2 Tutorial CIGRE Bologna Szechtman-2

Cigr 2011 Bologna Symposium The Electric Power System of the Future
CIGRE TUTORIAL
SMARTGRIDS TECHNOLGIES FOR SUPERGRIDS AND MICROGRIDS
RELEVANT CHARACTERISTICS AND INTERFACE

PARAMETERS FOR INTEGRATING NEW HVDC
SCHEMES INTO TRANSMISSION GRIDS

by Marcio Szechtman

DUAL Consul,ng - Brazil

marcio@szechtman.net

University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering September 12, 2011
Tutorial Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Main HVDC Applica,ons

Available Semi-conductor Technologies
Summary of their System Characteris,cs
Introducing a new HVDC scheme to the Grid
Main Interface Parameters
Conclusions
Cigr 2011 Bologna Symposium The Electric

Power System of the Future
Main HVDC Applica,ons

2 conductors in DC instead of 3 in AC: lower line cost
Fast control of power to be transmi:ed

Power set point independent of impedances game and
voltage phase displacements no congesBon
Fast control of short-circuit current (inherent circuit-breaker)
Lower outage rate in the transmission line
DC = 0 Hz frequency de-coupler
No requirements for intermediate voltage control substaBons
UnidirecBonal voltage and current = no phase angle
displacement, no charging currents stability
No FerranB eect (line charging)
Classical Applica,on: Long Distance Transmission
-QL=XL I2
Qs
Qs
Qc=V2/Xc
Qc=V2/Xc
AC Line
Source: Kimbark
Applica,ons Overview
1) Dierent System Frequencies
50 Hz
60 Hz
DC = 0Hz
f1
2) Undersea cables
f2
AC
DC
R
3) Long Distance Transmission

AC
DC
R
4) Interconnec,ons between countries
Classical Cost Comparison AC x DC

$
Terminology of Power Converters

Voltage Sourced Converters:

DC voltage always in one polarity and
Power reversal through reversal of DC current
(must have turn-o capability)
Current Sourced Converters:

DC current always in one polarity and
Power reversal through reversal of DC voltage
Technologies Available

LCC (HVDC Classic)
Thyristors
VSC HVDC
IGBTs
Courtesy: SIEMENS
LCC
Basic Comparison

VSC
Todays technology up to 800 kV and

4,5 kA
Use Thyristor Valves
Commutates through an external
voltage source
Good overload capability typical
33% for 30 minutes, or 20% for 2h
Converter Absorbs reac,ve power
Switches at fundamental frequency,
care with possible high Load
Rejec,on Overvoltages
Losses at 0,6 % per sta,on
Todayss technology up to 350 kV

and 2 kA
Use IGBTs, capable of turning on
and o, providing a self
commutated converter
DC Capacitor as a voltage source
No overload capability
Independent P and Q (+ and -)
Switches at high frequency lower
ltering lower Load Rejec,on
Overvoltages
Losses at 1,3 % per sta,on
HVDC: State-of-the-Art Technology

UDC [kV]
7200 MW
800
LCC with OHTL
700
6400 MW
VSC converter with OHTL (ca. 600 kV)
600
500
1500 MW
2500 MW
400
300
LCC Converter, OHTL (800 kV)
VSC with
OHTL
3000 MW
LCC with OHTL
300 MW
200
Maximum current
VSC (1,8 kA)
100
Maximum current
LCC (4,5 kA, 6" Thyristor)
IDC [A]
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
UDC [kV]
800
700
1920 MW
Source: CIGR
600
1250 MW - MI
Mass impregnated PPL Cable (600 kV)

tested
Mass impregnated Cable (500 kV)

University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering
September 12, 2011
proven, mainly sea cable
500
Main Applica,ons in Europe:

Undersea
Interconnec,ons
(LCC and VSC)

O-shore Wind
Farms
(mostly VSC)
ENTSO
Sources: Statnem,
ABB, Siemens
HVDC Modes of Opera,on (LCC)

T rans mis s ion L ine 1
Bipolar
P ole 1
P ole 2

T erminal A
T erminal B
Monopolar with earth return

Monopolar with metallic return
P ole 1
P ole 1
P ole 2
P ole 2

T erminal A
T erminal B
T erminal A
T erminal B
Courtesy: SIEMENS
12
AC/DC Basic Equa,ons (LCC)
Udio = 3 2/ . Uv (f-f)
Or

Udio = 3 2/ . Tap. Uac

Iv = . Id

Ud = Udio . cos ( ou ) 3/ . Xc . Id

Qc = P . tg

S (3,6p) = /3 . Udio . Id

cos = (cos + cos (+ ))/2

Id = (Ud1 Ud2) / R

13
P and Q Rela,ons
P
AC 1
Q = f (P, , ) = 0.5 to 0.6 pu P
Sending
end sees a
load
Reactive Compensation
AC Filters
Switched Capacitors
Receiving
end sees a
G
Dynamic Compensation
14
Compara,ve Behavior for a

Single-Line-to-Ground fault at Inverter
With VSC
Source: SIEMENS
With LCC:

DC Voltage

DC Current

AC RMS
Voltage

AC Voltage
Interface Parameters and Exchange of Informa,on

when integra,ng a new HVDC scheme to the
Network (LCC case)
Three-phase and single-phase short-circuit levels at the converter bus

in the system condi,ons described below, to evaluate short-circuit
ra,os (SCRs) and maximum currents, at:
Minimum shortcircuit level at each converter sta,on bus, considering the

transmission system N-1 condi,on
Maximum short-circuit level es,mated for the horizon study year
SCR and ESCR
SCR
ESCR includes Filters
at fundamental f
ESCR includes SCs neraby
SCR (Short Circuit Ra,o) measures AC grid strenght

ESCR (Eec,ve Short Circuit Ra,o) overall measure converters see
18
Interface Parameters (2)

Steady state negaIve sequence voltage, without the presence of the
HVDC link:

q TSO should assess the degree of nega,ve sequence voltage in the network

q Maximum expected nega,ve sequence voltage value, to be used for lter ra,ng
performance calcula,on

Background harmonics, maximum harmonic voltages allowed at each
converter sta,on bus during the contract life of the HVDC Link, for
harmonic order from 2 to 50 - 80, considering the HVDC Link harmonics
and the background harmonics together, as a percentage of the 50 Hz bus
voltage, or nominal voltage, as used by each TSO.

Maximum harmonic voltages distorIon allowed to be produced by HVDC
at each converter bus, considering individual harmonics from order 2 to
80, and the RSS of all those harmonics.
AC network harmonic impedance (or admiPance) envelopes seen by
each converter staIon bus. A complete AC system informa,on (at each
side of the HVDC link) for the calcula,on of AC network harmonic
impedance seen from each converter sta,on, including computer data
les and sowware informa,on as well as including load models .
Telephone interference:
q TIF at the converter sta,on bus;
q IT product entering the transmission lines connected to the converter sta,on bus.
PLC noise limits at the transmission lines connected to the converter

sta,on bus.

Maximum sudden HVDC Link power drop (MW) to maintain the stability
of the AC systems.
Maximum HVDC recovery Ime allowed awer fault elimina,on.
Other fault-ride through (FRT) requirements, including single-phase and
3-phase transmission line reclosing.
MulI- DC infeed requirements or available study results related to other
HVDC systems already exis,ng in the same region.

Maximum load rejecIon overvoltage (RMS) allowed at both converter
sta,ons in transient stability simula,ons. Peak value and decreasing ramp
(within cycles).

Maximum allowed temporary overvoltages awer fault elimina,on,
considering three-phase, two-phase and single-phase fault elimina,on at
side of the converter bus, with the most cri,cal fault condi,on.

