniques that monitor the environmental
impacts of MHK technologies and collect
data on ocean waves:
Pacifc Northwest National Laboratory will develop computer hardware and
software algorithms in a small, marinized

package that will use real-time active
acoustic data streams to detect, track and
characterize nearby aquatic organisms;
University of Washington will develop
open-source software to analyze visual data
on marine animals to classify their taxonomy
and detect their presence around MHK
devices, as well as develop and test an integrated instrumentation package that will
allow one sensor to enable or trigger another
sensor to capture important but rare events;
Scientifc Solutions will develop a
drifting noise measurement system for use
during all phases of MHK project testing, installation and operation, to satisfy
regulatory requirements and help inform
future research;
Florida Atlantic University will
develop and test a monitoring system that
uses light detecting and ranging (LiDAR)
to provide automated tracking and classifcation of animals near MHK equipment,

as well as notify researchers when animals
are present and provide high-resolution
imagery of their behavior; and
Oregon State University will develop
and demonstrate a system for real-time,
phase-resolved wave forecasting for the
near-shore region, allowing wave energy
devices to be tuned for increased energy
capture based on incoming waves.
In addition, $4 million will go to a consortium led by OSU that includes the University
of Washington and University of Alaska,
Fairbanks to leverage their feld-focused
R&D capabilities and accelerate the development and deployment of MHK technologies.
Using resources at the Northwest National
Marine Renewable Energy Center, the
consortium will accelerate the development
of next-generation wave and tidal energy
When precision, reliability and

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device arrays. R&D initiatives include the

development of autonomous robotic devices
to support MHK operations, array designs
for performance enhancements, and the
development of standardized approaches for
the biological monitoring of MHK projects.
Tidal project to be
developed in Nova Scotia
Digby Gut Ltd. Partnership has recently
been formed for the purpose of developing
a 1.95-MW tidal project in the Digby Gut
area of Nova Scotia.
Digby Gut is the tidal channel that connects the Annapolis Basin, Annapolis River
and Bear River to the Bay of Fundy.
The company was formed by Fundy
Tidal Inc. and Tribute Resources Inc.
Fundy Tidal has government approval for
the Digby Gut project and others under
the provincial community feed-in tariff
program. Tribute Resources is currently
developing tidal energy projects in British
Columbia through its subsidiary Western
Tidal Holdings Ltd.
Some of the tidal turbines, supplied by
Dutch-based Tocardo, are expected to be
operating by the fall of 2015, with the project
being expanded the following year.The project will consist of up to 16 of the companys
T200 turbines and a foating barge.
DOE awards money for
wave energy competition
The U.S. Department of Energys Water
Power Program has awarded $6.5 million to
a Prize Administration Team led by Ricardo
Inc. of Michigan for the development and
execution of the Wave Energy Conversion
(WEC) Prize Competition.
The WEC Prize aims to attract innovative ideas by offering a monetary prize
purse to participants and by providing an
opportunity for tank testing and evaluation of scaled WEC prototypes, DOE says.
The WEC Prize is designed to increase
the diversity of people involved in WEC
technology development, while motivating
and inspiring existing stakeholders. DOE
envisions this competition will achieve gamechanging performance enhancements to
WEC devices, establishing a path to sweeping cost reductions at a commercial scale.
and testing. The Carderock Division in

Maryland houses several wave-generating
basins, including the Maneuvering and
Seakeeping basin, which is 360 feet long,
240 feet wide, and 20 feet deep.
Information about registering for the
competition will be on the Water Power
Program website in spring 2015.
Ricardo will be supported by JZ Consulting for challenge development and

management expertise. Sandia National
Laboratories and the National Renewable
Energy Laboratory, as well as the Naval
Surface Warfare Centers Carderock Division, will provide engineering and technical
expertise for WEC device design, building
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www.hydroworld.com
R&D Forum
For more research and development news, see
the Technology & Equipment tab at
Report on results of
HRF, NHA R&D Survey
Specifc to hydro project owners and operators, the four primary R&D topics they are
interested in collaborating on are:
Technology to increase wateruse effciency;
Tools to assess the role of hydropower
in system stability and reliability;
Predictive maintenance/repair and
condition monitoring; and
Environmental mitigation effectiveness studies.
The Hydro Research Foundation and
the R&D Committee of the National

