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LAB 1a
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT DATE:
10/2/2012
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To familiar with the physical properties of minerals in laboratory by hand.
3.0 THEORY
Each mineral possesses certain physical properties or characteristics by which it may be recognized or
identified. Some are subjected to certain simple tests. Physical properties are useful in mineral identification.
A mineral can be defined as a natural inorganic substance having a particular chemical composition or range of
composition, and a regular atomic structure to which its crystalline from is related. To study rocks, it is necessary
to know the common minerals that formed the rock.
5.0 PROCEDURE
Students should learn to familiarize and observe the samples according by doing few physical tests and tabulate
the results from the observation in the Table 1.1 attached for:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Name of mineral
Colour
Luster
Hardness
Reaction with acid
Others/usage
Prepared by
Name
Signature
Date
Lecturer
Aziman Madun
10 February 2012
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LAB 1a
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT DATE:
10/2/2012
(e) HARDNESS
The resistance of a mineral to abrasion (scratching) is termed hardness. This property is determined by
rubbing the mineral to be identified against another mineral of known hardness. One will stretch the other
(unless they have the same hardness). Geologists used a standard hardness scale, called the Mohs scale
developed by German Mineralogist Friedrich Mohs (1773 1839) which assigns relative hardnesses to
several common and a few rare and precious minerals as given below.
Relative hardness
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Minerals
Diamond
Corundum
Topaz
Quartz
Feldspar
Apatite
Fluorite
Calcite
Gypsum
Talc
Mineralogy
Carbon
Alumina
Aluminium silicate
Silica
Alkali silica
Calcium phosphate
Calcium fluoride
Calcium carbonate
Hydrated calcium sulphate
Hydrated magnesium silicate
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LAB 1a
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT DATE:
10/2/2012
Discuss the problem encountered while identify the minerals using field test technique (simple test).
2.
Briefly describe how to identify minerals using laboratory technique (aided by equipments).
8.0 CONCLUSION
Conclude your results of the mineral samples in the Table 1.1 by rate its significance in construction industry, etc.
CONCLUSION
TABLE 1.1
NAME
COLOUR
STREAK
LUSTER
HARDNESS
REACTION WITH
ACID
AUGITE
GRAYISH
BLACK
WHITE
SUB METALIC
5.6
NO
WHITE
SUB METALIC
NO
WHITE
NON METALIC
3.35
NO
FLUORITE
VERY PALE
GREEN
BARITE
WHITE
TALC
BLUISH WHITE
WHITE
SUB METALIC
YES
WHITE
NON METALIC
5.5 6.5
YES
SKETCH
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LAB 1b
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT DATE:
8/1/2007
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To recognize, identified and observed distinguishing features of igneous rock specimen in the laboratory.
Students should able to recognize types of igneous rock formation in Malaysia and Worldwide.
Students should able to evaluate the physical properties of igneous rocks for civil engineering application.
Students should able to understand igneous rock forming on the earth.
3.0 THEORY
(a) Criteria for distinguishing igneous rock
In describing any rock, one should proceed from the general to the particular, nothing firstly its colour, behaviour on
weathering and any other striking features and then deciding whether it is igneous or other types of rock. The outstanding
characteristics of the igneous rocks is given below, but must be emphasized that one characteristic by itself proof positive
that the rock belongs to a certain class.
Rock Type
Characteristic
Interlocking grains, massive structures
Igneous
(b) Description
Physical characteristics
Colour
Massive rock is uniform in appearance showing no banding or other structural features
Structure
Texture
Granularity, the size of crystals
Fine-grained when particles are 1 mm or less in diameter
Medium grained when particles are 1 5 mm or more in diameter
Coarse grained when the particles are 5 mm or more in diameter
Prepared by
Name
Signature
Date
8 January 2007
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EDITION:
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LAB 1b
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT DATE:
8/1/2007
5.0 PROCEDURE
Students should learn to familiarize and observe the samples by referring the igneous classification charts and tabulate the
results observation in the Tables 1.2.1 attached.
8.0 CONCLUSION
Conclude your observation of the igneous rock in the given Table 1.2.1 by rate its significance in construction industry, etc.
CONCLUSION
TABLE 1.2.1
ROCK
NAME
OBSIDIAN
RHYOLITE
TEXTURE
APHANITIC
EVEN
PORPHYRITIC
FRAGMENTAL
COLOUR
LIGHT
MINERAL COMPOSITION
MUSCOVITE
QUARTZ
ORTHOCLASE
HORNBLENDE
PLAGROCLASE
BIOTITE
MUSCOVITE
QUARTZ
ORTHOCLASE
HORNBLENDE
BIOTITE
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
ACID
> 60%
ACID
> 65%
ORIGIN
MAGMA
MAGMA
SKETCH
BIOTITEGRANITE
BASALT
MEDIUM TO
COURSE,
PHANERIC
APHANITIC
EVEN
PORPHYRITIC
DARK MINERAL
PRECOMINANT
MUSCOVITE
QUARTZ
ORTHOCLASE
HORNBLENDE
BIOTITE
MAGNETITE &
ILMENITE
HORNBLENDE
AUGITE
OLIVINE
PLAGIOCLASE
ACID
> 65%
45% - 55%
BASIC
MAGMA
MAGMA
GABBRO
MEDIUM TO
COURSE,
DARK MINERAL
PRECOMINANT
MUSCOVITE
QUARTZ
ORTHOCLASE
HORNBLENDE
BIOTITE
45% - 55%
BASIC
MAGMA
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LAB 1c
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT
DATE:
8/1/2007
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To recognize, identified and observed distinguishing features of sedimentary rock specimen in the laboratory.
3.0 THEORY
(a) Criteria for distinguishing sedimentary rock
In describing any rock, one should proceed from the general to the particular, nothing firstly its colour, behaviour on
weathering and any other striking features and then deciding whether it is sedimentary or other types of rock. The
outstanding characteristics of the sedimentary rocks is given below, but must be emphasized that one characteristic by
itself proof positive that the rock belongs to a certain class.
Rock Type
Characteristic
Stratification and sorting of grains into layers according to their size.
Fragmental texture.
Grains often rounded.
Sedimentary
(b) Description
Physical characteristics
Structure
Colour
Massive, bedded or cross bedded
Note whether grain is uniform or uneven.
To be uneven, there must be marked contras between larger and smaller grains. If
the rock is uniform, it is usually fine in grain and does not show definite fragments,
but may contain fossils.
Prepared by
Lecturer
Name
Aziman Madun
Signature
Date
8 January 2007
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2/2
EDITION:
NO. OF CHECKING:
LAB 1c
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT
DATE:
8/1/2007
5.0 PROCEDURE
Students should learn to familiarize and observe the samples by referring the sedimentary classification charts and
tabulate the results from the observation in the Table 1.2.2 attached.
8.0 CONCLUSION
Conclude your observation of the sedimentary rock in the given Table 1.2.2 by rate its significance in construction
industry, etc.
