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DEPT. OF WATER RESOURCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENG.
FACULTY OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
UTHM
I, hereby confess that I have prepared this report on my own effort. I also admit not to receive or
give any help during the preparation of this report and pledge that everything mentioned in the report
is true.
___________________________
Student Signature
Name
Matric No.
Date
COURSE CODE
TESTING DATE
STUDENT NAME
GROUP
1.
2.
GROUP MEMBER NAMES
3.
4.
5.
EXAMINER COMMENT
RECEIVED STAMP
PAGE NO.:
1/10
EDITION:
REVIEW NO.:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
AMENDMENT DATE:
1
03
25/2/05
18/12/08
1.0 OBJECTIVE
TO VERIFY TOTAL ENERGY HEAD LOSSES IN PIPE FLOW DUE TO FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE IN
THE PIPELINE.
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of this experiment, students are able to:
To evaluate the frictional resistance to flow along a long straight pipe with smooth walls.
To calculate the additional head and the rate of flow along an existing pipeline.
Measure the losses at various fittings, typical of those which are used frequently in pipe systems.
3.0 THEORY
When fluid flows in a pipe, whether smooth or rough pipe, there would be frictional losses. Friction loss is due to
frictional resistance at the pipe wall and frictional resistance between fluid molecules. Therefore, there would be
a reduction in energy head hf. Minor head losses such as occurs at valves, pipe inlet and outlet, and bends is
considered to be negligible in the test.
3.1 FLOW IN PIPES ANALYSIS CALCULATION EXAMPLES
1. For fully developed flow along a circular pipe, head loss due to friction (in mH 2O) is given as:
2
L v
d 2g
L = length between points of pressure measurement (m) = 1 meter for all pipes
v = mean velocity of flow m s
hf f
where
UPDATED BY
SIGNATURE
DATE
15 C
18 DECEMBER 2008
FACULTY: CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENG.
DEPT: WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENG.
TEST TITLE: FLOW IN PIPES
PAGE NO.:
EDITION:
REVIEW NO.:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
2/10
1
03
25/2/05
AMENDMENT
18/12/08
DATE:
2. For expansion and contraction in pipe, head loss due to friction (in mH2O) is given as:
kv 2
hf
2g
And the losses coficient value, k refer table 3.1 & 3.2
v d2
d1
d2
d1
1.0
1.25
1.75
2.0
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.0
km
0.0
0.32
1.56
9.0
16.5
27.6
43.1
64.0
d1
d2
d2
d1
1.0
0.80
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
km
0.0
0.22
0.35
0.40
0.44
0.45
0.47
0.48
hf
kv 2
2g
90
r
d
r
a
d
60
45
22.5
1.0
0.30
0.25
0.21
0.13
2.0
0.16
0.13
0.11
0.05
3.0
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.04
4.0
0.11
0.09
0.08
0.04
5.0
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.03
6.0
0.08
above
3.3 Bend Pipe
0.07
0.06
0.03
PAGE NO.:
EDITION:
REVIEW NO.:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
3/10
1
03
25/2/05
AMENDMENT DATE:
18/12/08
PAGE NO.:
EDITION:
REVIEW NO.:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
AMENDMENT DATE:
4/10
1
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18/12/08
4.0 EQUIPMENT
1. Apparatus for measuring head loss along a pipe
2. Stop watch
5.0 PROCEDURE
1. Fill the pipe system with water. Make sure there is no trapped air in the pipe under test (smaller
diameter pipe).
2. Open the inlet valve of the smaller diameter pipe and make sure all other inlet valve is remained
closed. Make sure the cover to supply tank of the hydraulic bench is open.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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EDITION:
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EFFECTIVE DATE:
AMENDMENT DATE:
5/10
1
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25/2/05
18/12/08
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EDITION:
REVIEW NO.:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
AMENDMENT
DATE:
6/10
1
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25/2/05
18/12/08
Volume
liter
Time
(sec)
Discharge
Q
m s
3
Diameter
of pipe
V 10 3
Velocity
v m s
4Q
d 2
Reynolds
number
Re
ud
Head loss,
hf
mH 2 O
Head loss,
mmHg
(h A h B )
Table 6.2: For bigger diameter of smooth pipe, pipe contraction (manometer 9 and10)
Volume
Masa
liter
(sec)
Discharge
Q
m s
3
V 10 3
Diameter
of pipe
Velocity
v m s
4Q
d 2
Reynolds
number
Re
ud
Head loss,
hf
mH 2 O
Head loss,
mmHg
(h A h B )
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EDITION:
REVIEW NO.:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
AMENDMENT DATE:
7/10
1
03
25/2/05
18/12/08
Volume
Time
liter
saat
Discharge
Q
m s
3
V 10 3
Pipe
diameter
Velocity
v m s
4Q
d 2
Reynolds
number
Re
ud
Head loss,
hf
mH 2 O
Head loss,
mmHg
(h A h B )
Table 6.4: For smooth pipe with bend of 90o (manometer 1 and 2)
Volume
Masa
liter
(sec)
Discharge
Q
m s
3
V 10 3
T
Diameter
of pipe
Velocity
v m s
4Q
d 2
Reynolds
number
Re
ud
Head loss,
hf
mH 2 O
Head loss,
mmHg
(h A h B )
PAGE NO.:
EDITION:
REVIEW NO.:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
AMENDMENT DATE:
8/10
1
03
25/2/05
18/12/08
7.0 QUESTIONS
1. Based on the data obtained, calculate flow rate Q, velocity u, Reynolds number N R and head loss h in
Table 6.1 (pipe expansion) and Table 6.2 (pipe contraction).
2. Calculate the difference for hA - hB in the column for head loss H (mmHg).
3. Compare the computed head loss readings with the head loss of manometer readings.
4. Write a conclusion for the experiment.
5. Question by lecturer
6. Question by lecturer
8.0 Answers