Chapter 11 Filters

Section 11.1 The Basic Principles of Filters

A filter allows only some signals to go through. A low pass filter only allows signals
with low frequencies to go through and a high pass filter only allows high frequency
signals to go through.

A band pass filter is a circuit which allows signals whose

frequencies are within a certain range to go through.

Fig. 11.1-1 shows a low-pass filter.

Fig. 11.1-1 An RC low-pass filter

In this circuit, suppose that the frequency of the input signal is high. The capacitor
will be almost short-circuited. Thus vout 0 . This means that no high frequency signals
can go through. On the other hand, if the frequency of the input is low, the capacitor is
almost open-circuited. Thus, vout vin and the circuit is a low pass filter.
Fig. 11.1-2 shows a high pass filter.

Fig. 11.1-2 An RC high-pass filter

In this circuit, when the frequency of the input signal is low, the capacitor is almost

11-1

open-circuited and thus a very small current will flow. Thus, vout iR 0 . On the other
hand, if the frequency is high, the capacitor will be almost short-circuited and vout vin .
Thus, this is a high pass filter.
Fig. 11.1-3 shows a band pass filter. It is a combination of a high pass filer and a
low pass filter. Since neither low nor high frequency signals can pass through, this is a
band pass filter.

vin

vout

Fig. 11.1-3 An RC band-pass filter

Filters can also be designed by using inductors, capacitors and resistors.

An

inductor is short-circuited when the frequency is low and open-circuited when the
frequency is high. The reader can thus easily see that the circuit in Fig. 11.1-4 is a low
pass filter, that in Fig. 11.1-4 is a high pass filter and that in Fig. 11.1-5 is a band pass
filter.

11-2

vin

vout

Fig. 11.1-4 An LCR low-pass filter

vin

vout

Fig. 11.1-5 An LCR high-pass filter

11-3

vin

vout

Fig. 11.1-6 An LCR band-pass filter

Section 11.2 The Transfer Functions of Some

Filters
In the above section, we briefly introduced the basic concept of filters. We now discuss
the transfer functions of filters which describe the relationships between v out and vin in
terms of frequency.
Let us redraw the low pass filter in Fig. 11.1-1 again here as in Fig. 11.2-1.

Fig. 11.2-1 The redrawing of an RC low-pass filter

We shall denote j 2 f by S. The transfer function of the filer is as follows:
11-4

A( S )

vout
vin

1
SC
1
R
SC

(11.1-1)

1
1 SRC

A( j )

1
1 jRC

(11.2-2)

1
1 2 R 2C 2

From Equation (11.2-2), we can see why this is a low pass filter.
, A( j ) 0 ,

As

which means that high frequency signals cannot go through. It is

customary to denote 0

1
1
and f 0
. f c is called the critical frequency in
RC
2RC

this circuit. Note that

A max A( 0) 1

and

A( 0 )

1
A max
2

That is, when 0 , the gain of the filter is reduced to

1
of its maximum value. We
2

also say that it is reduced to its 3DB value.

Fig. 11.1-2 shows the transfer function of a low-pass filter.

11-5

Fig. 11.2-2
Let us redraw the high-pass filter in Fig. 11.1-2 as in Fig. 11.2-3.

Fig. 11.2-3 The redrawing of an RC high-pass filter

It is easy to derive the transfer function of this high pass filter to be as follows:

A( S )

and

From

A( j )

Equation

SRC
1 SRC

(11.2-3)

RC
1 R C
2

(11.2-4),

A( ) 1 A( j ) max .

we

(11.2-4)

1
R 2C 2
2

can

see

that

as

0, A( j 0 ,

and

Thus, this circuit is a high pass filter. We may again let

11-6

1
1
1
and f 0
. When 0 , the gain of the filter is reduced to
of its
2
RC
2RC

maximum value.
The transfer function of this high-pass filter is now illustrated as in Fig. 11.2-4.