Hydropower Association collaborated to
complete the 2014 R&D survey to outline
where potential research synergies may
exist among respondents.
The priorities above were chosen from
among 11 priorities identifed during an
initial survey in April. Responses to this survey were equally spread among academics,
research, owners/operators and consultants.
The next step is to identify core teams of
four to fve collaborators to draft a proposed
research concept by January 2015.
Returning fsh counts at record

numbers on the Columbia River
Results of fsh counting at Bonneville Dam
on the Columbia River indicate returning
coho, fall chinook and sockeye salmon are
at or near record numbers this year.
On Sept. 8, the count of 67,521 fall
chinook set a single-day counting record

at the dam, where counting began in 1938,
according to the Northwest Power and
Conservation Council. The fall chinook
run is strong but not as big as predicted by
Oregon and Washington fsh and wildlife
agencies earlier this year. The agencies
predicted the run would be around 1.2
million fsh, but that prediction was revised
down to 880,000 in mid-September. By
Sept. 15, the total was 585,331; in 2013,
the run totaled 953,222. The fall chinook
counted at Bonneville Dam primarily are
wild fsh headed to spawn in the Hanford
Reach of the Columbia River.
The coho run is well beyond the 2013
return of 59,610 fsh, with 113,180 counted
through Sept. 15. The record is 259,533 in
2001, NWPCC says.
The sockeye run in the Columbia River
was the largest ever counted at the dam,
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totaling 614,180 fsh by mid-September.

NWPCC says the previous record was
516,000 in 2012.
Research to update Maines
hydropower potential inventory
The Governors Energy Offce in Maine
plans to hire a company to update the
states inventory of undeveloped hydropower potential.
This work will be performed as part
of updating the states Comprehensive
Energy Plan. The energy offce seeks a
current inventory of hydro resources
and recommendations for regulatory
modifcations that could expand economic
opportunities through additional hydropower production consistent with state
environmental objectives.
Additional technologies have been
developed since the last inventory in the
late 1990s, says Energy Offce Director
Patrick Woodcock. The expansion of small
facilities, use of run-of-river technologies,

retroftting of non-powered dams with
hydropower equipment, and increased
effciency of existing projects are seen as
ways to expand clean energy production.
The updated inventory is to identify sites
that could be developed for small plants,
untapped potential at existing facilities, and
hydrokinetic energy resources.
CEATI offers report on generators
with bypassed stator coils
CEATI International announces availability
of its report, Phase 1 Operation of Hydro
Generators with Bypassed Stator Coils.
In this report, results for the operation of
hydro generators with bypassed stator coils
are shown. Numerical calculations were performed using Infolytica MagNet software
on two-dimensional models. Five models
were designed: generators 2 and 6 at Glen
Canyon, generator 4 in the Grand Coulee
left powerhouse, generator 5 at Shipshaw
and one Hydro-Quebec generator.

Parameters analyzed were line and phase
voltages, phase currents, parallel branch
currents and damping winding currents.
Operating states simulated include no-load
and rated load with and without bypassed
coils. Simulation of no-load was necessary
to determine the machine geometry and
magnetic feld. Normal operating state was
simulated for the purpose of comparison
with the faulty state.
A specifc case with one bypassed parallel
branch is described.Then the modeling and
design process of the model is described
and the results of the simulations for each
generator are shown. Comparisons between
measured data from the generators and calculated results are given. Finally, the report
contains conclusions, with recommendations
for further work. CEATIs Hydraulic Plant
Life Interest Group prepared this report.
To request a price quote, visit www.ceati.
com/publication-details?pid=0379.
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bolting experts, released twice a year.
www.superbolt.com
www.hydroworld.com
Dam Safety & Security

