16

Chapter 1 Preliminaries
(e) (y 0);

(f) (y x);

(g) (3 10)

93. 2x  ky 3 has slope  2k and 4x  y 1 has slope 4. The lines are perpendicular when  2k (4) 1 or
k 8 and parallel when  2k 4 or k "# .

94. At the point of intersection, 2x  4y 6 and 2x  3y 1. Subtracting these equations we find 7y 7 or
y 1. Substitution into either equation gives x 1 (1 1) is the intersection point. The line through (1 1)
and (" #) is vertical with equation x 1.
95. Let M(a b) be the midpoint. Since the two triangles
shown in the figure are congruent, the value a must
lie midway between x" and x# , so a x #x .
Similarly, b

y y
#

96. (a) L has slope 1 so M is the line through P(2 1) with slope 1; or the line y x  3. At the intersection
point, Q, we have equal y-values, y x  2 x  3. Thus, 2x 1 or x "# . Hence Q has coordinates
"# 5# . The distance from P to L the distance from P to Q #3 #   3# # 18
4
(b) L has slope  43 so M has slope

3
4

3 2
# .

and M has the equation 4y  3x 12. We can rewrite the equations of

84
the lines as L: x  y 3 and M: B  43 y 4. Adding these we get 25
12 y 7 so y 25 . Substitution
12

12 84
into either equation gives x 43 84
25  4 25 so that Q 25 25 is the point of intersection. The distance
3
4

from P to L 4 

12 #
25

 6 

84 #
25

22
5 .

(c) M is a horizontal line with equation y b. The intersection point of L and M is Q(" b). Thus, the
distance from P to L is (a  1)#  0# ka  1k .
(d) If B 0 and A 0, then the distance from P to L is AC  x! as in (c). Similarly, if A 0 and B 0, the
distance is CB  y! . If both A and B are 0 then L has slope  AB so M has slope AB . Thus,
L: Ax  By C and M: Bx  Ay  Bx!  Ay! . Solving these equations simultaneously we find the
point of intersection Q(x y) with x

ACB aAy Bx b

A B

P to Q equals (?x)#  (?y)# , where (?x)#

A aAx By Cb

aA  B b

, and (?y)# y

BCA aAy Bx b

.
A B
#
x aA B bACABy B x

A B

and y

aA B bBCA y ABx
A B

Cb
Thus, (?x)#  (?y)# aAx ABy

B

kAx By Ck

A B

B aAx By Cb

a A B b

The distance from

1.3 FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS

1. domain (_ _); range [1 _)
3. domain (! _); y in range y

2. domain [0 _); range (_ 1]

"
t

, t  0 y#

"
t

and y  ! y can be any positive real number

range (! _).

Copyright (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Section 1.3 Functions and Their Graphs

4. domain [0 _); y in range y

"
1  t

17

, t  0. If t 0, then y 1 and as t increases, y becomes a smaller

and smaller positive real number range (0 1].

5. 4  z# (2  z)(2  z) 0 z [2 2] domain. Largest value is g(0) 4 2 and smallest value is
g(2) g(2) 0 0 range [0 2].
6. domain (2 2) from Exercise 5; smallest value is g(0) "# and as 0  z increases to 2, g(z) gets larger and
larger (also true as z  0 decreases to 2) range  "# _ .
7. (a) Not the graph of a function of x since it fails the vertical line test.
(b) Is the graph of a function of x since any vertical line intersects the graph at most once.
8. (a) Not the graph of a function of x since it fails the vertical line test.
(b) Not the graph of a function of x since it fails the vertical line test.
9. y "x  "
(a) No (x  !;
(c) No; if x ",

"
x

"
x

 " ! x 1 and x  !. So,

"

"
x

(b) No; division by ! undefined;

(d) ! "

 "  !;

10. y #  x #  x ! x ! and x #. x ! x ! and x # x % So, ! x %.

(a) No; (b) No; (c) ! %
#

11. base x; (height)#  #x x# height

3
#

x; area is a(x)

"
#

(base)(height)

"
#

(x)

3
# x

3
4

x# ;

perimeter is p(x) x  x  x 3x.

12. s side length s#  s# d# s

d
2

; and area is a s# a

"
#

d#

13. Let D diagonal of a face of the cube and j the length of an edge. Then j#  D# d# and (by Exercise 10)
D# 2j# 3j# d# j

d
3

. The surface area is 6j#

6d
3

2d# and the volume is j$ d3

14. The coordinates of P are x x so the slope of the line joining P to the origin is m
x, x m" ,

x
x

"
x

"
m .