Fig. 11.2-4 The transfer of the RC low-pass filter (Equation 11.2-4)

Let us now consider the band pass filter in Fig. 11.1-3. We redraw Fig. 11.1-3 as in
Fig. 11.2-5.

vin

Z2

11-7

Z1

vout

Fig. 11.2-5 Z 1 and Z 2 in the RC band-pass filter

vout
Z1

vin
Z1 Z 2
1
R
SC
Z1
1
1 SRC
R
SC
1
1 SRC
Z2 R

SC
SC
R

Thus,

R
1 SRC
A( S )
1 SRC
R

SC
1 SRC
SRC
2 2 2
S R C 3SRC 1
S
RC

3
S
1
S2
2 2
RC R C

Let 0

1
. Then
RC

A( S )

and

(11.2-5)

A( j )

0 S
2
S 2 30 S 0

(11.2-6)

0
2

(0 2 ) 2 9 20

(11.2-7)

It can be easily shown that in this case, the gain is maximized when 0 , as shown in
Fig. 11.2-6. Perhaps it should be noted that the term 0 has different meanings for
different filters. For both low pass and high pass filters, when 0 , the gain is

11-8

reduced to

1
of its maximum value while in the band pass case, when 0 , the
2

gain is maximized.

Fig. 11.2-6 The transfer of the RC band-pass filter (SHOULD BE A(JW))

In summary, we have the following three transfer functions:

1. Low Pass:

2. High Pass:

3. Band Pass:

By letting 0

1
A( S ) RC
1
S
RC
A( S )

(11.2-8)

S
S

1
RC

(11.2-9)

S
RC
A( S )
3
S
1
S2
2 2
RC R C
1
, we have:
RC

11-9

(11.2-10)

1. Low Pass:

A( S )

0
S 0

(11.2-11)

2. High Pass:

A( S )

S
S 0

(11.2-12)

3. Band Pass:

A( S )

0 S
2
S 2 30 S 0

(11.2-13)

Finally, we have:

1. Low Pass:

2. High Pass:

A( j )

1
1

A( j )

3. Band Pass:

(11.2-14)

0
2

A( j )

2
0 2

(11.2-15)

0
2

(0 2 ) 2 9 20

(11.2-16)

Section 11.3 An RLC Filter

In the above section, we introduced low pass, high and band pass filters.

In the

following, we shall introduce a circuit containing resistor, capacitor and inductance, as

shown in Fig. 11.3-1.

11-10

vin

Fig. 11.3-1 An RLC circuit

By choosing the output terminals in different ways, this circuit can be used as low
pass, high pass and band pass filter as shown in Fig. 11.3-2.

Fig. 11.3-2 Three filters out of the RLC circuit

Let us see why the circuit will behave differently when different output terminals are
11-11

chosen.
Case 1: The capacitor is chosen as the output. Then the output voltage will be almost 0
when the frequency is large and will be equal to the input voltage as the frequency is low.
Thus this is a low pass filter.
Case 2: The inductor is chosen as the output. Since the behavior of an inductor is just
opposite to a capacitor, the circuit becomes a high pass filter.
Case 3: The resistor is chosen as the output. We can imagine that neither low frequency
signals, nor high frequency signals, can pass the filter. Thus this is a band pass filter.
In the following, we shall derive transfer functions for these filters.
Case 1. The Low Pass Filter.

vin

vout

11-12

v out
vin

1
1
1
SC
LC

1
R
1
SL
R S LC 1 SRC S 2 S
SC
L LC

Case 2: The High Pass Filter

vin

vout

Case 3: The Band Pass Filter

vin

vout

11-13

v out
vin

R
R
SRC
L

1
R 1
S LC 1 SRC
SL
R
S2 S
SC
L LC
S

In Summary, we have the following three transfer functions:

1
LC

R
1
S2 S
L LC

1. Low Pass:

vout
vin

2. High Pass:

vout
S2

R
1
vin
S2 S
L LC

(11.3-2)

3. Band Pass:

R
S
vout
L

R
1
vin
2
S S
L LC

(11.3-3)

Let 0

1
1
and Q
LC
R

(11.3-1)

R 0
L

. Then
. Thus, we have the following three
L
Q
C

transfer functions:
2

1. Low Pass:

2. High Pass:

3. Band Pass:

v
0
A( S ) out
vin S 2 S 0 2
0
Q

(11.3-4)

vout
S2

2
vin
S 2 S 0 0
Q

(11.3-5)

0
Q

2
S 2 S 0 0
Q

(11.3-6)

A( S )

A( S )

vout
vin

Finally, we have the following:

11-14

A( j

1. Low Pass:

2
2

(11.3-7)

20
(0 )
Q2

(11.3-8)

(0 2 ) 2
A( j

2. High Pass:

2
2

2 2

0
Q

A( j

3. Band Pass:

20
Q2

( 0

(11.3-9)