Get more news under the Dams & Civil
Structures tab at
TVA to conduct seismic

evaluations at Pickwick Landing
Tennessee Valley Authority has accelerated its annual drawdown of the reservoir
behind Pickwick Landing Dam in southern
Tennessee for a dam safety seismic study.
TVA said in September that initial
results from testing and core drilling
suggest a remote chance that the earthen
embankment south of the concrete portion
of the dam could be damaged by a large
earthquake. The dam is located a few hundred miles from the New Madrid Seismic
Landing Zone along the Mississippi River.
Lower lake levels at Pickwick Landing

will allow TVA to conduct analysis and
testing over the next several months to
determine what would be necessary to
strengthen the south embankment against
large seismic events. The agency said levels
are expected to reach winter pool about six
weeks earlier than normal, although water
levels downstream of the dam on Kentucky
Reservoir will not be affected.
The complex is also home to a 160-MW
hydropower plant.
Corps announces rehabilitation
work for four dams
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has
announced contracts for infrastructure
work on dams in Oklahoma, Nebraska,
Oregon and Pennsylvania.
The Corps Tulsa District awarded
a $26.99 million contract to Kiewit

Infrastructure South Co. to perform the

remaining excavation that will allow fows
into a new auxiliary spillway at Canton Lake
Dam on the North Canadian River in Oklahoma. This second phase will remove the
remaining soil plug that prevents lake fows
into the new spillway.Work includes reshaping some sections of the dam embankment,
as well as construction of diaphragm walls
and a cofferdam, and dewatering.
The Corps Kansas City District
awarded a $25.7 million contract to OCCI
Inc. to repair tainter gates at Harlan County
Dam in Nebraska. The project includes
the rehabilitation of two to three spillway
tainter gates, with OCCI to strengthen
structural steel components, replace trunnions and bearings, replace tainter gate
chains, repair or replace electrical systems,
and blast and paint gates.
The Corps Portland District has begun
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rehabilitation of one of two spillway gates

at the 80-MW Green Peter project on
Oregons South Santiam River. The work
is intended to improve the dams ability to
reduce food damage on the South Santiam, with work to include strengthening
the gate face; replacing the gates arms;
replacing trunnion pins and wire ropes; and
replacing or refurbishing electrical controls,

gearboxes and other systems.
Last, Layne Christensen Co. was
awarded a $132.5 million contract by for
construction of a deep cutoff wall at East
Branch Dam in Pennsylvania. The rolled
earthfll dam, on the East Branch Clarion
River, has experienced seepage problems
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that required repairs in 1957. The dam has

been determined to be potentially unsafe,
prompting the Corps to take precautionary
measures pending implementation of a dam
safety modifcation program. The concrete
cutoff wall is to be constructed through the
dam and abutments, reaching an expected
maximum depth of 260 feet.
Grant PUD installs frst anchor
tendons at Wanapum Dam
Restoration of Wanapum Dam in Washington reached a milestone in September with
the installation of the frst steel anchor tendon. Grant County Public Utility District
and its contractors will eventually install 35
of the tendons as part of the rehab project.
Each of the 200-foot-long anchor tendons will begin at the top of the spillway
and end deep in the bedrock below the dam.
Work is also being done to install more than
50 steel anchor bars to repair Wanapum
Dams pier monolith No. 4, which was
discovered as having a 65-foot-long by
2-inch-wide horizontal crack in May.
The repairs will allow Grant PUD to
restore water levels upstream of the dam by
the end of the year, pending Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission approval. Grant
PUD began a drawdown behind the dam
after the crack was discovered, lowering
levels by more than 25 feet.
The operational and repair costs of the
project are estimated at US$69 million, with
Grant PUD paying for the bulk of the work
by using cash reserves and selling bonds.
FERC names consultant for
geotechnical engineering
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has awarded a contract worth a
maximum of $850,000 for a geotechnical
engineering consultant to its Division of
Dam Safety and Inspections.
Alfred J. Hendron of Savoy, Ill, received
the contract to provide consulting services
on a labor hour basis. The work is to include
in-depth review of all factors leading to a
determination that a dam requires remedial
measures due to geotechnical defciencies
and review of proposed remediation and
construction alternatives to ensure projects
use best engineering practices.
www.hydroworld.com
hydropower
studies | permitting | design | construction support
s gates and hoists
s licensing and permitting
s spillways and earth embankments
s FERC inspections and PFMA facilitation
s hydraulic, hydrologic, power generation studies
Barr Engineering Co.
800.632.2277
www.barr.com
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September, the top fve most-read articles on the site were:
Ethiopia-China consortium to construct 385-MW Geba
1,2 hydro project in Ethiopia, http://bit.ly/1rFJqmC
U.S., Iraqi forces repel ISIS advance on 660-MW Haditha
hydropower plant, http://bit.ly/1ozYcYz
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Record rainfall straining infrastructure in American southwest, http://bit.ly/YTWmeg
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59
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53
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10
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Koncar Generators and Motors