CONCLUSION
TABLE 1.2.2
ROCK NAME
TEXTURE
MODE OF
ORIGIN
COMPOSITION
OF ROCK
COASLOMERATE
RED SAND
STONE
CLASTIC
CRYSTALINE
MICH OR
BIOLASTIC
HYDROGENIC
BIOCHEMICAL
OR
CHEMICALLY
ALTERED
QUARTZ &
FELDSPAR ROCK
FRAGMENTS
NOYISILTY,
SANDY,
FERRUGIRIOUS,
CARBONOUOUS
SILICIOUS,
FERRUGIRIOUS,
VARIOUS SALTS,
CALCEREOUS
CLASSIFICATION
SEDIMENT
SEDIMENT
SKETCH
ARGILLA CEOUS
SAND STONE
SHELL
LIMESTONE
BITUMINOUS
COAL
CRYSTALINE
CLASTIC
CRYSTALINE
HYDROGENIC
BIOCHEMICAL
OR
CHEMICALLY
ALTERED
MICH OR
BIOLASTIC
HYDROGENIC
BIOCHEMICAL
OR
CHEMICALLY
ALTERED
SILICIOUS,
FERRUGIRIOUS,
VARIOUS SALTS,
CALCEREOUS
SEDIMENT
QUARTZ &
FELDSPAR ROCK
FRAGMENTS
NOYISILTY,
SANDY,
FERRUGIRIOUS,
CARBONOUOUS
SEDIMENT
SILICIOUS,
FERRUGIRIOUS,
VARIOUS SALTS,
CALCEREOUS
SEDIMENT
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LAB 1d
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT DATE:
8/1/2007
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To recognize, identified and observed distinguishing features of metamorphic rock specimen in the laboratory.
Students should able to recognize types of metamorphic rock formation in Malaysia and Worldwide.
Students should able to evaluate the physical properties of metamorphic rocks for civil engineering application.
Students should able to understand metamorphic rock forming on the earth.
3.0 THEORY
(a) Criteria for distinguishing sedimentary rock
In describing any rock, one should proceed from the general to the particular, nothing firstly its colour, behaviour on
weathering and any other striking features and then deciding whether it is metamorphic or other types of rock. The
outstanding characteristics of the metamorphic rocks is given below, but must be emphasized that one characteristic by
itself proof positive that the rock belongs to a certain class.
Rock Type
Characteristic
Parallel orientation of mineral crystals.
Metamorphic
Interlocking crystal.
Secondary cleavage independent bedding.
Foliation, schistosity and slaty texture.
(b) Description
Physical characteristics
Colour
Decide whether the rock is best described as uniform fine grained, medium fine
grained or coarse grained.
The coarser grained granular rocks results from high-grade metamorphism in which
great pressure from many directions, not from one direction only, has been the
dominant factor.
Prepared by
Lecturer
Name
Aziman Madun
Signature
Date
8 January 2007
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EDITION:
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LAB 1d
EFECTIVE DATE :
8/1/2007
AMENDMENT DATE:
8/1/2007
5.0 PROCEDURE
Students should learn to familiarize and observe the samples by referring the metamorphic classification charts and
tabulate the results from the observation in the Table 1.2.3 attached.
8.0 CONCLUSION
Conclude your observation of the metamorphic rock in the given Table 1.2.3 by rate its significance in construction
industry, etc.
CONCLUSION
TABLE 1.2.4
ROCK
NAME
STRUCTURE
GRAIN
MINERAL COMPOSITION
SLATE
CATACLASTIC
CLEAVED
VERY
FINE
GNEISS
GNEISSIC
MEDIUM
TO
COARSE
QUARTZ
FELDSPAR
MINOR
FERROMAGNESIANS
MARBLE
GRANULOSE
MEDIUM
TO
COARSE
CALSITE OR
DOLOMITE GREATLY
DOMINANT
QUARTZ GREATLY
PREDOMINANT
QUERTZITE
GRANULOSE
MEDIUM
TO
COARSE
CLAY MINERALS,
DETRITAL MICAS
CHLORITE
PARENT ROCK
METAMORPHISM
TYPE
SHALE
MUDSTONE
TUFF
DYNAMIC
GRANITE
ARKOSE
CONGLOMERATE
REGIONAL
LIMESTONE
CONTACT OR
REGIONAL
QUARTZ
SANDSTONE
REGIONAL
SKETCH
MICA
SCHIST
SCHISTOSE
MEDIUM
TO
COARSE
MICAS,
QUARTZ
FELDSPAR
SHALE
MUDSTONE,TUFF
INCREASING
REGIONAL
Weightage
0.25
0.5
0.5
Total
0.5
0.25
Total = 10%
Weightage
0.17
0.17
0.16
Total = 2.5%
Total