2 0 2
)
Q2
2 2

The physical meaning of Q is now given: Q is defined as follows:

Q 2

maximum energy stored in an LCR circuit

A

energy lost per cycle

B

1
2
LI m
2

1
1
2
2 2
RI m T RI m
2
2

(11.3-10)

(11.3-11)
(11.3-12)

Thus, we have
1
2
LI m
L
2
Q 2

1
2 2
R
RI m
2

(11.3-13)

Section 11.4 The Significance of the Second

Order Transfer Functions:
In Section 11.2, we have three transfer functions, expressed in Equations (11.2-11),
(11.2-12) and (11.2-13). Both (11.2-11) and (11.2-12) are first order transfer functions

11-15

while (11.2-13) is a second order transfer functions. The transfer functions we obtained
in Section 11.3 are all second order transfer functions, as shown in Equations (11.3-4) to
(11.4-6). In this section, we shall explain why we need second order transfer functions.
Let us consider the low pass filter as an example. Equation (11.2-11) is a first order
transfer function for low pass filters. We rewrite its magnitude expressed in Equation
(11.2-14) as follows:

A( j )

1
1

2
0 2

(11.4-1)

Fig. 11.4-1 is a plot of the above function.

|A(j? )|

1
0.707

Fig. 11.4-1 The transfer function of an RC low-pass filter (Equation 11.4-1)

Equation (11.3-4) expresses a second order transfer function of a low pass filter. Its
magnitude function, expressed in Equation (11.3-7), is now rewritten as follows:

11-16

A j

2 0
( 0 )
Q2
2

(11.4-2)

2 2

From (11.4-2), we can prove the following:

Case 1: 0 Q

max 0

(11.4-3)

Amax 1

(11.4-4)

Case 2: Q

(1)

1
. There is only one maximum:
2

1
. In this case, there are two cases:
2

max 0

Amax 1

(2)

and

max 0 1

Amax

1
2Q 2

(11.4-5)

Q
1

1
4Q 2

(11.4-6)

We further have:
A0 Q

(11.4-7)

11-17

The proof of the above equations can be easily obtained and will not be given in this
book. In Fig. 11.4-2, we plot the second order transfer of the low pass filter expressed in
Equation (11.4-2) for different Qs as follows:

Fig. 11.4-2 Equation 11.4-2 for different Qs

If we compare the second order transfer function for low pass filter, as expressed in
Equation (11.4-2) with the corresponding first order transfer function, we can easily see
the difference between these two transfers. The second order transfer function provides
an additional parameter to control the maximum magnitude and the sharpness of the
transfer function of the low pass filter. For the first order low pass filter, only 0 can be
used to control the bandwidth. For the second order transfer function, Q plays a critical
role. As discussed above, a very small Q gives a rather narrow bandwidth and we usually
assume that Q

1
.
2

11-18

We have seen the significance of Q. It is now appropriate to explain the physical

meaning of Q. For this RLC circuit,

1
R

L
C

(11.4-8)

Note that the circuit is a series connection of resistor, inductance and capacitor. If the
circuit only contains inductance and capacitor, it will cause resonance. The existence of
the resistor will dampen the oscillation caused by the resonance.

The smaller the

resistance is, the more the circuit will tend to oscillate. If the resistance is very large, the
circuit has a small tendency to oscillate. But, as seen in Equation (11.4-6), a small
resistance corresponds to a large Q. Thus a high Q means that 0 is closer to max .
This will be made clearer when we examine the band pass filter.
As for the high pass filter, the situation is the same as that of the low pass filter. We
shall now discuss the band pass filter. Let us rewrite the transfer function of the RLC
band pass filter, expressed in Equation (11.3-6), as below:

A( S )

vout
vin

0
Q

2
S 2 S 0 0
Q
S

(11.4-9)

Its magnitude function, as expressed in Equation (11.3-9), is as follows:

0
Q

A( j )
( 0

(11.4-10)

2 0 2
)
Q2
2 2

In this case, we can easily prove that

11-19

max 0

and

(11.4-11)

Amax 1

(11.4-12)

We would like to know the frequencies where A drops to 1

of its maximum

value. To do this, we have to solve the following equation:

2
0

2 2

20 2
20 2

2
Q2
Q2

Thus, we have to solve two equations:

0
2
0 0
Q

(11.4-13)

0
2
0 0
Q

(11.4-14)

There are four solutions for the above two equations. The following two satisfy the
condition that they have to be positive:

0
1
0 1
2Q
4Q 2

(11.4-15)

0
1
0 1
2Q
4Q 2

2 1

(11.4-16)

0
Q

(11.4-17)

The above discussion is illustrated in Fig. 11.4-3.

11-20

Fig. 11.4-3 Equation (11.4-10) for different Qs

From the above discussion, we can see that the larger Q, the smaller the bandwidth.
We may conclude that the second order transfer function gives us more flexibility to
design a filter than the first order transfer function.

Section 11.5 Experiments with the LCR Filter

ALL FIGURES NEED TO BE LABELED
Experiment 11.5-1 The Low Pass Filter
The filter circuit is as shown in Fig. 11.5-1.

11-21

1
L=40mH
2
R=1k

vin
3
C=25nF

vout

Fig. 11.5-1 The LCR low-pass filter circuit for Experiment 11.5-1

The critical frequency f 0

0
1
1

5 KHz. The

2 2 LC 2 40 10 3 25 10 9

program is shown in Table 11.5-1 and the gain vs frequency curve is shown in Fig. 11.52.
Table 11.5-1 Program for Experiment 11.5-1
LCR

11-22

.PROTECT
.OPTION POST
.LIB 'c:\mm0355v.l' TT
.UNPROTECT
.op
L 1

40mH

25nF

1k

Vin 1

0 AC

.AC DEC 100 1

1
10000k

.PLOT AC VDB(3)
.END

In the above, there is an instruction as follows:

AC DEC 100 1

10000k

The meaning of the above instruction as follows:

DEC means in decimal, 100 means sampling for every 100Hz and 1
means that we sample from frequencies 1 to 10000k.

11-23

10000k

Fig. 11.5-2 The LCR low-pass filter transfer function in log scale

3.87
From the above figure, we can see that f 0 10 5KHz which is correct. Note

that in this experiment, Q

1
103

40 10 3
1
1.3
0.707 and there is a maximum
9
25 10
2

point close to the critical frequency. Besides, it should be noted that both gain and
frequency are in log-scale. This is so for all experiments presented in this section.
Experiment 11.5-2 The Increasing of the Q-Value of the Low Pass Filter
In this experiment, we reduced the value of R from 1K ohms to 100 ohms. Q was
thus increased and the critical frequency remains the same, but the gain vs frequency is
changed.

Table 11.5-2 displays the program while Fig. 11.5-3 shows the gain vs

frequency curve.

11-24

Table 11.5-2 Program for Experiment 11.5-2

LCR
.PROTECT
.OPTION POST
.LIB 'c:\mm0355v.l' TT
.UNPROTECT
.op
L 1

40mH

25nF

100

Vin 1

0 AC

.AC DEC 100 1

1
10000k

.PLOT AC VDB(3)
.END

11-25

Fig. 11.5-3 The LCR low-pass filter transfer function with Q enlarged
As explained in the above section, the increasing of the Q-value will make the curve have
a sharp maximum.
Experiment 11.5-3 The Decreasing of the Q-Value for the Low Pass Filter
In this experiment, we decrease the value of Q-value by increasing the value of
resistor from 100 ohms to 3K ohms. In this case, it can be shown that Q is around 0.43
which is smaller than

1
. The program is in Table 11.5-3 and the gain vs frequency
2

curve is in Fig. 11.5-4. As can be seen, this Q-value creates a flat curve. In fact, this is
usually called a maximally flat curve.
Table 11.5-3 Program for Experiment 11.5-3
LCR

11-26

.PROTECT
.OPTION POST
.LIB 'c:\mm0355v.l' TT
.UNPROTECT
.op
L 1

40mH

25nF

3k

Vin 1

0 AC

.AC DEC 100 1

1
10000k

.PLOT AC VDB(3)
.END

Fig. 11.5-4 The LCR low-pass filter transfer function with a small Q

11-27

Experiment 11.5-4 The LCR Band Pass Filter

In this experiment, we tested the performance of the LCR band pass filter. The
circuit is shown in Fig. 11.5-5. The program is displayed in Table 11.5-4 and the gain vs
frequency curve is shown in Fig. 11.5-6.

1
L=40mH
2
C=25nF
3

vin

R=3k

Fig. 11.5-5 The LCR band-pass filter for Experiment 11.5-4

Table 11.5-4 Program for Experiment 11.5-4
LCR

11-28

vout

.PROTECT
.OPTION POST
.LIB 'c:\mm0355v.l' TT
.UNPROTECT
.op
L 1

40mH

25nF

3k

Vin 1

0 AC

.AC DEC 100 1

1
10000k

.PLOT AC VDB(3)
.END

Fig. 11.5-6 The LCR band-pass filter transfer function

11-29

Experiment 11.5-5 The Increasing of the Q-Value for the Band Pass Filter
In this experiment, we increased the Q-value of the circuit by reducing the value of
R from 3K ohms to 100 ohms. The program is in Table 11.5-5 and the gain vs frequency
curve is shown in Fig. 11.5-7. As can be seen, the bandwidth is decreased.
Table 11.5-5 Program for Experiment 11.5-5
LCR
.PROTECT
.OPTION POST
.LIB 'c:\mm0355v.l' TT
.UNPROTECT
.op
L 1

40mH

25nF

100

Vin 1

0 AC

.AC DEC 100 1

1
10000k

.PLOT AC VDB(3)
.END

11-30

Fig. 11.5-7 The LCR band-pass filter transfer function with a larger Q
NEEDS TO BE LABELED
Experiment 11.5-6 The Decreasing of the Q-value for the Band Pass Filter
In this experiment, we decreased the Q-value by increasing the value of R to 10K
ohms. The program is in Table 11.5-6 and the gain frequency curve is shown in Fig.
11.5-8. As shown, the bandwidth is larger now.
Table 11.5-6 Program for Experiment 11.5-6
LCR
.PROTECT
.OPTION POST
.LIB 'c:\mm0355v.l' TT
.UNPROTECT
.op

11-31

L 1

40mH

25nF

10k

Vin 1

0 AC

.AC DEC 100 1

1
10000k

.PLOT AC VDB(3)
.END

Fig. 11.5-8 The LCR band-pass filter transfer function with a smaller Q
Experiment 11.5-7 The Decreasing of the Critical Frequency for the Band Pass
Filter
In this experiment, we decreased the critical frequency by increasing the value of C

11-32

from 25nF to 300nF. The program is shown in Table 11.5-7 and the gain frequency curve
is shown in Fig. 11.5-9. As shown, the critical frequency is decreased.
Table 11.5-7 Program for Experiment 11.5-7
LCR
.PROTECT
.OPTION POST
.LIB 'c:\mm0355v.l' TT
.UNPROTECT
.op
L 1

40mH

300nF

100

Vin 1

0 AC

.AC DEC 100 1

1
10000k

.PLOT AC VDB(3)
.END

11-33

Fig. 11.5-9 The decreasing of the critical frequency of the LCR band-pass filter

Section 11.6 Some Active Filters

In the above sections, we only used passive components to design filters. But filters with
reactive components only will have attenuation. To avoid attenuation, we will employ
active filters. Fig. 11.6-1 shows a typical low pass filter which employs a non-inverting
operational amplifier. It is easy to see why this is a low pass filter because the RC circuit
itself is a low pass filter.

11-34

R
+
vin

vout

Ra

Rb

Fig. 11.6-1 A low-pass filter built upon an operational amplifier

Fig. 11.6-2 shows another low pass filter with negative feedback.

11-35

R2

R1

vin

vout

Fig. 11.6-2 A low-pass filter with a capacitor connected the terminal and the output
terminal
Why is this circuit a low pass filter? Note that the capacitor is open-circuited when
the frequency is low and the circuit becomes that shown in Fig. 11.6-3. Thus the low
frequency signals may get through.

11-36

R2

R1

vin

vout

Fig. 11.6-3 The filter in Fig. 11.6-2 in low frequency

But the capacitor becomes nearly short-circuited when the frequency is high as
shown in Fig. 11.6-4. The operational amplifier becomes a voltage follower and thus
there is no gain. That is, the high frequency signals cannot go through and the circuit is a
low pass filter.

11-37

R1

vin

vout

Fig. 11.6-4 The filter in Fig. 11.6-2 in high frequency

Two high pass filters are shown in Fig. 11.6-5 and Fig. 11.6-6.

C
+
-

vout

vin

Ra

Rb

11-38

Fig. 11.6-5 A high-pass filter based upon an operational amplifier

R2

R1

C
-

vin

vout

Fig. 11.6-6 Another high-pass filter based upon an operational amplifier

Section 11.7 A General Case for Second-Order

Active Filters
Fig. 11.7-1 shows a general case for second order active filters. We may obtain low pass,
high pass and band pass filters by giving different components to Z i ' s.

11-39

A
Z4

Z5

Z1

Z3
V

Vin

Z2

Vout

.
Fig. 11.7-1 A general case of filters based upon an operational amplifier
VIN and VOUT not correct
Let us now find the transfer function for this general case circuit. Note that the
voltage at the inverting terminal is almost 0 for small signals. Thus, for Node A, we
have:
(v vin ) (v vout ) v
v

0
Z1
Z4
Z 2 Z3

(11.7-1)

At the inverting terminal,

v vout

0
Z3 Z5

(11.7-2)

Based upon Equations (11.7-1) and (11.7-2), we have:

v out

vin
1
Z5

1
Z1 Z 3
1
1
1
1
1

Z1 Z 2 Z 3 Z 4 Z 3 Z 4

A Low Pass Filter Derived from the General Case Filter

11-40

(11.7-3)

Fig. 11.7-2 shows a low pass filter derived from the general case filter. If the
frequency is high, C5 becomes short-circuited. The operational amplifier becomes a
voltage follower. If the frequency is low, signals can go through. Thus the circuit is a
low pass filter.

C5

R4

Vin

R1

Vout

R3
C2

Fig. 11.7-2 A low-pass filter derived from the general case

NEEDS MODIFIED
From Equation (11.7-3), we have:

v out

vin

1
R1 R3C 2 C 5
1
S S
C2
2

1
1
1
1

R1 R3 R4 R3 R4 C 2 C5

By letting

1
R3 R4C2C5

(11.7-5)

11-41

(11.7-4)

and

A0

C2
C5 R3 R4

(11.7-6)

1
1
1

R1 R3 R4

Vout
Vin

f 0

R4
,
R1

(11.7-7)

A00

2 .
S 2 0 S 0
Q
2

we will have

A( S )

(11.7-8)

Note that Equation (11.7-8) is almost exactly the same as Equation (11.3-4) which is
the transfer function of a low pass filter..
Experiment 11.7-1 The Low Pass Filter Derived from the General Case Filter
The operating amplifier circuit used throughout the experiments discussed in this
section is shown in Fig. 11.7-3.

11-42

VDD!

V B IA S3=0.75

V+

VDD!

M3

M1

M2

M10

M11

M8

M9

V-

vout

V B IA S67=0V

V B IA S45=-0.737V

M6

M7

M4

M5

VSS!

Fig. 11.7-3 The low-pass filter with an operational amplifier for Experiment 11.7-1
In this experiment, C2 0.0048F , C5 0.0048F , R3 R4 3.3K .
program is in Table 11.7-1 and the gain vs frequency curve is shown in Fig. 11.7-4.
Table 11.7-1 Program for Experiment 11.7-1
Experiment 11.7-1
.PROTECT
.OPTION POST
.LIB 'c:\flexlm\model\tsmc\MIXED035\mm0355v.l' TT
.UNPROTECT
.op

11-43

The

VDD

VDD!

1.5V

VSS

VSS!

-1.5V

VDD!

VSS!

.GLOBAL
M1 5

Vi-

PCH W=10U L=2U m=3

M2 4

Vi+

PCH W=10U L=2U m=3

M3 6

VB3

VDD!

VDD!

PCH

W=100U L=2U m=7

M4 5

VB45

VSS!

VSS!

NCH

W=10U L=2U

M5 4

VB45

VSS!

VSS!

NCH

W=10U L=2U

M6 3

VB67

M7 VO
M8 3

VSS!

VB67
3

M9 VO

NCH

VSS!

W=10U L=2U

NCH

W=10U L=2U

PCH W=10U L=2U m=3

PCH W=10U L=2U m=3

M10 1

VDD!

VDD!

PCH

W=10U L=2U m=3

M11 2

VDD!

VDD!

PCH

W=10U L=2U m=3

Vi+

Vi+

VBIAS3

0 0v

VB3

0 0.75v

VBIAS45

VB45

-0.737v

VBIAS67

VB67

0v

Vin1

11

.AC DEC

AC 1

100 1

R1

11

C2

10

R3

Vi-

R4

10

C5

Vi-

.PLOT

AC VDB(Vo)

5000k

10
0

3.3k
0.0048u

10
Vo

3.3k
3.3k

Vo

0.0048u

11-44

.END

Fig. 11.7-4 The transfer function of the low-pass filter in Experiment 11.7-1
Experiment 11.7-2 The Decreasing of 0
We increased the values of capacitors and thus decreased 0 according to Equation
(11.7-5).

C2 C5 1F .

The program is shown in Table 11.7-2 and the gain vs

frequency curve is shown in Fig. 11.7-5.

As can be seen, 0 was significantly

decreased.
Table 11.7-2 Program for Experiment 11.7-2
Experiment 11.7-2

11-45

.PROTECT
.OPTION POST
.LIB 'c:\flexlm\model\tsmc\MIXED035\mm0355v.l' TT
.UNPROTECT
.op
VDD

VDD!

1.5V

VSS

VSS!

-1.5V

VDD!

VSS!

.GLOBAL
M1 5

Vi-

PCH W=10U L=2U m=3

M2 4

Vi+

PCH W=10U L=2U m=3

M3 6

VB3

VDD!

VDD!

PCH

W=100U L=2U m=7

M4 5

VB45

VSS!

VSS!

NCH

W=10U L=2U

M5 4

VB45

VSS!

VSS!

NCH

W=10U L=2U

M6 3

VB67

M7 VO
M8 3

VSS!

VB67
3

M9 VO

NCH

VSS!

W=10U L=2U

NCH

W=10U L=2U

PCH W=10U L=2U m=3

PCH W=10U L=2U m=3

M10 1

VDD!

VDD!

PCH

W=10U L=2U m=3

M11 2

VDD!

VDD!

PCH

W=10U L=2U m=3

Vi+

Vi+

VBIAS3

VB3

VBIAS45

VB67
11

.AC DEC
R1

0.75v

VB45 0

VBIAS67
Vin1

0 0v

0v

0 AC 1
100 1

11

-0.737v

10

5000k
3.3k

11-46

C2

10

1u

R3

Vi-

R4

10

C5

Vi-

.PLOT

AC VDB(Vo)

10
Vo

3.3k
3.3k

Vo

1u

.END

Fig. 11.7-5 The transfer function of the low-pass filter in Fig. 11.7-3 with values of
capacitors increased
A High Pass Filter Derived from the General Case Filter
Fig. 11.7-6 shows a high pass filter derived from the general case filter.

11-47

R5

C4

vin
C1

vout

C3

R2

Fig. 11.7-6 A high-pass filter derived from the general case

A needs to be added.
The transfer function of the high pass filter is as follows:

C1
C4
C1
1
1
1

C3C4 C4 C3 R2 R5C3C4
S2

A( S )

1
S S
R5
2

By letting

and

A0

vout
vin

1
R2 R5C3C4

(11.7-10)

C3C4
R5

R2 C1 C3 C4

(11.7-11)

C1
,
C4

(11.7-12)

11-48

(11.7-9)

we have:

A( S )

A0 S 2

2
S 2 0 S 0
Q

(11.7-13)

Equation (11.7-13) is almost exactly the same as Equation (11.3-5), which is the transfer
function of another high pass filter.
A Band Pass Filter Derived from the General Case Filter
Fig. 11.7-14 shows a band pass filter derived from the general case filter.

C4
vin

R5

R1
R2

C3

vout

Fig. 11.7-14 A band-pass filter derived from the general case

It can be easily seen that this circuit is a band pass filter. Note that high frequency
signals cannot go through because of C3 and low frequency signals cannot go through
because of C4. The transfer function of this band pass filter is:

11-49

1
R1C4
A( S )
1 1
1
1 1
1

S 2 S

R5 C3 C4 R5C3C4 R1 R2
S

(11.7-14)

By letting
1
1
1

R5C3C4 R1 R2

and

A0

vout
vin

1
1

R1 R2

R5

(11.7-15)

C3C4

C3 C4

(11.7-16)

R5
C3
R1 C3 C4

(11.7-17)

we have:

A( S )

A0
S2

0
S
Q

(11.7-18)

0
2
S 0
Q

Experiment 11.7-3 The Band Pass Filter Derived from the General Case Filter
In this experiment, we set C3 C4 50 pF , R1 R2 R5 13K . The program is in
Table 11.7-3 and the gain vs frequency curve is in Fig. 11.7-15.
Table 11.7-3 Program for Experiment 11.7-3
Experiment 11.7-3
.PROTECT
.OPTION POST
.LIB 'c:\flexlm\model\tsmc\MIXED035\mm0355v.l' TT

11-50

.UNPROTECT
.op
VDD

VDD!

1.5V

VSS

VSS!

-1.5V

VDD!

VSS!

.GLOBAL
M1 5

Vi-

PCH

W=10U L=2U m=3

M2 4

Vi+

PCH

W=10U L=2U m=3

M3 6

VB3

VDD!

VDD!

PCH

W=100U L=2U m=7

M4 5

VB45

VSS!

VSS!

NCH

W=10U L=2U

M5 4

VB45

VSS!

VSS!

NCH

W=10U L=2U

M6 3

VB67

M7 VO
M8 3

VSS!

VB67
3

M9 VO

NCH

VSS!

W=10U L=2U

NCH

W=10U L=2U

PCH W=10U L=2U m=3

PCH W=10U L=2U m=3

M10 1

VDD!

VDD!

PCH

W=10U L=2U m=3

M11 2

VDD!

VDD!

PCH

W=10U L=2U m=3

Vi+

Vi+

VBIAS3

0 0v

VB3

VBIAS45

0.75v

VB45 0

VBIAS67
Vin1

VB67
11

.AC DEC

11

R2

10

C3

Vi-

C4

10

0v

AC 0.00001

100 1

R1

-0.737v

1000000000k

10
0

13k
13k

10
Vo

50p
50p

11-51

R5

Vi-

Vo

.PLOT

AC VDB(Vo)

13k

.END

Fig. 11.7-15 The transfer function of the band-pass filter in Fig. 11.7-3

Experiment 11.7-4 The Decreasing of 0 and Enlarging of the Bandwidth

We decreased 0 by setting C3 C4 5 pF . This caused a decreasing of the Qvalue and an enlargement of the bandwidth. The program is in Table 11.7-4 and the gain
vs frequency is in Fig. 11.7-16. As can be seen, 0 is made smaller and the bandwidth
is now larger.

11-52

Table 11.7-4 Program for Experiment 11.7-4

Experiment 11.7-4
.PROTECT
.OPTION POST
.LIB 'c:\flexlm\model\tsmc\MIXED035\mm0355v.l' TT
.UNPROTECT
.op
VDD
VSS

VDD! 0
VSS!

.GLOBAL

1.5V

-1.5V

VDD!

VSS!

M1 5

Vi-

PCH W=10U L=2U m=3

M2 4

Vi+

PCH W=10U L=2U m=3

M3 6

VB3

VDD!

VDD!

PCH

W=100U L=2U m=7

M4 5

VB45

VSS!

VSS!

NCH

W=10U L=2U

M5 4

VB45

VSS!

VSS!

NCH

W=10U L=2U

M6 3

VB67

M7 VO
M8 3

VSS!

VB67
3

M9 VO

4
1

NCH

VSS!

W=10U L=2U

NCH

W=10U L=2U

PCH W=10U L=2U m=3

PCH W=10U L=2U m=3

M10 1

VDD!

VDD!

PCH

W=10U L=2U m=3

M11 2

VDD!

VDD!

PCH

W=10U L=2U m=3

Vi+

Vi+

VBIAS3

VB3

VBIAS45

VB45

VBIAS67

VB67

Vin1

11

0v

0.75v
0

-0.737v
0v

AC

0.00001

11-53

.AC DEC

100 1

R1

11

R2

10

C3

Vi-

C4

10

R5

Vi-

.PLOT

AC VDB(Vo)

1000000000k

10
0

13k
13k

10
Vo

0.005u
0.005u

Vo

13k

.END

Fig. 11.7-16 The band-pass filter with 0 decreased

Section 11.8 The Sallen and Key Filters

11-54

There are other active filters. In this section, we shall introduce the Sallen and Key
filters. The Sallen and Key filters employ positive feedback. Fig. 11.8-1 shows a Sallen
and Key low pass filter.

C1

R1

R2
+

vin

C2

vout

Ra

Rb

Fig. 11.8-1 A Sallen and Key low-pass filter

It is obvious that this is a low pass filter because the high frequency will short-circuit the
capacitor C2.
Fig. 11.8-2 shows a Sallen and Key high pass filter. It is obvious that the low
frequency signals cannot go through as they will be blocked by the capacitors.

11-55

R1

+
vin

C1

C2

R2

vout

Ra

Rb

Fig. 11.8-2 A Sallen and Key high-pass filter

11-56