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Sorensen Systems LLC

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GEI Consultants Inc

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30
Koontz Electric Company Inc

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37
46
Sotek and Belrix Industries Inc

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Gilbert Gilkes & Gordon Ltd

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56
L&S Electric Inc

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Global Diving & Salvage

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Lakeside Equipment
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November 2014

PUMPED STORAGE IS POISED TO STEP INTO THE SPOTLIGHT

INSIDE THIS ISSUE:

NEW POWERHOUSE ATTRACTS FISH,

100-YEAR-OLD PLANT ATTESTS

METHOD FOR SELECTING

24 | Historic Stevens Creek Facility

36 | Method for Assessing and

Douglas A. Dixon, PhD

Linda Church Ciocci

John Gulliver, PhD

Lee H. Sheldon, P.E.

Gregory D. Lewis, P.E.

Charles I. Lipsky, P.E.

Paul Willis, P.E.

November 2014 / HYDRO REVIEW 1

Vol. 33, No. 9, November 2014

Publisher and Chief editor Marla Barnes

all year long.

a ssoCiate editor Michael Harris

ATLAS POLAR HYDRORAKE

a ssoCiate editor Gregory B. Poindexter

subsCriber CustoMer serviCe

Hydrorake systems work 24 hours a day, through all kinds

ITS ALL A BOUT QUALITY

audienCe develoPMent Manager Emily Martha Martin

hydropower as an environmentally-friendly resource.

But, the work is not over, no matter these results.

Publisher and Chief Editor

November 2014 / HYDRO REVIEW 3

Hydro project funding awarded to four Indian tribes

Montana PSC approves PPL sale of 11 hydro plants

Easy isnt a benet, ITS A REQUIREMENT.

eration | Pu lp , Pape r & S tee l Mills | Municipal

Treatment P la nt s | Fl oo d C ontrol Pump Stations

Rugged trash racks and rakers keep

a powerhouse at Crack-in-the-Ground housing a 1-MW turbine;

Corps to test 52-MW unit at Missouris Stockton Dam

For the most current hydro news, log on to

proposal in April. Supporters say the plan will bring clean,

FERC conforms its regulations to

With a cleaning depth of 112ft and lifting

Speak to one of our experts at 630.837.5640,

Cleaner Water for a Brighter Future

Hydronic Type T Series

A (Potentially) Bright Future

8 HYDRO REVIEW / November 2014

14.) However, before that it had been more than 15

November 2014 / HYDRO REVIEW 9

The two pump-turbines in the powerhouse of the

baseload nuclear and coal plants and not

storage is that it is the only commercially

new pumped-storage facilities.

Supporting innovative approaches to

Eagle Mountain Pumped Storage Project:

10 HYDRO REVIEW / November 2014

Stillwater Sciences in Berkeley, Calif.

mining pits. GEI Consultants, a developing

12 HYDRO REVIEW / November 2014

(including several sensitive bat species, the

Pumped storage in Canada

a developer not agree on a study after

Council issued a whitepaper on Challenges