Maximum voltage step (V p.u.) permiPed for lter and reacIve block
normal switching

Maximum voltage step permiPed for lter and reacIve block island
emergency tripping.

Maximum and minimum steady state voltage operaIonal limits at the
converter staIon bus.
Minimum emergency voltage level for which the HVDC Link nominal
power transmission is required.


Minimum and maximum steady state operaIng frequencies (for lter
performance, etc.).

Minimum and maximum emergency frequency range, where the HVDC link
should con,nue opera,ng with nominal power.

Maximum voltage decrease allowed during transient stability oscilla,ons.

Requirements related to cooperaIon of the HVDC Link to stabilize the AC
system.

Requirements related to MVAR exchange
with the network, in the
capaci,ve range.

Sudden voltage steps for which no commuta,on failure should occur.

PosiIve and negaIve sudden angle displacement (degrees) for which no
commuta,on failure should occur.

Requirements related to possible sub-synchronous resonance with
nearby thermal power plants.

Requirements related to possible self-excitaIon of nearby power plants
RI requirements, including NDB (Non Direc,onal Beacon - Airports), for
converter sta,on and transmission lines; Audible noise requirements for
converter sta,ons.
Conclusions
HVDC is a mature technology; adequately
employed can signicantly enhance overall
system performance.
More care should be drawn to technical
requirements of AC/DC interfaces as the
technology is spread out.
Concept of DC Grids is coming!
A dream? Close to reality?
Thank You !
Source: IAEW/RWTH
Appendix Harmonic Deni,ons

(IEEE)

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Cigr 2011 Bologna Symposium The Electric Power System of the Future

RELEVANT CHARACTERISTICS AND INTERFACE

DUAL Consul,ng - Brazil

University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering September 12, 2011

Main HVDC Applica,ons

University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering September 12, 2011

Cigr 2011 Bologna Symposium The Electric

Main HVDC Applica,ons

Fast control of power to be transmi:ed

University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering September 12, 2011

Classical Applica,on: Long Distance Transmission

University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering September 12, 2011

3) Long Distance Transmission

4) Interconnec,ons between countries

University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering September 12, 2011

Classical Cost Comparison AC x DC

University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering September 12, 2011

Terminology of Power Converters

Current Sourced Converters:

University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering September 12, 2011

University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering September 12, 2011

Todays technology up to 800 kV and

Todayss technology up to 350 kV

University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering September 12, 2011

HVDC: State-of-the-Art Technology

LCC with OHTL

VSC converter with OHTL (ca. 600 kV)

LCC Converter, OHTL (800 kV)

LCC with OHTL

Mass impregnated PPL Cable (600 kV)

Mass impregnated Cable (500 kV)

Main Applica,ons in Europe:

University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering September 12, 2011

HVDC Modes of Opera,on (LCC)

T rans mis s ion L ine 2

Monopolar with earth return

T rans mis s ion L ine 1

T rans mis s ion L ine 2

T rans mis s ion L ine 2

University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering September 12, 2011

AC/DC Basic Equa,ons (LCC)

University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering September 12, 2011

Q = f (P, , ) = 0.5 to 0.6 pu P

University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering September 12, 2011

Compara,ve Behavior for a

University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering September 12, 2011

University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering September 12, 2011

Interface Parameters and Exchange of Informa,on

Three-phase and single-phase short-circuit levels at the converter bus

Minimum shortcircuit level at each converter sta,on bus, considering the

Maximum short-circuit level es,mated for the horizon study year

University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering September 12, 2011

ESCR includes SCs neraby

SCR (Short Circuit Ra,o) measures AC grid strenght

University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering September 12, 2011

Interface Parameters (2)

University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering September 12, 2011

Interface Parameters (3)

PLC noise limits at the transmission lines connected to the converter

University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering September 12, 2011

Interface Parameters (4)

University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering September 12, 2011

Interface Parameters (5)

University of Bologna, Faculty of Engineering September 12, 2011