15. The domain is a_ _b.

16. The domain is a_ _b.

Copyright (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

$#

d
3 3

(x  0). Thus,

18

Chapter 1 Preliminaries

17. The domain is a_ _b.

18. The domain is _ !.

19. The domain is a_ !b  a! _b.

20. The domain is a_ !b  a! _b.

21. Neither graph passes the vertical line test

(a)

(b)

22. Neither graph passes the vertical line test

(a)

(b)

xy"
y1x
or
or
kx  yk 1

x  y "
y "  x

Copyright (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Section 1.3 Functions and Their Graphs

23.

x
y

0
0

25. y

1
1

2
0

24.

x
y

0
1

1
0

2
0

"
, x0
26. y x
x, 0 x

3  x, x 1
2x, 1  x

27. (a) Line through a! !b and a" "b: y x

Line through a" "b and a# !b: y x  2
x, 0 x 1
f(x)
x  2, 1  x 2

2, ! x  "
! " x  #
(b) f(x)

2 # x  $
! $ x %
28. (a) Line through a! 2b and a# !b: y x  2
"
Line through a2 "b and a& !b: m !& 
#
x  # , 0  x #
f(x) "
 $ x  &$ , #  x &

"
$

$  !
!  "
"  $
%
#! #

(b) Line through a" !b and a! $b: m

Line through a! $b and a# "b: m
f(x)

 "$ , so y  "$ ax  2b  "  "$ x 

&
$

$, so y $x  $
#, so y #x  $

$x  $, "  x !
#x  $, !  x #

29. (a) Line through a" "b and a! !b: y x

Line through a! "b and a" "b: y "
Line through a" "b and a$ !b: m !"
$"

x
" x  !
"
!x"
f(x)
 "# x  $#
"x$

"
#

 "# , so y  "# ax  "b  "  "# x 

$
#

(b) Line through a# "b and a! !b: y "# x

Line through a! #b and a" !b: y #x  #

Line through a" "b and a$ "b: y "

Copyright (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

19

20

Chapter 1 Preliminaries

"
#x

f(x) #x  #
"

# x !
!x"
"x$

30. (a) Line through T# ! and aT "b: m

A,

A
f(x)
A

A

! x  T#
T
# x T
T x  $#T
$T
# x #T
x
#

31. (a) From the graph,

(b)

x
#

1

x  0:

x
#

x  0:

x
2

T# , so y T# x  T#  0 T# x  "

!, 0 x T#
#
T
T x  ", #  x T

f(x) 

(b)

"!
TaT#b

4
x

1

x
#

4
x

1

4
x

x (2 0)  (% _)

 1  4x  0
2x8
0 x 2x

0

(x4)(x2)
#x

0

(x4)(x2)
#x

0

x  4 since x is positive;
1

4
x

0

x 2x8
2x

0

x  2 since x is negative;
sign of (x  4)(x  2)




2
%
Solution interval: (# 0)  (% _)

3
2
x 1  x  1
3
2
x 1  x  1

32. (a) From the graph,

(b) Case x  1:

x (_ 5)  (1 1)

3(x1)
x 1

2

3x  3  2x  2 x  5.
Thus, x (_ 5) solves the inequality.
Case 1  x  1:

3
x 1

2
x 1

3(x1)
x 1

2

3x  3  2x  2 x  5 which is true
if x  1. Thus, x (1 1) solves the
inequality.
Case 1  x: x3 1  x2 1 3x  3  2x  2 x  5
which is never true if 1  x, so no solution
here.
In conclusion, x (_ 5)  (1 1).
33. (a) x 0 for x [0 1)

(b) x 0 for x (1 0]

34. x x only when x is an integer.

35. For any real number x, n x n  ", where n is an integer. Now: n x n  " n  " x n. By
definition: x n and x n x n. So x x for all x d .

Copyright (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Section 1.3 Functions and Their Graphs

21

36. To find f(x) you delete the decimal or

fractional portion of x, leaving only
the integer part.

37. v f(x) x"%  2x22  2x %x$  72x#  $!)x; !  x  7

38. (a) Let h height of the triangle. Since the triangle is isosceles, AB #  AB # 2# AB 2 So,
#

h#  "# 2 h " B is at a! "b slope of AB " The equation of AB is

y f(x) B  "; x ! ".
(b) Ax 2x y 2xx  " 2x#  #x; x ! ".
39. (a) Because the circumference of the original circle was )1 and a piece of length x was removed.
x
x
(b) r )1#
1 %  #1
(c) h "'  r# "'  % 
#

x
(d) V "$ 1 r# h "$ 1 )1#

x #
#1

"'1x  x
#1

"'  16 

4x
1

x
%1

4x
1 

x
%1

"'%11x 

x
%1

"'1xx
#1

a)1  xb "'1x  x
#%1

40. (a) Note that 2 mi = 10,560 ft, so there are )!!#  x# feet of river cable at $180 per foot and a"! &'!  xb feet of land
cable at $100 per foot. The cost is Caxb ")!)!!#  x#  "!!a"! &'!  xb.
(b) Ca!b $" #!! !!!
Ca&!!b $" "(& )"#
Ca"!!!b $" ")' &"#
Ca"&!!b $" #"# !!!
Ca#!!!b $" #%$ ($#
Ca#&!!b $" #() %(*
Ca$!!!b $" $"% )(!
Values beyond this are all larger. It would appear that the least expensive location is less than 2000 feet from the
point P.
41. A curve symmetric about the x-axis will not pass the vertical line test because the points ax, yb and ax, yb lie on the same
vertical line. The graph of the function y faxb ! is the x-axis, a horizontal line for which there is a single y-value, !,
for any x.
42. Pick 11, for example: ""  & "' # "' $# $#  ' #'
faxb

#ax&b'
#

#'
#

"$ "$  # "", the original number.

 # x, the number you started with.

Copyright (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley